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BACKGROUND Donor-recipient size-matching has been repeatedly reported to improve outcomes following lung transplantation (LTx). However, there is significant variability in practice and the optimal strategy for size-matching is yet to be defined. For recipients with ILD, size-matching decisions are complicated by concerns regarding the potential impact of pre-LTx pulmonary restriction. We evaluate whether a specific donor-to-recipient size-matching strategy, based on predicted total lung capacity, benefits this patient group. METHODS This retrospective, single-centre, cohort study describes the post-LTx outcomes of adults who underwent LTx for ILD between 1983 and 2020. Only patients with restrictive physiology, based on pre-LTx pulmonary function testing were included. Post-LTx outcomes were compared based on donor-recipient predicted TLC (D-R pTLC) ratio. A D-R pTLC ratio of ≥0.8 or

Aiming at solving the problem that the detection methods used in the existing helmet detection research has low detection efficiency and the cumulative error influences accuracy, a new algorithm for improving YOLOv5 helmet wearing detection is proposed. First of all, we use the K -means++ algorithm to improve the size matching degree of the a priori anchor box; secondly, integrate the Depthwise Coordinate Attention (DWCA) mechanism in the backbone network, so that the network can learn the weight of each channel independently and enhance the information dissemination between features, thereby strengthening the network’s ability to distinguish foreground and background. The experimental results show as follows: in the self-made safety helmet wearing detection dataset, the average accuracy rate reached 95.9%, the average accuracy of the helmet detection reached 96.5%, and the average accuracy of the worker’s head detection reached 95.2%. Making a comparison with the YOLOv5 algorithm, our model has a 3% increase in the average accuracy of helmet detection, which is in line with the accuracy requirements of helmet wearing detection in complex construction scenarios.

BACKGROUND Predicted heart mass (PHM) is currently the most reliable metric for donor-recipient size matching in heart transplantation. Undersizing PHM donor-recipient match more than 20% independently predicts reduced survival. However, it is unclear if this is the case in obese recipients, in whom size matching can be challenging. We examined the use of PHM undersized hearts in obese recipients and assessed its impact on survival. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for adult patients undergoing heart transplantation from 1995 to 2020. Obese recipients (BMI ≥ 30) were categorized based on donor-recipient PHM match ≤-20% (undersized) or >-20% (size-matched). Nearest-neighbor propensity score matching was performed to adjust for baseline differences between cohorts. Temporal outcomes were compared by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS A total of 13,668 obese recipients met inclusion criteria, with 9.6% receiving undersized and 90.4% receiving size-matched hearts. The proportion of undersized donor hearts in obese recipients significantly decreased over the study period (16.2% [1995] to 7.4% [2019], NP-trend < 0.001). Propensity-score matching resulted in 984 well-matched pairs of undersized and size-matched obese recipients. Recipients of undersized hearts saw similar 30-day mortality (5.5% vs 6.0%, p= 0.11) and re-transplantation rates (1.2% vs 1.2%, p = 1.00) as size-matched recipients. Survival at 1 year (88.4% vs 87.9%, p = 0.14), and 15 years (35.1% vs 31.0%, p = 0.12) was similar across cohorts. CONCLUSIONS A decreasing proportion of PHM undersized hearts are being utilized in obese recipients. However, utilizing PHM undersized hearts in obese recipients was not associated with a detriment in survival.

Purpose: A difference in the lower body to upper body ratio between similarly heighted individuals could lead to inadequately matched transplants. There has been a perception in clinical circles that body ratio varies between people of different races, and investigating this supposition would prove useful in increasing transplant match accuracy. The investigation’s purpose was to derive an equation with a greater correlation to lung length than height alone. Methods: Lung transplantation donor data for 480 adult patients was obtained and divided by ethnicity—Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic. Height, weight, age, sex, right and left lung length were evaluated for significance. The R2 value of the multiple linear regression with these variables vs. lung length was determined and tested in a separate dataset of 100 patients. Results: Only the distribution of height was significant between the 3 ethnicities ( P = 0.041). None of the ANCOVAs were significant ( P < 0.05) or near significant ( P < 0.10). For the strongest correlation model with lung length, height had a linear fit, weight had a cubic fit, and age had a logistic fit. Multiple regression models were successfully created for right lung (R2 = 0.202) and left lung (R2 = 0.213). Independent testing showed a correlation of 0.131 and 0.136, respectively. Conclusion: Using demographic information from the donor and recipient as proxies for estimating lung size should only serve as a rough guide due to their weak correlation with lung length. As a result, for greater accuracy, donor-recipient matching should be individualized by taking donor and recipient chest X-Rays and/or TLC into consideration.

Total cardiac volume (TCV)-based size matching for heart transplantation offers individualization in size matching that increases the number of suitable donors. Here we describe our clinical protocol for using TCV to determine an acceptable donor weight range for heart transplant candidates. We compare candidate imaging-derived TCV to a nomogram of subjects with normal TCV to determine a precise maximum donor weight at the time of listing. For nearly half of our transplant patients, we have increased weight range by an average of 70% with no oversizing related adverse events, such as delayed chest closure to avoid tamponade or bronchial compression. Widespread adoption of TCV-based size matching can lead to a more efficient heart allocation system by the data-driven bypass of poor size matches.

