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The conservation of threatened elasmobranchs in tropical regions is challenging due to high local reliance on aquatic and marine resources. Due primarily to fishing pressure, river sharks (Glyphis) and sawfishes (Pristidae) have experienced large population declines in the Indo-Pacific. Papua New Guinea (PNG) may offer a refuge for these species, as human population density is low, and river shark and sawfish populations are thought to persist. However, few data are available on these species in PNG, and risk posed by small-scale fishers is poorly understood. This study observed elasmobranch catches in small-scale fisheries in riverine and coastal environments in the East Sepik (northern region), Gulf, and Western Provinces (southern region) of PNG. Surveys were conducted over a period of weeks to months in each region, during the dry season across seven field trips from 2017 to 2020. We observed a total of 783 elasmobranchs encompassing 38 species from 10 families. River sharks made up 29.4% of observations in the southern region, while sawfishes made up 14.8 and 20.3% in the northern and southern regions, respectively. River sharks were commonly caught by small-scale fishers in lower riverine environments in southern PNG, while sawfishes were generally less common and mainly observed through dried rostra. The primary threat to river shark and sawfish populations is their capture by small-scale fishers targeting teleosts for swim bladder. Persisting populations of river sharks and sawfishes indicate that PNG is the second known nation with viable populations of multiple species in the Indo-Pacific. However, populations are declining or at high risk of decline, and fisheries management and conservation are required to realize the potential of PNG as a long-term refuge.

We developed stochastic matrix models to evaluate the effects of hydrologicalteration and variable mortality on the population dynamics of a lotic fish in a regulated riversystem. Models were applied to a representative lotic fish species, the flathead catfish(Pylodictis olivaris), for which two populations were examined: a native population from aregulated reach of the Coosa River (Alabama, USA) and an introduced population from anunregulated section of the Ocmulgee River (Georgia, USA). Size-classified matrix models wereconstructed for both populations, and residuals from catch-curve regressions were used asindices of year class strength ( i.e., recruitment). A multiple regression model indicated thatrecruitment of flathead catfish in the Coosa River was positively related to the frequency ofspring pulses between 283 and 566 m3/s. For the Ocmulgee River population, multipleregression models indicated that year class strength was negatively related to mean Marchdischarge and positively related to June low flow. When the Coosa population was modeled toexperience five consecutive years of favorable hydrologic conditions during a 50-yearprojection period, it exhibited a substantial spike in size and increased at an overall 0.2%annual rate. When modeled to experience five years of unfavorable hydrologic conditions, theCoosa population initially exhibited a decrease in size but later stabilized and increased at a 0.4% annual rate following the decline. When the Ocmulgee River population was modeled toexperience five years of favorable conditions, it exhibited a substantial spike in size andincreased at an overall 0.4% annual rate. After the Ocmulgee population experienced five yearsof unfavorable conditions, a sharp decline in population size was predicted. However, thepopulation quickly recovered, with population size increasing at a 0.3% annual rate followingthe decline. In general, stochastic population growth in the Ocmulgee River was more erraticand variable than population growth in the Coosa River. We encourage ecologists to developsimilar models for other lotic species, particularly in regulated river systems. Successfulmanagement of fish populations in regulated systems requires that we are able to predict howhydrology affects recruitment and will ultimately influence the population dynamics of fishes.

In Ecuador and Peru, geochemical information from Pacific coastal rivers is limited and scarce. Here, we present an unedited database of major element concentrations from five HYBAM observatory stations monitored monthly between 4 and 10 years, and the discrete sampling of 23 Andean rivers distributed along the climate gradient of the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Pacific coasts. Concentration (C) vs. discharge (Q) relationships of the five monitored basins exhibit a clear dilution behavior for evaporites and/or pyrite solutes, while the solute concentrations delivered by other endmembers are less variable. Spatially, the annual specific fluxes for total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca2+, HCO3 −, K+, Mg2+, and SiO2 are controlled on the first order by runoff variability, while Cl−, Na+ and SO4 2− are controlled by the occurrence of evaporites and/or pyrite. The entire Pacific basin in Ecuador and Peru exported 30 Mt TDS·yr−1, according to a specific flux of ∼70 t·km−2·yr−1. This show that, even under low rainfall conditions, this orogenic context is more active, in terms of solute production, than the global average. Por pares We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive recommendations under the review process. This work was funded by the French “Institut de recherche pour le développement” (IRD), the French “Institut des sciences de l’univers” (INSU), and the “Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées” (OMP) through the HYBAM Observatory (Hydrogeodynamics of the Amazon basin). We especially thank Pascal Fraizy, Philippe Vauchel, Elisa Armijos, William Santini, Nore Arevalo, the SENAMHI (“Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología”, Lima, Peru), the INAMHI (“Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología”, Quito, Ecuador), the UNALM (“Universidad Nacional Agraria de La Molina”, Lima, Peru), as well as all members of the Observatory for Environmental Research HYBAM, for providing hydrological, suspended solids, and water chemistry data.

