Search

Dans les zones de montagne et de piémont de la Corse, l’élevage conserve un caractère pastoral basé sur l’utilisation de parcours qui donne accès à des ressources spontanées aux animaux. Face à la multiplication des maladies émergentes, les normes d’action publique pour la santé des animaux considèrent que le maintien d’espaces de liberté constitue un risque sanitaire parce qu’il favorise les interactions entre faune sauvage et domestique. En se concentrant sur l’élevage porcin, cet article expose les contradictions entre ces normes et les enjeux propres à l’élevage pastoral corse et s’intéresse à la production d’une action publique locale impulsée en réponse à ces contradictions. Après avoir rappelé le lien étroit entre les transformations socio-économiques qu’a connu la montagne corse après la seconde guerre mondiale et les pratiques de l’élevage pastoral actuel, l’article montre que l’échec de deux politiques publiques de gestion sanitaire est lié aux décalages entre les enjeux portés par la politique publique de gestion de la santé animale d’un côté et ceux de l’élevage pastoral de l’autre. Les acteurs locaux en lien avec la gestion de la santé se mobilisent et construisent des dispositifs intermédiaires de concertation et de coordination pour apporter des réponses à des situations de blocage, par l’enchâssement des enjeux de gestion et de surveillance nationaux dans des dynamiques territoriales. L’article propose la notion de territoire de santé pour décrire l’émergence d’une action collective transversale qui s’appuie sur les connaissances des acteurs locaux pour produire une action publique adaptée aux enjeux de l’élevage pastoral corse. In the mountain and foothill areas of Corsica, livestock farming is still based on the use of pastureland, which gives the animals access to spontaneous resources. Faced with the multiplication of emerging diseases, public policy standards on animal health consider that the maintenance of free-range areas presents a risk of emergence because they allow interactions between wild and domestic animals. Focusing on pig farming, this article examines the contradictions between these standards and the issues specific to Corsican pastoral farming, and looks at the development of local public policy in response to these contradictions. After recalling the close link between the socio-economic transformations that took place in the Corsican mountains after the Second World War and current pastoral livestock farming practices, it shows that the failure of two public health management policies is linked to the disconnect between the issues at stake in public policy on the one hand and in pastoral livestock farming on the other. Local actors involved in health management are mobilising and developing intermediary consultation and coordination mechanisms to respond to situations of deadlock, by embedding national management and surveillance challenges in territorial dynamics. The article proposes the notion of health territory to describe the emergence of transversal collective action that draws on the knowledge of local actors to produce public policy that is adapted to the challenges of Corsican pastoral livestock farming.

The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has emphasized more than ever the relevance of wildlife as a potential source of pathogens for other species, including humans, and the potential importance that interactions with wildlife can have on global health. Nevertheless, in the veterinary world, the concept of wildlife as a potential reservoir and source of pathogens detrimental to livestock production and health has been known for centuries. Well-known examples of livestock diseases in which the interface with wildlife plays, or has played, an important role include rinderpest, avian influenza, foot and mouth disease (FMD), and African swine fever (ASF). Rinderpest, caused by a morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of only two diseases that have been globally eradicated (the other being smallpox in humans), after having caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and wild artiodactyl species for centuries. After a globally coordinated eradication campaign, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations announced in 2011 that rinderpest virus had been eliminated from livestock, thus declaring global freedom from this disease (Hamilton et al., 2017). Circulation of rinderpest virus in endemic regions in wild susceptible species was an important consideration in the eradication campaign, and lack of recognition of wildlife reservoirs was one of the factors to which failure of initial campaigns in the 1960s and 70s was attributed (Morens et al., 2011). Other diseases, such as ASF and FMD, are still endemic and expanding across different regions of the world. FMD is estimated to be endemic in 77% of the global livestock population, in Africa, Asia, and some parts of South America (OIE, 2021a) and ASF is becoming endemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and some parts of Oceania (OIE, 2021b). Efforts to control or eradicate these diseases are challenging, particularly in those areas where wild reservoir hosts contribute to their maintenance and spread. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been known for more than a century to be maintained in the soft tick-warthog sylvatic cycle in natural savannah environments in East and Southern Africa. Occasional interactions between ASFV-infected ticks and domestic pigs have facilitated the dissemination of several ASFV genotypes into the domestic pig value-chain in Africa and subsequently into other parts of the world (Dixon et al., 2020). During the currently ongoing pandemic of ASF, the wild boar population in Europe has played a central role in the propagation of the virus into new areas. While most ASF spread appears to occur within domestic pig populations due to anthropogenic factors, incursions of ASFV into low biosecurity domestic pig farming systems from wild boar are also important (Brookes et al., 2021). Likewise, transboundary spread of FMD in susceptible domestic livestock such as cattle and pigs is commonly mediated by anthropogenic factors, such as movement of infected livestock, or the feeding of infected products to susceptible species (Di Nardo et al., 2011). However, in East and Southern Africa, the African buffalo interface plays an important role in maintaining FMD virus (FMDV) strains and disseminating them to adjacent susceptible livestock populations (Jori and Etter, 2016). These examples provide only a snapshot illustration of the potential role of wildlife on livestock disease and demonstrate the importance of the wildlife–livestock interface. At a planetary scale, several factors act as major drivers of increased wildlife–livestock interactions at these interfaces (Magouras et al., 2020). Critical drivers include the need to feed an ever-increasing world human population, which has altered the way in which livestock are farmed, the way in which we interact with the ecosystem, and climate change. These drivers not only increase the intensity and frequency of interactions between wildlife and potential spillover populations (e.g., humans and domesticated animals such as livestock) but also facilitate new transmission pathways for potential emerging pathogens. Some of the impacts of these interactions have been well-described in the literature, particularly those affecting livestock production and health. However, these interactions can also have very significant and devastating effects on wildlife populations and the environment. Importantly, circulation of undetected pathogens in the domestic and wild animal compartments also provides opportunity for the development of potentially dangerous emerging infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the drivers of wildlife–livestock interactions and their potential impacts on terrestrial livestock production. We define wildlife as any domesticated or non-domesticated species that is free-ranging and does not depend on mankind for food or reproduction. In addition, we present and discuss the major tools and methods to reduce wildlife–livestock contact and to mitigate its health implications, including biosecurity measures and the approaches and potential solutions for improved cohabitation between livestock and wildlife to encourage biodiversity and reduce negative impacts such as disease spillover.

Trace minerals play an important role in animal health and productivity. They are involved also in many physiological activities, and their deficiency causes a variety of pathological problems and metabolic defects, reducing consequently the animal productivity. The demand for animal products in semi-arid areas is rapidly increasing, and the supply is still below the required level, partially due to low animal productivity. Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) are considered one of the main sources of healthy, high-quality meat and milk for human consumption within most of the countries in the semi-arid regions. Despite their efficient adaptation to their environment, camels can suffer from the growth retardation of newborns, low feed efficiency, anemia, poor fertility, poor reproduction and many other metabolic disorders. It is well known that trace mineral deficiencies and trace mineral toxicities can influence camels’ production and reproductive efficiency, as well as many aspects of their growth and metabolism. Evaluating the trace minerals status of camels and their variability is an obvious step toward improving camels’ productivity and health. Thus, the present article reviews the data regarding the status of trace minerals (copper, zinc, iron, selenium, manganese, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, molybdenum, sulfur, bromide and nickel) in camel blood and their physiological variability, with a focus on their deficiency and toxicity effects.