One of the greatest challenges in ecology is to understand and predict the functional outcome of interaction networks. Size-matching between plants and pollinators is one of the key functional traits expected to play a major role in structuring plant-pollinator interactions. However, the community-wide patterns of size-matching remain largely unexplored. We studied the association between the degree of size-matching and foraging efficiency, pollination efficiency and the probability of pairwise interactions in a community of Lamiaceae. Our study revealed that foraging efficiency is maximal when bee proboscis length corresponds to the corolla tube depth of the flower visited. Pollination efficiency was maximal when the bee body height corresponds to the corolla width of the flower visited. While the degree of size-matching did not influence the probability of interaction, it significantly influenced the strength of the interaction in terms of visitation frequency. We suggest a size-matching index as a reliable metric to predict the frequency of interactions as well as the effectiveness of visits in terms of foraging efficiency and pollination efficiency.

Thirty-two kinds of FeSi/FeSiAl compound soft magnetic composites (SMCs) were orderly fabricated by interblending the FeSi and FeSiAl powders with each other under a consideration of particle size matching. SEM–EDS and FTIR were simultaneously employed to characterize the core–shell structure of the chemically coated powder. Loss contribution analysis for the corresponding compound SMCs was also carried out. As compared to the normal FeSi SMCs, the FeSi400↑/FeSiAl400↓ (with mass ratio in 7:3) compound SMCs possess excellent comprehensive magnetic properties of higher μe of 67.9 (increased by 12.6%), relatively high μe@7960 A/m of 42.7 (decayed by only 2.0%) and lower Pcv of 423.76 kW/m3 (reduced by 17.5%) at 50 kHz, 0.1 T. Meanwhile, the FeSiAl600↑/FeSi600↓ (within mass ratio of 7:3) exhibit higher μe of 69.4 (increased by 3.4%), higher μe@7960 A/m of 35.1 (raised by 12.8%) and relatively low Pcv of 270.1 kW/m3 (increased by only 3.2%) at 50 kHz, 0.1 T compared with these of the common FeSiAl SMCs. These results above indicated that the FeSi/FeSiAl compound SMCs with excellent comprehensive soft magnetic properties is conducive to the expansion of application scope in the power electronics field for the conventional FeSi and FeSiAl SMCs.

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) demonstrate both superior electrical efficiency and fuel utilization compared to all other types of fuel cells, and it will be the most promising carbon utilization technology if the sluggish anode reaction kinetics that derives from the use of solid fuel can be addressed. Herein, the electrode morphology and fuel particle size are comprehensively considered to fabricate an efficient DCFC anode skeleton. A honeycombed and size-matching anode architecture with dual-scale porous structure is developed by water droplet templating, which demonstrates an efficient strategy to address the challenge of poor carbon reactivity and improve the electrochemical performance of DCFCs. Single cell with this designed anode framework demonstrates excellent performance, and the maximum power density is as high as 765 mW cm

Crystalline solids of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-69 with a suitable pore window size matching with atomic diameter of xenon is utilized for this task, showing notable performance for Xe/Kr capture and separation as well as decent hydrolytic and irradiation stabilities. The results illustrate that the saturated uptake amount of Xe by ZIF-69 is 2.46 mmol/g at 298 K, while Kr uptake is only 0.55 mmol/g. Importantly, the separation ratio of Xe/Kr is 8.35, one of the highest values among all solid sorbent material reported up to now. These findings suggest that ZIF-69 is a potential candidate for the application of xenon capture and purification form a gas mixture containing Kr.

Background: Size matching between donor lungs and recipient chest space is an important technical problem that affects the outcome and survival following lung transplantation. The size of the lung can vary according to underlying disease, previous resections, and ethnicity, as well as height, age, and sex. Measurements of predicted total lung capacity according to height, age, and sex are frequently used, although other measurement methods are available.

A 16-year-old with new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy underwent VAD placement, later complicated by low flow from outflow graft kinking. To expedite heart transplantation, TCV was calculated and compared with 141 normal patients pinpointing the upper weight threshold. He was transplanted 2 days later within the expanded weight range with no post-transplant complications.

Considerable efforts have been made to characterize the meaningful conformers that a molecule can adopt, which is of great significance for understanding the structure-property correlation in the fileds of molecular biology, drug discovery, catalysis, materials science, etc. It is however challenging to differentiate and make use of the flexible conformers in solution, as they often experience rapid interconversion due to low isomerization barrier. We herein present a novel yet simple size-matching strategy for conformation identification. As a proof of concept, we rationally designed a three-dimensional model compound, namely hexaformyl molecule 1 exhibiting two types of conformers, i.e. Conformer-1 and -2 with different cleft positions and sizes. Aided by DFT calculations, we selected two triamino conformation capturers (denoted CC). Small-sized CC-1 selectively captured Conformer-1 by matching its cleft size, while large-sized CC-2 was able to match and capture both conformers. It therefore allowed facile differentiation of the two conformations by conventional NMR and X-ray analyses. These two erstwhile inverconverting and indistinguishable conformational isomers were made use of, leading to the discovery of two novel configurational isomers, namely two novel cage-like compounds with twin cavities, one exhibiting a sandglass-shaped and another with a dumbbell form, which we coined diphane.

Predicted heart mass (PHM) equations have been proposed as an alternative method for size matching in heart transplantation. We assessed association between donor-recipient size mismatch, defined using PHM equations, and survival post-heart transplant in the United Kingdom. Data from all adult patients who received a heart transplant between 1995 and 2017 were obtained from the United Kingdom Transplant Registry. PHM was calculated using published equations. Primary outcome was 1-year survival post-heart transplantation. Recipients of undersized organs had reduced 1-year survival (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03-1.67, p = .03). Oversizing had no impact on survival (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.78-1.26, p = .96). Gender mismatching had no impact on survival in the cohort matched by PHM (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.86-1.47, p = .4). In recipients without pulmonary hypertension, undersizing by PHM had no impact on 1-year survival (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.61-1.49, p = .83). In recipients with pulmonary hypertension, oversizing donor RV by using PHM RV equation (PHMRV ) results in improved survival at 1 year (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.5-0.83, p = .001). In conclusion, receiving an organ undersized by PHM was associated with decreased 1-year survival. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that undersizing only impacted survival in recipients with pulmonary hypertension and that these recipients had improved outcomes if they received an organ with an RV oversized by >10% by PHMRV .

