Search

The high value of black truffle recompenses the slow growth of the fungus when established in the field. Adding a secondary crop, such as medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), could further enhance the sustainability of truffle production agro-forest systems. The dual cultures of ectomycorrhizal truffle-oak seedlings and MAPs (lavender, thyme, and sage) previously inoculated and non-inoculated with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were established to evaluate plant–fungi relationships. After 12 months in a shadehouse, plants’ growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and extraradical soil mycelium (both of Tuber melanosporum and AMF) were measured. Overall, truffle-oaks’ growth was negatively affected by the presence of MAPs, especially when inoculated with AMF. In turn, the presence of truffle-oaks barely affected the co-cultured MAPs, and only lavenders showed a significant growth reduction. All AMF-inoculated MAPs showed higher shoot and root biomass than non-inoculated ones. Compared to truffle-oaks growing alone, the presence of co-cultured MAPs, especially when they were AMF-inoculated, significantly decreased both the ectomycorrhizas and soil mycelium of T. melanosporum. These results reveal the strong competition between AMF and T. melanosporum and warn about the need for the protection of intercropping plants and their associated symbiotic fungi to avoid reciprocal counterproductive effects in mixed truffle-oak–AMF–MAP plantations.

Slides presented at American Chemical Society National Meeting Spring 2023 in Ron Levy Symposium.

Western Libraries' Open Access Standing Committee recently revised our OA membership selection criteria with the aim of establishing a values based framework for OA assessment. This session describes how we retrospectively applied these criteria to existing OA investments, and how reflecting on the outcomes have helped us to reframe our approach to future decisions.

The effects of intercropping grapevines with the medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) basil, lemon balm and sage, on berry volatile compounds of grapevine cv. Sangiovese were evaluated under field conditions. MAPs were cultivated in the rows of a mature vineyard. The introduction of MAPs in the vineyards slowed down technological ripening and increased total VOCs in Sangiovese berries. Among the different VOCs classes, C13-norisoprenoids, vanillins, and phenols showed significantly higher concentrations in berries of grapevine intercropped with MAPs. The presence of MAPs enhanced berry concentration of: vomifoliol (C13-norisoprenoids), homovanillic alcohol, and homovanillic acid (vanillins), 4-vinylguaiacol, syringol and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol (phenols) and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (aliphatic alcohols), while reducing the level of p-cymen-7-ol, 1-hexanol and nerol. Data suggest that intercropping with MAPs could influence the accumulation of VOCs in grapevines and contribute to the composition and volatile profile of this cultivar.

In this article, members of the American College of Radiology Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media propose a new term for symptoms reported after intravascular exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents-Symptoms Associated with Gadolinium Exposure, or SAGE. This term is advocated in lieu of other proposed nomenclature that presumes a causal relationship that has not yet been scientifically verified. The purpose of this new term, SAGE, is to assist researchers and clinical providers in describing such symptoms without prematurely causally attributing them to a disease and to standardize reporting of these symptoms to allow for coherent interpretation of related studies.

The use of melatonin (MEL) on plants has recently become widespread. Melatonin (MEL) was used as elicitor in the leaf-derived sage (Salvia officinalis L.) callus culture, which allows production in a short time regardless of environmental factors. MEL was applied to the calli in various concentrations, and the effect on the amount and quality of phytochemicals was determined. MEL stimulated the production of the maximum quantity of sage calli and the synthesis of secondary metabolites when applied as an elicitor at a certain ratio (100 M). The callus induction rate decreased while the MEL concentration increased. Among the phytochemicals scanned by HPLC and GC-MS, especially the amount of rosmaniric acid was found to increase by 75% (100 µM). The amount of rosmarinic acid decreased gradually in the 200 µM and control groups. The color differences of the callus cultures were also considerable. The color, which was quite dark brown at 100 µM MEL, turned into a light color as the amount of rosmariniric acid decreased. In addition, phytochemicals such as α-thujone (27.56%), 1.8-cineole (5.9%), camphor (16.84%) analyzed in 100 µM MEL application have the highest rates compared to other applications. Phytochemicals present in the control group but not in the MEL treatments, and components present in the treatments but not in the control were detected (1.8-cineol, some aldehyde groups). Therefore, stimulating the production of pharmacologically valuable phytochemicals that can be obtained with a certain amount of MEL application in sage cell culture medium will provide an important commercial advantage.