This article also appears in: Animal Health Law: Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of terrestrial animals., EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases (‘Animal Health Law’). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period, (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones and iv) the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. Different clinical and laboratory sampling procedures are proposed depending on the scenarios considered. The monitoring period of 45 days was assessed as effective in affected areas where high awareness is expected, and when the index case occurs in an area where the awareness is low the monitoring period should be at least 180 days (6 months). Since transmission kernels do not exist and data to estimate transmission kernels are not available, a surveillance zone of 3 km was considered effective based on expert knowledge, while a protection zone should also be developed to include establishments adjacent to affected ones. Recommendations, provided for each of the scenarios assessed, aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to CCPP., European Commission: EFSA-Q-2020-0080

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important livestock disease causing short-term and long-term production losses and hindering local and international trade. To gain access to lucrative foreign markets and also improve local trade, there is a need to employ effective preventive and control strategies. Although FMD has been present in Malawi for over 60 years, little knowledge is available concerning the dynamics and drivers of FMD in the country. A modelling study based on retrospective data was conducted to establish the spatio-temporal distribution and determine the risk factors associated with FMD in Malawi. A retrospective space-time analysis was performed and a matched case-control study was carried out to investigate risk factors. The number of reported FMD outbreaks has descriptively increased after 2000 and the disease has spread to previously unaffected areas. Two significant spatio-temporal clusters of FMD were identified; one in the southern region and the other in the northern region. An analysis of only index cases (first detected locations) also detected two clusters with one in the northern region and the other in the southern region. Higher beef cattle density (p = 0.023), higher pig density (p = 0.043) and increased distance to wildlife protected areas (p = 0.036) were positively associated with the risk of FMD while increased distances to international borders (p = 0.008) and roads (p = 0.034) were associated with reduced risk of FMD. High FMD risk areas were observed in the southern and northern regions but not in the central region during the early years (1957–1981). The more recent increase in FMD risk at the end of the study period (2019) in the central region might be attributed to increases in livestock density in this region. These findings provide insight into the pattern of FMD occurrence that will promote informed decisions for the progressive control of FMD in the region.

Reliable and measurable animal-based measures (ABMs) are essential for assessing animal welfare. This study aimed at proposing ABMs for dromedary camels identifying their possible associations with management. Data were collected at a permanent camel market; a total of 76 pens and 528 camels were evaluated. ABMs were collected for each welfare principle (i.e., good feeding, good housing, good health, appropriate behavior), while resources or management-based measures were collected at three levels of investigations (animal, herd, or caretakers). Associations were calculated by generalized linear models. Body condition score and thirst index (ABMs of good feeding) resulted negatively associated with short caretaker’s experience, dirty bedding, limited shaded space, feeding and water space, and space allowance (P

The worldwide dromedary milk production has increased sharply since the beginning of this century due to prolonged shelf life, improved food-safety and perceived health benefits. Scientific confirmation of health claims will expand the market of dromedary milk further. As a result, more and more dromedaries will be bred for one purpose only: the highest possible milk production. However, intensive dromedary farming systems have consequences for animal welfare and may lead to genetic changes. Tighter regulations will be implemented to restrict commercialization of raw milk. Protocols controlling welfare of dromedaries and gene databases of milk-dromedaries will prevent negative consequences of intensive farming. In countries where dromedaries have only recently been introduced as production animal, legislators have limited expertise on this species. This is exemplified by an assessment on behalf of the Dutch government, recommending prohibiting keeping this species from 2024 onwards because the dromedary was deemed to be insufficiently domesticated. Implementation of this recommendation in Dutch law would have devastating effects on existing dromedary farms and could also pave the way for adopting similar measures in other European countries. In this paper it is shown that the Dutch assessment lacks scientific rigor. Awareness of breeders and legislators for the increasing knowledge about dromedaries and their products would strengthen the position of dromedaries as one of the most adapted and sustainable animals.

International audience; In response to the global call to mitigate risks associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), new regulations on the access and use of veterinary antibiotics are currently being developed by the Lao government. This study aims to explore how the implementation of these new regulations might effectively reduce and adapt the sale, distribution and use of veterinary antibiotics in Lao PDR. To this end, we used the theory of change, framing the AMR issue within the context of the stakeholders involved in the veterinary antibiotics supply chain. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data, based on questionnaires (n=36 antibiotic suppliers, n=96 chicken farmers, n=96 pig farmers), and participatory tools such as a workshop (n=10 participants), semi-structured interviews (n=20), and focus group discussions (n=7 participants). The stakeholders' understanding of the AMR issue and potential challenges related to the implementation of new regulations regarding access and use of antibiotics, were also investigated. We mapped the veterinary antibiotic supply chain in Lao PDR, and analysed the roles and interactions of its stakeholders. Twenty-three stakeholders representing the private and the public sectors were identified. Many informal and formal links connected these stakeholder within this supply chain. The lack of veterinarian-farmer interaction and the evolving nature of the veterinary antibiotics supply chain accentuated the challenges of achieving behaviour change through regulations. Most of the antibiotics found on farms were categorized by the World Health Organisation's as critically important antibiotics used in human medicine. We argue that AMR risk mitigation strategy requires dialogue and engagement between private and public sectors stakeholders, involved in the importation, distribution, sale and use of veterinary antibiotics. This study further highlighted that AMR is a complex adaptive challenge requiring multi-sectoral approach. We believed that a sustainable approach to reduce and adapt veterinary antibiotics use should be prepared in collaboration with stakeholders from private and public sectors identified in this study, in addition to the new regulations. This collaboration should start with the co-construction of a common understanding of AMR issue and of the objectives of new regulations.

The study of wildlife-livestock interfaces has long suffered from the sealing among the different agricultural—including veterinary—and environmental sectors and the lack of multidisciplinary approaches. Following the SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and H5N1 crisis, bridges have been developed between sectors and different disciplines, especially between the fields of epidemiology and ecology and, more recently, molecular biology and social sciences. Today wildlife-livestock interfaces benefit from an increased attention by biologists and epidemiologists who have developed dedicated approaches for their characterization. These approaches combine behavioural studies on both domestic and wild species; major technological advances in molecular techniques; and the use of social sciences to capture local knowledge on agricultural practices and wildlife behaviour. In this chapter, we further define wildlife-livestock interfaces and review the different approaches that have been developed to characterise them in terms of frequency and intensity of contacts between hosts. Then we provide case studies in the context of disease ecology illustrating how the characterisation of the wildlife-livestock interface can feed disease ecology studies and guide surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Finally, we argue for a dedicated field focusing on wildlife-livestock interfaces that have particular characteristics and implications in disease ecology.

The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us the danger related to zoonosis and invites us to think on our vision of Health. In a world where humans, animals and ecosystems are all connected, several health threats can only be addressed through a multidisciplinary One Health approach based on knowledge and skill sharing. Among these threats, antimicrobial resistance silently kills 30 000 people each year in Europe. During the past twenty years, antimicrobial resistance managed to gather people from the human, animal and environmental field at different scales and following different strategies. However, despite evident efforts, the One Health concept still faces challenges to anchor itself successfully in daily practices. Structuration efforts are needed to allow practice and data sharing among professionals from different sectors. The environmental dimension is also often neglected especially in the surveillance field. Finally, education and awareness raising need to be improved to create a sustainable One Health dynamic., La Covid-19 nous a rappelé les dangers liés aux zoonoses et nous invite à repenser notre vision de la Santé. Dans un monde où hommes, animaux et écosystèmes sont liés, seule une approche collective basée sur le partage des savoirs et expertises, dite Une Seule Santé ou One Health, peut espérer endiguer les menaces sanitaires à venir. Parmi ces menaces, l’antibiorésistance serait responsable, chaque année, de plus de 30 000 décès en Europe. Ces 20 dernières années, l’antibiorésistance a su fédérer des acteurs de la santé humaine, animale et des sciences de l’environnement à différentes échelles et selon diverses stratégies. Néanmoins, malgré des efforts évidents, le One Health se confronte encore à plusieurs enjeux pour s’ancrer dans les pratiques. Pour s’institutionnaliser, il doit apprendre à se structurer et à fédérer ses acteurs autour d’enjeux communs tels que l’échange de bonnes pratiques ou de données. Il doit également apprendre à mieux incorporer la dimension environnementale dans son action. Il doit enfin capitaliser sur l’éducation et la sensibilisation pour créer une dynamique One Health durable., Lacotte Yohann, Ploy Marie-cécile. Antibiorésistance à l’échelle « Une seule santé » : stratégies, enjeux et opportunités. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 174, 2021. pp. 250-257.

