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Feral deer are some of Australia’s worst emerging pest species. Recently, the Government of South Australia launched a four-year program to reduce the populations of feral fallow deer (Dama dama). The program will focus on coordinating landscape-scale aerial culls and seeks to deliver the most efficient and humane approach to aerial culling. We sourced data from a recent program trialling a new approach to aerial culling that incorporated advanced thermal technology and a second shooter with a shotgun to target fallow deer. We reviewed available video and audio records of 104 deer culled in the program to assess efficiency and welfare outcomes. We collected information on the number of shotgun and rifle rounds fired per animal, time between first shot with a shotgun and confirmed death, and pursuit time. We completed field dissections of 20 individuals targeted in the program to assess the lethality of wounds inflicted with shotgun pellets. We also compared program costs and efficiency against published and unpublished data from ten other aerial-culling programs for feral deer in South Australia since 2009. A total of 383 shotgun rounds and 10 rifle rounds were used on 104 fallow deer in the focal program. We documented strong improvements to animal welfare for feral deer targeted with shotguns. The mean (± standard error) time between first shot and confirmed kill with a shotgun was 11.1 ± 0.7 seconds; mean pursuit time between detection and a confirmed kill was 49.5 ± 3.4 seconds. Pursuit time increased with subsequent deer controlled within a group; the maximum pursuit time for any individual was 159.0 seconds. All autopsied animals had received lethal wounds from shotgun pellets, with 100% receiving lung-penetrating damage and 70% also receiving heart-penetrating damage. While a program that uses a shotgun and rifle combined with a second shooter and thermographer can cost more to mobilise, the outcomes measured in cost deer-1 made it the most cost-effective approach of any program we assessed. Control options that deliver improved animal welfare outcomes and increase efficiency are desirable for managing expanding populations of feral deer in South Australia and elsewhere.

Shooting accuracy is a necessary component in Handball games, because shooting accuracy determines the success of an attack to score points, it is necessary to provide training on shooting accuracy through more effective movements. Training in throwing a basketball with the HIIT method is an exercise to train an athlete's shooting accuracy. The purpose of this study was to find out the differences before and after training in throwing a basketball using the HIIT method. This study used a true experimental study with a randomized pretest and posttest design with a control group design. The sample in this study were the Tabanan Male Handball Athletes in 2022, totaling 24 people and divided into two groups. The Treatment Group was given training in throwing a basketball using the HIIT method and the Control Group was given training in throwing a handball ball. The results in the study of the two groups showed that the average shooting accuracy of the treatment group before training was 19,92 and after training was 33,42, while the average shooting accuracy in the control group before training was 19,83 and after training was 24,08. The difference test on the average increase in shooting accuracy in the two groups using the independent t-test obtained a significance value of 0,000 less than 0,05 (sig

Рассматривается ряд способов управления эмоциональным состоянием сотрудников ОВД при обучении стрельбе из боевого оружия и его использовании в служебной деятельности., The article discusses a number of ways to manage the emotional state of police officers when training to shoot from military weapons and use them in official activities.

Supplementary material, videos, data and analysis code underlying the paper Jones, NAR, Webster, M, Templeton, CN, Schuster, S, & Rendell, L (2018) "Presence of an audience and consistent inter-individual differences affect archerfish shooting behaviour" Animal Behaviour. Full paper at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.024

This project used a WII simulated handgun to have participants shoot at a virtual target in a laboratory environment. We investigated the effect of prior handgun experience and social inhibition on performance and EEG activity.

The study purpose was to examine the anaerobic and aerobic performance and also determine the influence of the anaerobic performance on specific movements during a match-play. Materials and methods. A total of 12 Indonesian professional female players from Bandung district female futsal club were recruited and enrolled to participate in this study. They were required to complete one familiarization and two experimental sessions. During the first session (laboratory test), all players performed a treadmill test to ascertain their maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) and a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) to measure their anaerobic performance. For the second session (on-court test), the participants played a simulated match on the court. A training team of 5 experts carried out an investigation regarding each player’s competitive performance per match. Furthermore, the blood lactate concentration and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were assessed in the pre- and post-test for both sessions, which were separated by a week to enable the players to recover. Results. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) (p = 0.425, p = 0.938, respectively) for anaerobic performance using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), although, the MP and FI of team C was lower compared to A and B. Furthermore, the total number of failed passes and shot off target of team C was larger compared to B and A (for failed passes = 30 vs 20 vs 25, for shot off target 14 vs 13 vs 8). Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that there are strong associations between anaerobic capacity and explosive movements (shooting, tackling, heading and passing) among female futsal players.

This study examined the practice-related sensitivity of automatic change detection. The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component of event-related potentials was compared in handball players and in sport shooters. Whereas effective performance in handball requires processing of a wide visual field, effective performance in shooting requires concentration to a narrow field. Thus, we hypothesized larger sensitivity to peripheral stimuli violating the regularity of sequential stimulation in handball players. Participants performed a tracking task, while task-irrelevant checkerboard patterns (a frequent and an infrequent type) were presented in the lateral parts of the visual field. We analyzed the vMMN, a signature of automatic detection of violating sequential regularity, and sensory components (P1, N1, and P2). We obtained larger vMMN in the handball players’ group indicating larger sensitivity to peripheral stimuli. These results suggest the plasticity of the automatic visual processing, i.e., it can adapt to sport-specific demands, and this can be captured even in a short experimental session in the laboratory.

The physiological function of the Mu rhythm (8–13 Hz in the central region) is still unclear, particularly its role in visuomotor performance in sports (shooting vs. golf putting), as both the complexity of the motor skills (i.e., simple vs. complex visuomotor skills) and the skill level (e.g., novices vs. experts or low-skilled vs. highly skilled) may modulate Mu rhythm. To gain a broader understanding of the association between Mu rhythm and visuomotor skill performance, a study design that considers both a control moderator (the difference in skill level) and the ability to manipulate Mu rhythm (i.e., either increase or decrease Mu rhythm) is required. To achieve this, we recruited 30 novice golfers who were randomly assigned to either the increased Mu rhythm group (IMG), decreased Mu rhythm group (DMG), or sham group (SG) and used electroencephalographic-neurofeedback training (EEG-NFT) to manipulate Mu rhythm during a golf putting task (complex visuomotor skill). The aim was to determine whether the complexity of the motor skill was a potential moderator of Mu rhythm. We mainly found that Mu power was significantly decreased in the DMG following EEG-NFT, which lead to increased motor control and improved performance. We suggest that (1) the complexity of the motor skill, rather than the difference in skill level, may be a potential moderator of Mu rhythm and visuomotor performance, as our results were not consistent with a previous study that reported that increased Mu rhythm improved shooting performance (a simple visuomotor task) in novices.