Surface electromagnetic waves (Dyakonov waves) propagating along a plane interface between an isotropic substance with a constant dielectric constant and an anisotropic crystal, whose dielectric tensor has a symmetry axis directed along the interface, are considered. It is well known that the question of the existence of such surface waves is reduced to the question of the existence of a solution to a certain system of algebraic equations and inequalities. In the present work, this system is investigated in the Sage computer algebra system. The built-in technique of exceptional ideals in Sage made it possible to describe the solution of a system of algebraic equations parametrically using a single parameter, with all the original quantities expressed in terms of this parameter using radicals. The remaining inequalities were only partially investigated analytically. For a complete study of the solvability of the system of equations and inequalities, a symbolic-numerical algorithm is proposed and implemented in Sage, and the results of computer experiments are presented. Based on these results, conclusions were drawn that require further theoretical substantiation.

This paper presents a method for estimating the time of arrival (ToA) of long term evolution (LTE) signals received on multiple separate transmission bands by the same base station (BS) mast. By exploiting the overall bandwidth occupied by the different signals and the correlation between the corresponding channel impulse responses, a higher precision is achieved with respect to the usually adopted single-band approach whenever the time-correlation among the bands is sufficiently high. The ToA estimation is carried out by generalizing the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm to the multi-band context, proving that the availability of multiple bands provides a reduced standard deviation for the estimated ToA, with a limited increase of the computational cost. The main analyzed issue consists in the management of the asynchrony between transmitters belonging to distinct cellular operators, which is addressed by developing a suitable method to combine the contributions provided by the different bands. The method is validated by simulations in dual- and tri-band scenarios, and is further applied to real dual-band signals measured through a portable setup and experimentally acquired from an LTE BS mast covering multiple cells.

This study provides an overview of the effect of rosemary, marjoram, clove, and sage essential oils (600 ppm) on chemical, sensory, and oxidative properties of chicken nuggets, which were stored at − 18 °C for 3 months. Addition of essential oils did not change the chemical composition of nuggets. The results showed the reduction of tiobarbituric acid reactive substances, peroxide value, free radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic compounds (TPC) over time (p 0.05). Notably, clove had the highest TPC (80.51 g GAE/g) as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity (95.21%). Finally, rosemary and clove essential oils reduced fat oxidation of chicken nuggets but increased the shelf life and consumer acceptance. Thus, the mentioned essential oils can be used as a rich natural source of antioxidants in meat products in order to tailor both shelf life and palatability of foodstuffs.

This research was conducted with the purpose of obtaining high quality plants by selection breeding of Anatolian sage (Salvi afruticosa Mill.) in different locations of Antalya province. In this research, clonal individual plants belong to Salvia fruticosa Mill. species, were collected from 15 different populations in the flora of Antalya. The clonal selection method was used in the breeding of this species, which is propagated clonally. Dry herbage yield was between 748.34 and 1135.15 kg/da for A clones, while it was between 748.34 and 1135.15 kg/da for B clones in terms of the population mean. The highest dry leaf yield was determined 534.36 and 605.867 kg/da for A and B clones respectively. Furthermore, 1.8-cineole, camphor and caryophyllene were determined as the main components of essential oils. The proportion of 1.8-cineole was determined between 34.51-73.49%. In this research, it was observed that there was a large variation between clonal lines, and some of them were determined as important in terms of morphological characteristics, yield and quality.

Increasing consumer concerns about the dangers associated with synthetically produced additives in food processing have led researchers to focus their investigation on eco-friendly materials and natural antimicrobials from animal sources, microorganisms, and plant-based materials. Although fruits and vegetables are an essential element of most people’s diets, the perishable nature of these products results in a very limited shelf-life. Postharvest factors such as transportation, environmental factors, and preservation methods further decrease the product quality and storage limits. Thus, it is crucial to choose the correct substance and packaging method to retain product freshness. Minimally processed fruits and vegetables (MPFV) are among the most developing branches of the food industry. One of the practical techniques is essential oils (Eos) as natural preservatives and antimicrobial agents in MPFV. Eos demonstrated compelling against different pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. This review provides updated information on the use of Eos like Thyme, cinnamon, sage, peppermint, clove, their synergetic effect and applications in minimally processed fruits and vegetables. These essential oils ought to be investigated in the future to inspect their harmfulness and results through in vitro and clinical examinations.

Background Different instruments have been used to assess ability to perform everyday functional activities, such as activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). No measures of functional activity have been validated in cardiac surgery. We assessed the reliability and validity of the Standardized Assessment of Global activities in the Elderly (SAGE) scale. Methods We undertook an observational sub-study of VISION Cardiac Surgery. Patients were assessed post-discharge after cardiac surgery using SAGE and comparator measures to determine convergent validity. A blinded independent assessor administered SAGE by phone within 7 days to determine test–retest reliability. We sought to demonstrate a correlation of ≥0.5 between SAGE and each corresponding measure. We also sought to define the SAGE score corresponding to severe functional disability, defined using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Results There were 152 patients included. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient=0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–0.99). Convergent validity was evident, ranging from adequate for the overall SAGE score (0.54; 95% CI, 0.42–0.65) to very good for the SAGE mobility sub-score (0.80; 95% CI, 0.73–0.85). SAGE was initially poorly correlated with the IADL index (–0.24) but increased to –0.60 after post-hoc adjustment of SAGE scoring. A SAGE score ≥7 was associated with severe functional disability and occurred in 42/152 (27.6%) of patients. Conclusion These results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the SAGE scale as a measure of global function in patients discharged home after cardiac surgery. Clinical trial registration NCT01842568.