Background: The riverine islanders of Brahmaputra (Assam, India) are among the most economically backward population group of Assam. Recurring floods results in eclectic damage affecting their everyday lives. Medical Relief is limited due to vast water body, which pose a challenge in providing and accessing health services with limited or no provision for oral health services. Objectives: Planning and implementing a program for delivery of dental services on an already existing model of 'Boat Clinics' in Assam, India. Setting and Design: Isolated riverine islands of Brahmaputra River in North eastern State of Assam, India. Materials and Methods: A service model was designed to implement and provide dental services on an already existing model of 'Boat Clinics' in Assam. Dentals services were provided via two dental units installed (in March 2016) in two different boats on a trial basis. Situation analysis of the setting was done prior to implementation. Challenges encountered were overcome using alternative strategy. Results: Situation analysis revealed dental caries affecting about 59.8 percent of the islanders (DMFT=3). The number of beneficiaries almost doubled from 2016. More than 750 islanders have been treated in 2017 from one 'boat dental clinic'. Women seem to utilize oral health services more than men and extraction was preferred over restoration. The main challenge had been the unavailability of full time dentists, auxillary dental personnel and management of complex dental cases. Discussion: Boat Dental Clinic Program is in accordance with objectives of National Oral Health Program. Corporate social Responsibility is excellent option that provide resources instrumental in initiating projects and more importantly sustaining them. Public Private Not for Profit Partnership (PPNP) is another way to bridge the disparity in the present setting having a downstream effect at the grass root level.

The Amazon River basin is the largest tropical forest in the world. Most of the Amazon belongs to Brazil, a developing country that currently faces huge challenges related to the consolidation of its universal healthcare system. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death in Brazil, accounting for 74% of all deaths, and NCDs are probably underestimated in Amazonian population because of their geographical isolation and the precariousness of riverine communities. Important risk factors, such as genetic susceptibility, remain undetermined in the riverine population. This study performed fasting blood sugar (FBS) and blood pressure measurements and investigated the presence of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE4) to determine the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and the genetic risk of NCDs. FBS and APOE4 were measured in blood samples from 763 participants using spectrometry and real-time PCR, 67.5% showed altered measurements, and 57.9% had never been diagnosed or treated. Altered FBS was found in 28.3% of the participants, hypertension in 57.6% and APOE4 in 32.0%. The health profile of the riverine population appears to differ from that of urban population in the Amazon. Additional risk factors for NCDs, such as environmental contamination and nutritional transition, may contribute more than increased genetic susceptibility to the prevalence of altered FBS and hypertension. Our results will help guide the development of preventive strategies and governmental actions for more effective management of NCDs in the Amazon area.

One-step microwave-assisted digestion procedures were investigated with the scope to obtain fast method for multi-elemental analysis of stream sediment samples by sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). As a model, certified reference material stream sediment (NCS DC 73309), produced by China National Analysis Center for Iron and Steel was used. The reagents whose extraction abilities have been examined were: HNO3, mixture HNO3/HCl (9:1 v/v), mixture HCl/HNO3 (3:1 v/v i.e., aqua regia), and mixture HNO3/HCl/HF (8:1:1 v/v/v). The list of the selected elements is: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn. Most of them could be analyzed when only HNO3 for digestion was employed. For the determination of Sb, the use of aqua regia for digestion of stream sediment samples is required. Be, K, Na, Ti, and Tl can be easily and satisfactorily made available for environmental screening when digestion was performed using aqua regia, although the recoveries for these elements were better when the mixture HNO3/HCl/HF (v/v/v 8:1:1) was applied. A aplicação de procedimentos de digestão por micro-ondas em uma única etapa foi investigada visando obter um método rápido para a análise multielementar em amostras de sedimentos de córrego empregando a espectrometria de massas por plasma indutivamente acoplado (SF-ICP-MS). O material de referência certificado de sedimento de córrego produzido pelo Centro Nacional de Análise para Ferro e Aço, China (NCS CD 73309), foi selecionado como referência. Os reagentes empregados e avaliados para os procedimentos de digestão e extração foram: HNO3, mistura de HNO3/HCl (9:1 v/v), mistura de HCl/HNO3 (água régia, 3:1 v/v) e mistura de HNO3/HCl/HF (8:1:1 v/v/v). Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V e Zn foram avaliados, sendo que a maioria puderam ser determinados quando somente HNO3 foi empregado para a digestão da amostra de sedimento de córrego. Para a determinação de Sb, o uso da água régia foi necessário. Berílio, K, Na, Ti e Tl foram fácil e satisfatoriamente isolados das matrizes ambientais quando água régia foi empregada para a digestão da amostra, embora os valores de recuperação para esses elementos tenham sido melhores quando a mistura HNO3/HCl/HF (8:1:1 v/v/v) foi empregada.