Police officers may be required to use their firearms in self-defence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between hand grip size and strength with pistol shooting accuracy in police officers. Twelve (age = 38.08 ± 6.24 years; height = 174.42 ± 7.33 cm) police officers had their hand sizes (palm width and hand span) and hand grip strength measured. Handgrip dynamometer was set at a Glock 17 pistol's grip width (50 mm). The officers fired 10 rounds from their service pistols at a stationary target. Independent samples t-tests were performed to identify differences between the sexes. Correlations were used to investigate relationships between measures of hand size, strength, and marksmanship. Alpha levels were set at p < 0.05. Male officers were significantly stronger (p = 0.01) and had a bigger hand width (p = 0.03), but not hand span. There were no significant differences in marksmanship between the sexes. Neither hand size nor grip strength had a significant impact on marksmanship even though there were strong and significant relationships between hand size (span and MCP) and grip strength. A V-shaped curve appears to exist between grip strength and marksmanship and hand span and marksmanship, with a potential influencing factor being the standard sizing of the pistol grip.

Micropropagation is an alternative technique to propagate at large scale plants to meet global plant demand. Various researchers have worked on the micropropagation technique to regenerate bamboo species by using nodal segments from years. Contamination, browning, necrosis, and acclimatization with physiological stress are the extreme problems of the micropropagation technique. But, many numbers of papers have been published on micropropagation of the bamboo species through nodal segments as explants. The proliferation of the bamboo shoots is dependent on the season of collection, size of explants, the position of explants, diversity of plants, concentration and combination of plant growth regulators, most adequate culture medium, environmental condition of the equipment, handling, and individual species. Bamboo is a monocarpic fast-growing, tall perennial grass and having the high potential to generate economic and social benefits. It helps to maintain land patterns and control soil erosion. The long life cycle of the bamboo produces a huge amount of seeds but unfortunately, mostly, they are non-viable. So, bamboos are propagated from vegetative by cutting and air layering. However, these methods are only for a small scale and they also tend to destroy large mother plant stocks and difficult to be transported. So, the in vitro propagation technique is useful to obtain large progenies from desired genotypes. Mostly, BAP and TDZ growth hormones are widely used for shoot multiplication and IBA, NAA and IAA are used for root initiation as per developed protocols in tissue culture for large scale production. This review intends to explore an overview of the recent literature reports to summarize the importance of micropropagation by using nodal segments of bamboo species and factors influencing it.

The penalty corner (PC) is one of the most important game situations in hockey (both outdoors and indoors), which results in 30 – 40% of all goals. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the quasi-experimental methodology on the dynamics in the development of indicators characterizing the accuracy of shooting when performing PC in the potentially effective goal zones. Through the application of InterCriteria Analysis (ICrA), the research team sought to establish relationships and directions of dependencies between indicators reflecting the accuracy of zone shooting. Four elite female indoor hockey players from the team of the National Sports Academy in Bulgaria, participants in the European Indoor Hockey Clubs Challenge, were involved in the examination sessions. According to the requirements of the quasi-experimental “Push & Flick” methodology, the duration of the specialized training was set to 16 weeks. Each player performed 4,800 shootings, or approximately 300 shootings each week. Tests were carried out at the beginning (the first week) and at the end (the sixteenth week) of the experiment in order to determine the accuracy of the shooting – push/flick from a penalty corner spot (9 meters, central from the goal line). We used InterCriteria Analysis and Variance Analysis to analyze the results. The results of the study provide valuable information related to the training and specialization of elite hockey players profiled in the execution of a penalty corner

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari media pembelajaran digital game based learning (DGBL) terhadap motivasi belajar dan keterampilan gerak dasar shooting bola basket siswa kelas XI SMAN 1 Cianjur. Metode penelitian yang digunkan dalam penelitian ini adalah Eksperimen dengan menggunakan desain The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Populasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah siswa siswi dari SMAN 1 Cianjur, dengan sampel menggunakan purposive Sampling, yang diambil dua kelas secara acak. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah instrument Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II) yang dikembangkan oleh Pelletier, dkk (2013) yang bertujuan untuk motivasi belajar dan basketball shooting accuracy test (Pojski & Preliminary, 2010) untuk keterampilan gerak dasar shooting bola basket. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif pada motivasi belajar siswa dan tidak terdapat pengaruh pada keterampilan gerak dasar shooting bola basket pada penggunaan media pembelajaran digital game based learning.;--The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of digital game based learning (DGBL) learning media on learning motivation and basic motion skills in basketball shooting for grade XI students of SMAN 1 Cianjur. The research method used in this study was an experiment using the Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The study population used was students from SMAN 1 Cianjur, with samples using purposive sampling, which were taken two classes randomly. The instrument used was an instrument developed by Pelletier, et al (2013) aimed at learning motivation and basketball shooting accuracy tests (Pojski & Preliminary, 2010) for basic basketball shooting skills. From this study it can be concluded that there is a positive influence on student motivation and there is no influence on the basic motion skills of shooting basketball on the use of digital learning media based learning games.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan Plyometric terhadap kemampuan Shooting sepak bola pada Club PDL Samarinda. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah keseluruhan pemain Club PDL Samarinda yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan random sampling, terdiri dua puluh sampel tes awal dan tes akhir setelah melakukan latihan Plyometric Box Jump dan latihan Plyometric Hexagon selama dua bulan, setiap kelompok latihan A terdiri 10 sampel dan latihan B 10 sampel jadi jumlah seluruh sampel sebanyak 20 orang. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji deskriptif, Kolmogorov smirnov, homogenitas, paired t-tes dan independent test. Analisis ini menggunakan program SPSS v.21.0, ( Statistic Program For Special Science ) dengan menggunakan teknik uji t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada pengaruh latihan Plyometric terhadap kemampuan Shooting sepak bola pada Club PDL Samarinda. Tes awal yang di peroleh nilai t hitung = 4.385 < t tabel = 002. dengan menggunakan ? = 0,05 uji Z table normal dilanjutkan penghitungan pengaruh keduanya diperoleh nilai t hitung = 6.273 < t tabel = 000 maka terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara kedua bentuk latihan terhadap kemapuan shooting sepak bola pada Club PDL Samarinda.

Introduction: Penetrating injury (PI) is a relatively rare mechanism of trauma in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, injuries can be severe with high morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study is to assess fatalities due to PI and evaluate the demographic parameters, mechanism of injury and the resulting injury patterns of this group of patients in three Dutch regions. Methods: Patients suffering fatal PI (stab- and gunshot injuries), in the period between July 1st 2013 and July 1st 2019, in the region of Amsterdam, Utrecht and The Hague were included. Data were collected from the electronic registration system (Formatus) of the regional departments of Forensic Medicine. Results: During the study period 283 patients died as the result of PI. The mean age was 44 years (SD 16.9), 83% was male and psychiatric history was reported in 22%. Over 60% of the injuries were due to assault and 35% was self-inflicted. Almost half of the incidents took place at home (47%). Injuries were most frequently to the head (24%) and chest (16%). Mortality was due to exsanguination (chest 27%, multiple body region's 17%, neck 9% and extremities 8%) and traumatic brain injury (21%). Up to 40% of the patients received medical treatment, surgical intervention was performed in 25%. The injuries to the extremities suggest a (potentially) preventable death rate of over 8%. Over 70% of the total population died at the scene. Conclusion: Fatal PI most often involves the relatively young, male, and psychiatric patient. Self-inflicted fatal PI accounted for 35%, addressing the importance of suicide prevention programs. Identification of preventable deaths needs more awareness to reduce the number of fatal PI.