The philosophical meaning and humanistic pathos of F. M. Dostoevsky’s work is revealed, embodied in his novels and «The diary of a writer». The depth and bottomlessness of a person – the writer’s symbol of faith – are presented. The philosophical, ethical and psychological generalisations of the Russian writer are presented as the central point of the metaphysical problem of man as a personality, her life, quest, suffering, love, faith. The theory of F. M. Dostoevsky’s creativity is reconstructed, for which a person is interesting when he embarks on only his own, individual path, but passing which, highlights something typical for the entire people, its historical fate and destiny, strength and weakness. Only in the personal identity of each person is the general identity of the nation embodied; to defend in any circumstances the honour of the Russian man and the honour of his people – this is precisely what the citizen writer saw as the vocation of Russia. The dialectic of love, freedom, beauty and immortality as components of the meaning of human life is revealed. Against this background, death is presented as an inevitable moral lesson, the meaning of which is to sharpen the feelings of love and humility: love for man and humility before God. This understanding of life and death is opposed by demonic, a phenomenon devoid of love and humility. For F. M. Dostoevsky, who had an acute presentiment of future social upheavals in Russia and Europe, devilry is embodied in the revolutionary ideas of seizing power, restructuring society and man according to the patterns of political leaders who only yearn for domination and submission of others to their will. The prophecies and premonitions made by F. M. Dostoevsky about the future of Russia and its place in world history are characterised. The emphasis is on the writer’s rejection of the revolution as a fratricidal war and the denial of the viability of communist ideas and ideals. Only religiously coloured humanism can be opposed to these gloomy forecasts: a better future will come when people, based on the implementation of the main Christian thesis, to love their neighbour as themselves, will be able to unite into a single harmonious whole or the paradise of Christ.

Microscopic analysis of medicinal plants and raw materials is one of the stages of quality control which makes it possible to determine the authenticity of an object. This article presents the results of microscopic analysis of leaves, corolla, leafstalks and stalk of Salvia stepposa (steppe sage). This species is a relative to Salvia officinalis officinal used in traditional medical systems as an anti-inflammatory agent. The purpose of this study is to determine the features of the anatomical structures of the above-ground part of steppe sage and to reveal diagnostic signs at the microscopic level. Preliminary pharmacognostic investigation of vegetative raw material is done and diagnostic signs are identified. The detail microscopy revealed the presence of 3 types of trichomes on leaves’ epidermis: 1) simple unicellular; 2) simple multicellular; 3) glandular; their localization and shape are determined. Type of mesophyll, structure of trichomes; form and location of epidermal cells, the presence of rare simple trichomes along the edge are discovered. As a result of the research the anatomical features of the raw material were established, which make it possible to identify the above-ground part of Salvia stepposa and can be used for the development of regulatory documentation.

In this study, decoctions (herbal tea) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L), two of the important medicinal plants, were analysed for antioxidant activity, antioxidants, and minerals (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Ba, Ag and Ga) were determined in each sage and lemon balm dry leaves as well as decoctions by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The antioxidant activities of decoctions were evaluated by scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, and varied from 19.4 to 109.1 mg trolox equivalent (TE) cup-1 for DPPH and from 35.0 to 168.0 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) cup-1 for H2O2. The highest antioxidant activity and antioxidants such as total phenolic, flavonoid and flavanol contents were found in the decoction of lemon balm. The analysed minerals were most efficiently observed in sage decoctions. The study also showed that the best sample amount in terms of the minerals was 3 g for both species, but decoction time was statistically insignificant for sage and 10 min more effective for lemon balm. As a result, it was tried to determine the most appropriate sample amount and decoction time for the decoctions of both species according to the analysed parameters.