Created in 2011, the animal health epidemiological surveillance platform (ESA) aims at improving surveillance systems efficiency through technical and scientific support. The platform organization is an innovative concept because it is based on i) a partnership between private and public sector ii) the faith between all stakeholders and iii) a decision process through a consensus approach. This concept has proven its relevancy and efficiency. It encouraged the creation, in 2018, of two new epidemiological surveillance platforms, one for plant heath surveillance and the other one for food chain surveillance. All three platforms share the same objective, optimization of surveillance, with the same working principles., Créée en 2011, la Plateforme d’épidémiosurveillance en santé animale (ESA) a pour objectif d’apporter un appui scientifique et technique pour améliorer l’efficience des dispositifs de surveillance. Avec une gouvernance associant des acteurs publics et privés ainsi qu’une méthode de travail basée sur le consensus et la confiance entre les acteurs, la Plateforme ESA est un concept novateur qui a su démontrer sa pertinence et son efficacité. Elle a ouvert la voie, en 2018, à la création des Plateformes d’épidémiosurveillance en santé végétale et de surveillance de la chaîne alimentaire. Les trois plateformes partagent l’objectif d’optimisation de la surveillance et les méthodes de travail reposent sur les mêmes principes., Amar Hélène, Dupuy Céline. Les plateformes d’épidémiosurveillance : un concept novateur au service de l’efficience des dispositifs de surveillance. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 173, 2020. pp. 200-205.

Les principes, contraintes et questions de recherche relatifs à plusieurs perspectives d’alternatives thérapeutiques aux antibiotiques sont présentés. Différentes approches telles que la phytothérapie et la phagothérapie, basée sur l’activité lytique des phages infectant les bactéries, sont anciennes mais leur utilisation pratique nécessiterait des recherches complémentaires en matière de qualité, efficacité et sécurité ainsi que des évolutions réglementaires. D’autres approches sont plus récentes et requièrent de poursuivre des travaux de recherche avant d’envisager leur application sur le terrain. C’est le cas notamment des peptides de défense de l’hôte, molécules de l’immunité innée produites essentiellement par les cellules épithéliales et phagocytes, qui ont une activité antimicrobienne à large spectre et un pouvoir de régulation de l’immunité. Il y a peu de développement industriel lié à des difficultés techniques, malgré le grand nombre de peptides candidats. Une autre approche concerne le « quorum sensing », lié à la sécrétion de molécules de signalement par les bactéries, qui permet des changements coordonnés chez les bactéries présentes au-delà d’un certain seuil, notamment la production de facteurs de virulence ou de biofilms. Le blocage de ces mécanismes, ou « quorum quenching », pourrait permettre deréguler ces propriétés., Principles, constraints and research questions related to several perspectives of therapeutic alternatives to antimicrobials are presented. Different approaches are not new such as phytotherapy and phagotherapy that relies on the lytic properties of phages infecting bacteria, but their use in practice would require further research on quality, efficacy and security of the products, as well as regulatory developments. Other approaches are more recent and require further research before considering their application in the field. This is the case for host defence peptides, molecules of innate immunity that are mainly produced by epithelial cells and phagocytes; they have large spectrum antimicrobial properties and immunity regulation capacity. There are few industrial developments due to technical problems despite a high number of candidates. Another approach concerns quorum sensing, based on signalling molecules produced by bacteria, that allows coordinated changes of the bacteria properties above a certain threshold, such as producing virulent factors or biofilms. Quorum quenching might allow regulating these properties.

Mesenchymal stromal cells : 2001-2018 current situation of this therapeutic innovation in animal healthcare and industry point of view Great strides have been in made in the last two decades in the field of veterinary regenerative medicine. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells’ (MSCs) mechanism of action has been completely revisited. MSCs, wishfully thought as cells being able to differenciate themselves and replace damaged tissue, have turned out to be only transient but key signalling cells, interacting with the microenvironment to restore the conditions for an efficient tissue healing process. This new perceiption of their mechanims of action has drived the expansion of their use, initially restricted to autologous treatments of orthopaedic conditions, to allogenic treatments to tackle diverse inflammatory and immune problems. However, both the diversity of the sources of MSCs and the use of different production processes, can render scientific data analysis confusing ; especially for veterinarians who now have at their fingertips a choice of an wide array of therapeutic cellular products. In this review we aim to clarify the current state of the art in animal regenerative medicine, while lightening them with scientific data from studies in man., La médecine régénérative vétérinaire a fait d’énormes progrès en 20 ans. Le mécanisme d’action des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) a été complètement révisé ; les CSM sont passées du statut de cellules qui se différencient localement pour reformer un nouveau tissu persistant, à celui de cellules signalisatrices médicinales qui interagissent transitoirement avec le micro-environnement pour rétablir les conditions propices à une cicatrisation tissulaire efficace. De fait, l’utilisation des CSM qui a été longtemps restreinte à une approche autologue et principalement pour des applications orthopédiques, s’est élargie à l’approche allogénique vers d’autres affections inflammatoires ou dysimmunitaires de médecine interne. Cependant, la multitude des sources de CSM et des procédés de production rendent les études difficilement comparables entre elles. Le vétérinaire a aujourd’hui accès à un large choix de produits cellulaires mais ne dispose que des informations commerciales ou de la littérature scientifique spécialisée pour faire un choix. Cette revue fait l’état des lieux des connaissances actuelles sur le sujet en médecine vétérinaire tout en apportant un éclairage à l’aide de données scientifiques obtenues chez l’homme., Maddens Stéphane, Viguier Eric, Cadoré Jean-Luc. Les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses : 2001-2018 - état des lieux d’une innovation thérapeutique en santé animale et point de vue de l’industrie. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 171 n°3, 2018. pp. 202-215.

The perimeter of “veterinary sciences” is difficult to circumscribe. Besides the core business, i. e. health of (terrestrial) animals and food safety, many other associated fields do not concern only the veterinary profession : zootechnics including animal welfare, nutrition, genetics ; aquaculture etc. The successive European Framework Programmes have regularly financed veterinary research activities, in particular the health of livestock and food safety ; but also many associated areas, notably since the 7th Framework Program (period 2007-2013). The budget for the European Framework Programme is estimated to represent no more than 5 to 10% of research and development expenditure in Europe, and this is probably the case in the field of animal health. Nevertheless, the Framework Programmes have become an important means of coordination of research programmes in Europe contributing in particular to the construction of the “European Research Area”. Intra-European transnational co-publications in the veterinary field/animal health/ animal welfare are a minority of the publications of the European countries but are proportionally more frequent than co-publications on the American or Asian continents. The French entities are present on the veterinary research landscape, be it European or global, but could probably be improved. With Horizon 2020, the emphasis placed on societal challenges and innovation in particular, often requires a multi-disciplinary, multi-actor approach, in which animal health, and beyond livestock production, are often integrated into broader issues such food security and nutrition, the sustainability of agriculture, or the bioeconomy. International cooperation beyond Europe may be crucial for addressing societal challenges that are often common to the world. This is especially true for infectious animal diseases. Topics - recent research projects, relevant to veterinarians, illustrate this approach of Horizon 2020., Recherche vétérinaire européenne : du septième programme cadre de la communauté européenne pour des actions de recherche, de développement technologique et de démonstration, à Horizon 2020. Il n’est pas aisé de circonscrire le périmètre des sciences vétérinaires. À côté du coeur de métier, la santé des animaux (terrestres) et la sécurité des aliments, de multiples autres domaines associés ne concernent pas que la profession vétérinaire : zootechnie y compris bien-être animal, nutrition, génétique ; aquaculture etc. Les programmes cadres européens de recherche successifs ont régulièrement financé les activités de recherche «vétérinaire», plus particulièrement la santé des animaux de rente et la sécurité des aliments ; mais aussi de nombreux domaines associés, et ce notamment depuis le 7ème Programme Cadre (période 2007-2013). On estime que le budget du programme cadre européen ne représente pas plus de 5 à 10% des dépenses en recherche et développement en Europe, et c’est probablement le cas dans le domaine de la santé animale. Néanmoins, les Programmes Cadres sont devenus un moyen important de coordination des programmes de recherche en Europe, contribuant notamment à construire «l’Espace Européen de la Recherche». Les co-publications transnationales intra-européennes dans le domaine vétérinaire/santé animale/bien-être animal représentent une minorité des publications des pays européens, mais sont proportionnellement plus fréquentes que les co-publications dans les continents Américain ou Asiatique. Les entités françaises sont présentes sur la scène de la recherche vétérinaire européenne ou mondiale, mais leur proportion pourrait sans doute être améliorée. Avec Horizon 2020, l’accent mis sur les défis de société et l’innovation notamment, demande souvent une approche multi-disciplinaire, multi-acteurs, dans laquelle la santé animale, et au-delà l’élevage, sont souvent intégrés dans des problématiques plus larges telles que la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition, la durabilité de l’agriculture, ou la bio-économie. La coopération internationale au-delà de l’Europe peut-être cruciale pour relever des défis sociétaux qui sont bien souvent communs au monde entier. C’est d’autant plus vrai pour les maladies infectieuses animales. Des sujets -projets de recherche récents, pertinents pour les vétérinaires, illustrent cette approche d’Horizon 2020., Cavitte Jean-Charles. European veterinary research : from the seventh framework programme of the european community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, to Horizon 2020 . In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 170 n°4, 2017. pp. 180-189.