PJOK learning is a medium to encourage physical growth, psychological development, motor skills, knowledge and reasoning, appreciation of values (attitude-mental-emotional-sportivity-spiritual-social). activities that they are not aware of will be the cause of changes. To achieve physical education learning objectives well and smoothly, physical education teachers must really know educational interactions. This study uses a posttest control group research design. In the results that have been obtained, namely from shooting results that use audiovisual can enter the highest ball 7 out of 10 balls and the results that have been obtained, namely from shooting results using lectures can enter the highest ball 5 out of 10 balls in total to get the total distribution of the highest results, then it will be known how to improve the shooting results of students whose learning techniques are through audiovisual or without audiovisual. Which is where students are given treatment for 4 meetings according to the meeting hours of the PJOK subject. The results of shooting in the treatment group were very much different. The conclusion is that the use of Audio Visual media is very influential with the progress of students' shooting results in PJOK subjects.

Los enfrentamientos policiales en los que se hace uso de la fuerza o de las armas de fuego, son situaciones en los que la integridad física e incluso la vida de las personas corren un grave peligro. Estos enfrentamientos han sido analizados estadísticamente en algunos países y han sido abordados desde diferentes ámbitos del conocimiento con el objetivo de comprender mejor este fenómeno tanto a nivel estadístico, científico y divulgativo. Los datos estadísticos relativos a cada enfrentamiento, establecen cuales son los elementos situacionales más probables en un enfrentamiento, mientras que los estudios científicos al respecto, analizan tanto factores ambientales, situacionales y organizacionales. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática cuantitativa, para aproximarse a la comprensión del fenómeno de los enfrentamientos policiales. Los estudios mayoritarios seleccionados, fueron los realizados en Estados Unidos, de las disciplinas de Psicología y Derecho con un diseño transversal, cualitativo, experimental, descriptivos de efectos positivos, con aplicaciones a factores organizacionales y con limitaciones por la falta de criterios comunes y estandarización de las recogida y codificación de datos. Las variables organizacionales analizadas superan a las variables situacionales. Las variables situacionales más analizadas han sido la edad, la raza, el lugar, el tipo de arma y su disposición, el género, la resistencia del detenido y la antigüedad o experiencia del agente. Las variables organizacionales que se han analizado en mayor porcentaje, fueron el control policial, la organización y la gestión interna y la formación y entrenamiento. Las limitaciones en los estudios son relativas al tamaño de las muestras, a la falta de criterios y métodos científicos estandarizados consensuado y generalizado por la comunidad científica y por las administraciones para recoger, analizar y aplicar los resultados obtenidos a la formación y al entrenamiento policial. Para futuras investigaciones, se recomienda abordar la falta de consenso institucional y académico para establecer criterios estandarizados comunes para analizar estos sucesos que permitan analizar los enfrentamientos policiales desde una perspectiva unificada, lo que permitiría un conocimiento real de como transcurren estos eventos y por tanto como se debe formar e instruir a los agentes al respecto. Police confrontations involving the use of force or firearms are situations in which the physical integrity and even the lives of people are at serious risk. These confrontations have been analyzed statistically in some countries and have been approached from different fields of knowledge with the aim of better understanding this phenomenon both statistically, scientifically and informatively. Statistical data related to each confrontation establishes which are the most probable situational elements in a confrontation, while scientific studies analyze environmental, situational and organizational factors. The objective of this research is to carry out a quantitative systematic review in order to approach the understanding of the phenomenon of police confrontations. The main studies selected were those carried out in the United States, in the disciplines of Psychology and Law, with a cross-sectional, qualitative, experimental, descriptive design of positive effects, with applications to organizational factors and with limitations due to the lack of common criteria and standardization of data collection and coding. The organizational variables analyzed outweighed the situational variables. The most analyzed situational variables were age, race, location, type of weapon and its disposition, gender, resistance of the detainee and seniority or experience of the agent. The organizational variables analyzed in the highest percentage were police control, internal organization and management, and education and training. The limitations of the studies are related to the size of the samples, the lack of standardized scientific criteria and methods agreed upon and generalized by the scientific community and by the administrations to collect, analyze and apply the results obtained to police training and education. For future research, it is recommended to address the lack of institutional and academic consensus to establish common standardized criteria to analyze these events that would allow the analysis of police confrontations from a unified perspective, which would allow a real knowledge of how these events take place and therefore how agents should be trained and instructed in this regard.

Simple Summary Caffeine is a stimulant of the central nervous system widely utilized by many athletes to enhance endurance, strength, and power-based sports performances. Whether ergogenic enhancements following caffeine ingestion result in improvements in sports-specific skills performance has received less attention. In basketball, the ability to execute certain tasks with accuracy, such as shooting and passing, are key factors affecting the outcome of the sport. Besides being able to excel in accuracy-based tasks, the possession of strong physical attributes, including vertical jump height, sprint speed and agility, are also key components to basketball performance. In this review, an overview of the effects of caffeine on basketball-related skill tasks and physical aspects of performance deemed important for the game is provided. One of the key focal points is that the efficacy of caffeine is influenced by a multitude of determinants that have an overall impact on the ergogenic capacity of caffeine. Proper awareness of these determinants allows basketball players, coaches, and trainers to have better insights and knowledge in applying caffeine to improve basketball-related performances. Abstract Caffeine is an ergogenic aid in many sports, including basketball. This systematic review examines the effects of caffeine on basketball-related skill tasks along with physical aspects of performance deemed important for the game. A systematic search was conducted across three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) to identify randomized-controlled trials which examined the effect of caffeine on basketball performance outcomes including: free-throw, 3-point shooting accuracy, dribbling speed, vertical jump height, and linear and repeated sprints. Forty-six articles were identified of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. Improvements in vertical jump were identified in four of five studies, agility in two of four studies, and in linear and repeated sprints in two of three studies. No deterioration in basketball skills performance was observed in any studies. It is suggested that caffeine is useful for basketball players to improve the physical aspects of their game-play performance but there is little evidence of any change in skill-based performance at present. Further research should clarify the effects of caffeine on basketball performance in women and the role of individual genetic variation on caffeine metabolism. Basketball players and coaches should be aware of the properties of caffeine before ingesting it as an ergogenic supplement.