BACKGROUND The pediatric heart transplant community uses weight-based donor-to-recipient size matching almost exclusively, despite no evidence to validate weight as a reliable surrogate of cardiac size. Donor size mismatch is the second most common reason for the refusal of donor hearts in current practice (∼30% of all refusals). Whereas case-by-case segmentation of total cardiac volume (TCV) by computed tomography (CT) for direct virtual transplantation is an attractive option, it remains limited by the unavailability of donor chest CT. We sought to establish a predictive model for donor TCV on the basis of anthropomorphic and chest X-ray (CXR) cardiac measures. METHODS Banked imaging studies from 141 subjects with normal CT chest angiograms were obtained and segmented using 3-dimensional modeling to derive TCV. CXR data were available for 62 of those subjects. A total of 3 predictive models of TCV were fit through multiple linear regression using the following variables: Model A (weight only); Model B (weight, height, sex, and age); Model C (weight, height, sex, age, and 1-view anteroposterior CXR maximal horizontal cardiac width). RESULTS Model C provided the most accurate prediction of TCV (optimism corrected R2 = 0.99, testing set R2 = 0.98, mean absolute percentage error [MAPE] = 8.6%) and outperformed Model A (optimism corrected R2 = 0.94, testing set R2 = 0.94, MAPE = 16.1%) and Model B (optimism corrected R2 = 0.97, testing set R2 = 0.97, MAPE = 11.1%). CONCLUSIONS TCV can be predicted accurately using readily available anthropometrics and a 1-view CXR from donor candidates. This simple and scalable method of TCV estimation may provide a reliable and consistent method to improve donor size matching.

A long‐standing question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size matching between floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size matching has seldom been shown and explained in multispecies assemblages. Here, we investigated the degree of size matching among Asteraceae and their pollinators and its relationship with foraging efficiency. The majority of pollinators, especially Hymenoptera, choose plant species on which they had high foraging efficiencies. When proboscides were shorter than nectar tubes, foraging efficiency rapidly decreased because of increased handling time. When proboscides were longer than nectar tubes, a decreased nectar reward rather than an increased handling time made shallow flowers more inefficient to visit. Altogether, this led to close size matching. Overall, our results show the importance of nectar reward and handling time as drivers of plant–pollinator network structure.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important markers for cancer diagnosis and treatment, but it is still a challenge to recognize and isolate CTCs because they are very rare in the blood. To selectively recognize CTCs and improve the capture efficiency, micro/nanostructured substrates have been fabricated for this application; however the size of CTCs is often ignored in designing and engineering micro/nanostructured substrates. Herein, a spiky polymer micropillar array is fabricated for capturing CTCs with high efficiency. The surface of the micropillar is cactus-like, and is composed of nanospikes. This hierarchical polymer array is designed according to the size of CTCs, which allows for more interactions of the CTCs with the array by setting the size of gaps among the micropillars to match with the CTCs. This polymer array is created by molding on an ordered silicon array, and then it is coated with an antiepithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody (anti-EpCAM). After co-culture with MCF-7 cells for 45 min, the capture efficiency of this array for CTCs is up to 91% ± 2%. Moreover, the anti-EpCAM modified polymer micropillar arrays present an excellent capacity to isolate CTCs from the whole blood samples of breast cancer patients. This study may provide a new concept for capturing target cells by designing and engineering micro/nanostructured substrates according to the size of target cells.

Pediatric heart transplant patients face the highest waitlist mortality in solid organ transplantation. Given the relatively fixed number of donor organs becoming available each year, improving donor organ utilization could potentially have significant impact on reducing waitlist mortality. Donor to recipient weight ratio has historically been used to identify suitable donors; however, this method does not take into account the potential for significant variance in heart size due to complex congenital heart disease or underlying cardiomyopathy. We believe, based on our experience to date, that donor matching based upon weight ratios should be augmented by improved methodologies that provide a more accurate assessment of heart volumes. Herein we describe the rationale for these methodologies and our single-center experience using volumetrics as an alternative for donor fit assessments.

Different types of anion vacancies were optimized in passive films on copper via first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, and numerous potentiodynamic polarizations were performed to evaluate the size matching effect between anion vacancies and halide ions in passive film breakdown on copper. The size of the anion vacancies decreased to some extent compared with the corresponding atom due to the surface relaxation effect, and electrochemical experiments showed that the pitting potential for an oxide passive film on copper followed the order F−

In recent years, online shopping for footwear has rapidly increased. However, the user experience has not been satisfactory because of the size mismatch problem, i.e., customers often fail to choose the right size online. Traditional size selection schemes, including those suggesting that users select footwear sizes according to their past experiences or those based on simple measurements, usually result in a high return rate of up to 35 % . The limitation of the traditional size selection schemes is that they fail to consider (1) the characteristics of foot shapes and (2) the preferences of individual customers. In this paper, we propose a size recommendation framework that is jointly based on 3D (foot and last) features and user preference. First, we report measurement studies of foot shape characteristics based on foot data for 10 K individuals. Our findings reveal that users have diverse foot shapes and different personal preferences regarding size matching. Second, based on our measurement insights, we design a size recommendation model that jointly considers 3D foot models, shoe characteristics and user preferences. We also provide a predictive model that predicts comfort levels for particular parts of the foot based on the given size recommendation. Finally, our data-driven experiments show that the proposed size recommendation improves the size selection accuracy to 92 % , which is a 22 % improvement compared to conventional solutions.