Genetic diversity in perennial Salvia judaica Boiss (Judean sage) and Salvia palaestina Benth (Palestinian sage) species using touch-up directed amplification of minisatellite region DNA (TU-DAMD) has been performed in two separated sets; in the first set (set A) the initial annealing temperature was increased from 50 °C to 55 °C, whereas, in the second one (set B), it increased from 55 °C to 60 °C by 0.5 °C/cycle during the first 10 PCR amplification cycles. Fifteen DAMD primers have been tested for each set. Set (A) produced 89.39% polymorphism level (P%) with polymorphic information content (PIC) average of 0.33 and marker index (MI) average of 3.96. Whereas, in set (B) these values were recorded to be 94.02%, 0.34 and 3.98 for P%, PIC and MI, respectively. Data showed that the two mentioned sets successfully highlighted high polymorphism level between the two studied Salvia sp. This work studies genetic diversity of S. judaica and S. palaestina species using TU-DAMD test as a novel molecular marker.

Recent studies have intensively investigated the possibility of kombucha application as non-conventional starter culture in manufacture of various fermented dairy products. Furthermore, natural extracts from medicinal and aromatic plants contain different biologically active components which often have antioxidant properties. Based on the stated above, the aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of kombucha inoculum application as a new starter culture in fresh cheese technology, as well as to investigate effects of sage (Salvia officinalis) herbal dust (by-product from filter tea factory), its essential oil and supercritical fluid extract on antioxidative activity and sensory characteristics of produced fresh kombucha cheese during 10 days of storage. In all samples, higher ABTS than DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined. Freshly prepared and 10 days stored kombucha cheeses fortified with different types of sage preparations had significantly higher FRAP values than the control sample. All analysed samples had satisfied sensory characteristics and same scores of sensory evaluation after the production. Kombucha fresh cheese with addition of different types of sage preparations can be an innovative and valuable dairy product.

This study aimed at reviewing the importance of medicinal plants for the treatment of common hair problems such as baldness, alopecis hair fall, gray hair, dryness and most comman drandruff. The various herbal ingredient are used in the formation are Aloe, Amla, Curry leaves, Camphore, Coconut oil, Eclipta alba, Hibiscus, Heena, Neem, Fenugreek, Sage, Apamarg, Onion, grape seeds, Jatamanshi, Rosamary, Thyme, Tulsi, Garlic and Neem. All ingredients provide essential nutrients such as Vitamin, terpenoids and many essential oils to maintain normal function of sebaceous gland and overall care of skin and hair. Keywords: Hair disease, Medicinal plants, Hair oil

Medicinal Sage is consumed as tea in sore throat and kidney diseases caused by cold and flu. It also has sedative, diuretic, antiperspirant and disinfectant effects. Thujone, which is found in the essential oil of Salvia officinalis species, is an essential oil component with very strong antiseptic and antibiotic effects. Sage (Salvia officinalis), which is a medicinal and an aromatic plant and has a wide area of usage, is cultivated due to these properties. However, the most critical cost item in the production of sage is the weeding done in the first years. The understory weeding done without using herbicides continues until the sage seedlings shield the soil and prevent the development of other herbs. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of hormone treatment on germination success and seedling morphological characters in sage seeds. Within the scope of this research, sage seeds were planted by being exposed to IAA, IBA, GA3 and NAA hormones at 1000, 2500 and 5000 ppm concentrations for 3 to 5 seconds and at 50, 100 and 200 ppm doses for 24 hours, and thus 26 applications were performed together with the control groups. The seeds were planted in sterile peat medium after the hormone treatments, and the effect of hormone treatments on the germination percentage and some seedling characters was tried to be found after 30 days of germination. As a result of the research, it was found that the hormone treatments positively affected most of seedling characters.

Neobenedenia girellae is a pathogenic ectoparasite of many marine fishes, and it causes major epidemics in marine aquaculture. In this study, the efficacy of ethanol extracts of huangqi Astragalus membranaceus (known as milkvetch in North America), guanzhong Dryopteris setosa (known as beaded wood fern in North America), gancao Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Chinese licorice in North America), danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza (known as red sage in North America), and pomegranate Punica granatum, as well as seven phytochemicals (10-gingerol, curcumin, cynatratoside-C, emodin, kuwanon-G, kuwanon-O, and sophoraflavanone-G), against adult N. girellae was investigated. In vitro results indicated that pomegranate extract killed all adult N. girellae at a 62.5-mg/L concentration with an 8-h exposure, but gancao extract did not cause 100% mortality until a 1,000-mg/L concentration was used. Additionally, all adult N. girellae died after an 8-h exposure to cynatratoside-C, kuwanon-G, kuwanon-O, or sophoraflavanone-G at a concentration of 125 mg/L. Curcumin, emodin, and 10-gingerol at a concentration of 1,000 mg/L did not kill all parasites after an 8-h exposure. These findings demonstrate that plant extracts and active phytochemicals are potential sources of botanical drugs for controlling N. girellae infection in aquaculture.