This study aimed to investigate how skiing speed (SS), number of missed targets (MT) and range time (RT) were associated with final rank in biathlon pursuit and mass start competitions. Data were collected from the International Biathlon Union’s database over 17 seasons. Biathletes were categorised into three groups (rank 1–3, G3; rank 4–10, G10; rank 11–20, G20). Multinomial regression was used to identify odds ratios associated with group rank in both sexes. The only variable found to be consistently related to G3 in both pursuit and mass start was MT (men OR 1.206–1.729 and women OR 1.340–3.124, all p < 0.01). SS during lap four of pursuit and mass start was most strongly related to G3 for both sexes (men OR 0.231–0.094 and women OR 0.339–0.126, all p < 0.001). RT during shooting four in pursuit was most strongly related to G3 compared to G10 and G20 (men OR 1.067; 95% CI, 1.030–1.105 and women OR 1.076; 95% CI, 1.020–1.134, all p < 0.001, respectively). Accordingly, MT was most strongly related to final rank in both sexes, while SS during lap four and last RT was also significant.

The effectiveness of mulch treatments on soil quality as well as on the yield and growth rates of bamboo are major considerations and require further attention. The present work was aimed at assessing the impacts of three different mulch materials on soil available nutrients, biochemical traits, and growth patterns of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro. We found that relative to the control (CK), bamboo leaves (MB) and organic fertilizers (MF) treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of bamboo shoots (47.5 and 22.7%) and yield (21.4 and 9.1%), respectively. We observed that under MB and MF treatments, the concentrations of soil available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) increased and played a key role in the differences in chlorophyll, leaf carbohydrate contents (soluble sugar and starch) and were essential to promote bamboo shoot development. Furthermore, we infer from principal component analysis (PCA), that both MB and MF appear to be a better choice than rice husks (MR) to improve nutrient availability, biochemical traits of the leaves, and increased bamboo shoot productivity. Consequently, we suggest using organic fertilizers and bamboo leaves as mulch materials are effective for soil conservation to attain high-quality bamboo production.

International audience; Biathlon is a complex sport subjected to large performance variability. Among the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, wind, snow conditions) susceptible to influence performance, altitude is likely a detrimental factor for skiing (i.e., due to decreased aerobic capacity) as well as for prone and/or—to a larger extent—standing shooting (i.e., due to altered postural control and increased ventilation) performances. The aim of the present study was therefore to analyze the influence of altitude on elite biathlon performance. The analysis comprised data extracted from the International Biathlon Union (IBU) website and included IBU World Cup, IBU Cup, IBU World Championships, and Olympic Winter Games events over 8 years from season 2009–2010 to 2016–2017. The research included sprint, individual, mass start, and pursuit competitions for both men and women (no relays). The event sites were divided into three different altitude ranges: 1400 m. Only the Top-30 of each race were recorded for both men and women, separately, and analyzed for skiing speed, prone, and standing shooting performances. The results show a detrimental effect of altitude (i.e., ∼3.0% between 1400 m) on shooting performance that was similar for men and women but without any statistical difference between prone and standing positions. Due to many other confounding factors not analyzed here (snow quality, course profile), the effect of altitude on skiing speed was unclear. Overall, as expected, elite biathlon performances are altered, even within the range of moderate altitudes of the IBU competitions (

In the modern pentathlon, the laser run is the highest influence on the results, and fast and accurate shooting is essential. This study evaluates the relationship between shooting characteristics (shot speed, consistency, accuracy) according to sex, competition type, and round number during laser run competitions among 19,648 modern shooting round cases from 2015 to 2019. As a result, men showed faster shot speed than women (p < 0.05, d = 0.493), and final rounds were significantly better than qualifier round in shot speed (p < 0.05, d = 0.176), consistency (p < 0.05, d = 0.138), and accuracy (p < 0.05, d = 0.151). Series-1 had the highest consistency (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.01) and accuracy (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.07) compared to other series. Series-4 had the lowest shooting speed (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.01) compared to other series. Consistency and speed showed moderate positive correlation (r = 0.362, p < 0.05). These results show differences in shot characteristics according to sex, competition type, and round number, and explain the relationship between shot speed and consistency. We believe these results will help relevant coaches and players aiming to improve performance understand shot characteristics and reduce shot time.

It is well-acknowledged that attention is important for expert performance in sports. However, the role of interoceptive attention, i.e., the attentional mechanism of awareness and conscious focus of bodily somatic and visceral signals, in self-paced and far-aiming sports remains to be explored. This study aims to investigate the relationship of expertise level and interoceptive attention ability in shooting and archery, and to examine if interoceptive attention can be improved by mindfulness training in elite athletes of shooting and archery. We tested the performance differences of 41 elite athletes from the Chinese national team of shooting and archery and 43 non-elite athletes from a provincial team in breath detection task (BDT) and dot flash detection task (DDT), which were designed to measure interoceptive and exteroceptive attention (i.e., attention toward information input of primary sensory), respectively. Furthermore, we applied mindfulness training to the 41 elite athletes for 5–8 weeks and remeasured their performances of BDT and DDT. Results showed that elite athletes outperformed non-elite athletes in BDT (but not in DDT) both in accuracy (DiffBDT = 11.50%, p = 0.004) and in discrimination sensitivity (d′, DiffBDT = 1.159, p = 0.002). Difference in accuracy and d′ reached significant level only in BDT (accuracy: DiffBDT = −8.50%, p = 0.001; d′: DiffBDT = −0.822, p = 0.003) before and after mindfulness training. These results indicate that elite athletes of shooting and archery (i.e., relative to non-elite athletes) can better perceive the somatic and visceral responses or changes and discriminate these signals from noises. Moreover, interoceptive attention can be improved by mindfulness training. These results have important implications for the selection and training of athletes of shooting and archery.

Este trabajo de fin de grado consiste en el análisis del proceso de creación del cortometraje Familia, desde el nacimiento de la idea hasta la ejecución del rodaje. Para ello, se analizan las diferentes fases por las que pasó el proyecto, detallando las particularidades de cada una. En concreto, se analiza el desarrollo del guion desde su concepción y la dirección cinematográfica del cortometraje, desde sus referentes y su planificación hasta su intencionalidad. Finalmente, se exponen los resultados obtenidos de la realización de este cortometraje junto con unas conclusiones en las que se reflexiona sobre las metas alcanzadas, en función de los objetivos planteados, y las lecciones adquiridas This end-of-degree project consists of the analysis of the creation process of the short film Familia, from the birth of the idea to the execution of the shooting. For this purpose, the different phases through which the project went through are analyzed, detailing the particularities of each one. Specifically, the development of the script is analyzed from its conception and the cinematographic direction of the short film, from its references and planning to its intentionality. Finally, the results obtained from the realization of this short film are presented with some conclusions reflecting on the successes obtained, according to the objectives set, and the lessons learned

В настоящий период времени темпы развития и использования информационных технологий и специальных средств в разных областях жизнедеятельности возрастают. Не исключением является и деятельность органов внутренних дел. Повсеместная информатизация общества привели к возникновению наиболее усовершенствованных технических устройств и информационных технологий, которые способны существенно увеличить эффективность деятельности правоохранительных органов. Поэтому, несмотря на все положительно влияющие приемы обучения, не стоит забывать и об инновациях с целью повышения эффективности обучения стрельбе, применение которых постепенно набирает популярность., Currently, the pace of development and use of information technologies and special tools in various areas of life is increasing. The activities of the internal affairs bodies are no exception. The widespread informatization of society has led to the emergence of the most advanced technical devices and information technologies, which can significantly increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. Therefore, despite all the positively affecting teaching techniques, do not forget about innovations in order to increase the effectiveness of shooting training, the use of which is gradually gaining popularity.