International audience; A simple and intuitive formula for the estimation of urine osmolality (Uosm) using the measured concentrations of major active urine osmolytes over a wide range of urine dilutions was proposed in healthy cats. Sixty-three urine samples were retrieved using ultrasound-guided cystocentesis from sixteen healthy cats under 5 years of age receiving intravenous infusion over a period of 24 h. Samples were collected at baseline (T0), T2, T6, T12, and T24. Urine osmolality was measured using a freezing-point osmometer, and the concentrations of osmolytes (urea, sodium, glucose, and potassium) were evaluated. A simple linear regression model for a clinical use was selected, and the agreement between the calculated and actual urine osmolalities was assessed. Urinary concentrations of urea, sodium and glucose were the three variables included in the model with the lowest AICC. Urine osmolality can be predicted accurately and precisely using urine urea, sodium and glucose with the following equation: Uosm = 1.25 × urea (mmol/l) or 20.87 × urea (g/l) + 1.1 × sodium (mmol/l) + 67 × glucose (mmol/l) or 3.72 × glucose (mg/dl). The concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures between the actual and the calculated urine osmolality was extremely close to 1, which supported a high agreement: 0.996 (CI 95%: [0.993; 0.998]). In a population of healthy cats, urine osmolality can be predicted accurately and precisely using urinary urea, sodium and glucose concentrations. Similar formulae could potentially be established to help the clinician in pathological situations

International audience; Staphylococcus aureus causes serious medical problems in human and animals. Here we show thatS. aureus can compromise host genomic integrity as indicated by bacteria-induced histone H2AXphosphorylation, a marker of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), in human cervix cancer HeLa andosteoblast-like MG-63 cells. This DNA damage is mediated by alpha phenol-soluble modulins (PSMα1–4),while a specific class of lipoproteins (Lpls), encoded on a pathogenicity island in S. aureus, dampens theH2AX phosphorylation thus counteracting the DNA damage. This DNA damage is mediated by reactiveoxygen species (ROS), which promotes oxidation of guanine forming 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). DNA damage is followed by the induction of DNA repair that involves the ATM kinase-signalingpathway. An examination of S. aureus strains, isolated from the same patient during acute initial andrecurrent bone and joint infections (BJI), showed that recurrent strains produce lower amounts of Lpls,induce stronger DNA-damage and prompt the G2/M transition delay to a greater extent that suggest aninvolvement of these mechanisms in adaptive processes of bacteria during chronicization. Our findingsredefine our understanding of mechanisms of S. aureus-host interaction and suggest that the balancebetween the levels of PSMα and Lpls expression impacts the persistence of the infection.

The role of the recently described interleukin-32 (IL-32) in Staphylococcus aureus -induced mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is unclear. We determined expression of IL-32, IL-6, and IL-8 in S. aureus - and Escherichia coli -infected bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Using live bacteria, we found that in S. aureus -infected cells, induction of IL-6 and IL-8 expression was less pronounced than in E. coli -infected cells. Notably, IL-32 expression was decreased in S. aureus -infected cells, while it was increased in E. coli -infected cells. We identified the staphylococcal phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides as key contributors to these effects, as IL-32, IL-6, and IL-8 expression by epithelial cells exposed to psm mutant strains was significantly increased compared to that in cells exposed to the isogenic S. aureus wild-type strain, indicating that PSMs inhibit the production of these interleukins. The use of genetically complemented strains confirmed this observation. Inasmuch as the decreased expression of IL-32, which is involved in dendritic cell maturation, impairs immune responses, our results support a PSM-dependent mechanism that allows for the development of chronic S. aureus -related mastitis.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen involved in ruminant mastitis and present worldwide. Clinical signs of S. aureus mastitis vary considerably and are largely dependent on strain-specific factors. A comparison of two S. aureus strains that reproducibly induced either severe (O11) or mild (O46) mastitis in ewes revealed that the transcriptional regulator sigS was mutated in O46 (Le Maréchal et al., 2011. PLoS One. 6 (11) e27354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027354). In the present paper, we analysed the sigS sequence in 18 other S. aureus strains isolated from goat or ewe mastitis and found a 4-bp deletion similar to that of the O46 sigS gene in three strains associated with subclinical ewe mastitis. This sigS gene was disrupted in strain O11 (O11ΔsigS), so our aim was to investigate its involvement in the severity of infections in the context of mastitis. The wild type (wt) and mutant strains were then characterized in vitro to determine the involvement of sigS in the response S. aureus under various stress conditions, and assess its influence on the cytotoxicity of the pathogen, its invasive capacity and biofilm formation. The strains were compared in vivo in an experimental mouse mastitis model in which clinical signs and cytokine production were evaluated at 24 h post-infection. While no significant differences in the effect on bacterial growth between O11 and O11ΔsigS were observed either in vitro or in vivo, a significantly weaker in vivo production of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α was measured in the mammary glands infected with the mutant strain, suggesting that infection with O11ΔsigS induced an attenuated local innate immune response. These results suggest an impact of sigS disruption on S. aureus pathogenesis in a ruminant mastitis context. This disruption is probably involved in, and may partly explain, the milder symptoms previously observed in S. aureus O46-induced mastitis in ewes.

In the recent years, there has been a massive increase in the amount of data published on the web about human and animal health events. Epidemiologists use this spatio-temporal information on a daily basis to detect and monitor disease outbreaks over time. While official sources such as the World Organization for Animal Health release formal outbreak notifications, unofficial sources such as online newspapers contain unstructured information with different levels of reliability. Manually retrieving the data from a website like Google News and then deriving sensible insights from the huge dataset takes a lot of time and effort. We present EpidNews, a new visual analytics tool that helps to visualize and explore epidemiological data for monitoring animal disease outbreaks. The tool uses several views depicting various levels of abstraction, which helps fulfill almost all the data analysis requirements of epidemiologists. EpidNews allows to visualize and compare data from both official and unofficial sources. We also present the use case of an epidemiology expert, wherein the expert assesses the usability and productivity of EpidNews by using the tool in her daily work.