Among various class of materials, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most promising candidates for CO2 capture from flue gases. In particular, M-MOF-74, where M represents different metals, are equipped with open metal sites that can lead to very high CO2 uptake at postcombustion flue gas conditions. However, these structures are known to have poor CO2 capture performance under humid conditions as water molecules bind strongly to the unsaturated metal sites, outcompeting the CO2. In this computational study, a pore space partition strategy is employed through a symmetry-matching regulated ligand insertion within the Mg-MOF-74 and Zn-MOF-74 structures, which mitigates the deterioration effect of water. In the case of Zn-MOF-74, higher selectivity as well as larger CO2 uptake in binary mixture conditions is obtained, thereby demonstrating that reduction in the pore size of MOFs can serve as viable strategy to capture CO2 under humid postcombustion conditions.

High discharged energy density polymer composites are quite promising for capacitors and many other electronic devices. In this study, nano-sized Ba(Fe 0.5 Nb 0.5 )O 3 (BFN) powders and micro-sized Na 1/3 Ca 1/3 Bi 1/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (NCBCTO) powders are embedded in 3-dimensionally connected poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix, which has the potential to combine the high breakdown strength of the polymer with the high dielectric constant of the ceramics. The three-phase 0.1Na 1/3 Ca 1/3 Bi 1/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 - x Ba(Fe 0.5 Nb 0.5 )O 3 -(0.9- x )PVDF composites were obtained by physical mixing, cold press technique and heat treatment. The dielectric permittivity of the composites is as high as 38.96 at 100 Hz when the value of x is 0.20. A large discharged energy density of 1.45 J cm −3 is achieved at a field of 600 kV/cm for the composites when the value of x is 0.05, which is attributed to the size-matching effect. The dense composites can be obtained when the hole defects between micro-sized NCBCTO powders and PVDF are filled with part of nano-sized BFN powders.

Donor and recipient size-matching in lung transplantation is one of the key factors in selecting the right organ for the right patient. This process has to take into account of the underlying recipient diagnosis as well as donor and recipient predicted total lung capacity. Predicted total lung capacity correlates with height and gender into a regression formula. Primary graft dysfunction and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome may occur as complications of suboptimal lung size-matching.

Background: Current guidance from International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation recommends using body weight for donor-recipient size matching for heart transplantation. However, recent studies have shown that predicted heart mass, using body weight, height, age, and sex, may represent a better method of size matching. We aim to validate a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)–derived equation for predicted left ventricular mass (LVM) in a cohort of normal individuals in the United Kingdom. Methods: This observational study was conducted in 5065 middle-aged (44–77 years old) UK Biobank participants who underwent CMR imaging in 2014 to 2015. Individuals with cancer diagnosis in the previous 12 months or history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. Predicted LVM was calculated based on participants’ sex, height, and weight recorded at the time of imaging. Correlation analyses were performed between the predicted LVM and the LVM obtained from manual contouring of CMR cine images. The analysis included 3398 participants (age 61.5±7.5 years, 47.8% males). RESULTS: Predicted LVM was considerably higher than CMR-derived LVM (mean±SD of 138.8±28.9 g versus 86.3±20.9 g). However, there was a strong correlation between the 2 measurements (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.802, P Conclusions: Predicted LVM calculated using a CMR-derived equation that incorporates height, weight, and sex has a strong correlation with CMR LVM in large cohort of normal individuals in the United Kingdom. Our findings suggest that predicted heart mass equations may be a valid tool for donor-recipient size matching for heart transplantation in the United Kingdom.

There is a lack of evidence to guide appropriate donor sizing in recipients with moderate pulmonary hypertension (pHTN) awaiting heart transplantation (HTx). It is common practice to oversize donor hearts for such recipients to prevent post-operative right ventricular failure. Therefore, our objective was to determine if oversizing in pre-transplant moderate pHTN provides a survival advantage.The United Network for Organ Sharing database was analyzed to include HTx recipients from 1994 to 2016. Recipients were considered as having moderate pHTN if the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was 2.5 to 5 Wood units (WU) or transpulmonary gradient (TPG) was 10 to 18 mm Hg. Heart size mismatch was determined using the predicted heart mass equations. A size mismatch of ≥15% in either direction was considered undersized or oversized, respectively. Ninety-day and 1-year survival were analyzed based on size matching via univariate and Cox regression analysis. Propensity matching was performed to specifically evaluate the effect of donor sex among male transplant recipients.Among 29,441 HTx recipients, 10,666 had moderate pHTN by PVR criteria and 12,624 HTx patients had moderate pHTN according to TPG criteria. Among patients with a PVR of 2.5 to 5 WU, oversizing was not associated with lower mortality compared with matched hearts at 90 days (7.6% vs 7.4%; p = 0.75) and 1 year (12.1% vs 11.3%; p = 0.26). Conversely, undersizing the donor was associated with a higher 90-day (10.6% vs 7.6% vs 7.4%; p0.01) and 1-year (15.3% vs 12.1% vs 11.3%; p0.01) mortality than recipients receiving oversized or matched hearts, respectively. On Cox regression analysis, there was no benefit with oversizing at 90 days (hazard ratio [HR] 0.88; p = 0.23) and 1 year (HR 0.99; p = 0.90), whereas undersizing was associated with higher 90-day (HR 1.32; p = 0.02) and 1-year mortality (HR 1.23; p = 0.03) compared to size-matched controls. Among patients with moderate pHTN based on TPG of 10 to 18 mm Hg, neither undersizing nor oversizing was predictive of mortality at 90 days and 1 year according to Cox regression analysis. Propensity matching revealed that female-to-male transplantation had similar 1-year mortality to male-to-male transplantation, and there was no advantage to oversizing female donors for male recipients.In this registry-based analysis, there was no benefit to oversizing donors for cardiac transplant recipients with moderate pHTN. Elimination of this restriction could increase the donor pool and reduce wait times for such recipients.