The effects of different boron doses (boron-free, pure boron, diluted in 1/2 and1/8 ratios) on the ratio and quality of essential oil in medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.) during the years 2016 and 2017 were investigated. Field trials were conducted with the randomized block design in triplicates. The essential oil of S. officinalis L. was obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with flame ionization detection (FID). The required measurement could not be taken at the pure dose application because the plants were damaged. In the analysis carried out on dry leaf, the main components of essential oil were found as follows: α-thujone 32.99%; 1.8-cineol 17.41% for the boron-free dose; viridiflorol 24.25%, manool 15.28% for the 1/2 boron dose, and lastly, α-thujone 32.31%, camphor 14.23% for the 1/8 boron dose. Some boron doses had a positive effect on the essential oil yield and essential oil components. In this study, different compounds were obtained with different boron dose applications. The dose to be recommended is the 1/8 boron dose since it has the minimum toxic effect on the plants and a positive effect on the essential oil yield and quality as general.

In this research, kombucha tea was prepared using 5 different tea extracts and physicochemical and sensory analyses were made. The tea extracts used are black tea, green tea, sage, linden and mint, respectively. The prepared tea samples were subjected to fermentation for 14 days. In tea samples, pH, electrical conductivity, water-soluble solid and phenolic components were analyzed before and after fermentation. pH values decreased by an average of 63% in all tea samples after fermentation. The electrical conductivity increased in black tea, green tea and mint tea, while sage and linden decreased. Brix values decreased in all tea samples, the most decrease was in black tea. Total amount of phenolic contents of kombucha tea samples decreased excluding mint tea sample. As a result of sensory analysis of tea samples, mint tea got the highest score. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the kombucha tea, which is usually made with black and green tea, can be prepared with teas of different flavors and its consumption can be increased. © 2021, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.

The correlates of physical activity differ across domains. The authors explored the contribution of domain-specific physical activity to total physical activity and examined how different sociodemographic and social capital-related variables are associated with different physical activity domains in older adults, using nationally representative samples from six low- to middle-income countries. Activity at work and home combined plays an important role in contributing to total physical activity, while leisure-time physical activity accounted for an extremely small proportion. Some correlates of physical activity were similar across countries, such as working status and structural social capital, while other associations were country specific. Promoting structural social capital, trust, and perceived safety may confer positive benefits on older adults’ activity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial effect of dried sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on the traditional Hungarian sausage. We added 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 w/w% of sage to the sausages and tested them on the 0th, 7th and 14th day. The added dried sage had no effect on the tested microorganisms, but the sage extract inhibited Salmonella, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus.

Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Salinity negatively affects the soil as well as causes negativity in the plants grown on it. In plants exposed to salt stress, processes such as germination, emergence and sprout are affected, as well as many morphological and physiological negativities and the plant develops mechanisms that can tolerate these negativities. In addition, such plants gain importance in terms of the evaluation of soils with salinity problems. It is necessary to know and make use of the species and varieties that can make use of such soils in conditions where salinity removal is difficult and uneconomical for different reasons. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family grows in a wide area and different species of salvia and sideritis genus belonging to this family are known as sage. Stress factors in plants cause the growth and development periods of plants to slow down and their metabolic functions to deteriorate, thus causing death in plants. The response of different plants or even different species of a plant to salt concentrations may be different. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effects of salt stress on seed germination in some sage species. Seven different (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM) of three sage species (S. nemorosa L., S. verticillata L., S. officinalis L.) salt concentration applied. In the study, germination rate, germination speed, average daily germination, peak value and germination values were examined. When the properties investigated were evaluated, it was determined that the woodland sage species, whose germination rate and germination rate decreased as the salt concentration increased, gave the best results. It was determined that lilac sage type gave the best results for the peak value and germination values where the average daily germination value was obtained from 25 mM salt application in three species., Kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde toprak tuzluluğu tarımsal verimliliği etkileyen en önemli abiyotik stress faktörlerinden birisidir. Tuzluluk toprağı olumsuz etkilediği gibi üzerinde yetişen bitkilerde de olumsuzluklara neden olmaktadır. Tuz stresine maruz kalmış bitkilerde çimlenme, çıkış, sürme gibi süreçlerinin etkilenmesi yanı sıra morfolojik ve fizyolojik birçok olumsuzluklar görülmekte ve bitki bu olumsuzlukları tolere edebilecek mekanizmalar geliştirmektedir. Ayrıca tuzluluk problemi olan toprakların değerlendirilmesi açısından da bu tür bitkiler önem kazanmaktadır. Tuzluluğun giderilmesinin farklı nedenlerle zor ve ekonomik olmadığı koşullarda bu tür toprakları değerlendirebilecek tür ve çeşitlerin bilinmesi ve yararlanılması gerekmektedir. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) familyası geniş bir alanda yetişmekte ve bu familyaya ait salvia ve sideritis cinslerinin farklı türleri adaçayı olarak bilinmektedir. Bitkilerde stres faktörleri, bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişme dönemlerinin yavaşlamasına ve metabolik fonksiyonlarının bozulmasına bu nedenle de bitkilerde ölümlere sebep olmaktadır. Farklı bitkilerin hatta bir bitkinin farklı türlerinin tuz konsantrasyonlarına cevabı farklı olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle bazı adaçayı türlerinde tohum çimlenmesi üzerine tuz stresinin etkilerini belirlemek amacı ile bu araştırma yapılmıştır. Tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre on tekrarlı olarak yürütülen çalışmada üç adaçayı türüne (S. nemorosa L., S. verticillata L., S. officinalis L.) yedi farklı (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM) tuz konsantrasyonu uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada çimlenme oranı, çimlenme hızı, ortalama günlük çimlenme, tepe değeri ve çimlenme değerleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen özellikler değerlendirildiğinde çimlenme oranı ve çimlenme hızının tuz konsantrasyonu arttıkça azaldığı woodland sage (S. nemorosa) türünün en iyi sonuçları verdiği belirlenmiştir. Ortalama günlük çimlenme değerinin üç tür içinde 25 mM tuz uygulamasından elde edildiği tepe değeri ve çimlenme değerleri için en iyi sonuçları lilac sage (S. verticillata) türünün verdiği saptanmıştır.