�� ������������ ������������������������������ ������ ������������������������������ �� ������������������������������ ������������������������ ������������, ���������������� ���� ���� ���������������� �������������� ��������������������. ���������������� ���������������� �������������������� �������������� ���������� ���������������������� �������������� ����������������. �������������� ���������������� ������������������, ������������������������ ������������������ ������ ���������������� ����������������, �������������������� ������������������ �������� ���� ��������������������., The article considers a number of psychological and physiological characteristics of women that affect their development of fire training. The problem of gender approach among law enforcement officers is revealed. The main difficulties experienced by women in shooting training are indicated, and their possible solutions are suggested.

В системе информационного общества уделяется внимание одному из важных направлений разработки и применения технологии обучения специалистов применению стрелкового оружия с взаимосвязанным использованием информационных технологий и современных тренажерных средств., In the information society system, attention is paid to one of the important areas of development and application of technology for training specialists in the use of small arms with the interconnected use of information technologies and modern simulators.

The appropriate selection of arrows in the sport of archery is important to the achievement of high-quality results. In this regard, a shooting machine that is compatible with the wide variety of available bows and arrows is necessary. However, bow strength and arrow length vary among different athletes. It is also important to develop a shooting machine that reproduces the movement of the right fingers that releases an arrow, and the forward jump of a bow after shooting an arrow. In this study, a shooting machine was developed that considered these factors. Its efficacy was examined in terms of its ability to determine the characteristics of each arrow, and to distinguish between normal and flawed arrows. Based on the experimental results, we identified the factors that affected the shooting accuracy of arrows. In addition, the developed shooting machine was able to distinguish between normal and flawed arrows.

Every Marine is a rifleman. However, the Marine Corps has failed to leverage technology to improve the art and science of marksmanship training, which has gone unchanged for almost 100 years. Marines score paper targets with pen and paper, wasting valuable time. The data collected is insufficient to precisely measure shooter abilities or evaluate analytically. The result is a lack of infrastructure and programs to leverage data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to aid in coaching Marines. This thesis expands on a previous Naval Postgraduate School thesis by continuing the development of tools to exploit digital marksmanship data to gain meaningful insights. With these tools, Marines would have unparalleled access to their historical shooting data and coaching feedback. Quantifiable measures will be used to provide coaching recommendations to improve rifle employment by providing more focused and effective training. We identify a more accurate method for calculating a probability of hit from observed data, which will allow the Marine Corps to measure lethality more accurately. We also offer recommendations for resource allocation to training facilities for marksmanship modernization and for programmatic requirements for automated data collection, storage, and use in analysis. By harnessing analytics and artificial intelligence, the Marines will more efficiently and effectively train Marines to be riflemen and enhance the lethality of the USMC. Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

The risk of physical destruction of a pressure cylinder increases with increasing temperature load. Acetylene is a significant hazardous gas in cylinders. If the destruction pressure is reached, the cylinder is torn into two or more pieces, followed by the gas release to the environment. The presence of ignition sources could lead to the formation of the fireball phenomenon. This phenomenon generally reaches approximately ten meters in diameter and can be accompanied by a blast wave and a spread of the cylinder's fragments or surrounding objects. The consequences of this type of fire could be fatal. Shooting through the cylinder shell may lead to the mitigation, if not elimination, of the effects of the uncontrolled destruction mentioned above. As a result of the review of relevant publications, several states commonly use this method as a standard procedure. Internal gas is released through the resulting hole, the pressure drops down and the gas creates a fire jet or disperses to surroundings. This study is based on a large-scale experiment where acetylene cylinders were placed inside a prepared woodpile and exposed to fire. In the fire condition, the cylinders exploded and created fireballs, or were penetrated via shooting and created fire jets. The results from these tests were compared, focusing on the shooting procedure, then analyzed and discussed. Web of Science 12 7 art. no. 3577

The purpose of this study was to examine kinetic and kinematic characteristics of various types of 2-point and 3-point basketball shooting approaches and determine which variables have the greatest contribution in discriminating proficient (PRO) from non-proficient (N-PRO) shooters. While standing on a force plate, twenty-nine recreationally active males performed a total of 1740 shots by utilizing stationary and step-in shooting approaches. Two high-definition cameras were used to simultaneously capture kinematic parameters of shooting motions. The type of shooting approach showed as a non-influential factor. During the preparatory phase of the shooting motion, PRO 2-point shooters demonstrated higher elbow and basketball height placements, greater flexion in the shoulder and elbow joints while attaining greater release and entry ball angles during the release phase. PRO 3-point shooters demonstrated greater elbow flexion, higher basketball placement, and less hip flexion during the preparatory phase while attaining greater heel, release, and trajectory heights during the release phase. When entered into a full-model discriminant function analysis, elbow angle, elbow height, and release angle variables correctly classified PRO from N-PRO 2-point shooters in 62.1% of cases and hip angle, heel height, and elbow angle variables correctly classified PRO from N-PRO 3-point shooters in 81.6% of cases.

Crops drought tolerance is a trait of outmost importance for agriculture especially today when climate change is affecting more the production for food and feed. The scope of this article is to evaluate in vitro drought stress response of Nicotiana tabacum L., “Baladi”. The experiment was set up for four successive stages starting with in vitro seedling development, hypocotyl cultivation, three generations of micropropagation, pre-acclimatization and acclimatization. The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and/or polyethylene-glycol 6000 (PEG) on tobacco hypocotyl caulogenesis and micropropagation were investigated. Superoxide-dismutases (SODs) and peroxidases (POXs) are more active and different isoforms patterns have been identified compared to the control for cualogenesis. A decrease of internodes length and a higher shoots multiplication rate were observed. However, under PEG treatment plantlets expressed hyperhydration and ceased rooting. Pre-treatments effects study of ABA and/or PEG were finalized in acclimatization phase for 18 tobacco clones. A summary of our results revealed that ABA and/or PEG induce among others a higher oxidative stress compared to the control in the first stage that is not maintained for all clones until acclimatization. Certain clones expressed a lower SOD activity compared to the control during acclimatization but maintaining higher POX activity.

