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“Sharenting” is an internet trend in which parents report detailed information or repeatedly post pictures, videos, and other content about their children on social media. Due to the duality of sharenting, which takes place online but has offline consequences, it is essential to understand the implications of sharenting for real-world parenting and child development. The present work analyzes references in the existing literature and links among published articles to better understand sharenting, evidence for it, and major topics associated with it and to uncover the gaps in the literature. Citation analysis of the current literature mainly focuses on risks and benefits related to sharenting practices, especially for the children, and on ethical and privacy concerns. Future studies should investigate the psychological mechanisms that drive sharenting-related behaviors in parents and multidisciplinary approaches to the phenomenon. With a broader perspective on these issues, practitioners and professionals in family studies will be able to delineate guidelines for informative interventions to increase awareness about the causes and consequences of publicly sharing child content. Ministry of Education (MOE) Published version This research was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Singapore, under its Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (RG55/18) (A.L. and G.E.) and by a grant from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (Excellence Department Grant awarded to the Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy) (I.C. and G.E.).

Sharenting, ebeveynin çocuğa ait içerikleri dijital ortamlarda paylaşmasıdır. Kavram oluşumu itibariyle İngilizcede paylaşma anlamına gelen “sharing” ve ebeveynlik anlamına gelen “parenting” sözcüklerinin birleşimiyle oluşturulmuştur. Kavramın Türkçe karşılığı bulunmamaktadır. “Sharenting” kavramına ilişkin çalışmalar 2012 yılında başlamakla birlikte ilk akademik çalışma 2015 yılında yapılmıştır. Türkiye’de kavrama ilişkin yapılan ilk çalışma 2016 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sharenting; yeni, güncel ve popüler bir kavramdır. Ebeveynler farklı gerekçelerle sharenting davranışında bulunmaktadır. Sharenting, ebeveynlere çeşitli imkânlar sunan bir davranış olmakla birlikte etik ve ahlaki açıdan doğru şekilde yapılandırılmadığında çocuk açısından ciddi riskler ve sorunlar taşımaktadır. Çocuğun dijital ortamlarda korunmasında ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuatlar ve yasal düzenlemeler ebeveynleri sorumlu tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ilgili alanyazın çerçevesinde sharenting kavramının tanımlamak ve kavramın gelişim sürecini açıklamak, ebeveynlerin sharenting davranışını gerçekleştirme nedenlerini ifade etmek, sharenting davranışının yarattığı sorunları ele almak ve ulusal ve uluslararası yasal mevzuatlar çerçevesinde sharenting davranışını irdelemektir. The use of the Internet and social media has increasingly become widespread. Social media has become an important part of daily life. Thanks to social media, people can receive and offer services in many fields such as education, entertainment, and trade. Social media which is effective in the daily life of many people from different walk of life has also reflected in parents’ routines. The purpose of the current study is to define the concept of sharenting within the framework of the literature and explain the development process of the concept, express the reasons for the parents’ sharenting behaviour, address the problems created by the sharenting behaviour, and examine the sharenting behaviour within the framework of national and international legal regulations. Sharenting refers to sharing content about children by parents in digital media. The concept of sharenting in English emerges from the combination of the terms “sharing” and “parenting”. Along with studies on the concept of sharenting started in 2012, the first academic study was conducted in 2015. The first study on the concept of sharenting in Turkey was carried out in 2016. “Sharenting” is a new, current, and popular concept in both international and national literature. Although the concept can be translated into Turkish as “paylaşan ebeveynlik”, there is no corresponding translation of the concept in Turkish as widely accepted. However, having a Turkish equivalent for the concept can be effective in raising and creating awareness of this behaviour in people. Therefore, one of the ways that many parts of the society, especially parents, can internalize the related concept expressively is to create a Turkish expression for the concept. It can be recommended for language experts and academicians working in the field of language education and teaching to find or create a response to the related concept that society can adopt. Besides, the Turkish Language Association (TDK) can also carry out studies on this subject. Today’s parents who have adopted the use of social media use social media for different purposes such as discussing their parenthood, finding solutions to parenting issues and giving advice to other parents, providing social interaction. Sharenting is effective in fulfilling some of the needs of parents. In fact, parents can fulfil some of their learning needs with sharing. It also provides parents with social interaction and communication opportunities with other parents. Besides, sharenting is also effective in fulfilling some affective needs such as the acceptance of parental identity and appreciation of parenting practices. Thus, sharenting is an activity which offers opportunities to parents. However, when parents share by using their parental identities, they also include their children. Parents think that there is not any situation in which their children are exposed to harmful effects while sharing. However, every share on social media about children exposes them to some digital risks. Even the disclosure of parents’ identity through children may trigger ethical problems. The ignorance of the possible consequences of the sharenting behaviour on children is the reason for the unconscious violation of the privacy of children by the parents. The problem with sharenting is that parents configure their children’s digital identities without their children’s consent. Indeed, children’s digital identities should be created by themselves, not by their parents. The reason is that children are individuals who have the capacity to have rights. Therefore, this situation causes a violation of personal rights. The children’s satisfaction with their parent’s share is also unknown. As a result, it is foreseen that parents will have to encounter some legal processes in the future. Hence, the fact that the defendant-complainant relationship will be a parent-child relationship should be known. However, when considering the cultural structure of Turkey, it is predicted that the children’s complaints against their parents will be lower than in Western culture. However, regardless of the situation, national and international legislation and legislative regulations are in favor of the children’s interests. Social media platforms can be sensitive to prevent the parent-child conflicts arising from the sharenting behaviour and as a precaution they can provide a kind of warning before sharing. In the content shared, the user can be notified before sharing by using the face and word recognition systems. It is possible that shares in a way that does not risk the children’s safety, personality and existence as an individual are reasonable. However, there is no well-accepted criterion describing the ‘reasonable’ level. Although there is no regulation on what information parents can share about their children in many countries, it is considered that it is not possible to find a global solution. However, non-governmental organizations such as the Family Online Safety Institute can develop a common approach to the relevant situation and can ensure that the reasonable sharenting level is determined. The developed approach can also be used as a government policy regarding the sharenting behaviour. Initiatives to determine the reasonable level can be supported by extensive research such as the European Children Online Project (EU Kids Online) including Turkey and other 24 European countries and Global Kids Online supported by UNICEF.