This paper focuses on the literary relationship between Ibn Ṭufayl’s Ḥayy and Avicenna’s (the latter being ostensibly the immediate source of inspiration of the former), and on the philosophical implications of this literary relationship. While Ibn Ṭufayl borrowed Avicenna’s protagonists and framework, he eliminated the figure of the guiding sage, thus breaking sharply not only from Avicenna but also from the conventions of the literary genre that served as his model, the initiation story. This paper is primarily dedicated to presenting this dramatic, yet hitherto under-estimated, change, and to examining possible explanations for Ibn Ṭufayl’s revolutionary move.

Ghana's older population is projected to increase in coming decades and as a result will see increasing care needs. Understanding the functional difficulties older adults experience, and the associated factors, will help identify relevant intervention to assist older adults in meeting their care needs. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of functional difficulties among older adults in Ghana, and examine how the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO-ICF) conceptual framework can relate to toileting difficulty to understand the factors that increase older adults’ care needs. Data were for 5,096 adults aged ⩾50 years from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 1. Difficulties were assessed using self-reported difficulty on 22 functional items, including toileting. Multivariate logistic regression tested associations between toileting and other factors as related to the WHO-ICF conceptual framework. Older adults reported climbing one flight of stairs without resting as a common functional difficulty. Difficulty eating was the item least identified. Toileting difficulty was ranked second among five total activities of daily living difficulties. Age, marital status, self-reported health, memory, bodily pain, short- and far-distance vision, obesity, stroke, chronic lung disease, trust at individual and neighbourhood level, toilet facility type, socialising with co-workers, and public and religious meeting attendance were statistically significantly associated with toileting difficulty in the final parsimonious model. Post-hoc analysis testing interaction revealed that interaction existed between female sex and never married marital status (p = 0.04), and obesity and widowed marital status (p = 0.01), with toileting as the outcome. A significant level of functional difficulty existed among Ghanaian older adults in this sample. Toileting difficulty was associated with factors across different components in the WHO-ICF, emphasising functional, social and environmental factors related to this fundamental human activity.

In this study, the effect of water and alcoholic (ethanol) extracts of Caper Bush Capparis spinosa L., Cumine Cuminum cyminum L. , Black pepper Piper nigrum L., Sage Salvia sp. and Cat thyme Teucrium polium L. plants on the 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus have been evaluated .The results showed that the water extract of P. nigrum had the highest effect on the larvae, with 48h LC50 155. 9 ppm followed by ethanol extracts of C. cyminum , C. spinosa and P. nigrum with 48h LC50 308.2 ,315.1and 791.4 ppm respectively. For all studied plants, the secondary compounds were identified. Alkaloids and phenol extracts from Capparis spinosa, Alkaloids, flavonoids and volatile oils from Cuminum cyminum and Alkaloids and volatile oils from Piper nigrum had been isolated. The volatile oils and alkaloids extracts of P. nigrum showed the highest effect with 48h LC50 values 6.3 and 10.2 ppm, respectively then the volatile oil extract and alkaloids extract of C. cyminum with 48h LC50 were 21.1 and 429.4 ppm respectively