Purpose Currently, guide for appropriate donor sizing in recipients mostly focuses on donor-recipient body weight matching. The purpose is to retrospectively determine the impact of predicted heart mass (pHM)-based size matching among recipients on heart transplantation (HT) outcomes. Methods According to our institutional registry, 512 consecutive adult patients underwent HT between January 2000 and August 2020. For each patient, pHM and donor-recipient pHM ratio have been calculated (4 patients were excluded for missing anthropometric data). Patients were partitioned into quintiles in terms of pHM ratio: Undersizing2 (n=101), Undersizing1 (n=102), Reference (n=102), Oversizing1 (n=102), Oversizing2 (n=101) with a mean pHM donor-recipient ratio of 0.81, 0.96, 1.04, 1.12, 1.28, respectively. Severe early graft failure, 30-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality were analyzed as early outcomes. Results Several characteristics were significantly different between groups. Recipients of the most oversized group were mostly male (p 0.05). Kaplan-Mayer and Cox-regression analysis after adjustment for pHM ratio subgroups did not show any difference in outcomes (p>0.05). Conclusion A wide range of pHM donor-recipient ratios seem to be safe (0.81-1.28). Providing a pHM-based oversized graft to more compromised patients may preserve good outcomes. Instead, low risk profile patients may have acceptable outcomes even in the presence of extremely undersized pHM ratio calculation. A careful allocation of organs, by considering a pHM ratio mismatch, may balance rescue preoperative clinical profiles and preserve HT outcomes.

Purpose Predicted heart mass (PHM) was neither derived nor validated in an obese population. Our objectives were to determine survival according to size mismatch defined by actual PHM and recalculated PHM using ideal body weight (IBW) in obese recipients or recipients of obese donors, and to evaluate whether size mismatch using IBW-adjusted PHM improves risk assessment. Methods We included HT recipients (≥18 y) with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or recipients of donors with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 from the ISHLT registry between 2008-2017. IBW was calculated using Devine's formula. Donor-recipient PHM was evaluated as a continuous variable and according to established groups: 30%. We used Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariable Cox PH analyses to evaluate post-HT mortality by actual/IBW-adjusted PHM groups. We compared the 2 models using net reclassification index (NRI). Results We included 10,817 HT recipients, age 55 (IQR 46-62) yrs, 23% female, BMI 31 kg/m2 (28-33) with follow up of 3.1 (1.2-6.0) yrs. Included donors were 34 (24-44) yrs, 31% female, and BMI 31 kg/m2 (26-34). 692 (6%) and 335 (3%) recipient-donor pairs were reclassified as undersized by 20-30% and >30% respectively using IBW-adjusted PHM. 462 (4%) and 431 (4%) recipient-donor pairs were reclassified as oversized by 20-30% and >30% respectively when using IBW-adjusted PHM. Actual PHM was associated with lower 1-year survival (p Conclusion Calculation of PHM using IBW was not associated with post-HT survival. Actual PHM can be used for size matching when assessing mortality risk in recipients of obese donors or obese recipients.

Purpose Optimal size-matching metrics for prediction of outcomes after combined heart-kidney transplantation (HKT) are unknown. Methods Combined HKTs performed between January 2000 and April 2019 were analyzed using United Network of Organ Sharing registry. Size metrics (weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and predicted heart mass (PHM)) were divided into seven equally sized groups using donor-to-recipient ratio. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed to assess composite risk of mortality or re-transplantation at 1-year. Results A total of 1,290 recipients were analyzed; 155 events occurred (n=153 deaths; n=4 re-transplants). Compared to a well-matched cohort, severe under-sizing by either PHM (0.56 to 0.85; hazard ratio (HR) 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-3.08, p=0.042) or weight (0.50 to 0.80; HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.14-3.52, p=0.015), but not BMI and height, was associated with an increased risk of events. Upon categorizing recipients into 4 groups based on presence or absence of severe under-sizing by either PHM or weight ratio, those whose donors were severely undersized for both were at significantly higher risk of poor outcomes (HR 2.74, 95% CI 1.78-4.19, p Conclusion Recipients of combined HKT whose donors were severely undersized based on both weight ratio and PHM had significantly worse outcomes compared to those whose donors were severely undersized by either parameter alone or not at all.

We give an explicit function $h:\{0,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}$ such that every de Morgan formula of size $n^{3-o(1)}/r^2$ agrees with $h$ on at most a fraction of $\frac{1}{2}+2^{-\Omega(r)}$ of the inputs. Our technical contributions include a theorem that shows that the “expected shrinkage” result of H\aastad [SIAM J. Comput., 27 (1998), pp. 48--64] actually holds with very high probability (where the restrictions are chosen from a certain distribution that takes into account the structure of the formula), using ideas of Impagliazzo, Meka, and Zuckerman [Proceedings of FOCS, 2012, pp. 111--119].

