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Our aim is to defend the Precautionary Principle (PP) against the main theoretical and practical criticisms that it has raised by proposing a novel conception and a specific formulation of the principle. We first address the theoretical concerns against the idea of there being a principle of precaution by arguing for a distinctively political conception of the PP as opposed to a moral one. Our claim is that the rationale of the PP is grounded in the fact that contemporary societies wish to avoid morally unacceptable risks while at the same time pursuing other goals, aspirations and values. Following this political conception of the PP, we propose a specific formulation in terms of an argumentation scheme — the Argumentation Scheme for Appealing to Precaution — which is meant to solve, in turn, the main practical concerns that the PP has raised. We explain the advantages of our proposal by analysing appeals to precaution in the cases of (1) the European restrictions on the free movement of persons during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) the discharge of nuclear wastes into the Irish Sea., Spanish Ministry of Innovation, Science and Universities for funding their research through the project PID2019-107478GB-I00

The social market economy is a conceptual category transposed to the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, within which it is defined as a principle. It constitutes an appropriate foundation for the construction and functioning of the system of public economic law. It is a starting point for actions of the state and its bodies and defines the range of influence on the economy, as well as directs state activity in the economy. The premises for the participation and influence of the state on the economy which, according to the assumptions, should be both market-oriented and responsive to social needs, result from the principle of a social market economy. The objective so outlined should be pursued through the rules of public economic law and the legal constructions and institutions introduced in this normative area. They must remain, in terms of their content and nature, in close connection with the essence of the principle in question and its constituent elements.

This study is an attempt to determine whether the need to get hydropower project appraisals perfectly right during the pre-construction phase, so as to prevent significant overruns along with benefit shortfalls, should supersede the need to deliver projects at the earliest possible time so as to meet the needs of the people. To achieve the study objective, we test whether the Hiding Hand principle is predominantly benevolent or malevolent. We argue that if the Hiding Hand is benevolent, then project stakeholders are better off focusing on the quick delivery of power projects; however, if it is malevolent, then more attention should be given to perfecting project appraisals. It transpires from the statistical analysis that the Benevolent Hiding Hand dominates the Malevolent Hiding Hand in the selected World Bank-financed hydropower projects (33% v. 21%), and that ultimately, 75% of the projects were even more successful than anticipated—while 25% of the projects failed. Our findings further show that while a total loss of 2.335 billion USD in the sampled dams was caused by the Malevolent Hiding Hand, 11.259 billion USD was gained as a result of the Benevolent Hiding Hand. The predominance of the Benevolent Hiding Hand justifies placing some weight on proceeding with hydropower projects that show significant promise even if all the implantation risks are not fully quantified at the appraisal stage, especially in developing countries.

In the tradition of German doctrine, the principles of taxation uniformity and legality of taxation (statutory imposition of taxes) were derived from the statutory definition of tax in the Tax Ordinance. Nowadays, both of these principles, in accordance with the jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court, are derived directly from the Constitution. They are further specified and complemented by the ability to pay principle and taxation in accordance with the statutory factual state. Zasady równomierności oraz ustawowości opodatkowania (ustawowego nakładania podatków) były w tradycji doktryny niemieckiej wyprowadzane z ustawowej definicji podatku w Ordynacji podatkowej. Współcześnie obie te zasady, zgodnie z orzecznictwem Federalnego Sądu Konstytucyjnego, wyprowadza się wprost z konstytucji. Ich uściśleniem i dopełnieniem są zasady opodatkowania według zdolności świadczenia oraz zgodnie z ustawowym stanem faktycznym.

Drawing a line between what constitutes a potentially hazardous waste and what is instead a possible resource is complicated. A case in point is the use of sewage sludge, whose use not least in agriculture, has long been subject of debate. In Sweden, the issue has been investigated for possible legislative changes four times in the past decades. The latest of these investigations propose to introduce either a total or a partial ban on agricultural use of sewage sludge. In this paper, the legality of these proposals is analyzed with particular focus on their compatibility with the precautionary principle and the EU principle of free movement of goods and services, using a traditional legal method. The analysis indicates that a partial ban may well be considered proportionate to the risks that the use entails for human health and the environment, whilst a total ban would likely be found in breach of EU law, despite the scope for Member States to take stricter measures than prescribed by secondary legislation. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-04-13 (sofila)

On 1 March 2007, the new Public Procurement Law entered into force, which aims to ensure free competition of economic operators, as well as equal and fair treatment thereof. However, the practice of Procurement Monitoring Bureau shows that one of the most common causes of complaints made to Procurement Monitoring Bureau is non-compliance with the principle of equal treatment by contracting authority both in the wording of tender regulations, namely, by inclusion of non-equal requirements in relation to different categories of tenderers, and in the assessment process of the tenders of the tenderers. This imposes unjustified restrictions on competition and serves as a basis for corruption.

Battery systems are one of the most important components for the development of flexible energy storage for future applications. These comprise energy storage in both the mobility sector and stationary applications. To ensure the safe operation of multiple battery cells connected in series and parallel in a battery pack, it is essential to implement state of charge (SOC) equalization strategies. Generally, two fundamentally different approaches can be distinguished. On the one hand, these are passive approaches for SOC equalization that are based on including additional Ohmic resistors in a battery back over which equalization currents flow as long as the correspondingly connected cells have different voltages. Despite the simple implementation of such equalization circuits, they have a major drawback, namely wasting stored energy to perform the SOC equalization. This waste of energy goes along with Ohmic heat production, which leads to the necessity of additional cooling for batteries with large power densities. On the other hand, active SOC equalization approaches have been investigated, which allow for an independent charging of the individual cells. Especially, this latter approach has big potential to be more energy efficient. In addition, the potential for a reduction of Ohmic heat production may contribute to extending the lifetime of battery cells. To perform the individual charging of battery cells in an energetically optimal manner, this paper provides a comparison of closed-form optimization approaches on the basis of Pontryagin’s maximum principle and approaches for reinforcement learning. Especially, their accuracy and applicability for the implementation of optimal online cell charging strategies are investigated.

In this paper, we study the weak invariance principle for stationary ortho-martingales with values in 2-smooth or cotype 2 Banach spaces. Then, with the help of a suitable maximal ortho-martingale approximation, we derive the weak invariance principle for stationary random fields in L 1 under a condition in the spirit of Hannan. As an application, we get an asymptotic result for the L 1-Wasserstein distance between the common distribution function and the corresponding empirical distribution function of stationary random fields.

Purpose:Traumatic cervical spondyloptosis is a rare clinical pathology that often causes complete paralysis. When a patient presents neurologically intact or incomplete paralysis, the management becomes more complicated. Preservation of neural function and restoration of anatomic alignment collectively remain the golden goals of therapy. There are still few reports on this issue, however, the existing literature did not clearly define severity of injuries and the treatment strategy in such cases. On the occasion of reporting one treated traumatic C6-7 spondyloptosis case, we reviewed existing literatures. Material and Methods:The patient was a 48-year-old man who had motorcycle accident and was presented with post-operation for right frontal epidural hematoma in 3 days before admitting to hospital. Neurological assessment showed motor strength grade 3/5 in the proximal upper and lower-extremity muscle groups on the right side, and 1/5 on the left side with incontinence of sphincters. X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a three-column ligamentous injury with complete anterior displacement of C6 to C7 vertebral body. We applied the “Key - Lock” principle for better understanding of the biomechanics of the injury and found out the favorable strategy. The patient underwent posterior approach with decompression and anterior approach with reduction and anterior cervical discectomy fusion for C6-7. Results:After 8 months follow-up, the patient had recovered muscular strength in bilateral upper and lower-extremities muscle groups, sphincter function had fully recovered, and he was able to ambulate by himself. Plain radiograph and CT scan showed good aligment and progressive maturation of his fusion procedure. Conclusion:Traumatic cervical spondyloptosis of C6-7 is a high-energy unstable fracture and rare. This report develops a new principle called “Key and Lock” for more understand the biomechanics of the injury and treatment. Our patient was successfully treated with open reduction, decompression, and anterior cervical discectomy fusion.

Motivated by the recent study about the extended uncertainty principle (EUP) black holes, we present in this study its extension called the generalized extended uncertainty principle (GEUP) black holes. In particular, we investigated the GEUP effects on astrophysical and quantum black holes. First, we derive the expression for the shadow radius to investigate its behavior as perceived by a static observer located near and far from the black hole. Constraints to the large fundamental length scale, L*, up to two standard deviations level were also found using the Event Horizont Telescope (EHT) data: for black hole Sgr. A*, L*=5.716×1010 m, while for M87* black hole, L*=3.264×1013 m. Under the GEUP effect, the value of the shadow radius behaves the same way as in the Schwarzschild case due to a static observer, and the effect only emerges if the mass, M, of the black hole is around the order of magnitude of L* (or the Planck length, lPl). In addition, the GEUP effect increases the shadow radius for astrophysical black holes, but the reverse happens for quantum black holes. We also explored GEUP effects to the weak and strong deflection angles as an alternative analysis. For both realms, a time-like particle gives a higher value for the weak deflection angle. Similar to the shadow, the deviation is seen when the values of L* and M are close. The strong deflection angle gives more sensitivity to GEUP deviation at smaller masses in the astrophysical scenario. However, the weak deflection angle is a better probe in the micro world.

The precautionary principle (PP) is an influential principle for making decisions when facing uncertain, but potentially severe, harm. However, there is a persistent disagreement about what the principle entails, exactly. It exists in a multitude of formulations and has potentially conflicting ideas associated with it. Is there even such a thing as ‘the precautionary principle’? This paper analyses the debate between unificationists and pluralists about ‘the PP’, arguing that the debate is hindered by neglecting the question of justification. It introduces reflective equilibrium as a method of justification, and sketches how it could be applied to justify a PP.

International audience; We establish general versions of the Ekeland variational principle (EVP), where we include two perturbation bifunctions to discuss and obtain better perturbations for obtaining three improved versions of the principle. Here, unlike the usual studies and applications of the EVP, which aim at exact minimizers via a limiting process, our versions provide good-enough approximate minimizers aiming at applications in particular situations. For the presentation of applications chosen in this paper, the underlying space is a partial quasi-metric one. To prove the aforementioned versions, we need a new proof technique. The novelties of the results are in both theoretical and application aspects. In particular, for applications, using our versions of the EVP together with new concepts of Ekeland points and stop and go dynamics, we study in detail human dynamics in terms of a psychological traveler problem, a typical model in behavioral sciences.

Compression has been presented as a general principle of animal communication. Zipf’s Law of brevity is a manifestation of this postulate and can be generalized as the tendency of more frequent communicative elements to be shorter. Previous works supported this claim, showing evidence of Zipf’s Law of brevity in animal acoustical communication and human language. However, a significant part of the communicative effort in biological systems is carried out in other transmission channels, such as those based on infochemicals. To fill this gap, we seek, for the first time, evidence of this principle in infochemical communication by analysing the statistical tendency of more frequent infochemicals to be chemically shorter and lighter. We analyse data from the largest and most comprehensive open-access infochemical database known as Pherobase, recovering Zipf’s Law of brevity in interspecific communication (allelochemicals) but not in intraspecific communication (pheromones). Moreover, these results are robust even when addressing different magnitudes of study or mathematical approaches. Therefore, different dynamics from the compression principle would dominate intraspecific chemical communication, defying the universality of Zipf’s Law of brevity. To conclude, we discuss the exception found for pheromones in the light of other potential communicative paradigms such as pressures on successful communication or the Handicap principle. Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::14 - Vida Submarina Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::15 - Vida d'Ecosistemes Terrestres

Mining in Indonesia provides great economic benefits, but can also cause negative impacts in the form of environmental damage. Attention to mining, apart from its negative impacts, is also related to the public interest, namely the right of everyone to a good and healthy environment (Article 65 paragraph 1 of the Environmental Protection and Management Law). CV Kayon needs to pay attention to the principle of public interest for the surrounding community by conducting mediation to produce a consensus decision that provides benefits for both parties. The implementation of the principle of public interest is the main thing that must be done by CV Kayon so that the Sindumartani Village community does not reject the sand mining that will be carried out, but of course, it must pay attention to the rights, wishes, local wisdom of the community and prioritize the benefits that can be provided, on the one hand, the Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL) that CV Kayon already has needs to be socialized to the community, so that the community knows what kind of impact it will have and environmental preservation after mining activities have been carried out.

This research aims to identify and analyze the handling of refugees from abroad or stateless who enter the jurisdiction of Semarang City. The 1951 Refugee Convention has set minimum standards for the treatment of refugees, including their basic rights. Besides, the 1951 Convention also prohibits expulsion and forced repatriation of people with refugee status, which is referred to as the principle of non-refoulement. This research used the socio-legal research method. The primary data used was based on observation, attendance in the field, and interviews; as well as secondary data through the study of documents, laws, and regulations, and existing concepts. The results of the research showed that even though Indonesia has so far not ratified and become a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention. On the other hand, national legislation and policies that support the implementation of the non-refoulement principle are needed, because the Indonesian State is factually faced with a large number of Foreign refugees entering Indonesia's sovereign territory have shown an increase. Policy implementation and application of the principle of non-refoulment in the context of protecting foreign refugees in Indonesia has become a serious concern of the government of the Republic of Indonesia, including the government of Semarang City.

The principle of proportionality is seen as the highest peak of structural, logical thinking that enables balancing between constitutional principles and their interferences. So far, Alexy's weight formula has been the most advanced approach in structured balancing of proportionality stricto sensu, while this paper shows it as still too subjective. Despite judicial tests—or different, manifestly inappropriate reasonableness tests—proportionality stricto sensu hides some form of the jumping-to-conclusions bias, because the inference is made through a subjective lens. The paper presents structured legal balancing (and hence reasoning) based on Bayes’ theorem. This paper, based on the connection between probability and hypothetical legal norms, transfers the four-part structure of proportionality into the relevant four-part structure of the Bayes tree. This transfer shows the first as flawed due to its failing to consider means that can have the same effects as the considered ones. Only by inclusion of the latter can the total probability of a considered case be established. Numerical proportionality à la Bayes can be further improved through the use of public-value weights that are obtained from surveys or online communities of people giving weights in the real time (collective wisdom). The Bayesian approach can also be used in adjudication as a control in assessing judicial standards in use.

I examine several alleged grounds of the principle of sufficient reason in Leibniz’s philosophy. These include the nature of a requisite and a sufficient condition, the nature of truth, and the nature of harmony. I argue that Leibniz does not ground the PSR in any of these ways. Instead, he is committed to a value-based grounds of the PSR: God creates the best possible world, and the fact that the PSR obtains in this world contributes to it being the best. I conclude by considering some objections to this way of grounding the PSR.

This study is an appraisal the Politeness Principle as used in teacher-student conversation. Human society cannot exist without the instrumentality of language. Language is used by people to communicate with their fellow human beings across domains: schools, hospitals, markets, churches, mosques, homes, etc. Scholars acknowledge the fact that language has positive and negative connotations. The subject of this study (politeness) essentially captures the positive way of deploying language in conversations. Beyond a school setting, language can be used politely, impolitely, as a face-saving act (FSA) and as a face-threatening act (FTA). However, there are usually consequences for misusing language; for example, while impoliteness results in a face-threatening act, politeness prevents it. In language and linguistics, theoretical frameworks are appraised in terms of their applicability, relevance and potency in the elucidation of language use in different categories of texts (genres). Brown and Levinson"s View on politeness, anchors this study, and the analyses rely on the Content Analysis Method. The Random Sampling Method is used to select conversational turns from the recorded text. The study concludes that politeness strategies used in the data include agreement, commendation, clarification, indirect speech act, among others. Each of these strategies has specific communicative functions in the entire text. &nbsp

Procurement of Goods / Services carried out by the Ministry / Institution / Regional Apparatus as needed in order to support their duties and functions. The goods/services procurement process includes two components, namely the user of goods/services (Ministry/Institution/Regional Apparatus) and the Goods/Services Provider. Goods/services users and goods/services providers are bound in a Goods/Services Procurement Contract. The Goods/Services Procurement Contract is usually standardized, where the Procurement Contract is made by one party, namely the Commitment Making Officer (PPK) and the service provider is only a signing party. The different position between the goods/services user and the goods/services provider in the standard goods/services procurement contract causes the distribution of rights and obligations between the parties to be unbalanced or does not reflect the principle of proportionality.

One of the most important requirements of the rule of law is the obligation to implement judicial decisions. Both the Constitution and the Administrative Procedure Law No. 2577 have pointed out this obligation. Annulment decisions made as a result of an application to the administrative court are peculiar in this context. In some cases, it is not possible to apply these decisions in full retrospectively, and this situation is explained with the concepts of de facto and legal impossibility. Another situation that causes legal impossibility is the possibility that the full retroactive application of annulment decisions will harm the principle of legal security. One of the main arguments put forward in this regard is the existence of other transactions related to the canceled transaction and the existence of some gains based on the canceled transaction. In the case of Turkey, legal regulations are made by the legislator or the administrations, or without such a regulation, the decision is not implemented on the grounds of legal impossibility. In this study, taking the decisions of the Council of State as the axis, it has been examined whether there is a legal impossibility in the implementation of the decision and the judicial and administrative mechanisms that will prevent such a result from occurring., Hukuk devleti ilkesinin en önemli gerekliliklerinden biri, yargı kararlarının uygulanması zorunluluğudur. Gerek Anayasa gerekse 2577 sayılı İdari Yargılama Usulü Kanunu’nda da bu zorunluluğa işaret edilmiştir. İdari yargıya başvuru sonucunda verilen iptal kararları ise bu bağlamda özellik arz eder. Bu kararların bazı hallerde tam geçmişe etkili olarak uygulanması mümkün olamamakta ve bu durum fiili ve hukuki imkansızlık kavramlarıyla açıklanmaktadır. Hukuki imkansızlığa sebebiyet veren bir durum da iptal kararlarının tam olarak geçmişe etkili uygulanmasının hukuki güvenlik ilkesine zarar vermesi ihtimalidir. İptal edilen işlemle bağlantılı diğer işlemler ve iptal edilen işleme dayalı olarak birtakım kazanımlar elde etmiş olanların varlığı, bu konuda ileri sürülen temel argümanları oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye örneklerinde söz konusu halde, yasa koyucu veya idareler tarafından hukuki düzenlemeler yapılmakta veya böyle bir düzenleme bulunmaksızın hukuki imkansızlık gerekçesiyle karar uygulanmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Danıştay kararları eksen alınarak söz konusu durumda, kararın uygulanmasında hukuki bir imkansızlığın söz konusu olup olamayacağı incelenmiş ve böyle bir sonucun doğmasını engelleyecek yargısal ve idari mekanizmalar araştırılmıştır.

One of the key goals of digital transformation in Europe is to transfer 100% of public services online, in particular, by 2030, all key public services should be online. This process requires the creation of comprehensive services that combine several services provided to the user on one application. The introduction of comprehensive services significantly unloads work of the bodies providing services and significantly simplifies the process of obtaining the results of services for users. Thus, the introduction of comprehensive services significantly improves the process of providing public services for all participants in the process. The formation of complex services is carried out solely on the principle of combining according to a life (business) event or situation. However, as practical experience shows, users often apply for several services at the same time, and these services are not connected by one life event. This can be seen by analyzing statistics on the provision of services by service centers. The use of statistical analysis methods makes it possible to identify a hidden relationship between services. Based on this, a new principle of combining services is formulated. The object of this research is the process of forming a portfolio of services based on this principle. An algorithm for forming a portfolio and providing recommendations for a decision maker has been developed. Recommendations are represented in the form of sets of services that can be included in the portfolio. The application of this principle will expand the range of comprehensive services at the expense of new portfolios. This will simplify and improve the process of providing services for both authorities and users. An example of creating a portfolio of services is considered and recommendations for the application of the proposed methodology are given. Dataset of 84 services was analyzed, it was recommended to create 2 portfolios

Despite the importance of the requirement that all parties subject to a modus vivendi accept it, the philosophical basis of the all-subjected principle has been largely neglected in the realist literature on modus vivendi arrangements as responses to disagreements on issues of common concern. In this article, I argue that the inclusion of all-subjected parties should be understood as instrumental to justifying the presupposition that enough parties will have the motivation to comply with an arrangement that they grudgingly accept as a modus vivendi. I also argue that without accepting the democratic commitments implicit in the acceptance of the standard reading of the all-subjected principle, realist modus vivendi theorists should demonstrate that all those parties who are subjected to a modus vivendi arrangement have the capacity to voice their objection and to be heard for such a claim.

In this paper, we obtain a version of Ekeland's variational principle for interval-valued functions by means of the Dancs-Hegedus-Medvegyev theorem (Dancs et al. (1983) [14] ). We also derive two versions of Ekeland's variational principle involving the generalized Hukuhara Gâteaux differentiability of interval-valued functions as well as a version of Ekeland's variational principle for interval-valued bifunctions. Finally, we apply these new versions of Ekeland's variational principle to fixed point theorems, to interval-valued optimization problems, to the interval-valued Mountain Pass Theorem, to noncooperative interval-valued games, and to interval-valued optimal control problems described by interval-valued differential equations.

This paper presents an interactive computer program that uses Visual Basic 11.0 programming language to develop user friendly and efficient software for application of superposition principle in well testing and analysis.A flow chart was created to outline the basic steps employed in the development of the software. Several user-friendly forms were designed for input and output of parameters and efficient codes were created for fast calculation of the desired output. Result showed that this software can satisfactorily compute for pressure drop, total pressure drop and sandface pressure for all cases of applications of superposition principle considered (multiple wells, variable flow rates, boundary effects and pressure change). Validation of the software showed that results had acceptable level of accuracy, this work provides a basis for development of a suite of well testing software that are problem specific, cheap, user friendly and fast.

The special theory of relativity is based on two postulates: the principle of relativity and the independence of the speed of light from the velocity of the source. In this paper, it will be shown that the light speed postulate, which has been proved experimentally, disproves the principle of relativity.

The free energy principle (FEP) states that any dynamical system can be interpreted as performing Bayesian inference upon its surrounding environment. Although, in theory, the FEP applies to a wide variety of systems, there has been almost no direct exploration or demonstration of the principle in concrete systems. In this work, we examine in depth the assumptions required to derive the FEP in the simplest possible set of systems – weakly-coupled non-equilibrium linear stochastic systems. Specifically, we explore (i) how general the requirements imposed on the statistical structure of a system are and (ii) how informative the FEP is about the behaviour of such systems. We discover that two requirements of the FEP – the Markov blanket condition (i.e. a statistical boundary precluding direct coupling between internal and external states) and stringent restrictions on its solenoidal flows (i.e. tendencies driving a system out of equilibrium) – are only valid for a very narrow space of parameters. Suitable systems require an absence of asymmetries in perception-action loops that are highly unusual for living systems interacting with an environment, which are the kind of systems the FEP explicitly sets out to model. More importantly, we observe that a mathematically central step in the argument, connecting the behaviour of a system to variational inference, relies on an implicit equivalence between the dynamics of the average states of a system with the average of the dynamics of those states. This equivalence does not hold in general even for linear systems, since it requires an effective decoupling from the system's history of interactions. These observations are critical for evaluating the generality and applicability of the FEP and indicate the existence of significant problems of the theory in its current form. These issues make the FEP, as it stands, not straightforwardly applicable to the simple linear systems studied here and suggests that more development is needed before the theory could be applied to the kind of complex systems which describe living and cognitive processes.

The purpose of this article is to revisit the well known separation principle of classical control, for systems implemented in an event-triggered fashion. We consider an scenario consistent of two independent digital channels for communications between sensor and controller, and controller and actuator, and propose a methodology to separately design controller and observer gains as well as the event conditions. Under the proposed design, we address the problem of restoring the classical separation principle for the event-based design. We show that fast enough sampling at the sensor-to-observer (S-O) channel suffices to ensure a separation principle. On the other hand, under fast sampling at the controller-to-actuator (C-A) channel, a separation principle can be obtained provided that an additional mild assumption is imposed on the stability matrices. A numerical example is provided to support the theoretical findings.

Conversation analysis (CA) and the cooperative principle (CP) are two approaches associated with understanding structure and order in naturally occurring speech, and in particular, how speakers communicate cooperatively. While historically they are placed within differing sub-fi elds of linguistics, with CA in sociolinguistics and the CP in pragmatics, the emergence of pragmatic stylistics as a branch of stylistics combines approaches ‘to answer questions about how (literary) language is used in context and how it contributes to the characterization of the protagonists in a literary piece of art or how power structures are created and so on.’ (Norgaard, Busse and Montoro 2010, p. 39). Studying spoken interaction in literary texts is likely to consider both the CA model and the CP together even though they are interested in different aspects of verbal communication. CA and the CP can be successfully applied as analytic tools to literary dialogue in drama and novels to gain insights into characterisation and characters’ relationships with each other, and help us understand not only how coherence in spoken communication is maintained but also how meaning is intended by one speaker and inferred by another. This chapter describes CA and the CP, and illustrates how they can be applied for the analysis of spoken interaction in literary texts beyond the mechanics of turn-taking. The chapter also outlines historical perspectives as well as current contributions to the application of CA and the CP to the stylistic analysis of texts representing speech.

This paper applies the Free Energy Principle (FEP) to propose that the lack of action in response to the global ecological crisis should be considered a maladaptive symptom of human activity that we refer to as biophilia deficiency syndrome. The paper is organised into four parts: the characterisation of the natural world under the Gaia Hypothesis, the employment of the FEP as a description of the behavior of self-organising systems, the application of the FEP to Gaia to understand coupling dynamics between living systems and purportedly non-living planetary processes, and the offering of positive interventions for addressing the current state of ecological crisis under this framework. For the latter, we emphasize the importance of perturbing stuck states for healthy development, and the necessary appreciation of life existing as nested systems at multiple levels in a hierarchy. We propose the development of human biophilia virtue in accordance with the FEP as a practical intervention for treating biophilia deficiency syndrome and helping to safeguard the balance of planetary processes and the integrity of living systems that depend on them, offering some examples of what this might look like in practice. Overall, this paper provides novel insights into how to catalyse meaningful ecological change, proposing a deliberate and disruptive approach to addressing the dysfunctional relationship between humans and the rest of the natural world.

In this paper, the principle of relativity is disproved based on accepted experimental evidence and experience. We argue that the Michelson-Morley experiment is not a proof of relativity at all. In fact, in a complete surprise to the scientific community, the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment has been an effective ‘hiding place’ for the special theory of relativity. &nbsp

Unlike other principles of criminal procedure (such as legality, presumption of innocence, etc.), the principle of dispositivity (the principle of autonomy of the will of a participant in the proceedings) does not have an independent legal formula, enshrined in a separate article in the current criminal procedure legislation of Azerbaijan. In this regard, questions about the existence, concept, content, individual elements, manifestations, and scope of the principle are becoming relevant and at the same time highly disputable. The author aims to determine the essence of dispositivity, to consider its individual manifestations, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations for optimizing the application in practice of the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure in regulating issues related to the dispositive basis of the criminal process. The set goals predetermined solution for such basic issues as study of the philosophical and legal concept of dispositivity; determination of determinants-manifestations of dispositivity in criminal proceedings as a whole; recognition of dispositivity as one of the autonomous principles of the modern criminal process of Azerbaijan. The study was conducted by methods of dialectical cognition based on the principles of reflection, comprehensiveness, unity of induction and deduction, determinism, contradiction, and unity of analysis and synthesis. The author has studied and summarized a great deal of doctrinal material and jurisprudence, and some selected judicial acts have been used as real models for casuistry of the issues addressed in the article. As a result of the study, the author substantiates that, despite the absence of an independent article in the CPC on this principle, dispositivity is an autonomous principle of criminal procedure, not covered by other principles; on the contrary, it enters into various correlative relations with them. In other words, the Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide a binding feature of the principle of criminal procedure. As the main determinants of the principle under study, the author proposes to consider a system of procedural rights of non-governmental participants in the proceedings that have the effect of initiating some kind of proceedings, and the consent of a participant category, which is a mandatory condition in the procedural decision-making mechanism of entities with power.

This manuscript was built to generalize Ekeland variational principle for mixed monotone functions in the setting of partially ordered complete metric spaces. The results obtained are applied to give different proofs for tripled fixed points of mixed monotone mappings in the mentioned space by using a variational technique. The results presented in our manuscripts generalize and expand many of the findings presented in the earlier period. For the sobriety and enhancement of our paper, two examples are given and the existence and uniqueness of the solution to a periodic boundary value problem are studied as applications.

International audience; Herein, we deeply detail for the very first time mathematical con- cepts behind the generation of helical molecular orbitals (MOs) for linear chains of atoms. We first give a definition of helical MOs and we provide an index measuring how far a given helical states is from a perfect helical distribution. Structural properties of heli- cal distribution for twisted [N]-cumulene and cumulene version of Möbius systems are given. We then give some simple structural assumptions as well as symmetry requirements ensuring the exis- tence of helical MOs. Considering molecules which do not admit helical MOs, we provide a first way to induce helical states by the breaking of symmetries. We also explore an alternative way us- ing excited conformations of given molecules as well as different electronic multiplicities.

This research aims to delineate how the family principle has been regarded and understood in Indonesia's Economy. Furthermore, it seeks to comprehensively understand the family principle to prevent further misconceptions or multi-interpretations. The method used is the qualitative approach that is based on literary studies. Besides providing the advantage of being exploratory in nature, the approach is suitable for studies in the environment of economic theory as researchers attempt to gain understanding through the thoughts and interpretation building of significant figures in the Indonesian economy. Overall, it is evident that cooperation and competition are the two crucial and equally important elements of the family principle to understand the concept comprehensively. Thus, the research concluded that both concepts had been integrated into the family principle as coopetition, whereas all economic institutions recognized by the constitution simultaneously compete and cooperate.

The paper presents distributed output feedback synthesis for both leaderless consensus and leader-follower consensus of linear multi-agent systems subject to jointly connected switching networks. Luenberger type distributed observers are proposed based on the neighborhood output estimation error, and distributed output feedback controllers are developed according to the certainty equivalence principle. To show uniform global exponential stability of the switched closed-loop system, a separation principle for a class of switched linear systems with a cascaded structure is established employing weak Lyapunov function and checking weak zero-state detectability of its ‘`diagonal’' switched subsystems. It is shown that the weak zero-state detectability can be guaranteed by a generalized uniform joint-connected condition of switching networks without any dwell-time constraints.

In this paper I argue for a strong continuity between the transcendental deduction of the principle of purposiveness of nature and the transcendental deduction of the ideas from the first critique. On these grounds, I provide an interpretation of the transcendental deduction of the principle of purposiveness of nature in which I argue that: 1) the necessity of the principle of purposiveness of nature does not derive from its role in solving some specific philosophical problem (e.g. that of induction) but from its relation to a cognitive goal; 2) the representation of nature as conforming to the maxims of judgement is a direct, immediate consequence of a certain cognitive goal (in particular, of what is researched in the empirical investigation of nature; 3) that the necessity of the empirical laws mentioned by Kant in the transcendental deduction of the principle of purposiveness of nature is not so much their nomic necessity, but their necessity as consequences of higher laws.

OBJECTIVE: Personality traits change in both mean levels and variance across the life span but the mechanisms underlying these developmental trends remain unclear. Social Investment Principle (SIP) suggests that social expectations drive personality changes in adulthood. Accordingly, we tested whether differences between personality traits in social expectations for them can explain their different change trajectories in young adulthood. METHODS: A pool of 257 personality items was used to measure personality traits' means and variances (N = 1096), and levels expected by friends, partners and bosses/supervisors (N = 121). RESULTS: Raters were consistent in their expectations for how young adults should think, feel and behave. Traits under stronger expectations had higher mean levels and lower variances than traits under lower expectations; trait means and variances increased with age, but inconsistently with the SIP, these increases were unrelated to the traits' expected levels. CONCLUSION: Our results are only partially consistent with the SIP.

This article considers the principle in the tort of private nuisance that the level of protection to which one is entitled from certain kinds of interference is sensitive to one's locality. It argues that the principle can be partly justified by the different costs of avoiding an interference which different localities create. However, it shows that, if the principle is to be justified in its entirety, a further justification is necessary. The article considers further justifications based on social rules, autonomy, cost minimisation, the idea of a system of equal right and an analogy to the rules on hypersensitive claimants. It largely rejects these explanations and concludes that, to the extent the locality principle requires individuals to bear substantial burdens that they would not have to bear were collective interests set aside, without compensation, it is difficult to justify.

In this paper, we deal with an inverse electrical conductivity problem which considers the reconstruction of nonlinear electrical conductivity in steady currents operations using boundary measurements. In the current set up, we establish a monotonic relation between the unknown material property to the (measured) Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator (DtN). It is in fact the Monotonicity Principle which is the base of a class of non-iterative and real-time imaging methods and algorithms. To be more precise, we indicate the issues appear in our nonlinear case to transfer this Monotonicity result from the Dirichlet Energy to the DtN operator which is the fundamental huddle in comparison to linear and p-Laplacian cases. Finally, we introduce a new Average DtN operator which is different from the existing ones and resolves complications produced by non-linearity in our problem.

Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science Bakalaura darba temats ir “Dispozitivitātes princips un patiesības noskaidrošanas nepieciešamība civilprocesā”. Tiesību sistēma mainās un attīstās, pielāgojoties pasaulē notiekošajiem procesiem. Covid-19 infekcijas izplatība, kas veicināja civillietu izskatīšanu rakstveida procesos, kā arī e-lietas ieviešana, kas nosaka tiesas darbā jaunu tehnoloģiju un elektronisko iespēju izmantošanu, aktualizē jautājumu par Civilprocesa likumā nostiprināto principu piemērošanas iespējamu maiņu. Bakalaura darbā identificētā problēma saistīta ar dispozitivitātes principa formālu ievērošanu, kas liedz tiesai noskaidrot objektīvo patiesību strīda izskatīšanā civillietās. Puses civilprocesuālajā sacīkstē ne vienmēr ir līdzvērtīgas, tādējādi, procesa dalībniekam nepārzinot tiesības par procesuālo līdzekļu izmntošanas iespējām, tiesvedības ietvaros var veidoties situācijas, kad lietā netiek noskaidroti būtiski un svarīgi apstākļi. Savukārt lietā nozīmīgu un juridiski svarīgu apstākļu noskaidrošana ir taisnīga un tiesiska tiesas nolēmuma pamatā. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir, izpētot dispozitivitātes principu un tā piemērošanas tiesiskos aspektus, konstatēt dispozitivitātes principa ietekmi uz patiesības noskaidrošanu civilprocesā un izvirzīt priekšlikumus dispozitivitātes principa, kas ietver arī tiesas iniciatīvu, piemērošanai civillietās. Bakalaura darba izstrādes rezultātā konstatēts, ka dispozitivitātes principa piemērošana pielāgojama virzībai uz patiesības noskaidrošanu civillietu izskatīšanā, tiesnesim kā tiesas procesa vadītājam ir tiesības vērst lietas dalībnieku uzmanību uz Civilprocesa likumā paredzēto procesuālo līdzekļu izmantošanu. Patiesības noskaidrošana strīda izšķiršanā ir tiesas virsuzdevums. Darba kopējo lappušu skaits: 63 lapas. The topic of the bachelor’s thesis is “The principle of dispositiveness and the need to clarify the truth in civil proceedings”. The legal system changes and develops, adapting to the processes taking place in the world. The spread of the Covid-19 infection, which facilitated the consideration of civil cases in written proceedings, as well as the introduction of e-cases, which determines the use of new technologies and electronic options in court work, raises the issue of a possible change in the application of the principles established in the Law on Civil Procedure. The problem identified in the bachelor thesis is related to the formal observance of the principle of dispositiveness, that prevents the court from ascertaining the objective truth in the consideration of the dispute in civil cases. The parties in the civil procedural race are not always equal. If the participant in the process does not know the rights regarding the possibilities of using procedural means, situations may arise in the framework of legal proceedings when essential and important circumstances in the case are not clarified. The clarification of significant and legally important circumstances in the case is the basis of a just and legal court decision. The aim of the bachelor's work is by researching the principle of dispositiveness and the legal aspects of its application to establish the effect of the principle of dispositiveness on the establishment of the truth in civil proceedings and to put forward proposals for the application of the principle of dispositiveness in civil cases. As a result of the development of the bachelor thesis, it was established that the application of the principle of dispositiveness can be adapted to the progress towards the clarification of the truth in the consideration of civil cases, the judge as the leader of the trial has the right to draw the attention of the participants to the use of procedural means provided for in the Law on Civil Procedure. Establishing the truth in dispute resolution is the main task of the court. Total number of pages of the work: 63 pages.

Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia contains one of the earliest and best-known criticisms of John Rawls’s theory of justice in general and the difference principle in particular. The discussion of Nozick’s critique of Rawls in the literature has focused on his argument against “patterned” conceptions of justice, of which the difference principle as Nozick understands it constitutes merely one version among others. In this article I consider the objection Nozick raises against the difference principle specifically, namely that it unfairly favors the “worse endowed” over the “better endowed” members of society. I argue that Nozick’s charge of unfairness against the difference principle is ambiguous between two distinct interpretations of the difference principle and as such divides into two distinct objections, the pre-cooperative and the cooperative fairness objection. I then argue that neither of these two interpretations of the difference principle represents the actual, Rawlsian difference principle accurately and that, more fundamentally, Nozick lacks the concept of politics as the distinctive moral category implicitly at work in Rawls’s theory of justice. Not as much of Nozick’s charge of unfairness against the difference principle therefore remains on reflection as may have appeared at first sight.

We are interested in exploring the acquisition of the later-greater principle, which is the knowledge that that numbers that come later in the count list are greater in numerosity. Prior work suggests that children rely on associative mappings to non-verbal representations of numerosity to make inferences about the relative size of numbers within the count list (e.g., “Which is more, eight or ten?”). LeCorre (2014) found that early CP knowers successfully indicate the larger of two small number words (e.g., under 5), but struggle to do so for larger numbers (e.g., 6-10), and that only CP knowers who have mapped larger numbers to approximate magnitudes (i.e., mappers) succeed. One explanation for this difference is that CP mappers have acquired the later-greater principle, and therefore know that, for all numbers, if a number q comes later in the count list than another number p, then q is greater than p. Another possibility, however, is that initially CP mappers do not have a generalized principle, and that instead they succeed at the later-greater task in an item-based manner, and can only successfully identify the larger number for words that they have mapped to the approximate number system. The present study will examine when children acquire the later-greater principle, and also whether later-greater judgments always depend on the presence of mappings to approximate magnitudes, or if judgments can be made for numbers that children have not yet mapped. To test this we will measure children’s ability to compare and indicate the larger of two numerals across three tasks. 1. Point to X Task: Children will be asked to assign a label to one of two non-symbolic arrays (e.g., “Here are two sets of fish. Can you point to the set with ten fish?”). This tests whether children have associative mappings for the requested number word. 2. Visible Later-Greater Task: Children will be asked to assign a label to one of three non-symbolic arrays, when the label for the middle-sized set is already given. For example, children will be shown three sets of fish (e.g., 4-6-8) and be told, “Here are three groups of fish. This group has six fish. Can you point to the set with eight fish?”. This task measures children’s understanding of the later-greater principle and can also be solved via associative mappings between number words and the approximate number system. 3. Invisible Later-Greater Task: Children will be shown two boxes and are told that different numbers of fish are contained within each - e.g., “This box has 6 fish and this box has 8 fish”. They will then be asked which box has more fish. This task measures the later greater principle without access to visible sets.

Comic sketch has become an essential part of the China Media Group Spring Festival Gala Evening stage every year. Its form is simple and the verbal has some kind of humor. Through the dialogue between the person, the comic sketch is loved by the audience. To make jokes, the actors in the comic sketches often violate the Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle to realize the pragmatic functions of humor. Grice’s Cooperative Principle in daily communication, communicators should follow the principle of a particular task. Linguist Leech put forward the Politeness Principle. The principle is an addition to the Cooperative Principle and is further extended. This paper under the perspective of the Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle in the comic sketch Huan bu huan of the 2022 China Media Group Spring Festival Gala Evening, some humorous dialogues are analyzed. Results showed that these dialogues for violating the rules produced between the lines to achieve the humorous effect. The purpose of this paper is to deepen people’s understanding of comic sketch language and to provide a reference for the audience to appreciate the unique artistic and aesthetic value of the comic sketch.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of the protection of the electoral rights of citizens in the election process until February 24, 2022, during the martial law on the territory of Ukraine and after the war period. Method. The methodological basis of the study is the philosophical and legal basis of knowledge of social phenomena, in particular those related to the protection and protection of the rights of individuals (citizens of Ukraine) in the election process. In particular, dialectical, systemic-structural, normative-logical, sociological, comparative-legal methods of cognition are applied. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is proposed to improve the norms of the electoral legislation of Ukraine. The results. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of election processes in terms of compliance with the principle of legal certainty, as one of the elements of the principle of the rule of law. The author's classification of the resolutions of the Central Election Commission, adopted during the period of martial law on the entire territory of Ukraine, is proposed. A scientific and practical analysis of the concept of "principle of legal certainty" was carried out. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in terms of disclosing the content of the principle of the rule of law and its effect in election legislation have been studied. It has been proven that the mechanism for ensuring electoral rights in the post-war period requires scientific discussion and legislative regulation. The practice of the Central Election Commission regarding the application of the principle of the rule of law in the protection of the electoral rights of citizens is highlighted. Scientific novelty. This is the first scientific study of the protection of electoral rights burdened by the effect of the legal regime of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in further scientific articles, in the educational process, as well as by the subjects of the legislative initiative.

The paper analyzes the analogy between the principle of total absorption in the relational theory and the principle of equivalence in the general theory of relativity. Using the formulation of these principles in metaphysical terms allows us to conclude that the supercategory of relational particles manifests itself in dynamics as a self-consistent absolute absorber. Questions of interpretation of leading actions in the theory of direct interparticle interaction are considered. It is shown that the strict symmetry of the Fokker action with respect to retarded and advanced actions can be violated when the processes of particle creation and annihilation are taken into account.