Microencapsulation is a frequently used method for protection of functional properties of bioactives. In this study, alginate was used for microencapsulation of the bioactives from five Lamiaceae family plants: lavender, lemon balm, peppermint, sage and thyme. Analysis of the adsorption and release processes of Lamiaceae bioactives on alginate microbeads was also performed. Based on the analysis of the extract used for the adsorption process, it was concluded that the highest amount of polyphenols (30 % of the polyphenols contained in the extract) was transferred to the microbeads from the thyme extract. Also, a period of bead shrinkage during the adsorption process was detected which lasted until 30 minutes for thyme, 50 minutes for lavender, lemon balm and peppermint, while the shrinkage for the sage extract lasted for 60 minutes. During the release process, a simultaneous rise of conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), polyphenolic (TPC) and antioxidant capacity values in the release media was detected at regular time intervals. The best suited model for the description of the release kinetics was the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, based on which it was concluded that the lemon balm polyphenols entrapped in the alginate matrix were released the fastest (k = 0.326 ±0.048 min-1) and that the release was governed by a pseudo-Fickian diffusion mechanism, since the calculated release exponent values (n) were lower than 0.5.

In this study, the nitrate contents of sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill) and oregano (Origanum onites) plants and their soils growing naturally between Kekova and Kaş were investigated. The spectrometric method was used in nitrate analysis on leaf samples of plants collected from research areas. NO3-N contents were determined as mg kg-1 dry weight of dry matter. The leaves chlorophyll concentrations were measured with the Minolta SPAD 502 plus chlorophyll meter. DR 2800 (Hach-Lange, USA) Spectrophotometer was used for nitrate analysis in dry and moist soil samples. Nitrate contents of plant leaves were from 140.12 to 363.64 mg kg-1 values in sage leaf samples; It was determined that oregano leaf samples varied from 106.06 to 415.58 mg kg-1. Nitrate contents of soils ranged from 2.66 to 24.66 μg g-1 in soils where sage is grown; it ranged from 6.24 to 19.82 μg g-1 in the soils oregano is grown.

The aim of this study is to investigate chemical composition of Salvia Officinalis L. essential oil relating three factors: geographic position, year and harvesting season and the relationship of these factors with each other. Thirteen representative samples were taken for this study, on five locations, in north and south Albania. They were collected in two consecutive years, 2017-2018, and two harvesting periods, June and September. Essential oil extraction was done with Clevenger-type apparatus and each of them was analyzed using GC-FID and GC MS/MS. Yield percentage for different geographic positions but the same year, and harvesting period, June 2017, varies from 2.32% to 3%. During the flowering stage (June), yield percentage is higher (2.3 to 3.0 %) than during the beginning of the fruiting phase (September), (2 to 2.2%). South Albania sage belonged to the camphor ecotype, with a higher percentage during June (41.3% to 43.6%) and lower in September (31.1% to 36.3%). North sage belonged to α-thujone ecotype, with a higher percentage in June (28.4% to 37.3%) and lower in September. The year factor in this study shows a lower effect in essential oil composition and yield percentage. Data obtained from this study are indicative and may be helpful for future commercial cultivation of the Salvia officinalis L. plant. The results of this study, provides indicative information on the selection of the best variety of Salvia officinalis L. to use, in a particular site and harvesting season.

Summary Introduction: Spice plants are a rich source of biologically active compounds. Processes of drying, limits the development of microorganisms and biochemical reactions in raw herbs, at the same time modifies their chemical composition. Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of drying process of selected plants on their anti-oxidant potential and the content of biologically active compounds. Methods: The herbal materials thyme herb (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) and rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) were dried using two methods: convective (at 30° C), and freeze-drying. In both, fresh and subjected to drying processes herbs, changes in total polyphenol and antioxidant potential (with the DPPH radical), vitamin C (in the form of ascorbic acid) and chlorophyll pigments contents, were studied. Results: The highest content of polyphenols and vitamin C was recorded in rosemary, while sage was characte- rized by the highest content of chlorophylls. It was found that the drying processes caused large losses of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and dyes in comparison to the fresh material. The highest losses of vitamin C occurred in convection dried sage (95%), while most was preserved in lyophilised thyme (losses 74%). Drying had also influenced the reduction of the content of chlorophylls with the largest loss of these compounds, at 94% observed in the freeze-dried rosemary. However, the content of polyphenols increased, underscoring a large impact on the antioxidant activity of herbs. Conclusions: Drying processes resulted in the release of phenolic compounds, so their content increased three to four times in the case of rosemary and sage. The largest increase was observed in the case of lyophilised thyme. Simultaneously, the antioxidant potential was significantly increased. Herbal droughts proved to be a rich source of antioxidant compounds with promising applications as a food additive.