Social media platforms and applications are increasing exponentially and has become a part of life. It is widely used to connect with large numbers of people without investing much time and effort. This led to the emergence of a new term, ‘sharenting’ which refers to parents sharing children’s information on social media. The trend of sharenting is predominant and has raised concerns in the western countries, but in Malaysia there is still a lack of adequate knowledge on this trend. Past research on sharenting focuses on the usage frequency, content and consequences of sharenting in Western countries. However, there is a dearth of literature on the intention and motivation of Malaysian parents to this trend. Thus, the current study employed a qualitative approach to explore Malaysian parents’ intention and motivation of sharing children’s information on social media through the framework of Bandura’s social learning theory. The sample comprising of Malaysian parents aged between 20 to 40 who share their children’s information on social media were interviewed and the findings were analyzed using a thematic approach. This research is significant as it provides knowledge on the trend of sharenting of Malaysian parents. The paper ends with recommendation for further future research.

nowadays people share their life through social media. Social media have help people to connect to each other. Parents share about their child to connect with their family and sharing information with other people. The sharenting trend keep growing among parents. Parents share about their child achievement and life. Sharenting have some advantage and disadvantage. Sharenting help parents to share about parenting and connect with others. A study reveals that sharenting could affect child’s self-esteem. Sharenting also taking child’s privacy. Sharenting could happens in all ages include adolescence. Self-esteem in adolescence increase when they reach age 14 until 21. This study is conducted to see the role of sharenting experience towards self-esteem in adolescence. Self-representation and peer’s impression could affect self-esteem.

Contemporary children live in datafied societies in which they navigate and use technological innovations that drive on their personal information. Instructing privacy literacy is often presented as a key solution to help children manage their personal data responsibly. While there is agreement on the empowering potential of privacy literacy for children, there are also concerns over the burden that this responsibility places on them and their capacity for resilience. Children are key stakeholders in this debate. Nonetheless, we rarely hear their voices on issues related to their online privacy and data responsibilization. The articles included in this thematic issue account for this limitation by amplifying the voices of children, looking into the practices of parents and exploring the role of the tools being used.