Cet article se penche sur la dynamique des rapports entre l’État et un groupe professionnel, en analysant le cas des vétérinaires. Il montre que ces rapports ne se limitent pas à la construction et la défense d’une juridiction, mais concernent également la régulation de l’activité professionnelle, c’est-à-dire la définition des savoirs, des pratiques, des modalités d’exercice, des formes de revenus, etc. Après avoir examiné le processus de professionnalisation des vétérinaires depuis le xixe siècle, l’article s’attache à analyser la façon dont des politiques publiques sanitaires (notamment dans les domaines de l’inspection en abattoir, de la gestion sanitaire en élevage et de la régulation du médicament) contribuent à réguler l’activité des vétérinaires, dans leurs relations à la clientèle, à leurs concurrents professionnels ou entre eux. This article investigates the dynamics of the relationships between the State and professional groups by analyzing the case of the veterinarians. It shows that these relationships are not limited to the construction and the defence of a jurisdiction but also concern the regulation of professional activity, i.e. the definition of knowledge, practices modalities of exercise, sources of incomes, etc. Having examined the process of professionalization of veterinarians from the 19th century onwards, the article analyses the ways sanitary public policies (in particular in the domains of slaughterhouse inspection, farm animal health management, and drugs regulation) contribute to regulate veterinarians’ activity, in their relations to their clients, their professional competitors, and amongst themselves.

International audience; This study aimed to analyze the financial impact of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in cattle at the farm-level and the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of biannual vaccination strategy to prevent and eradicate FMD for cattle in South Vietnam. Production data were collected from 49 small-scale dairy farms, 15 large-scale dairy farms, and 249 beef farms of Long An and Tay Ninh province using a questionaire. Financial data of FMD impacts were collected using participatory tools in 37 villages of Long An province. The net present value, i.e., the difference between the benefits (additional revenue and saved costs) and costs (additional costs and revenue foregone), of FMD vaccination in large-scale dairy farms was 2.8 times higher than in small-scale dairy farms and 20 times higher than in beef farms. The BCR of FMD vaccination over 1 year in large-scale dairy farms, small-scale dairy farms, and beef farms were 11.6 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.42-16.45], 9.93 (95% CI 3.45-16.47), and 3.02 (95% CI 0.76-7.19), respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that varying the vaccination cost had more effect on the BCR of cattle vaccination than varying the market price. This benefit-cost analysis of biannual vaccination strategy showed that investment in FMD prevention can be financially profitable, and therefore sustainable, for dairy farmers. For beef cattle, it is less certain that vaccination is profitable. Additional benefit-cost analysis study of vaccination strategies at the national-level would be required to evaluate and adapt the national strategy to achieve eradication of this disease in Vietnam.

Since microbiota may influence the physiology of its host including body weight increase, growth rate or feed intake, in this study we determined the microbiota composition in high or low residual feed intake (HRFI and LRFI) pig lines, of different age and/or subjected to sanitary stress by sequencing the V3/V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes. Allisonella, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, Acidaminococcus (all belonging to Firmicutes/class Negativicutes), Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Catenibacterium, Butyrivibrio, Erysipelotrichaceae, Holdemania, Olsenella and Collinsella were more abundant in HRFI pigs. On the other hand, 26 genera including Bacteroides, Clostridium sensu stricto, Oscillibacter, Paludibacter, Elusimicrobium, Bilophila, Pyramidobacter and TM7 genera, and Clostridium XI and Clostridium XIVa clusters were more abundant in LRFI than HRFI pigs. Adaptation of microbiota to new diet after weaning was slower in LRFI than in HRFI pigs. Sanitary stress was of relatively minor influence on pig microbiota composition in both tested lines although abundance of Helicobacter increased in LRFI pigs subjected to stress. Selection for residual feed intake thus resulted in a selection of fecal microbiota of different composition. However, we cannot conclude whether residual feed intake was directly affected by different microbiota composition or whether the residual feed intake and microbiota composition are two independent consequences of yet unknown genetic traits differentially selected in the pigs of the two lines.

Chapitre 6; National audience

Chapitre 2; National audience

In the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, rats are commonly traded in wet markets and sold live for food consumption. We investigated seroprevalence to selected groups of rodent-borne viruses among human populations with high levels of animal exposure and among co-located rodent populations. The indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was used to determine seropositivity to representative reference strains of hantaviruses (Dobrava virus [DOBV], Seoul virus [SEOV]), cowpox virus, arenaviruses (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus [LCMV]), flaviviruses (tick-borne encephalitis virus [TBEV]), and rodent parechoviruses (Ljungan virus), using sera from 245 humans living in Dong Thap Province and 275 rodents representing the five common rodent species sold in wet markets and present in peridomestic and farm settings. Combined seropositivity to DOBV and SEOV among the rodents and humans was 6.9% (19/275) and 3.7% (9/245), respectively; 1.1% (3/275) and 4.5% (11/245) to cowpox virus; 5.4% (15/275) and 47.3% (116/245) for TBEV; and exposure to Ljungan virus was 18.8% (46/245) in humans, but 0% in rodents. Very little seroreactivity was observed to LCMV in either rodents (1/275, 0.4%) or humans (2/245, 0.8%). Molecular screening of rodent liver tissues using consensus primers for flaviviruses did not yield any amplicons, whereas molecular screening of rodent lung tissues for hantavirus yielded one hantavirus sequence (SEOV). In summary, these results indicate low to moderate levels of endemic hantavirus circulation, possible circulation of a flavivirus in rodent reservoirs, and the first available data on human exposures to parechoviruses in Vietnam. Although the current evidence suggests only limited exposure of humans to known rodent-borne diseases, further research is warranted to assess public health implications of the rodent trade.

In this study, we conducted an investigation to determine the true prevalence of coxiellosis in sheep in central-eastern Tunisia. A total of 492 veterinary samples taken from 110 flocks were screened for coxiellosis using IS1111-based real-time PCR assay. Sheep sera were tested using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on molecular and serological results, the true adjusted animal and herd-level prevalence of coxiellosis were 11.8% and 20.21%, respectively. Bacterial excretion was observed in 17 flocks, and 19 females showed evidence of Coxiella burnetii shedding (100%). In addition, a statistically significant association was found between vaginal and milk shedding for sheep. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at the animal-population level indicated that strata and vaccination variables were found to be associated with coxiellosis. Besides, it was shown that this infection increased when the intensive farm was exposed to carnivores and when the cleaning practices were not respected, while it decreased when a suitable quarantine was introduced for any introduction of a new animal. Good hygiene and sanitation practices on-farm should be handled as strategies to deal with this zoonotic pathogen in herds.

Integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture animals remains undeveloped as compared to IPM in crops. With respect to the range of external nuisance arthropods that may bother farm animals, development and implementation of systematic IPM strategies are difficult to carry out. However, recurrent outbreaks of blue tongue disease in sheep and cattle, the public threats regarding the prophylactic use of veterinary insecticides and the need to preserve the efficacy of available actives have to lead the reflexion on new control strategies for arthropod pests of livestock. A recent extension of EU regulation on the use of pesticides in crops provides an opportunity to compare IPM strategies and to suggest new lines of reflection for the control of nuisance pests in ruminants under European conditions. In this paper, actions suggested by the Annex III of the Directive 2009/128/CE on Sustainable Use of Pesticides and related National Action Plans from 28 member states of the EU were reviewed from an animal production perspective by a group of veterinary entomologists. Eight lines of action have been identified and thus challenged with respect to current husbandry practices in modern European ruminant operations. Many IPM strategies for crops were identified to be unsuitable for large animals. Suggestions for implementing tools, opportunities and constraint assessment, and needs for support were also discussed. Only control of pest development sites and monitoring of harmful organisms were considered achievable in the near future; both in conjunction with the use of topical insecticides. Complementary actions such as alternatives to chemical control require further researches and industrial development. Marketing of IGR-based feed additives would be of great interest, but development of new compounds for veterinary medicines is very unlikely with respect to the European regulatory environment and associated cost of development.

Une démarche de formalisation et d’harmonisation de la gestion sanitaire dans les élevages expérimentaux de l’Inra est en cours. Elle a été initiée en 2009 afin de fournir un cadre et un référentiel qui favorisent la coordination des actions dans le secteur de la santé animale à l’échelle de l’institut à court, moyen et long terme. Appliquée aux différentes espèces présentes à l’Inra, elle favorise aussi le partage d’expériences et les échanges d’informations en interne et avec les partenaires.