Morphological castes occur throughout ant species, but their role in task partitioning and colony success remains controversial. Task partitioning based on size is thought to increase colony efficiency, but tests of this hypothesis are difficult. In this study, we delve into the role of different morphological castes of Atta cephalotes in the maintenance of trunk trails, a task considered very important to foraging efficiency in leafcutters. Using differently sized dead and live leaves as obstacles, we tested for evidence of size matching by performing sixty trials in which we recorded the involvement of different castes and the effect of removal of majors on obstacle removal in one A. cephalotes colony. Ants treated live and dead leaves in the path identically. Cutting and pulling of larger leaves involved more ants (of all size castes), and took longer. Removal of the majors (22% of all workers involved) did not negatively impact removal time of obstacles of any size. We hypothesized that there would be matching between ant size and the size of the obstacle removed, but we found no evidence for such matching. Mediae were more likely to pull than minors. When the majors were removed, the minors and mediae increased in cutting and pulling leaves to compensate, with the mediae particularly increasing in pulling. Overall, our results suggest that minors and mediae differ in task partitioning for obstacle removal, and that castes can respond flexibly to removal of other castes. However, we found no evidence that morphological castes improve capacities for trail clearing.

This study examined the food spectrum, size-matching and harvesting efficiency of the Mediterranean harvester ant Messor wasmanni Krausse, 1910, a major seed predator on annual grasslands, on the Croatian island of Cres. The ant workers collect available food items not only from the soil surface (post-dispersal seed predation), but also directly from the mother plant (pre-dispersal seed predation). The distributional pattern of the main food resources therefore changed constantly from May to October 2009. This investigation shows that food items were collected either from several distinct small regions, or from widely distributed zones of the foraging ground. Accordingly, the foraging strategies are a mixture of individual foraging and column foraging, adjusted to the ants’ needs. Moreover, under natural conditions, M. wasmanni workers do not show size-matching at foraging trails. Little, if any, size variation of harvested seeds and fruits can be attributed to the foragers’ body size. Small workers did not appear to be constrained by load size, which indicates that size-matching may not be an adequate measure of colony foraging success for M. wasmanni. I further observed that the harvesting efficiency of media- and major-sized workers decreased considerably from May to October 2009, whereas the harvesting efficiency of minor-sized workers constantly increased over the year. This finding suggests that the worker size and the resulting difference in individual metabolism play an important role for the harvesting efficiency of M. wasmanni.

A novel adaptive step-size matching pursuit algorithm (AStMP) is proposed. AStMP reduces the computational cost and increases the accuracy of reconstructing practical signals (i) whose sparsity K is unknown and/or (ii) may be corrupted by noise. AStMP accurately estimates K by combining the sparsity estimate of sparsity adaptive subspace pursuit (SASP) with the adaptively changing stepsize at each stage of sparsity adaptive matching pursuit (SAMP). Thus, AStMP can quickly achieve accurate estimation of the sparsity level and the true support set of the target signals. Meanwhile, a preselection is employed to reduce the computational complexity of each stage. When K is greater than half the number of measurements M, the probability of exact recovery is improved by analyzing the support set. Since the stepsize changes adaptively, AStMP can be applied in both the noiseless and noisy cases when the signal is not strictly sparse, allowing for exact or approximate signal recovery. Experimental results demonstrate that the AStMP is effective in fast and exact reconstruction and has good performance.

Lepidocrocite-type titania nanosheets (TNSs) with composition Ti0.89O2 were newly designed and synthesized. The densely packed TNS surface on glass substrates (TNS-LB) was fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett method. The adsorption behavior of a cationic porphyrin (p-TMPyP4+) dye onto TNS suspension (TNS-SUS) and TNS-LB was examined. High density without an aggregation assembly structure of p-TMPyP4+ was observed in the TNS-LB/p-TMPyP4+ complex. The average intermolecular distance is 2.3 nm. This is the first example indicating that the size-matching effect is effective for semiconductor nanosheets.

Purpose Heart donor and recipient size matching is associated with improved post-transplant outcomes. Many programs use total body weight ratios, which do not account for body composition or heart specific mass. We derived equatinos for lean body mass (LBM) and predicted heart mass (PHM) in the UK Biobank (UKB), and determined associations with survival using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Methods We derived LBM and PHM equations from 2846 participants in the UKB who underwent cardiac MRI and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition analysis. Prognostic utility was validated in adults patients in the UNOS database between January 1996 and November 2017. Donor-recipient size matching was based on five methods: weight ratio, two methods for LBM ratio (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] and UKB) and two methods for PHM ratios (Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA] and UKB). Relative prognostic utility was compared using multivariable Cox analysis adjusted for variables in the SRTR one year patient survival equation. Donor-recipient matching was defined as 1.2 (oversized). Results In the validation cohort, 6528 of 53,648 patients (12.2%) died within the first year. In multivariable analysis, undersized matches were associated with increased one-year mortality for all methods (p Conclusion Significant under or oversizing of donor hearts, predicted using either of LBM or PHM algorithms, was associated with worse one-year survival following cardiac transplantation. Donor-recicipient sex mismatches should also be considered when using LBM and PHM based ratios.

Traumatic injury and idiopathic avascular necrosis of the talus bone can result in osteochondral lesions of the talus leading to pain, motion loss, and disability. Treatment with osteochondral allografting currently requires the donor talus to be size matched to the recipient talus to ensure precise fits. Eliminating or reducing the need for size matching would lessen costs and the delay between diagnosis and treatment. 3D models of 12 tali of varying sizes were used to analyze curvatures and profiles of select areas on the talar dome. The allograft procedure was mimicked to compare the results between using 20 mm and 30 mm osteochondral allografts with, and without, donor size matching. The observed curvatures and profiles on the talar dome were found to be consistent between tali of different sizes. Size matching was not required to have acceptable levels of deviation between donor and recipient tali when using 20 mm length segments. Deviations without size matching were found to be very similar to the deviations with size matching with only 14.8 % of the fits without size matching having larger deviations (although less than 1.5 mm) than those with size matching. Using the 30 mm segments, there was a significant difference between the small female tali and the largest male tali. Thus, donor size matching is not necessary when treating large osteochondral lesions of the talus with an osteochondral allograft taken from the central 20 mm of the donor talar dome, and only sex matching may be necessary for 30 mm grafts.