El fenómeno influencer ha permitido a personas previamente desconocidas adquirir altos niveles de popularidad mediante la exhibición de imágenes que recrean sus actividades, sus intereses o su vida cotidiana. Las instamadres son influencers que comparten en la red social Instagram contenido relacionado con su vida familiar, mostrando con frecuencia a sus hijas e hijos pequeños. En sus publicaciones se aprecia alta presencia de marcas comerciales, pero la naturaleza de la relación que mantienen con la publicidad no siempre es clara. Mediante una ficha ad hoc, se han analizado 1.000 publicaciones de diez cuentas de instamadres populares para cuantificar la frecuencia con la que muestran en ellas a menores y la presencia de marca. En el 45,6% de los posts analizados aparecen menores y estas publicaciones reciben un 41% más de likes que aquellas en las que no los hay. En más de la mitad de las publicaciones analizadas aparecen marcas comerciales, y se percibe un incremento al respecto entre 2019 (43,3%) y 2020 (63,5%). Solo en una de cada cinco ocasiones en las que hay una marca se explicita que es publicidad, y por tanto, hay alguna remuneración. Nuestro trabajo demuestra que los niños y niñas son elementos frecuentes en las cuentas de sus instamadres, y contribuyen a generar comunidades grandes y atractivas para la industria publicitaria. Es necesario regular tanto la aparición en estas cuentas de menores como el modo en el que se hace presente la publicidad en ellas. The influencer phenomenon has allowed previously unknown people to attract high levels of popularity through the display of images that recreate their activities, their interests, or their daily life. Instamoms are influencers who share content related to their family life on Instagram, frequently showing their young daughters and sons. In their publications, it is appreciated that commercial brands figure prominently, although the nature of the role they play in advertising strategies is not always clear. Through an ad hoc guide, 1 000 publications from ten popular Instagram accounts were analysed to quantify the frequency in which they show minors, and the presence of brands. Minors appear in 45.6% of the posts analysed and these publications receive 41% more likes than those in which there are no children. Trademarks appear in more than half of the publications analysed, with a pronounced increase in this respect between 2019 (43.3%) and 2020 (63.5%). Only one out of five there is a brand, and they explain that it is paid advertising. Minors feature frequently in the accounts of their mothers, and they contribute to generating large and attractive communities for the advertising industry. It is necessary to regulate the way in which advertising appears on these accounts, as well as the presence of their sons and daughters in them.

[Resumen] La importancia de los denominados influencers en el proceso de decisión de compra ha sido reconocida de las grandes marcas y anunciantes. El crecimiento exponencial de esta forma de posicionar los productos en el mercado, especialmente en lo relativo a la moda, supone que se ha incorporado esta forma de comunicar al imaginario colectivo, naturalizando la exposición de contenidos personales como forma de venta. El problema surge cuando los individuos expuestos son menores, que no toman ningún tipo de decisión sobre su exhibición pública, especialmente en redes sociales. En este trabajo analizamos la realidad de este fenómeno en nuestro país, estudiando el contexto y centrándonos en casos concretos que permitan determinar las implicaciones de este uso. Para ello hemos puesto en marcha una metodología basada en el estudio bibliográfico y hemerográfico de la realidad a la que nos referimos para, posteriormente, realizar un estudio de las principales “madres-influencers” de nuestro país analizando la presencia de los menores, los contenidos vinculados a esa presencia e incluso los flujos y frecuencia. Todo ello nos permitirá concluir cómo el uso de los menores resulta frecuente y se vincula a procesos comerciales si bien esto se realiza de forma indirecta y evitando manifestaciones expresas de los pequeños. El trabajo contribuye, por tanto, a encender un debate que, estando presente en la sociedad, no se había abordado desde el punto de vista académico. [Abstract] Advertisers and big brands understand the importance of so-called influencers in the making of purchase decisions. The exponential growth in this method of positioning products in the market, especially in the fashion sector, has naturalised influencer communication and the exposure of personal content as a form of sales promotion. The problem arises when the subjects of that content are underage children who have no say in how their image is used, especially on social media. This article examines the context and implications of the commercial use of children’s images in Spain. The study begins with a bibliographic and archival review of the subject, followed by a series of case studies of the main ‘mother-influencers’ in Spain, to analyse the presence of underage children in their posts, the content associated with that presence, and the posting flow and frequency of each account. The results show that the use of children’s images is frequent and associated with commercial activities. Nevertheless, the results also reveal that the content is usually indirect and avoids engaging directly with the children. The aim of this study is to contribute to the debate on the subject of ‘sharenting’ from an academic point of view.