International audience; In developing countries, smallholder poultry production contributes to food security and poverty alleviation in rural areas. However, traditional poultry marketing chains have been threatened by the epidemics caused by the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) virus. The article presents a value chain analysis conducted on the traditional poultry marketing chain in the rural province of Phitsanulok, Thailand. The analysis is based on quantitative data collected on 470 backyard chicken farms, and on qualitative data collected on 28 poultry collectors, slaughterhouses and market retailers, using semi-structured interviews. The article examines the organization of poultry marketing chains in time and space, and shows how this may contribute to the spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in the small-scale poultry sector. The article also discusses the practices and strategies developed by value chain actors facing poultry mortality, with their economic and social determinants. More broadly, this study also illustrates how value chain analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms associated with the spread of epidemics in rural communities.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have introduced normative and cognitive changes in response to the challenge of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). These changes take the form of a paradigm shift from 'an international management of threats' towards 'a global governance of risks'. The distinction between these two paradigms is developed in this paper based on literature on public health policy and on risk sociology. Here, we suggest that risks differ from threats (or classical risks) by being uncertain, global and anticipated catastrophes. They require an alternative paradigm of risk governance based on precaution, transparency and participation. To demonstrate empirically this shift, the paper analysed the WHO and OIE's response to recent EIDs, and in particular bird flu (H5N1). With H5N1, these organisations have shown an unprecedented ambition to handle a 'prepandemic' virus; they have called for increased transparency from Member States on their epidemiologic status, and for the inclusion of a wider range of stakeholders into the task of epidemiologic surveillance. This paper shows that the WHO and the OIE framed EIDs as modern risks and handled them using the 'global risks governance' paradigm. In doing so, they seized the opportunity, in a competitive way, to legitimise a wider scope of intervention for themselves by revising their regulatory tools (the International Health Regulation and the Terrestrial Animal Health Code) and by extending the obligations of the Member States via their system of notifiable events. This shift raises the issue of the instrumentalisation of the paradigm of global risk governance. It questions States' sovereignty, and stakeholder's participation and it highlights the political potential of modern risks, the link with the production of knowledge and the activity of surveillance in a world at risk.

One of the main strategies to control the spread of infectious animal diseases is the implementation of movement restrictions. This paper shows a loss in efficiency of the movement restriction policy (MRP) when behavioral responses of farmers are taken into account. Incorporating the strategic behavior of farmers in an epidemiologic model reveals that the MRP can trigger premature animal sales by farms at high risk of becoming infected that significantly reduce the efficacy of the policy. The results are validated in a parameterized network via Monte Carlo simulations and measures to mitigate the loss of efficiency of the MRP are discussed. Financial aid to farmers can be justified by public health concerns, not only for equity. This paper contributes to developing an interdisciplinary analytical framework regarding the expansion of infectious diseases combining economic and epidemiologic dimensions.

In this study, we conducted an investigation to determine the true prevalence of bovine and ovine brucellosis in central-eastern Tunisia. A total of 1134 veterinary samples taken from 130 ruminant herds were screened for brucellosis using IS711-based real-time PCR assay. Sera collected from the ruminants were tested using the Rose Bengal test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on serological and molecular results, the true adjusted animal population level prevalence was 23.5 % in cattle, against 13.5 % in sheep. In addition, the true adjusted herd level prevalence of brucellosis was 55.6 % in cattle and 21.8 % in sheep. A statistically significant association was found between vaginal and milk shedding for ruminants. In addition, our results showed that Brucella abortus could be responsible for bovine and ovine brucellosis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at the animal population level indicated that age and origin variables were important risk factors for cattle. However, age and abortion variables were found to be associated with ovine brucellosis. At the herd level, risk factors for Brucella positivity were as follows: abortion and herd composition for cattle against herd composition, mortality rates, and hygiene for sheep. Animal hygiene, food quality, and sanitary practices on the farm should be applied as strategies to control brucellosis in herds.

Understanding how anthropogenic landscape alteration affects populations of ecologically- and economically-important insect pollinators has never been more pressing. In this context, the assessment of landscape quality typically relies on spatial distribution studies, but, whether habitat-restoration techniques actually improve the health of targeted pollinator populations remains obscure. This gap could be filled by a comprehensive understanding of how gradients of landscape quality influence pollinator physiology. We therefore used this approach for honey bees (Apis mellifera) to test whether landscape patterns can shape bee health. We focused on the pre-wintering period since abnormally high winter colony losses have often been observed. By exposing colonies to different landscapes, enriched in melliferous catch crops and surrounded by semi-natural habitats, we found that bee physiology (i.e. fat body mass and level of vitellogenin) was significantly improved by the presence of flowering catch crops. Catch crop presence was associated with a significant increase in pollen diet diversity. The influence of semi-natural habitats on bee health was even stronger. Vitellogenin level was in turn significantly linked to higher overwintering survival. Therefore, our experimental study, combining landscape ecology and bee physiology, offers an exciting proof-of-concept for directly identifying stressful or suitable landscapes and promoting efficient pollinator conservation.

International audience; Rainbow trout is a native species from the Northwest cost of North America and a member of the salmonid family. It is a species of major importance for aquaculture, wild stock fisheries and recreational sport fisheries. Beside its economical importance, rainbow trout is also extensively used as a model species in many biological disciplines. From an evolutionary genomic point of view, the rainbow trout genome is extremely interesting due to a whole genome duplication event, which occurred 88–96 Mya in the salmonid lineage. With the advent of next generation sequencing technologies, a large number of genomic tools are now available in that species including a whole genome sequence. This chapter provides a synthetic review of the current knowledge on rainbow trout genomics and what biological information has been obtained following the analysis of its genome.

We performed a two-source capture-recapture analysis for estimating the true number of villages that experienced clinical cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in 2009 in Svay Rieng province, Cambodia, and assessing the completeness of the official case-reporting procedure. As a first source, we used the 2009 official dataset made up of the 15 FMDinfected villages that were reported to the provincial authorities, and enlarged this list by assuming that all the villages located at less than 4 km from one of these villages also experienced clinical cases in 2009. In addition, we created a retrospective detection protocol using participatory tools cross-checked against a serological survey that detected 13 infected villages. The capture-recapture analysis of these two detection sources led us to the conclusion that 315 (CI95% 117-514) villages experienced clinical cases of foot-and-mouth disease in Svay Rieng province in 2009, corresponding to a village-level annual prevalence rate of 0.46 (CI95% 0.17-0.74). The official reporting rate to provincial authorities could therefore be evaluated at 0.05 (CI95% 0.03-0.13). An analysis of the sensitivity of the estimation of the number of cases to the radius used for enlargement of Source 1 was performed, indicating its low influence. This study clearly highlights the highly enzootic situation of Cambodia regarding foot-and-mouth disease and the substantial underreporting of clinically affected villages to veterinary authorities. We propose explanations for this low notification rate, stress the importance of accurate reporting procedures and, finally, discuss the potential of capture-recapture techniques as a tool for the quantitative evaluation of animal disease surveillance systems. (Resume d'auteur)

International audience; Zoonotic diseases cause 2.2 million deaths and 2.4 billion cases of human illness throughout the world. They are concentrated in lowand middle-income countries in Asia and Africa, but the whole world is at risk of a potential pandemic. To combat these diseases, the international organisations are promoting the One Health concept, which is aimed at jointly addressing human health, animal health and the environment. However, the implementation of this approach is encountering numerous technical, scientific and institutional difficulties. Research will facilitate this implementation. This is shown by the interdisciplinary research conducted in Africa and Asia, associating methods used in the fields of human health and animal health, as well as the different stakeholders within these sectors. The promising findings of this research are helping to define the content of the concept and prefigure the management of the One Health initiative.; Les zoonoses occasionnent 2,2 millions de victimes et 2,4 milliards de malades dans le monde. Elles se concentrent dans les pays d'Asie et d'Afrique à revenu faible ou moyen. Mais les menaces de pandémie pèsent sur toute la planète. Pour lutter contre ces maladies, les organisations internationales promeuvent l'approche " Une seule santé " (One Health), qui propose d'aborder conjointement la santé humaine, la santé animale et l'environnement. Toutefois, la mise en oeuvre se heurte à de multiples difficultés techniques, scientifiques et institutionnelles. La recherche peut faciliter cette mise en oeuvre. En témoignent des recherches interdisciplinaires conduites en Afrique et en Asie, qui associent des méthodes utilisées en santé humaine et en santé animale, ainsi que des acteurs de ces secteurs. Leurs résultats, prometteurs, précisent le contenu de l'approche et préfigurent la gestion d'" Une seule santé ".