Background Listed pediatric heart transplant patients have the highest solid-organ waitlist mortality rate. The donor-recipient body weight (DRBW) ratio is the clinical standard for allograft size matching but may unnecessarily limit a patient's donor pool. To overcome DRBW ratio limitations, two methods of performing virtual heart transplant fit assessments were developed that account for patient-specific nuances. Method 1 uses an allograft total cardiac volume (TCV) prediction model informed by patient data wherein a matched allograft 3-D reconstruction is selected from a virtual library for assessment. Method 2 uses donor images for a direct virtual transplant assessment. Methods Assessments were performed in medical image reconstruction software. The allograft model was developed using allometric/isometric scaling assumptions and cross-validation. Results The final predictive model included gender, height, and weight. The 25th-, 50th-, and 75th-percentiles for TCV percentage errors were -13% (over-prediction), -1%, and 8% (under-prediction), respectively. Two examples illustrating the potential of virtual assessments are presented. Conclusion Transplant centers can apply these methods to perform their virtual assessments using existing technology. These techniques have potential to improve organ allocation. With additional experience and refinement, virtual transplants may become standard of care for determining suitability of donor organ size for an identified recipient.

Pediatric lung transplantation is a highly specialized therapy for end-stage pulmonary disease in children, and is performed in only a handful of transplant centers around the world. Advancement in the field has been made on many fronts in recent years, including in public policy and organ allocation strategies, donor selection and management, emerging technologies for donor lung rehabilitation and bridge-to-transplant support of listed candidates, and ongoing refinement of surgical techniques. Despite this progress, children continue to suffer discrepant waitlist mortality and longer waiting times than their adult counterparts, and face special challenges of donor availability and size matching. Here, we assess the current state of the art in pediatric lung transplantation, reviewing progress made to date and further opportunities to improve care for this unique group of patients.

Purpose Donor to recipient (D-R) lung size matching using predicted total lung capacity (pTLC) has been shown to be associated with the risk of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplant (LTx) but the effect varies with underlying recipient diagnosis, potentially owing to differences in actual TLC. Chest x-ray (CXR) measurements to estimate true D-R TLC could account for disease-related effects, but their role in D-R size matching is unknown. We hypothesized that CXR measurements would estimate actual TLC values and that mismatches would increase PGD risk. Methods We retrospectively reviewed adult double lung transplant recipients between 2007 and 2016. We measured lung size on pre-transplant donor and recipient CXRs using apex to costophrenic angle (ACPA) distance (Figure 1A), taking the mean of the left and right (donors the largest of the 3 most recent CXRs; recipients the most recent CXR prior to LTx). We defined “oversized” as D-R ratio > 1 and “undersized” ≤ 1. The primary outcome was grade 3 PGD (presence of edema on CXR + PaO2/FiO2 Results 206 patients met inclusion criteria, 32 (16%) of whom developed grade 3 PGD at 48 or 72 hours. Median D-R ACPA ratio was 0.92 (IQR 0.83-1.09) and recipient ACPA was strongly related to recipient actual TLC (Figure 1B, R2 0.7297 [quadratic]). D-R ACPA ratio was larger in those patients who developed PGD vs. non-PGD cases (1.01 [IQR 0.91-1.18] vs. 0.91 [IQR 0.83-1.07] p = 0.01). Oversizing (ACPA ratio > 1) increased grade 3 PGD risk (adjusted OR 2.3 [95% CI 1.0-5.2], p = 0.04). Conclusion Oversizing via CXR was associated with increased PGD risk. CXR measurement appears to serve as an estimate of true TLC. D-R ACPA ratio shows promise as a size matching tool in donor allocation and requires further investigation.

The size-dependent recognition of large anions by shape-persistent macrocycles is poorly understood. To address this shortcoming, we created a bulky cyanostar that only forms 1 : 1 complexes and show the affinities best follow the expectations of size matching but only when solvent bias is removed.

Hydrothermal reactions of N-auxiliary flexible exo-bidentate ligand 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (bpp) and carboxylates ligands naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (2,6-H2ndc) or 4,4′-(hydroxymethylene)dibenzoic acid (H2hmdb), in the presence of cadmium(II) salts have given rise to two novel metal-organic frameworks based on flexible ligands (FL-MOFs), namely, [Cd2(2,6-ndc)2(bpp)(DMF)]·2DMF (1) and [Cd3(hmdb)3(bpp)]·2DMF·2EtOH (2) (DMF=N,N-Dimethylformamide). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that compound 1 exhibits a three-dimensional self-penetrating 6-connected framework based on dinuclear cluster second building unit. Compound 2 displays an infinite three-dimensional ‘Lucky Clover’ shape (2,10)-connected network based on the trinuclear cluster and V-shaped organic linkers. The flexible bpp ligand displays different conformations in 1 and 2, which are successfully controlled by size-matching mixed ligands during the self-assembly process.

Anisotropic energy transfer system was successfully prepared by a combination of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique and Size-matching effect. Tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-3-yl) porphyrin ( m -TMPyP) and tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin ( p -TMPyP) were used as energy donor and acceptor, respectively. High density assembly structure without unfavorable aggregation of them was constructed. In the LB membrane system, efficient anisotropic energy transfer between p -TMPyP and m -TMPyP at different layer proceeded. The maximum energy transfer efficiency was 85%.