El sharenting, fenómeno social ampliamente extendido que consiste en que los progenitores publican fotografías y vídeos de sus hijos menores de edad en sus redes sociales, plantea el problema de si es suficiente el consentimiento del progenitor usuario de la red social o es necesario el de ambos progenitores. Acerca de esta cuestión se han pronunciado varias Audiencias Provinciales, cuyas sentencias se analizan en el presente trabajo. Las mismas se refieren, en primer lugar, a la cuestión de en qué medida el sharenting afecta al derecho a la propia imagen y al de protección de datos personales de los menores y cuándo es necesario el consentimiento de los progenitores para la disposición de los citados derechos de la personalidad. En segundo lugar, se posicionan acerca de la cuestión del ejercicio de la patria potestad para la publicación de fotografías y vídeos de los menores de edad, pudiendo distinguirse dos tendencias al respecto, según que se considere que es necesario un ejercicio conjunto por ser ambos progenitores titulares de la patria potestad o individual, en atención al uso social. Sharenting, a widespread social phenomenon in which parents post photographs and videos of their underage children on their social networks, raises the question of whether the consent of the parent using the social network is sufficient or whether both parents are required. Several Courts have been held on this issue, and their rulings are analyzed in this paper. They refer, in the first place, to the extent to which sharenting affects the right to one’s own image and the right to protection of personal data of minors and when it is necessary to obtain the consent of the parents for the provision of the aforementioned personality rights. Secondly, they take a position on the question of the exercise of parental authority for the publication of photographs and videos of minors. Two tendencies can be distinguished in this regard, depending on whether it is considered that joint exercise is necessary because both parents are holders of parental authority or individual, in view of social use.

Inicialmente, a partir de uma análise jurídica-interpretativa, baseada em uma revisão da bibliografia acerca do tema, o artigo pretende estudar uma das questões mais pulsantes da atual sociedade da informação em que vivemos, qual seja, a prática de sharenting, analisando o tema segundo seus diversos aspectos, ponderando acerca da problemática da superexposição online de informações pessoais de crianças realizada pelos pais, tendo, ainda, como pano de fundo a apreciação dos principais impactos ocasionados por esse fenômeno. Visando fornecer subsídios para a posterior análise do recorte proposto, o estudo adentra no debate sobre a diferença entre sexualidade e sexualização infantil, estabelecendo os principais pontos de discussão, o que permite uma efetiva compreensão do fato social estabelecido. Inserido nesse contexto é preponderante a aferição de uma das situações recorrentes quando se trata do sharenting que é o compartilhamento de fotos de crianças, sem qualquer conteúdo sexual, com alguma espécie de censura quando mostram sua genitália, o que nos leva à discutir se tal ação acarreta em uma sexualização do indivíduo em questão, ao dar um tratamento “adultizado” a algo que deveria ser enxergado como natural ou se trata-se apenas de uma proteção devida àquela criança em uma sociedade ainda permeada por inúmeras agressões aos mais vulneráveis.