Our societies are facing risks for which international organizations such as the WHO, 0IE, FAO call for a new international health governance. This paper aims at analyzing the confrontation between this international governance and national specificities. Our analysis is based on empirical research conducted in Vietnam in 2008, on avian influenza (H5N1 ). It focuses on the period beginning with the first outbreaks in 2003 and ending in 2008. We highlight two phases in H5N1 management by the Vietnamese authorities : a first phase based on past experiences (i.e. SARS) and related to national issues such as the consolidation of the central power in relation to provincial authorities ; a second phase more in line with international governance principles and devoted to diplomatic issues such as WTO membership. This analysis concludes that international health governance should not underestimate the complexity of local situations, that taking into account national cultures of risk should not ignore local dynamics, and that focusing on constraints should not mask opportunities associated to risks., Nos sociétés sont actuellement confrontées à des risques sanitaires, souvent d'origine animale, qui amènent les organisations internationales telles que l' OIE, l'OMS et la FAO à promouvoir nouvelle gouvernance mondiale. Nous examinons ici la question des spécificités nationales dans ce projet de gouvernance. Notre analyse est basée sur une étude menée en 2008 au Vietnam sur 1 epizootie de aviaire (H5N1). Nous distinguons, sur la période étudiée allant de 2003 à 2008, deux phases dans gestion de ce risque par les autorités vietnamiennes : une première phase basée sur l'expérience nationale passée, notamment celle du SRAS, et répondant à des enjeux de légitimation interne du pouvoir central ; une deuxième phase plus conforme aux approches des organisations internationales et répondant à des enjeux de diplomatie internationale, liés en particulier au projet d'adhésion du pays à l'OMC. analyse montre que le projet de gouvernance sanitaire mondiale ne doit pas sous-estimer les complexités niveau local, que la considération des cultures nationales ne doit pas amener à négliger les dynamiques locales et que les contraintes ne doivent masquer les opportunités indissociablement liées aux risques., Figuié Muriel, Fournier Tristan. Risques sanitaires globaux et politiques nationales : la gestion de la grippe aviaire au Vietnam . In: Revue d’études en Agriculture et Environnement, Vol. 91, N°3, 2010. pp. 327-343.

A l’occasion de son 20ème anniversaire, la revue INRA Productions Animales a décidé de publier un numéro spécial sur «20 ans de recherches en productions animales à l’INRA». Son objectif est de retracer, à travers quelques exemples significatifs, des résultats scientifiques majeurs de l’INRA en productions animales, qui ont déjà pour la plupart un impact avéré en élevage. Les avancées spectaculaires de la biologie et des approches systémiques au cours des dernières décennies, tant conceptuelles que méthodologiques, ont eu de très nombreuses répercussions sur les recherches en productions animales, qu’il serait impossible de détailler de façon exhaustive dans le cadre de ce seul numéro. C’est pourquoi nous avons choisi de présenter à grands traits certaines de ces avancées dans cette brève introduction, avant d’en proposer plusieurs illustrations dans les articles de ce numéro. voir le pdf complet à cette adresse https://www6.inrae.fr/productions-animales_eng/content/download/3046/30746/version/1/file/Prod_Anim_2008_21_1_03.pdf

Diseases transmitted by insect vectors have a major impact on human and animal health, as well as on the economy of societies. Because of their modes of transmission, these vector-borne diseases-zoonotic or not-are particularly sensitive to climate change. The climate and its variations determine, sometimes substantially, the presence of vectors at a given place, as well as their density and capacity to transmit diseases. The climate also has an influence on the presence and density of animals and humans, in addition to the survival capacities of pathogens in a given environment. All of the components, conditions and processes necessary for the transmission of these diseases form a complex dynamic system whose behaviour, under the influence of the climate and other environmental variables, will determine whether or not transmission will occur. Experimental and epidemiological studies are carried out in laboratory and field conditions to gain greater insight into the underlying biological processes and measure the impact of climate parameters on these processes. Mathematical modelling is used to represent these systems and simulate their behaviour under different environmental conditions. This major tool sheds light on the biological phenomena involved in the transmission of given pathogens, while also simulating, over a more or less long time scale, spatiotemporal variations in the intensity of this transmission so as to be able to tailor control strategies against these diseases.

Health strategies and policies must be adapted in response to climate change within a broader context of global change involving increasing demand for animal products, globalization of their trade, and the impact of multiple environmental, socioeconomic and climatic determinants of human and animal health. In that setting, there is a greater risk that parasitic and infectious animal and zoonotic diseases will emerge, persist or spread, so livestock production and health sectors must become more resilient while reducing countries' vulnerability to climate-sensitive diseases through adaptation measures. These will involve ranking diseases by severity and evaluating and then minimizing risks (surveillance, prevention and control) pursuant to ad hoc legislation based on the One Health concept.

The obligate intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) causes heartwater, a fatal tick-borne disease in livestock. In the field, ER strains present different levels of virulence, limiting vaccine efficacy, for which the molecular basis remains unknown. Moreover, there are no genetic tools currently available for ER manipulation, thus limiting the knowledge of the genes/proteins that are essential for ER pathogenesis and biology. As such, to identify proteins and/or mechanisms involved in ER virulence, we performed the first exhaustive comparative proteomic analysis between a virulent strain (ERGvir) and its high-passaged attenuated strain (ERGatt). Despite their different behaviors in vivo and in vitro, our results from 1DE-nanoLC-MS/MS showed that ERGvir and ERGatt share 80% of their proteins; this core proteome includes chaperones, proteins involved in metabolism, protein-DNA-RNA biosynthesis and processing, and bacterial effectors. Conventional 2DE revealed that 85% of the identified proteins are proteoforms, suggesting that post-translational modifications (namely glycosylation) are important in ER biology. Strain-specific proteins were also identified: while ERGatt has an increased number and overexpression of proteins involved in cell division, metabolism, transport and protein processing, ERGvir shows an overexpression of proteins and proteoforms (DIGE experiments) involved in pathogenesis such as Lpd, AnkA, VirB9 and B10, providing molecular evidence for its increased virulence in vivo and in vitro. Overall, our work reveals that ERGvir and ERGatt proteomes are streamlined to fulfill their biological function (maximum virulence for ERGvir and replicative capacity for ERGatt), and we provide both pioneering data and novel insights into the pathogenesis of this obligate intracellular bacterium.

International audience; We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism-related invasion processes of the globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have impacted the local epidemiology of rodent-borne diseases. Parasites play an important role in the invasion processes and successes of their hosts through multiple biological mechanisms such as “parasite release,” “immunocompetence advantage,” “biotic resistance” and “novel weapon.” Parasites may also greatly increase the impact of invasions by spillover of parasites and other pathogens, introduced with invasive hosts, into new hosts, potentially leading to novel emerging diseases. Another potential impact is the ability of the invader to amplify local parasites by spillback. In both cases, local fauna and humans may be exposed to new health risks, which may decrease biodiversity and potentially cause increases in human morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge on these processes and propose some research priorities.