Данная статья посвящена вопросам деятельности «троек», созданных в соответствии с приказом НКВД СССР от 30 июля 1937 г. № 00447 «Об операции по репрессированию бывших кулаков, уголовников и других антисоветских элементов» в годы «большого террора». На основании рассекреченных документов архива УФСБ России по Свердловской области и Государственного архива административных органов Свердловской области (директивы, циркуляры, справки, отчеты мест заключения, дела арестованных) проанализирована деятельность «троек» на территории Свердловской области. Дана оценка проведению ими рассмотрения дел в отношении арестованных лиц первой и второй категории, а также вынесенным «тройками» решениям.

Представлена модифицированная методика повышения эмоциональной устойчивости юных стрелков 12-13 лет. Обосновано использование психологической методики в тренировочном процессе, направленной на повышение уровня соревновательной эмоциональной устойчивости. Представлены результаты эксперимента по внедрению модифицированной методики в тренировочный процесс юных стрелков., A modified technique is proposed to increase the emotional stability of young shooters 12-13 years old and experimental results are presented that prove its effectiveness. The use of psychological techniques in the training process aimed at increasing the level of competitive emotional stability is justified.

В статье представлены итоги многолетней работы по адаптации интродуцированных в условия Алтайского края образцов лука алтайского. Массовые и индивидуальные клоновые отборы позволили отобрать 18 образцов, показавших стабильность хозяйственно ценных признаков. Образец № 61/98 в 2017 году был передан в Государственное сортоиспытание (ГСИ), в 2019 году он был районирован и внесён в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений допущенных к использованию как сорт Виктор.

The ability to shoot proficiently is an intrinsic part of the identity and purpose of the U.S. Marine. Alarmingly, ammunition conservation and “one shot, one kill” ideology has eroded over the last four decades. The gradual removal of the human element of warfare has confused some and left others questioning whether the Marine as a rifleman has a place in an era focused on the next disruptive technology. The result is a lack of advancement in the art and science of marksmanship. Such an error could prove fatal in the U.S. Marine Corps’ (USMC) next conflict. The solution lies in leveraging the proper collection and analysis systems to convert digital marksmanship data into meaningful insights. With our proof of concept interface, Marines can have unparalleled access to their own shooter data and transform their shots into a quantitative lethality measure. By arming Marines and their coaches with timely knowledge of results, we improve their ability to shoot. By equipping leaders with measurements of individual and unit lethality, they can make informed decisions regarding allocation of range time, training plan design, unit employment, and funding. The paper also offers recommendations for aligning USMC decision-making to best benefit marksmanship modernization in the Corps, and provides a phased framework for continuing to advance such training technology. Through harnessing analytics, we honor our identity and simultaneously enhance the lethality of the USMC. USMC MARCORSYSCOM, PM TRASYS USMC Education Command http://archive.org/details/analyticstoenhan1094564097 Outstanding Thesis Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Globally, wilderness is being converted for rural and agricultural land use. In countryside landscapes, many habitat structures remain intact, providing suitable habitat for wildlife species that can accurately assess novel risks and develop tolerance to benign disturbances. Associative learning that promotes avoidance and also facilitates desensitization to benign disturbance is key to persisting in these landscapes. Conversely, learning to distinguish and avoid negative interactions with humans, like hunting, is vital. To determine if eastern gray kangaroos are capable of learning from previous interactions with humans, we tested the flight responses of wild kangaroos which have previously experienced either low or high frequencies of harmful and benign encounters with humans. We found that eastern gray kangaroos rapidly habituated to benign disturbance as there was no significant difference in assessment distance between groups that previously experienced low or high frequencies of disturbance. The threat of harmful disturbances was not as quickly learnt, as groups that experienced low frequencies of harmful disturbance delayed flight longer than those experiencing frequent harm. We found that the influence of environmental and group parameters on a kangaroo's decision to flee depended on the intent and frequency of previous interactions with humans. Our study indicates that kangaroos are learning from previous encounters with humans, correctly assessing novel risks which may be contributing to their persistence in countryside landscapes., Countryside landscapes provide novel resources and opportunities for species that can accurately assess the complexity of human activities, distinguishing between benign and harmful disturbance. This study found that eastern grey kangaroos are learning from previous interactions with humans; habituating to benign disturbances and perceiving humans as threatening when previous interactions have been harmful. Adaption to anthropogenic disturbances may be contributing to their persistence in these countryside landscapes.

Mardiana Alyu, Doewes Muchsin, Purnama Sapta Kunta. Development of learning media based on video tutorial on basketball based shooting techniques. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(5):298-303. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3156678 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6925 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 28.04.2019. Revised: 28.04.2019. Accepted: 22.05.2019. Development of learning media based on video tutorial on basketball based shooting techniques Alyu Mardiana1, Muchsin Doewes2, Sapta Kunta Purnama3 1) Master Program in Sports Science, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 2)3)Department of Sports Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia Email: alyuhockey_5@yahoo.co.id1, doewes2000@yahoo.com2, saptakunta_p@yahoo.com3 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study are: 1) Facilitate and clarify basic basketball technique training material with the video tutorial media. 2) Know how to develop video tutorial based learning media on basketball shooting material that fits the needs and characteristics of students. 3) Know the effectiveness of video tutorial based learning media on basketball shooting material to improve basic basketball techniques. 4) Knowing how much the effectiveness of tutorial video-based learning media on basketball shooting material increases knowledge, understanding students to improve their basic basketball skills. This research was conducted at MAN 1 Ponorogo. The type of research design used is one group pretest-posttest design for one group. This research uses development research methods with a design model of procedural development. This research produced a product in the form of a DVD video tutorial for learning basic shooting techniques in basketball games. The steps for developing video tutorials are: 1) Research and Data Collection, 2) Planning, 3) Product Draft Development, 4) Initial Field Trials, 5) revisions, 6) Small Field Trials, 7) Dissemination and Implementation. The results showed that there was a considerable difference between the pre test and the post test. Namely the pre test value has an average of 72.9, while the post test has an average of 78.1. This means that learning outcomes increase significantly from 72.9 to 78.1. Based on the results above it can be concluded that the product development of video-based learning media based on basketball shooting techniques developed by researchers can improve the ability of basic basketball shooting skills in MAN 1 Ponorogo in class XI students. Keywords: Media for Learning, Shooting, Basketball

In addition to different injuries, infections are the most common reason for giving up training altogether or reducing its volume and intensity, as well as a lack of opportunities to participate in sports competitions. Nowadays, a slow but constant re‑emergence of pertussis, especially among teenagers and young adults, including athletes, can be observed. This paper describes an outbreak of pertussis among professional Polish shooters, focusing on the transmission of Bordetella pertussis infection between members of the national team, its influence on performance capacity and adverse event analysis. From 9 June, 2015 to 31 July, 2015, a total of 4 confirmed and suspected cases of pertussis were reported among members of the Polish Sport Shooting National Team, their relatives and acquaintances. Pertussis significantly decreased exercise performance of the first athlete, a 35-year-old woman, interrupted her training, and finally resulted in failure to win a medal or quota place. Pertussis also significantly decreased performance of the second athlete, a 25-year-old shooter. The other cases emerged in their families. Whooping cough is a real threat to athletes and should be prevented. Preventive measures include appropriate immunization, constant medical supervision, as well as early isolation, diagnostic tests and treatment of all infected sport team members. Regular administration of booster doses of the acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdpa) every 5 years seems reasonable.