El fenómeno influencer ha permitido a personas previamente desconocidas adquirir altos niveles de popularidad mediante la exhibición de imágenes que recrean sus actividades, sus intereses o su vida cotidiana. Las instamadres son influencers que comparten en la red social Instagram contenido relacionado con su vida familiar, mostrando con frecuencia a sus hijas e hijos pequeños. En sus publicaciones se aprecia alta presencia de marcas comerciales, pero la naturaleza de la relación que mantienen con la publicidad no siempre es clara. Mediante una ficha ad hoc, se han analizado 1.000 publicaciones de diez cuentas de instamadres populares para cuantificar la frecuencia con la que muestran en ellas a menores y la presencia de marca. En el 45,6% de los posts analizados aparecen menores y estas publicaciones reciben un 41% más de likes que aquellas en las que no los hay. En más de la mitad de las publicaciones analizadas aparecen marcas comerciales, y se percibe un incremento al respecto entre 2019 (43,3%) y 2020 (63,5%). Solo en una de cada cinco ocasiones en las que hay una marca se explicita que es publicidad, y por tanto, hay alguna remuneración. Nuestro trabajo demuestra que los niños y niñas son elementos frecuentes en las cuentas de sus instamadres, y contribuyen a generar comunidades grandes y atractivas para la industria publicitaria. Es necesario regular tanto la aparición en estas cuentas de menores como el modo en el que se hace presente la publicidad en ellas. The influencer phenomenon has allowed previously unknown people to attract high levels of popularity through the display of images that recreate their activities, their interests, or their daily life. Instamoms are influencers who share content related to their family life on Instagram, frequently showing their young daughters and sons. In their publications, it is appreciated that commercial brands figure prominently, although the nature of the role they play in advertising strategies is not always clear. Through an ad hoc guide, 1 000 publications from ten popular Instagram accounts were analysed to quantify the frequency in which they show minors, and the presence of brands. Minors appear in 45.6% of the posts analysed and these publications receive 41% more likes than those in which there are no children. Trademarks appear in more than half of the publications analysed, with a pronounced increase in this respect between 2019 (43.3%) and 2020 (63.5%). Only one out of five there is a brand, and they explain that it is paid advertising. Minors feature frequently in the accounts of their mothers, and they contribute to generating large and attractive communities for the advertising industry. It is necessary to regulate the way in which advertising appears on these accounts, as well as the presence of their sons and daughters in them.

O tema da pesquisa é o fenômeno conhecido como sharenting, caracterizado pela violação ao direito de imagem das crianças e dos adolescentes pelos próprios genitores, com a utilização das mídias sociais. O objetivo do estudo é refletir sobre o grau de incidência desse fenômeno, em especial porque o tempo atual é o da Era Digital. Para tanto, emprega-se neste estudo o método hipotético-dedutivo, com a utilização de livros e artigos científicos publicados em revistas especializadas e em sites. Conclui-se que o uso desregrado do sharenting fere o direito à imagem de crianças e adolescentes, considerado direito da personalidade.

Social Networks has a great international repercussion as platforms for communication and information exchange that affects all people and institutions, among which is the family. The youngest members of the family systems are the most active subjects in these networks and, in turn, those who can assume more risks. However, on many occasions, it is the parents who over-expose minors on social networks, even without their consent, putting their privacy and right to intimacy at risk. A descriptive and correlational quantitative research is presented. In this sense, the validation process of an unpublished questionnaire aimed at collecting information on the knowledge and behavior of parents on YouTube and Instagram in relation to minors is collected, and the first results of the pilot application of the tool are also analyzed. The designed questionnaire presents good validity and reliability. The main results indicate that the parents surveyed do not publish content about their children on social networks very often and, when they do, they try to avoid presenting identifying information. In addition, adults have a high level of knowledge about current legal regulations. The need to continue researching and undertaking training actions aimed at families on the importance and need to protect minors on networks is confirmed., Las Redes Sociales han impactado como plataformas para la comunicación y el intercambio de información, afectando a todas las personas e instituciones, como la familia. Los jóvenes son los más activos en las citadas redes asumiendo mayores riesgos. No obstante, en ocasiones, son los progenitores los que realizan una sobre-exposición en RRSS de los menores, sin su consentimiento, poniendo en riesgo su privacidad. Este artículo presenta una investigación cuantitativa de carácter descriptivo y correlacional que recoge el proceso de validación de un cuestionario inédito destinado a recabar información sobre el conocimiento y el comportamiento de los progenitores en YouTube e Instagram en relación a los menores e, igualmente, se analizan los primeros resultados de la aplicación piloto de la herramienta. El cuestionario presenta una buena validez y fiabilidad. Los principales resultados señalan que los progenitores tienen conocimiento sobre la normativa legal y no publican frecuentemente contenidos de los menores en las RRSS y, cuando lo hacen, tratan de evitar la presentación de datos identificativos, sin embargo, sí permiten que se les vea la cara. Se confirma la necesidad de continuar investigando y emprendiendo acciones formativas dirigidas a familias sobre la necesidad de protección de los menores en las redes.