Cet article étudie le fonctionnement d’un dispositif de surveillance des bactéries résistantes d’origine animale, le Résapath. Nous montrons, à partir d’une analyse à la fois historique et pragmatique de ce dispositif, comment trois catégories d’acteurs ont progressivement été amenées à coopérer dans le but de produire des connaissances sur les risques d’antibiorésistance liés à l’utilisation des antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire. Mais les investissements des microbiologistes, des épidémiologistes et des vétérinaires praticiens au sein du dispositif ne reposent pas sur les mêmes pratiques et ne relèvent pas des mêmes finalités. Le Résapath tend donc à fabriquer trois référents ontologiques distincts de bactéries résistantes, dont l’incommensurabilité engendre des formes d’ignorances et rend incertaine la gouvernabilité des objets de (mé)connaissance ainsi produits., This paper focuses on the functioning of a surveillance device of resistant bacteria of animal origin, named Resapath. Through a historical and pragmatic analyse, I show how three kinds of actors progressively cooperate with the aim of producing knowledge on antimicrobial resistance risks related to the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. But the involvements of microbiologists, epidemiologists and veterinarians in the surveillance device don't rest on the same practices and the same objectives. So Resapth produce three ontologies of resistant bacteria that are partly incommensurable and shape ignorance and uncertainties in the governability of such (non) knowledge objects.

Prioritisation of diseases is an essential tool for policy-makers in charge of allocating resources for surveillance and control programmes or for research projects, to target diseases that need to be addressed ahead of others. Nevertheless, methods for prioritisation need to be transparent, standardised and repeatable to be effective and objective in setting priorities. To date, various models have been developed, experimenting different approaches, but it remains some room for improvement in the design of such tools. The definition of the criteria – indicators used to assess diseases regarding the objective of the prioritisation exercise – is one of the cornerstones of the efficiency of the methodology. In previous developed methods, this step was usually poorly addressed and up to now, no standardised method has been developed and described to select relevant and accurate criteria. Through the use of an electronic-based questionnaire to collect data about criteria from a large population of respondents, this study, based on the analysis of zoonoses and their impact in Southeast Asia, aimed at investigating an innovative approach to identify criteria that ensure a good differentiation between the diseases. The findings of this study highlighted that refining an initial list of criteria using multivariate analysis was a reliable approach to select clear, accurate and relevant criteria that allow a differentiation between diseases for a further prioritisation exercise. Furthermore, this study indicated that using an electronic-based questionnaire, carefully designed, might be an interesting alternative of expert opinion elicitation, for the collection of data. Finally, the results of this study opened to other new perspectives to develop and improve methods for the prioritisation of infectious diseases.

The first objective of this chapter is to review how climate change and climate variability may affect livestock diseases' occurrences while emphasizing how little the knowledge on the links between livestock diseases and climate change is. The review of the literature shows that most of the investigated diseases are zoonotic ones with few specific to livestock and, moreover, these diseases appeared to be dramatically affected by climate variability rather than by ongoing climate change. A second objective of this chapter is to introduce some new modelling tools that can help predict diseases' occurrences in space and in time in relation to climate variability and change, namely, environmental niche modelling, epidemiological modelling using R0 map and teleconnection modelling. A working example on cattle trypanosomiasis in China is given to illustrate teleconnection modelling by using data from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The conclusion of this chapter stresses three points: the need to consider the entangled linkages between ecosystems, society and health of animals and humans; the need of elaborated scenarios of livestock diseases linked to climate change and variability, which necessitates to develop and improve the recording of livestock diseases; and the need to incorporate climate-mediated physiological responses into the programs that manage breeding genetic diversity.

Global changes affect host-pathogen interactions, through the modification of the epidemiological environment (climate, land use, biodiversity), leading to new and sometimes unexpected risks. Epidemics, emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases are outcomes of these changes, and they constitute serious global threats for health. Although some local emergences have a potential for global threat (i.e. SARS, avian influenza, etc.), most of infectious diseases affect rural and poor populations particularly in developing countries, which are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of global change. Southeast Asia is both a hotspot of infectious emerging diseases of potential global pandemics and of biodiversity, particularly at threat due to dramatic changes in land use (Morand et al. 2014). These may explain why international organizations, developmental agencies and non-governmental conservationist organizations have specially focused on Southeast Asia. Infectious diseases are still a major concern in most Southeast-Asian countries (Coker et al. 2011).

Les maladies animales restent l'un des principaux problèmes posés aux productions animales, tant pour le développement du commerce que pour la lutte contre la pauvreté et la santé publique. Les systèmes de santé animale sont complexes par la diversité des acteurs et par l'évolution du contexte, marqué notamment par la redéfinition des rôles des secteurs privé et public. Il est donc souvent difficile d'évaluer les performances globales des systèmes et sous systèmes de santé animale, tant pour leur efficacité médicale qu'économique et sociale. De plus, la nécessaire fiabilité des informations sanitaires obtenues amène à la certification des statuts sanitaires des régions et des pays, ce qui impose un fort degré de normalisation et de conformité aux normes internationales. Un bilan des systèmes non conventionnels doit donc être fait et comparé à celui des systèmes conventionnels. Un système de santé animale se conçoit dans son ensemble et ses performances doivent être évaluées de façon globale, en fonction des marchés des produits et en tenant compte des objectifs et intérêts parfois contradictoires des acteurs. Les besoins et axes de recherches sont donc nombreux, pouvant notamment porter sur: - les méthodes, données et outils nécessaires à l'évaluation de l'efficacité de systèmes, avec une définition d'indicateurs fiables, - la démonstration qu'il existe un déterminisme de l'état de santé à venir des troupeaux, permettant ensuite de dresser des cartes de marqueurs de risque et de besoins en services zoosanitaires, - la conception et gestion de systèmes d'information sanitaire réalistes et harmonisés fournissant des mesures fiables des indicateurs de santé, - la fonction, l'organisation et l'efficacité des approches participatives de surveillance, - la définition et l'efficacité des contrats en santé animale, tels les mandats sanitaires entre État et vétérinaires privés, - la fonction et le rôle des auxiliaires d'élevage, - l'élaboration de méthodes d'évaluation et de normes tenant compte des spécificités des pays du Sud et pouvant mener à la certification et à l'accréditation des systèmes non conventionnels. Il y aura ensuite lieu de tester, à l'aide des indicateurs définis précédemment, l'efficience des systèmes (impacts directs, études coûts-bénéfices) puis en tirer une "boite d'outils" capable de guider leur mise en place, en considérant leurs avantages et inconvénients en fonction des contextes locaux. La recherche sur l'évaluation des systèmes de santé animale constitue un investissement à long terme, mais elle est le gage d'une certification de qualité, permettant le développement et la sécurité des marchés des produits animaux.

Probiotics have been considered as a promising strategy to prevent various diseases in both humans and animals. This approach has gained interest in recent years as a potential means to control bovine mastitis. In a previous study, we found that several L. casei strains, including BL23, were able to inhibit the internalization of S. aureus, a major etiologic agent of mastitis, into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC). This antagonism required a direct contact between L. casei and bMEC or S. aureus, suggesting the inhibition relied on interactions between L. casei cell surface components and bMEC. In this study, we have investigated the impact of some candidates which likely influence bacteria host cell interactions. We have shown that L. casei BL23 fbpA retained its inhibitory potential, indicating that L. casei BL23 antagonism did not rely (solely) on competition between S. aureus and L. casei fibronectin-binding proteins for adhesion to bMEC. We have then investigated the impact of four sortase mutants, srtA1, srtA2, srtC1 and srtC2, and a double mutant (srtA1-srtA2) on L. casei BL23 inhibitory potential. Sortases are responsible for the anchoring on the bacterial cell wall of LPXTG-proteins, which reportedly play an important role in bacteria-host cell interaction. All the srt mutants tested presented a reduced inhibition capacity, the most pronounced effect being observed with the srtA2 mutant. A lower internalization capacity of L. casei srtA2 into bMEC was also observed. This was associated with several changes at the surface of L. casei BL23 srtA2 compared to the wild type (wt) strain, including altered abundance of some LPXTG- and moonlighting proteins, and modifications of cell wall structure. These results strongly support the role of sortase A2 in L. casei BL23 inhibition against S. aureus internalization. Deciphering the contribution of the cell surface components altered in srtA2 strain in the inhibition will require further investigation.