As the use of antibiotics has been banned or reduced in certain countries in animal industries, the search for new alternatives to antibiotics has been and will continue to be a research subject in poultry for several years. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of basil, thyme and sage essential oils (EO) in broiler chickens’ diets. A total of 120 Cobb 500 broiler chickens aged 12 days were distributed into four homogeneous groups of thirty chickens with six replicates of five broilers each, raised until 42 days of age. For the diets, corn, soybean meal, corn gluten and wheat were used as the main ingredients for the control diet (CON), and three experimental diets were formulated as follows: a diet containing 0.05% essential oil from basil (EOB), a diet containing 0.05% essential oil from thyme (EOT), and a diet containing 0.05% essential oil from sage (EOS). The results showed that production performances, European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), European Broiler Index (EBI) and carcass weight were improved (p < 0.05) in the experimental groups compared with the control; however, no significant effect in anatomical parts development was observed. Lightness (L *) and hue angle (H *) colorimetric meat parameters were (p < 0.05) altered but without an effect on meat texture. The antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols content in the thigh meat and total n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the experimental samples compared with the control. The intestinal microbiota was also significantly altered with a lowering of Escherichia coli, Coliforms and staphylococci in the small intestine and caecum and an increased lactobacilli count in the experimental groups compared with the control. Overall, all EO-supplemented diets showed the potential to improve meat quality; however, EOS was more effective in altering the chicken microbiota in the small intestine and caecum.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen exhibiting a high mortality rate. In addition to the robust tolerance to environmental stress, the ability of L. monocytogenes to develop biofilms increases the risk of contaminating food processing facilities and ultimately foods. This study aims to develop a synergistic approach to better control Listeria biofilms using nisin, the only bacteriocin approved as a food preservative, in combination with gallic-acid-rich food plant extracts. Biofilm assays in the presence of nisin and gallic acid or its derivatives revealed that gallic acid significantly decreased the level of biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes, whereas ethyl gallate, propyl gallate, and lauryl gallate enhanced biofilm production. As gallic acid is widely distributed in plants, we examined whether extracts from gallic-acid-rich food plants, such as clove, chestnut, oregano, and sage, may generate similar antibiofilm effects. Remarkably, sage extracts enhanced the antibiofilm activity of nisin against L. monocytogenes; however, the other tested extracts increased biofilm formation, particularly at high concentrations. Moreover, sage extracts and nisin combinations significantly reduced the biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes on stainless steel. Sage is a common food spice and has various beneficial health effects, including antioxidation and anti-cancer properties. The findings in this study demonstrate that sage extracts can be potentially combined with nisin to prevent biofilm production in L. monocytogenes.

The Salvia L. genus (Lamiaceae) is largely used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Several species of biological relevance are extensively employed in traditional medicine, including Salvia aurea L. (syn. S. africana-lutea L.), which is used as a traditional skin disinfectant and in wounds as a healing remedy; nevertheless, these properties have not been validated yet. The aim of the present study is to characterise S. aurea essential oil (EO), unveiling its chemical composition and validating its biological properties. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and subsequently analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Different biological activities were assessed: the antifungal effect on dermatophytes and yeasts and the anti-inflammatory potential by evaluating nitric oxide (NO) production and COX-2 and iNOS protein levels. Wound-healing properties were assessed using the scratch-healing test, and the anti-aging capacity was estimated through the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity. S. aurea EO is mainly characterised by 1,8-cineole (16.7%), β-pinene (11.9%), cis-thujone (10.5%), camphor (9.5%), and (E)-caryophyllene (9.3%). The results showed an effective inhibition of the growth of dermatophytes. Furthermore, it significantly reduced protein levels of iNOS/COX-2 and simultaneously NO release. Additionally, the EO exhibited anti-senescence potential and enhanced wound healing. Overall, this study highlights the remarkable pharmacological properties of Salvia aurea EO, which should be further explored in order to develop innovative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly skin products.

Lipid oxidation is the primary non-microbial reason for quality deterioration of meat and meat products. Lipid oxidation can be prevented or delayed by antioxidants. In this study, 15 sage (Salvia spp. Labiatae) extracts (five genotypes, three harvest times) were tested for their ability to reduce lipid oxidation (peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in ground, uncured, cooked porcine and bovine meat (60%/40% mixture) during 14 days of refrigerated storage. Additionally, total phenolic content was determined, and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured as radical scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), reducing power, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. All 15 sage extracts were able to reduce lipid oxidation, though showing expected differences depending on genotype and harvest time. The extracts of S. officinalis accession from Foggia, Italy performed better than the other genotypes when looking at the entire storage period and considering both PV and TBARS. Of the applied methods for determining antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion scavenging activity proved to be the best determinant of the ability of sage to reduce lipid oxidation in the meat sample.