Although the consequences of implantation of a large whole liver graft into a small recipient such as compression and compromise of graft perfusion are well known, no accepted measure to aid in donor-to-recipient size matching exists. Donor liver graft and recipient native liver weights as well as donor and recipient size and amount of ascites were investigated in 1953 patients who underwent liver transplantation using deceased donor grafts between January 2002 and July 2013. We used a previously described formula for liver resections (standardized total liver volume [sTLV] = -794.41 + 1267.28 × body surface area [m(2)]) for calculating sTLV, in the current cohort of deceased liver donors. Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) and graft survival were the primary outcome measures. The formula for calculating sTLV for liver resections was validated as an accurate predictor of liver volume in the current cohort of deceased liver donors (r(2) = 0.45; P

Adult recipients frequently withdraw from living-donor lobar lung transplantation because of the small size of donor grafts. The right lower lobe is 120% larger than the left lower lobe. We developed a novel surgical technique in which an inverted right lower lobe graft can be transplanted into the left thorax. The first patient was a 43-year-old woman with end-stage idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Her husband was the only eligible donor for living-donor lobar lung transplantation. His right lower lobe was estimated to provide 45% of the recipient's predicted forced vital capacity, which would provide the borderline function required for living-donor lobar lung transplantation. Since lung perfusion scintigraphy of the recipient showed a right-to-left ratio of 64:36, transplanting the right lower lobe graft into the left thorax and sparing the native right lung was considered the only treatment option. We simulated this procedure using three-dimensional models produced by a three-dimensional printer. In living-donor lobar lung transplantation, all anastomoses were performed smoothly as planned preoperatively. Because of the initial success, this procedure was performed successfully in two additional patients. This procedure enables larger grafts to be transplanted, potentially solving critical size matching problems in living-donor lobar lung transplantation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are shown to be good examples of a new class of crystalline porous materials for guest encapsulation. Since the encapsulation/release of guest molecules in MOF hosts is a reversible process in nature, how to prevent the leaching of guests from the open pores with minimal and nondestructive modifications of the structure is a critical issue. To address this issue, we herein propose a novel strategy of encapsulating guests by introducing size-matching organic ligands as bolts to lock the pores of the MOFs through deliberately anchoring onto the open metal sites in the pores. Our proposed strategy provides a mechanical way to prevent the leaching of guests and thereby has less dependence on the specific chemical environment of the hosts, thus making it applicable for a wide variety of existing MOFs once the size-matching ligands are employed.

We introduce a mathematical model that describes the allometry of physical characteristics of hollow organs behaving as pressure vessels based on the physics of ideal pressure vessels. The model was validated by studying parameters such as body and organ mass, systolic and diastolic pressures, internal and external dimensions, pressurization energy and organ energy output measurements of pressure-based organs in a wide range of mammals and birds. Seven rules were derived that govern amongst others, lack of size efficiency on scaling to larger organ sizes, matching organ size in the same species, equal relative efficiency in pressurization energy across species and direct size matching between organ mass and mass of contents. The lung, heart and bladder follow these predicted theoretical relationships with a similar relative efficiency across various mammalian and avian species; an exception is cardiac output in mammals with a mass exceeding 10 kg. This may limit massive body size in mammals, breaking Cope's rule that populations evolve to increase in body size over time. Such a limit was not found in large flightless birds exceeding 100 kg, leading to speculation about unlimited dinosaur size should dinosaurs carry avian-like cardiac characteristics.

Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation is a single-stage technique that transfers viable, mature hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone into size-matched chondral or osteochondral defects. Over the last decade, improvements in allograft storage, harvest, and surgical technique have resulted in encouraging clinical results. Recent clinical success in high-demand patient populations has generated a significant amount of interest in OCA transplantation as a primary treatment for a wide spectrum of large cartilage lesions, including posttraumatic defects, osteochondritis dissecans, and focal osteonecrosis. OCA transplantation is also indicated as a salvage procedure following failure of other cartilage repair techniques. The use of OCA, however, is limited by donor availability and size matching, disease transmission and screening, chondrocyte viability, and a demanding surgical technique. This review discusses the basic science, clinical evaluation, and indications for OCA transplantation, with a focus on surgical technique, rehabilitation, and clinical outcomes in the knee.

1. Changes in climatic factors could have major effects on the foraging performance of animals. To date, however, no study has attempted to examine the concurrent effect of different climatic factors on foraging performance of individual organisms. 2. In the present study, this issue was addressed by studying changes in foraging performance of seed-eating ant colonies of the genus Messor in response to variation in precipitation and ambient temperature along a macroecological gradient. In addition, we examined the way three colony-level attributes, foraging distance, forager number, and variance in worker-size, could affect foraging performance in those ants. Foraging performance was measured as size matching, i.e. the correlation between forager size and load size. The study was carried out for 2 years in six sites along a south-north productivity gradient in a semi-arid region of the Eastern-Mediterranean. 3. Size matching increased with increased precipitation as well as with an increase in worker-size variability, but slightly decreased with increasing temperatures, as predicted by foraging-decision models. In contrast, foraging distance had no effect on size matching. Interestingly, size matching showed a unimodal relationship with forager number. 4. These results indicate that interplay between climate and body size affects foraging performance either directly via physiological constraints, or indirectly through their effect on food availability. Moreover, this is one of the first evidences to support the assumption that ant colonies can differ in their ability to optimally allocate their workforce in natural environments. This emphasises the importance of studying the way foraging strategies vary across environmental gradients at macroecological scales.