This paper describes a study of nutrient dynamics in 12 tidal and non-tidal freshwater riverine wetlands in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Maryland (USA). The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between nutrient cycling processes in riverine wetlands that were geographically separated, that were dominated by different types of vegetation, and that had different hydrodynamics. We also compared restored and natural riverine wetlands. The results showed distinct differences in interstitial water chemistry between the sites in Maryland and Europe. No such regional differences were found in the soil variables, except for soil phosphorus, which was higher in The Netherlands. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus content, and bulk density were higher in tidal freshwater wetland soils. Forested wetland soils had higher organic matter and total nitrogen and lower bulk density and total phosphorus than soils from wetlands dominated by herbaceous species. Restored wetlands had lower soil organic matter and total soil nitrogen and phosphorus than similar types of natural riverine wetlands. There were no differences in nutrient-related process rates nor plant nutrient concentrations in tidal versus non-tidal riverine wetlands. Lower nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in plants at the restored sites suggest that nutrient uptake by vegetation may be poorly coupled to rates of nutrient cycling during early stages of vegetation development. A principal components analysis of the data identified groupings of soil and water variables that were similar to those that had been previously identified when we applied the same methods to peatlands that were also geographically widely separated. Results of the study demonstrate that the techniques that we have been using are robust and repeatable. They are especially useful for making general comparisons of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling when there are limitations on the number of wetland that can be sampled. The approach that we have developed may also be used to calibrate and refine nutrient cycling models that are incorporated into wetland assessment procedures.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are commonly used in oceanic and more recently estuarine and riverine environments because they are small, versatile, efficient, moving platforms equipped with a suite of instruments for measuring environmental conditions. However, moving vessel observations, particularly those associated with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements, can be problematic owing to instrument noise, flow fluctuations, and spatial variability. A range of ADCPs manufactured by different companies were integrated on to an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), and some additional stationary platforms and were deployed in a number of natural riverine and estuarine environments to evaluate the quality of the velocity profile over the depth, minimum averaging time interval requirements, and AV mission planning considerations. Measurements were obtained at fixed locations to eliminate any spatial variations in the mean flow characteristics. The USV has the unique capability to station-keep to within 1 m owing to its dual-propeller design, providing the best setup for spatially mapping velocity profiles. Single-propeller UUVs can perform a quasi-station-keeping ( 1 m/s. An appropriate averaging window, T *, was determined using the Kalman Algorithm with a Kalman gain equal to 1%. T * was found to be independent of depth, flow velocity, and environment. There was no correlation (R 2 = 0.18) for T * between flow magnitude and direction. Results from all measurements had a similar T * of approximately 3 min. Based on this, an averaging window of 4 min is conservatively suggested to obtain a statistically confident measure of the mean velocity profile.

Årsliste 1999 Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1998. In addition, the inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3530 tonnes of phosphorus and 105.550 tonnes of nitrogen. About 41 per cent of the phosphorus and 62 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis. For mercury, 58% of the total number of analyses were below the limit, whereas for the "Skagerrak-rivers" only, 79% of the values were above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCBs are below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 84 kg. The largest discharges from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with the input estimates of 308 and 1265 tonnes, respectively. the input estimates of 308 and 1265 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1997. In addition, the inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3600 tonns of phoshorus and 101.600 tonnes of nitrogen. About 40 per cent of the phosphorus and 59 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, and about 45 % of the Hg-analyses except for the "Skagerrak-rivers", where about 70 % of the Hg-values are above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCB are below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detection in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 80 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 326 and 902 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1996. In addition, the inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3400 tonnes of phosphorus and 90.000 tonnes of nitrogen. About 34 per cent of the phosphorus and 54 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, and about 65% of the Hg-analyses except for the "Skagerrak-rivers", where more than 75% of the Hg-values are above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCB are below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimatd to about 76 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zine, with input estimates of 289 and 1002 tonnes, respectively. Retention on the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and organic micropollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1995. The inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 4000 tonnes of phosphorus and 105.200 tonnes of nitrogen. About 43 per cent of the phosphorus and 60 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, and about 50 % of the Hg-analyses except for the "Skagrrak- rivers", where more than 60 % of the Hg-values were above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCB were below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 107 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 347 and 967 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and organic micropollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from lO main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1994. The inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have heen estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 4100 tonnes of phosphorus and 98100 tonnes of nitrogen. About 30 per cent of the phosphorus and 60 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low , especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Ph and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, and about 50 % of the Hg-analyses except for the "Skagerrak-rivers" , where more than 60 % of the Hg-values were above the detection limit. Most values of the different congeners of PCB were below the detection limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 89 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 237 and 905 tonnes, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the ahove mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