Da’wa recently can be done with various ways and media. One of them is via television, especially television cinema (sinetron). Sinetron becomes attractive program for audience because of its combination of colour design, lighting, picture configuration and sound that makes audience more pleasant. More over, sinetron tries to reveal the real life of human being. This article is to analyze the sinetron Misteri Ilahi Kabut Dosa. Which was broadcast by Indosiar in the first week of March 2007. Kabut Dosa is the sinetron containing massages of da ’wa such as that forbidden to muslim to permitted all things blindly.

This paper discusses the role and function of alcohol in sporting shooting in the UK. It seeks to understand and critically comment upon alcohol consumption relating to this sport, to widen empirical knowledge of sporting shooting and to use the lens of alcohol to enhance our theoretical understanding of changes taking place in the global countryside. The paper contextualises the activity of sporting shooting by discussing the characteristics of game shooting participants and also the nature of sporting shooting in Britain and Ireland using examples from the pro-shooting press and shooting memoirs. The paper then unpacks the role alcohol fulfils during the sporting day and questions whether it is problematic in this sport on three grounds: the health and safety of participants; for the policing and regulation of legal gun ownership; and for the sustainability and viability of sporting shooting in a changing global countryside. The paper enhances knowledge and understanding in the sociology of sport by broadening the notion of sporting conduct within the sport–alcohol nexus, examining the sport–alcohol nexus in the context of sporting shooting and by demarking changes taking place in the British countryside itself. Two cultures participate in game shooting: for its intrinsic reward (the ‘true countryman’) and those perceiving the countryside and its elite activities in more instrumental terms (the networker). The long-term implications of this trend are unknown, but it may indicate a threat to the sustainability and long-term viability of sporting shooting if it becomes a purely commercial venture.

Este TFG consiste en la realización de un vídeo documental sobre el aprendizaje en el feminismo a partir del guion e investigación realizada por mi compañera Julia Velázquez. Durante este proceso de aprendizaje hemos hecho uso de las redes sociales y entrevistas realizadas a figuras que nos han influenciado. En este trabajo, pretendo reflejar nuestra evolución en los conocimientos que tenemos del tema, tratando el audiovisual de forma subjetiva y cercana al público. This TFG consists in the making of a documentary-video about the process of learning about feminism from the script and research carried out by my colleague Julia Velázquez. During this learning process we used social media and interviews made to some figures who have influenced us. In this project, I intend to show our evolution in the knowledge in this subject by treating the audiovisual in a subjective and close point of view.

на основе классификационного анализа существующих лазерно-сканирующих систем обоснована эффективность трехмерной лазерно-сканирующей системы RIEGL VZ-2000 в информационном моделировании карьера «Вернинский».

Tyrimo tikslas — optimizuoti individualųjį šaulio rengimo modelį. Tyrimo objektas: šaulio rengimo ir parengtumo modelis. Priklausomas kintamasis — sportinis parengtumas (šaudymo rezultatas), nepriklausomas — modeliuota programa (rengimas su šoviniu, rengimas be šovinio). Taikytas vienos alternatyvos eksperimentas, modeliavimo ir testavimo metodai (techninis šaulio parengtumas vertintas Rika Home Trainer kompiuterine programa). Sąsajos tarp kintamųjų nustatytos SPSS 11.0 statistiniu paketu. Eksperimento metu buvo tiriama didelio meistriškumo šaulė V. M. (gimusi 1978 m., daugkartinė Lietuvos šaudymo čempionė). Jai sudarytas ir 2001—2002 metais taikytas vyraujančio bendrojo rengimo 44 savaičių trukmės rengimo modelis leido svarbiausiose varžybose — Lietuvos šaudymo čempionate — pasiekti geriausią sportinį rezultatą. Rengimo poveikis parengtumui vertintas pagal makrociklus ir mezociklus. Mezociklų metu nustatytas rengimo krūvio didinimo, mažinimo (suteikia informacijos apie adaptaciją) ir atitinkamą rezultatų kaitos ryšys. Taip pat nustatytas rezultatų didėjimo, mažėjimo (leido įvertinti adaptacijos vėlavimą) ir atitinkamo rengimo laikotarpio ryšys. Išsamesnė analizė leido nustatyti didelio meistriškumo šaulės V. M. individualią optimalią rengimo trukmę (21 savaičių). Modelio seka atitinka superkompensacijos fenomeną. Nustatyta didelio meistriškumo šaulės V. M. individualaus optimalaus 21 savaitės trukmės rengimo modelio seka — aštuonių savaičių bendrojo rengimo krūvio didinimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą], The aim of the research was to optimize the individual training model of shooters. Research object: the model of training and sport performance of shooters. The dependent variable of this experiment was sport performance (sports result), while the independent variable was a modeled program (training with a shot and without a shot). One alternative experiment, modeling and testing (the shooter’s technical fi tness was tested by the computer equipment with Rika Home Trainer program) methods were applied. Interactions between the variables were determined on the SPSS 11.0 statistical package. The dominant training 44 week general model was applied for the shooter V. M. (born in 1978; multifold Lithuanian shooting champion), and in the period of 2001—2002. The best result was achieved at the most important competition — Lithuanian shooting championship. Interrelation between the sport performance (shooting result) and the macro cycle training was computed. Training periodization with changing dynamic training volume / intensity (from small towards big and from big towards small) provided information about adaptation. The interrelation of the shifts from the best and the worst results and from the worst to the best together with the training program let us evaluate the adaptation delay. The detailed analysis allowed to determine the individual optimal training model duration — 21 weeks. The sequence of the model corresponded to the overcompensation phenomenon. The determined... [to full text]

In this study, we examine the structure of postural variability in six elite-level recurve archers using the uncontrolled manifold concept. Previous research showed equivocal results for the relationship between postural control and shooting accuracy, but these studies were mainly limited to a descriptive approach to postural variability/stability and did not take the simultaneous movements of the upper limb joints into account. In this study, we show that the goal-equivalent variability which stabilizes the orientation of the arrow in space is significantly larger than that of the non-goal-equivalent variability in arrows of high accuracy (score 9 or 10). Conversely, arrows of lower accuracy (score 6, 7, or 8) failed to reach significant thresholds throughout the majority of the aiming phase. This analysis reveals that it is not necessary (or even possible) for elite archers to minimize the movements of all degrees of freedom during aiming, but rather that the structure of variability of the redundant kinematic chain is exploited so that the relevant performance variable (orientation of the arrow) is stabilized.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to test an intervention modifying officer physiology to reduce lethal force errors and improve health. Methods: A longitudinal, within-subjects intervention study was conducted with urban front-line police officers (n = 57). The physiological intervention applied an empirically validated method of enhancing parasympathetic engagement (ie, heart rate variability biofeedback) during stressful training that required lethal force decision-making. Results: Significant post-intervention reductions in lethal force errors, and in the extent and duration of autonomic arousal, were maintained across 12 months. Results at 18 months begin to return to pre-intervention levels. Conclusion: We provide objective evidence for a physiologically focused intervention in reducing errors in lethal force decision-making, improving health and safety for both police and the public. Results provide a timeline of skill retention, suggesting annual retraining to maintain health and safety gains.

Source at: http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00796 The biathlon, combining cross-country ski skating with rifle marksmanship, has been an Olympic event since the Winter Games in Squaw Valley, United States, in 1960. As a consequence of replacing the classical with the skating technique in the 1980s, as well as considerable improvements in equipment and preparation of ski tracks and more effective training, the average biathlon skiing speed has increased substantially. Moreover, the mass-start, pursuit, and sprint races have been introduced. Indeed, two of the four current individual Olympic biathlon competitions involve mass-starts, where tactics play a major role and the outcome is often decided during the last round of shooting or final sprint. Biathlon is a demanding endurance sport requiring extensive aerobic capacity. The wide range of speeds and slopes involved requires biathletes to alternate continuously between and adapt different skating sub-techniques during races, a technical complexity that places a premium on efficiency. Although the relative amounts of endurance training at different levels of intensity have remained essentially constant during recent decades, today’s biathletes perform more specific endurance training on roller skis on terrain similar to that used for competition, with more focus on the upper-body, systematic strength and power training and skiing at higher speeds. Success in the biathlon also requires accurate and rapid shooting while simultaneously recovering from high-intensity skiing. Many different factors, including body sway, triggering behavior, and even psychology, influence the shooting performance. Thus, the complexity of biathlon deserves a greater research focus on areas such as race tactics, skating techniques, or shooting process.

In today’s world, when many offenders are well-equipped with firearms and ready to use them to avoid their apprehension, when the threat of a terrorist attack is high, when war conflicts are increasingly conducted within city borders (urban warfare), the skill of precise and quick elimination of an enemy is vital for members of law enforcement agencies operating in physically demanding situations. The goal of this paper is to examine the effect of maximum heart rate on the pistol shooting performance by analyzing precision target shooting data of a set of 8 participants all coming from the ranks of the Police of the Czech Republic. This paper represents an empirical descriptive study. In order to find out statistical significance, we used the statistical method of a paired two-sample t-test. We organized the collected data by comparing arithmetic means. For grouping and interpretation of target shooting data, we utilized the method of finding the central point of shots at a target. The Sport tester, a monitoring device, helped provide the values of maximum heart rate. Based on the data collected, we conclude that maximum heart rate has a statistically significant effect on precision of target shooting. This precision was defined by the average distance of individual shots at a target from the central point of impact. We also found that the size of this distance before and after intense physical activity can be influenced sport activities that respondents perform as their hobbies.

Высокая конкурентоспособность спортивных выступлений квалифицированных стрелков отражает необходимость учета всех сторон их подготовленности, базовой основой которых является функционирование сердечно-сосудистой системы к предъявляемым нагрузкам. Анализ и изучение показателей физической работоспособности спортсменов-стрелков позволяет выделить наиболее взаимосвязанные параметры со спортивным результатом, что является важным компонентом соревновательной реализации. Поиск решения вопросов, связанных с формированием «спортивной формы» квалифицированных спортсменов, ограниченный технико-тактической подготовленностью спортсменов, в настоящее время уже не удовлетворяет современным запросам спортивной элиты, и выделяет приоритет функционирования сердечно-сосудистой системы, как базового инструмента адаптивности организма спортсменов к выполняемым нагрузкам., The high competitiveness of sports performances of qualified shooters reflects the need to take into account all aspects of their preparedness, the basic basis of which is the functioning of the cardiovascular system to the required loads. Analysis and study of indicators of physical performance of athletes-shooters allows us to identify the most interrelated parameters with the sports result, which is an important component of competitive implementation and achievement of high sports results. The search for solutions to issues related to the formation of the «shape» of skilled athletes, the limited technical and tactical preparedness of athletes, now no longer satisfies modern requirements the sports elite, and highlights the priority of functioning of the cardiovascular system, as a basic tool of adaptability of athletes to perform exercise.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan teknik shooting dalam permainan sepakbola menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif team games tournament siswa kelas X IPS 2 SMA Negeri 1 Kabawetan Kepahiang. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research) dan dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas IPS 2 SMA Negeri 1 Kabawetan Kepahiang dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 32 siswa yang terdiri dari 19 siswa putra dan 13 siswa putri. Pada setiap siklus terdiri dari empat langkah yaitu: Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan, Observasi dan Refleksi. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis melalui tahapan pengumpulan data dan penarikan kesimpulan, dimana teknik yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui tahapan observasi, tes dan dokumentasi pelaksanaan kegiatan. Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa melalu penerapan model pembelajaran Team Games Tournament dalam pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar keterampilan teknik shooting dalam sepakbola pada siswa kelas X IPS 2 SMA Negeri 1 Kabawetan Kepahiang. Dari hasil yang telah dianalisis diperoleh peningkatan hasil belajar yang signifikan dari pra siklus, siklus I dan siklus II. Pada pra siklus presentasi ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa hanya mencapai 40,62% dan pada siklus I presentasi ketuntasan hasil belajar teknik shooting mencapai 71,87% dengan jumlah yang masuk dalam kategori tuntas sebanyak 23 siswa, sementara itu pada siklus II diperoleh presentasi ketuntasan 81,25% dengan jumlah yang dikategorikan tuntas sebanyak 26 siswa dari jumlah keseluruhan siswa 32 siswa.Kata kunci: Shooting, sepakbola.

In the present study, field goal shooting skills of female basketball players were assessed in the background to their reasoning ability. The sample consists of 100 female intercollegiate basketball players (age = 21.05±1.67 yrs.). Shooting skills and reasoning ability were assessed by Johnson’s “Basketball Field Goal Speed Shooting Test” and Mixed Type Group Test of Intelligence prepared by Mehrotra (1984), respectively. Results reveal that field goal shooting ability of female basketball players exhibiting superior reasoning ability was found to be significantly better as compared to field goal shooting ability of female basketball players with low and average reasoning ability. It was concluded that shooting skills of female basketball players is influenced by their cognitive ability i.e. ability to rationalize problems in proper sequence.