Et "foreløpig" datasett med månedsvise tilførsler av næringssalter (mengder) til Skagerrakkysten er utarbeidet for de fem hovedelvene (Glomma, Drammenselva, Numedalslågen, Skienselva og Otra). Målte parametre (næringssalter) er total fosfor, orto fosfat, total nitrogen, nitrat og ammonium. Data er rapportert i tabellform (denne rapport) og i tillegg på disket for perioden 1990-1993, dvs for 4 år. Videre er det laget et eksempel på beregning av tilførsler av fosfor og nitrogen for 1993. Verdiene er spisifisert (TEOTIL). Arbeidet viser at det er mulig å utarbeide tabeller for månedsvise tilførsler der som datagrunnlaget er godt nok. Med en viss justering av modellen TEOTIL vil det være mulig å fordele tilførslene og kildene. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

Riverine inputs of nutrients, selected heavy metals and organic micropollutants to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1993. The inputs from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3680 tons of phosphorus and 93800 tons of nitrogen. About 34 per cent of the phosphorus and 55 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaries. Most inputs of heavy metals are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb, and Hg. A few values of Cd and Pb are below the detection limits of the specific analysis. This is also the case for Hg except for the "Skagerrak-rivers", where 79% of the Hg-values were above the detection limit. Most values of different congeners of PCB were below the limit. The pesticide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 87 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 273 and 905 tons, respectively. retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

This report contains data from the 1991 monitoring of 155 Norwegian rivers and tributaries in accordance with requirements of the Paris Commission (PARCOM): i.e.riverborne inputs of selected substances (nutrients,heavy metals, PCBs and lindane) to Norwegian coastal waters. Runoff from about 75 per cent of the main land areas, and 94 per cent og the Skagerrak region, has been monitored. Discharges from areas not covered by the river monitoring stations, are estimated by use of specific activity- and runoff coeffisients. The Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority(SFT)

Riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal waters from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1991. The loading from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast from Sweden to Russia have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3590 tons of phosphours and 8860 tons of nitrogen. About 40 per cent of the phosphorus and 60 per cent of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaties. Discharges of heavy metals and micropollutants are also included in the investigation. Most inputs of these substances are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. Most values of these substances are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, which also in the case for the differen congeners of PCBs. The herbicide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 260 kg. The largest yields from heavy metals comprise copper and zinc, with input estimates of 356 and 1040 tons, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentioned values, which in several cases would reduce the actual to open marine waters considerably. The Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority (SFT)

Riverine inputs to Norwegian coastal water from 10 main and 145 tributary rivers have been monitored during 1990. The loading from rivers not monitored as well as direct discharges to marine waters along the coast fromSweden to Soviet Union have been estimated. According to the results, total annual nutrient load to coastal waters from landbased sources, is approximately 3.990 tons of phosphorus and 101.000 tons of nitrogen. About 50 % of the phosphorus and 60 % of the nitrogen are inputs from the monitored rivers and tributaties. Discharges of heavy metals and micropollutants are also included in the investigation. Most inputs of thesesubstances are low, especially the riverine inputs of Cd, Pb and Hg. Most values of these substances are below the detection limits of the specific analysis, which also is the case for the different congeners of PCBs. The herbicide lindane is detected in most analyses in small amounts. Total load of this compound is estimated to about 530 kg. The largest yields from heavymetals comprise opper and zinc, with input estimates of 630 and 1.670 tons, respectively. Retention in the fjords is not included in the above mentionedvalues, which in several cases would reduce the actual load to open marine waters considerably. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)

This report contains data from the 1990 monitoring of 155 Norwegian rivers and tributaries in accordance with requirements of the Paris Commission (Parcom): i. e. riverborne inputs of selected substances (nutrients, heavy metals, PCBs and lindance) to Norwegian coastal waters. Runoff from about 75 % of the main areas, and 94 % of the Skagerak region, Has been monitored. Discharges from areas not covered by the river monitoring stations, are estimated by use of specific activity- and runoff coefficients. Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT)