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Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent the most common cause of cancer-related death in children aged 0-14years. They differ from their adult counterparts, showing extensive clinical and molecular heterogeneity as well as a challenging histopathological spectrum that often impairs accurate diagnosis. Here, we use DNA methylation-based CNS tumor classification in combination with copy number, RNA-seq, and ChIP-seq analysis to characterize a newly identified CNS tumor type. In addition, we report histology, patient characteristics, and survival data in this tumor type. We describe a biologically distinct pediatric CNS tumor type (n = 31 cases) that is characterized by focal high-level amplification and resultant overexpression of either PLAGL1 or PLAGL2, and an absence of recurrent genetic alterations characteristic of other pediatric CNS tumor types. Both genes act as transcription factors for a regulatory subset of imprinted genes (IGs), components of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway, and the potential drug targets RET and CYP2W1, which are also specifically overexpressed in this tumor type. A derived PLAGL-specific gene expression signature indicates dysregulation of imprinting control and differentiation/development. These tumors occurred throughout the neuroaxis including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem, and were predominantly composed of primitive embryonal-like cells lacking robust expression of markers of glial or neuronal differentiation (e.g., GFAP, OLIG2, and synaptophysin). Tumors with PLAGL1 amplification were typically diagnosed during adolescence (median age 10.5years), whereas those with PLAGL2 amplification were diagnosed during early childhood (median age 2years). The 10-year overall survival was 66% for PLAGL1-amplified tumors, 25% for PLAGL2-amplified tumors, 18% for male patients, and 82% for female patients. In summary, we describe a new type of biologically distinct CNS tumor characterized by PLAGL1/2 amplification that occurs predominantly in infants and toddlers (PLAGL2) or adolescents (PLAGL1) which we consider best classified as a CNS embryonal tumor and which is associated with intermediate survival. The cell of origin and optimal treatment strategies remain to be defined.

This was a two-stage phase II trial of a mTORC1/2 inhibitor (mTORC: mammalian target of rapamycin complex) Sapanisertib (TAK228) in patients with rapalog-resistant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) (NCT02893930). Approved rapalogs such as everolimus inhibit mTORC1 and have limited clinical activity, possibly due to compensatory feedback loops. Sapanisertib addresses the potential for incomplete inhibition of the mTOR pathway through targeting of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, and thus to reverse resistance to earlier rapamycin analogues. In stage 1, patients received sapanisertib 3mg by mouth once daily on a continuous dosing schedule in 28-day cycle. This trial adopted a two-stage design with the primary objective of evaluating objective tumor response. The first stage would recruit 13 patients in order to accrue 12 eligible and treated patients. If among the 12 eligible patients at least 1 patient had an objective response to therapy, the study would move to the second stage of accrual where 25 eligible and treated patients would be enrolled. This study activated on February 1, 2017, the required pre-determined number of patients (n = 13) had entered by November 5, 2018 for the first stage response evaluation. The accrual of this trial was formally terminated on December 27, 2019 as no response had been observed after the first stage accrual. Treatment-related grade 3 adverse events were reported in eight (61%) patients with hyperglycemia being the most frequent, in three patients (23%). Other toxicities noted in the trial included fatigue, rash diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. The median PFS was 5.19months (95% CI [3.84, 9.30]) and the median OS was 20.44months (95% CI [5.65, 22.54]). Due to the lack of responses in Stage 1 of the study, the study did not proceed to stage 2. Thus the potential to reverse resistance was not evident.

Como ciencia de la cultura, la historia del arte ha estudiado el fenómeno sobre la inclinación por lo primitivo y su influencia en las artes visuales del siglo XX. Este fenómeno también puede entenderse paralelamente desde la historia y teoría de la arquitectura al explicar las características de determinados movimientos que surgieron como reacción a la estandarización de la arquitectura moderna. En este texto se reflexiona sobre el caso del neobrutalismo, movimiento propio del periodo de la segunda posguerra en Inglaterra. El artículo se desarrolla reconstruyendo la gestación del mismo, exponiendo cómo lo primitivo fue interpretado a través de la arquitectura de Alison y Peter Smithson y recordando la posición sobre la imagen memorable del crítico Reyner Banham. Esta lectura permite explicar el síntoma de algo más profundo desde los significados culturales, sugiriendo el neobrutalismo y su relación con lo primitivo como el inicio de la posmodernidad, en la que la imagen arquitectónica se posiciona como un nuevo principio.

The pedal of a curve in the Euclidean plane is a classical subject which has a singular point at the inflection point of the original curve. The primitive of a curve is a curve given by the inverse construction for making the pedal. We consider relatives of the primitive of a plane curve which we call primitivoids. We investigate the relationship of primitivoids and pedals of plane curves., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1912.03114

At face value, the term “synergy” provides a unifying concept within a fractured field that encompasses complementary neural, computational, and behavioral approaches. However, the term is not used synonymously by different researchers but has substantially different meanings depending on the research approach. With so many operational definitions for the one term, it becomes difficult to use as either a descriptive or explanatory concept, yet it remains pervasive and apparently indispensable. Here we provide a summary of different approaches that invoke synergies in a descriptive or explanatory context, summarizing progress, not within the one approach, but across the theoretical landscape. Bernstein’s framework of flexible hierarchical control may provide a unifying framework here, since it can incorporate divergent ideas about synergies. In the current motor control literature, synergy may refer to conceptually different processes that could potentially operate in parallel, across different levels within the same hierarchical control scheme. There is evidence for the concurrent existence of synergies with different features, both “hard-wired” and “soft-wired,” and task independent and task dependent. By providing a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted ideas about synergies, our goal is to move away from the compartmentalization and narrow the focus on one level and promote a broader perspective on the control and coordination of movement.

Rationale: Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) is a rare and permanent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. Patients with PPHA usually have higher changes of developing intracranial aneurysms due the high intracranial hemodynamics. Although cases of PPHA alone and PPHA with aneurysms have been reported in literature, cases of fenestrated PPHA harboring a ruptured aneurysm have seldomly be reported in literature. We present a rare occurrence of a fenestrated PPHA harboring a reputed aneurysm. Patients concerns: A 43-year-old woman was presented with a sudden-onset severe headache and nausea. Diagnosis: Computerized tomography scan showed third, fourth, and bilateral ventricular hemorrhages. Computed tomographic angiogram showed a PPHA with fenestration malformation and a cystic protrusion consistent with an aneurysm. Intervention: The patient underwent a successful stent-assisted coil embolization via the trans-arterial route under general anesthesia. Outcomes: Two years follow-up revealed no recurrence of her symptomatology and she is currently well and go about her normal daily life. Conclusion: Fenestrated PPHAs harboring aneurysms may be more prone to rupture because of the fenestration and connective tissue weakness of the artery as well as changes in hemodynamics of the already malformed and weak artery.

Olivine is typically the first phase to crystallise from basaltic melts and its chemistry can therefore inform on the earliest stages of magmatic evolution, not recorded by later crystallising phases. Despite the potential of olivine for understanding primitive differentiation, limited analytical capabilities have previously restricted the range of elements that can be routinely measured. Consequently, important processes controlling early magma evolution may have been overlooked or misidentified. This study reports a wide range of minor and trace elements in forsteritic (up to Fo92.2) olivine macrocrysts from the primitive Borgarhraun lava flow in northern Iceland. We define two distinct populations of olivine based on their forsterite (Fo) content and then apply minor and trace element data to discern mixing and crystallisation of subtly different high-MgO parental melts. High-Fo (90.9–92.2 mol%) olivines show approximately linear trends between Cr and other incompatible trace elements (Li, Na, Ca, Ti, Al and Y), implying mixing and concurrent crystallisation of two highly primitive melts. Low-Fo (87.4–90.0 mol%) olivines show trends that indicate mixing and crystallisation of multiple, genetically distinct and less primitive melts. The outermost 50 μm of the olivine microcrysts record diffusive re-equilibration of the olivine macrocrysts to a single, significantly more evolved carrier liquid over an ascent timescale of 70–250 days. Compared to the rest of Iceland, the Borgarhraun olivine macrocrysts are distinguished by their Cr contents, which extend from 97 to 1150 ppm. The uniquely steep trend in Fo vs. Cr can be explained by early crystallisation of Cr-spinel and Cr-rich clinopyroxene, stabilised by high pressures of differentiation (>0.8 GPa). Chromium-forsterite systematics may therefore be a powerful tool for qualitatively assessing relative pressures of crystallisation for different magmatic systems. Collectively, our new dataset clearly demonstrates the importance of measuring trace elements in olivine for identifying the formative stages and conditions of basaltic magmatic systems., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 286, ISSN:0016-7037, ISSN:1872-9533

Ewing's sarcomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are a group of tumors characterized by small round cells that rarely affect the bone and soft tissues of the nasal cavities. Herein, we describe the case of a 38-year-old man who presented with a one-year history of epistaxis, headache, hyposmia, anosmia, night sweats, weight loss, hearing loss, dysphagia, and nasal blockage. A computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies revealed a lesion in the posterior nasal cavities with extension into the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses. Histological examination of a biopsied specimen obtained via flexible fiberoptic endoscopy showed small dark round cells with scanty cytoplasm arranged in solid nests and pseudorosette formations. The diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma was confirmed by the positive reactive pattern of the neoplastic cells for CD99 by immunohistochemistry studies and also identification of a chromosomal translocation of FLI1 in PCR studies. Cervical lymph nodes and bone marrow involvement were also observed. The patient was treated by adjuvant chemotherapy including vincristine, endoxan, and adriamycin for 6 cycles followed by radiotherapy (eleven courses). Unfortunately, before completion of treatment, the patient died due to disease progression and brain metastasis.

Lungs are one of most metastatic areas for primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), however primary pulmonary PNET is extremely rare. Here we present a case of a 58-year-old male patient with a tumor in the right lung that originated from the lung but not from chest wall. Patient was diagnosed with PNET following histological and immunohistochemical examination of CT-guided percutaneous tru-cut needle biopsy and no distant metastasis were detected in PET-CT scan. As advised recently in published literature, surgical resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy protocol is preferred in the treatment of our patient as it has better success of complete resection leading to higher 5-year survival rates. Although primary pulmonary PNET is uncommon, it should be taken into account and complete surgical resection should be aimed as treatment to achieve higher survival rates.

To describe the neuroradiological features of intraocular medulloepithelioma. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, histopathological, and MRI data of five children with medulloepithelioma. In addition to conventional images, DWI was performed in four patients and mean ADC was calculated; this was limited to the technique of this cohort of patients. DCE was performed in all patients. This is the first paper that presents diffusion and perfusion characteristics of medulloepithelioma. Four tumors were malignant teratoid variants, two non-teratoid variants. Tumors were hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. Calcifications were detectable in two out of five tumors. Cavities were detectable in three out of five tumors. All tumors showed some degree of enhancement. The mean ADC of all four patients was 1.156 ± 242.75 × 10−3 mm2/s. Mean ktrans, Ve, Kep, TME, AUC, SER, and peak enhancement were 0.082 ± 0.054, 0.19 ± 0.076, 0.31 ± 0.084, 0.97 ± 0.0784, 1.22 ± 0.81, 67.34 ± 31.7, and 14.84 ± 7.34 respectively. TICs showed a very high ratio of slow increase, > 50% persistence and some degree of wash out. Teratoid variants showed higher K-trans, AUC, VE, TME, and persistent TIC pattern than non-teratoid ones, while plateau pattern ratio was lower. Conventional MR findings were similar to previously reported cases. Mean ADCs were moderately high. TICs showed slow increase and presence of wash out. K-trans, AUC, VE, and TME were higher in teratoid variants. Permeability parameters in differential diagnosis with lesions mimicking medulloepithelioma need further investigations.

Ewing sarcoma family tumors (EFTs) of the head and neck are rare and may be difficult to diagnose, as they display significant histologic overlap with other more common undifferentiated small blue round cell malignancies. Occasionally, EFTs may exhibit overt epithelial differentiation in the form of diffuse cytokeratin immunoexpression or squamous pearls, resembling the so-called adamantinoma-like EFTs and being challenging to distinguish from bona fide carcinomas. Furthermore, the presence of EWSR1 gene rearrangement correlated with strong keratin expression may suggest a myoepithelial carcinoma. Herein, we analyze a series of 7 adamantinoma-like EFTs of the head and neck, most of them being initially misdiagnosed as carcinomas because of their anatomic location and strong cytokeratin immunoexpression, and subsequently reclassified as EFT by molecular techniques. The tumors arose in the sinonasal tract (n=2), parotid gland (n=2), thyroid gland (n=2), and orbit (n=1), in patients ranging in age from 7 to 56 years (mean, 31 y). Microscopically, they departed from the typical EFT morphology by growing as nests with peripheral nuclear palisading and prominent interlobular fibrosis, imparting a distinctly basaloid appearance. Moreover, 2 cases exhibited overt keratinization in the form of squamous pearls, and 1 sinonasal tumor demonstrated areas of intraepithelial growth. All cases were positive for CD99, pancytokeratin, and p40. A subset of cases showed synaptophysin, S100 protein, and/or p16 reactivity, further confounding the diagnosis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assays showed EWSR1 and FLI1 rearrangements in all cases. Our results reinforce that a subset of head and neck EFTs may show strong cytokeratin expression or focal keratinization, and are therefore histologically indistinguishable from more common true epithelial neoplasms. Thus, CD99 should be included in the immunopanel of a round cell malignancy regardless of strong cytokeratin expression or anatomic location, and a strong and diffuse CD99 positivity should prompt molecular testing for the presence of EWSR1 gene rearrangements.

The cone-rod homeobox (CRX) is a gene that belongs to the member of the orthodenticle homeobox (Otx) family, with important function in development and differentiation of retinal and pineal cells. Moreover, CRX appears to be specifically expressed in pineal tumors and retinoblastomas. We performed an immunohistochemical study on 91 pediatric and adult central nervous system tumors, plus 2 normal brain samples. Our results demonstrated that CRX is expressed not only in pineal parenchymal tumors and retinoblastoma, but also in a some medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors. None of the glial tumors screened were positive for CRX. In conclusion, CRX could be useful in surgical neuropathology for the differential diagnosis of pineal region tumors, in particular to discriminate pineal tumors from glial tumors.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme with a primitive neuronal component is a rare entity, with few cases reported in the literature. Case Description: A patient who had a supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme with a primitive neuronal component developed spinal metastasis during the disease course. With his history of leukemia during childhood, he was likely exposed to therapeutic ionizing brain radiation, which could have increased the risk of developing brain cancer in adulthood. Conclusions: The range of incidence rates of dissemination in the literature is 2%–4%, typically in cases of cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme, but as high as 25% in autopsy series. Our case highlights several other topics in the literature, such as immunohistochemical patterns that differ between the primary tumor and spinal metastases and dissemination locations, typically leptomeningeal or ventricular invasion. Key words: Component, Glioblastoma, Metastases, Neuronal, Primitive, Spinal

Purpose The purpose of our study was to describe the salient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in primary intraspinal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). Methods A retrospective review of the clinical and MRI images of 7 pathologically proven cases of intraspinal peripheral PNETs was performed. The various parameters, such as vertebral level of involvement; tumour location, size, focality, and margin; signal intensity of the lesion; the presence of hemorrhage or calcification; any signal voids; assessment of the adjacent cord for cord compression; cord dilatation; the presence of paraspinal tissue mass; or vertebral or other bony changes, were analysed. Results All 7 patients had lesions in the thoracolumbar region. Three patients had extradural lesions, 4 had intradural extramedullary lesions, and none had intramedullary lesions. Six lesions were well circumscribed. Only 1 patient had multifocal involvement. All lesions were of hypointense or isointense signal on T1-weighted imaging, whereas all but one were hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. Lesions enhanced heterogeneously except 1 intradural extramedullary lesion, which enhanced homogeneously. A paraspinal mass was noticed in 2 patients. Vertebral collapse was present in 1 patients. Conclusion Intraspinal peripheral PNETs are rare spinal tumours. Although imaging characteristics are not specific, a focal circumscribed lesion in a young individual at the intramedullary, extramedullary intradural, or extradural spinal location that shows hypointense and hyperintense signal on T1- and T2-weighted images, respectively, requires PNET to be considered in the differentials.

A persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA) is an extremely rare variation of the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA). The PPOA is connected to the distal ACA, ethmoidal artery, or both. I describe one patient with a PPOA connected to the middle cerebral artery (MCA). I analyzed the radiological characteristics of this anomalous vessel in this patient, who presented with headache. Computed tomography–angiography revealed an abnormal vessel in the patient, which originated from the distal ACA and ran anteromedially along the olfactory tract; it then made an abrupt turn and became the MCA. A PPOA connected to the MCA has been described in only two patients, including my own, in the English-language literature.

Small round blue cell tumors (SRBCTs) of children and adolescents are often diagnostically challenging lesions. With the increasing diagnostic approach based on small biopsies, there is the need of specific immunomarkers that can help in the differential diagnosis among the different tumor histotypes to assure the patient a correct diagnosis for proper treatment. Based on our recent studies showing cyclin D1 overexpression in both Ewing sarcoma/primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (EWS/pPNET) and peripheral neuroblastic tumors (neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma), we immunohistochemically assessed cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in 128 cases of SRBCTs in children and adolescents to establish its potential utility in the differential diagnosis. All cases of EWS/pPNET and the undifferentiated/poorly differentiated neuroblastomatous component of all peripheral neuroblastic tumors exhibited strong and diffuse nuclear staining (>50% of neoplastic cells) for cyclin D1. In contrast, this marker was absent from rhabdomyosarcoma (regardless of subtype) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (either B- or T-cell precursors), whereas it was only focally detected (

Background Peripheral neuroblastic tumors are the most common extracranial solid neoplasms in children. Early and adequate tissue sampling may speed up the diagnostic process and ensure a prompt start of optimal treatment whenever needed. Different biopsy techniques have been described. The purpose of this multi-center study is to evaluate the accuracy and safety of the various examined techniques and to determine whether a preferential procedure exists. Methods All children who underwent a biopsy, from January 2010 to December 2014, as a result of being diagnosed with a peripheral neuroblastic tumor, were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included patients’ demographics, clinical presentation, intraoperative technical details, postoperative parameters, complications, and histology reports. The Mann–Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Results The cohort included 100 patients, 32 of whom underwent an incisional biopsy (performed through open or minimally invasive access) (Group A), and the remaining 68 underwent multiple needle-core biopsies (either imaging-guided or laparoscopy/thoracoscopy-assisted) (Group B). Comparing the two groups revealed that Group A patients had a higher rate of complications, a greater need for postoperative analgesia, and required red blood cell transfusion more often. Overall adequacy rate was 94%, without significant differences between the two groups (100% vs. 91.2% for Group A and Group B, respectively, P = 0.0933). Conclusions Both incision and needle-core biopsying methods provided sub-optimal to optimal sampling adequacy rates in children affected by peripheral neuroblastic tumors. However, the former method was associated with a higher risk of both intraoperative and postoperative complications compared with the latter.

Various studies highlight the importance of discourses in consumer culture, yet fewer explore the historical development of these phenomena. This paper examines a long-view of the meanings and uses of primitive discourse in consumer culture. An investigation of the changing representation of indigenous Hawaiian surfing within Euro-American culture between the late-eighteenth and mid-twentieth century illustrates the ambiguous and malleable articulations of marketplace discourses. We find that over the course of this period, primitive discourses are expressed differently by changing figurations of social actors in manners that serve colonial, celebratory, contemplative and countercultural intentions. Finally, we find that the construction of surfing as a partly primitive marketplace culture combines these discourses to offer consumers a distinct and domesticated theatre of liberatory othering. Illustrating the changing possibilities and potentials for otherness in consumer culture, this paper reaffirms that contemporary marketplace cultures have complex historical roots. These legacies justify extended contextual investigations. Implications concerning representation and the politics of marketplace primitivism are discussed.

A nonnegative square matrix A is primitive if some power A k > 0 (that is, A k is entrywise positive). The least such k is called the exponent of A . In [2], Akelbek and Kirkland defined the scrambling index of a primitive matrix A , which is the smallest positive integer k such that any two rows of A k have at least one positive element in a coincident position. In this paper, we give a relation between the scrambling index and the exponent for symmetric primitive matrices, and determine the scrambling index set for the class of symmetric primitive matrices. We also characterize completely the symmetric primitive matrices in this class such that the scrambling index is equal to the maximum value.

In [B. Cheng, B. Liu, The base sets of primitive zero-symmetric sign pattern matrices, Linear Algebra Appl. 428 (2008) 715–731], Cheng and Liu studied the bases of primitive zero-symmetric sign pattern matrices. The sharp upper bound of the bases was obtained. In this paper, we characterize the sign pattern matrices with the sharp bound.

Myocardial contusion (MC) is a common injury following blunt chest trauma without any specific symptoms. Several techniques such as electrocardiogram, estimation of myocardial band fraction of creatine phosphokinase, chest radiography and the scintiscanning missed efficiency to characterize the MC. Another technique based on transesophageal echocardiography [TEE] allows to visualize the structures of the heart with a good spatial resolution. We postulated that the quantitative texture analysis of regional image texture in two- dimensional [2D] TEE echocardiograms would be an accurate method to differentiate normal from abnormal myocardial wall. This preliminary experimental study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed technique.

In 1994, Z. Li, F. Hall and C. Eschenbach extended the concept of the index of convergence from nonnegative matrices to powerful sign pattern matrices. Recently, Jiayu Shao and Lihua You studied the bases of non-powerful irreducible sign pattern matrices. In this paper, the local bases, which are generalizations of the base, of primitive non-powerful signed digraphs are introduced, and sharp bounds for local bases of primitive non-powerful signed digraphs are obtained. Furthermore, extremal digraphs are described.

Les disciplines « anthropologiques » en Roumanie (l’ethnographie et le folklore) appartiennent historiquement plutôt à la grande famille des « ethnologies nationales », voire des « sciences nationales » au service de la nation, ayant comme objet d’intérêt le Paysan plutôt que le Primitif. À part une brève période internationaliste, le communisme n’a pas mis en question cette approche, se contentant de l’utiliser à son profit. Elle n’a pas fait l’objet d’une analyse critique, même après la chute du communisme, se plaçant ainsi dans une « longue durée » qui reste un enjeu en soi.Dans ce contexte, l’anthropologie arrive en Roumanie pratiquement avec la chute du communisme, apportant la bonne parole d’une connaissance occidentale noble, car non maculée par le nationalisme ou le communisme local et n’ayant pas non plus l’intention de se mêler à ces pratiques académiques plutôt indésirables. Se tenant au début à l’écart les uns des autres, les « folkloristes » et les « anthropologues » ont fini par se polariser socialement et par couper pratiquement toute communication. L’expertise de la « vraie société roumaine » se voit ainsi fragmentée elle aussi, instrumentalisée par des jeux de pouvoir changeants.L’article se pose la question de l’avenir de la discipline (des disciplines?) et ses rapports avec la société dans ce contexte où l’ethnologie nationale semble avoir touché à sa fin, où l’intégration européenne a légiféré « la mort du Paysan » et où l’anthropologie qui vient de l’Occident a du mal à se positionner par rapport a cette double mort dont on n’a pas encore fait le deuil., The “anthropological” disciplines of ethnography and folklore have historically been seen in Romania as being part of the “national ethnologies,” and even as “national sciences” in the service of the nation. In keeping with this view, it was the Peasant rather than the Primitive that was the subject of study. With the exception of a brief internationalist period, this approach was never called into question by the communist regime, which was content to take advantage of it. Nor was it subjected to critical analysis after the fall of communism, simply being incorporated into a “long-term view” that is an issue in itself.For all intents and purposes, anthropology arrived in Romania with the fall of communism, spreading the good word of a noble Western discipline that was unsullied by local nationalism and communism and that had no intention of becoming mixed up with these somewhat undesirable academic practices. Folklorists and anthropologists, who initially kept their distance from each other, eventually became entirely focused on their separate fields, the end result being an almost complete rupture in communication. Knowledge about “real Romanian society” was likewise fractured, and came to serve as a tool in power struggles.This article looks at the future possibilities for the discipline (disciplines?) and its relationship with Romanian society in a context where the national ethnology seems to have reached its end, where European integration has legislated the “death of the Peasant,” and where the Western discipline of anthropology has not yet been able to adopt a clear position on these two not-yet-entirely-accepted deaths., Las disciplinas «antropológicas» en Rumania (la etnográfica y el folclore) pertenecen históricamente a la gran familia de las «etnologías nacionales», véase de las «ciencias nacionales» al servicio de la nación, que tiene como objeto de interés el Campesino en lugar del Primitivo. Aparte de un breve periodo internacionalista, el comunismo no cuestionó está perspectiva y se limitó a ponerla a su servicio. No ha sido objeto de análisis crítico después de la caída del comunismo, situándose así en la «larga duración» que en sí misma constituye un reto. En dicho contexto, la antropología llega a Rumania prácticamente con la caída del comunismo, portadora del apostolado del conocimiento occidental, noble y sin la mácula del nacionalismo o del comunismo local y sin la intención de entrometerse en las prácticas académicas más bien indeseables. Teniéndose en un principio lejos unos de los otros, los «folcloristas» y los «antropólogos» terminaron por polarizarse socialmente y cortar prácticamente toda comunicación. La experiencia de la «verdadera sociedad rumana» se vió así fragmentada, instrumentalizada por los retos cambiantes del poder. El artículo se cuestiona sobre el futuro de la disciplina (¿las disciplinas?) y sus relaciones con la sociedad en un contexto en el cual la etnología nacional parecer tocar su fin, en el cual la integración europea ha legislado «la muerte del Campesino» et en el cual la antropología que viene del Occidente le cuesta trabajo posicionarse con relación a esa doble muerte, cuyo duelo aun no ha terminado.

A two-colored digraph is a digraph whose arcs are colored red or blue. A two-colored digraph is primitive provided that there exist nonnegative integers h and k with h + k > 0 such that for each pair ( i , j ) of vertices there is an ( h , k ) -walk from i to j in D. The exponent of D is the minimum value of h + k taken over all such h and k. In this paper, we consider a class of special primitive two-colored digraphs whose uncolored digraphs have n + s vertices and consist of one n-cycle and one ( n - t ) -cycle for t ⩾ 1 . We give bounds on the exponents and characterize the extreme two-colored graphs, which generalizes the results in [Y. Gao, Y. Shao, Exponents of two-colored digraphs with two cycles, Linear Algebra Appl. 407 (2005) 263–276; Y. Gao, Y. Shao, Exponents of a class two-colored digraphs, Linear and Multilinear Algebra 53(3) (2005) 175–188].

In [J.Y. Shao, L.H. You, Bound on the base of irreducible generalized sign pattern matrices, Discrete Math., in press], Shao and You extended the concept of the base from powerful sign pattern matrices to non-powerful (and generalized) sign pattern matrices. In this paper, we study the bases of primitive zero-symmetric sign pattern (and generalized sign pattern) matrices. Sharp upper bounds of the bases are obtained. We also show that there exist no “gaps” in the base sets of the classes of such matrices.

Two kinds of optimal convergence orders in L 1 -norm to a self-similar solution are proved or conjectured for various evolutionary problems so far. The first convergence order is of the magnitude of the similarity solution itself and the second one is of order 1 / t . Employing a potential comparison technique to scalar conservation laws we may easily see that these asymptotic convergence orders are related to space and time translation of potentials. We present the technique clearly in the simple setting of scalar conservation laws in one space dimension.

Let b = b ( A ) be the Boolean rank of an n × n primitive Boolean matrix A and exp( A ) be the exponent of A . Then exp( A ) ⩽ ( b − 1) 2 + 2, and the matrices for which equality occurs have been determined in [D.A. Gregory, S.J. Kirkland, N.J. Pullman, A bound on the exponent of a primitive matrix using Boolean rank, Linear Algebra Appl. 217 (1995) 101–116]. In this paper, we show that for each 3 ⩽ b ⩽ n − 1, there are n × n primitive Boolean matrices A with b ( A ) = b such that exp( A ) = ( b − 1) 2 + 1, and we explicitly describe all such matrices.

’Socket Primitive’ is a heavily used term associated with network operations in computer science. A socket is a communication end point of a computer system. The word ’primitive’ is often used to name an instruction which represents a self-contained unit on the current abstraction level. Therefore, a ’Socket Primitive’ is a socket related function that is provided by various high-level programming language libraries. This technical report describes and ultimately defines the term ’Socket Primitive’.

Educational textbook is intended for students studying the bject "Mathematical analysis" and includes the chapter "The indefinite integral". This manual consists of a sufficient number of examples, examination of which helps to understand the given theoretical material. All the material is presented in English. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов, изучающих "Математический анализ", и охватывает раздел "Неопределенный интеграл". В пособии имеется большое количество примеров, рассмотрение которых помогает усвоению теоретического материала. Весь материал изложен на английском языке. математический анализ

Educational textbook is intended for students studying the bject "Mathematical analysis" and includes the chapter "The indefinite integral". This manual consists of a sufficient number of examples, examination of which helps to understand the given theoretical material. All the material is presented in English. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов, изучающих "Математический анализ", и охватывает раздел "Неопределенный интеграл". В пособии имеется большое количество примеров, рассмотрение которых помогает усвоению теоретического материала. Весь материал изложен на английском языке. математический анализ

Educational textbook is intended for students studying the bject "Mathematical analysis" and includes the chapter "The indefinite integral". This manual consists of a sufficient number of examples, examination of which helps to understand the given theoretical material. All the material is presented in English. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов, изучающих "Математический анализ", и охватывает раздел "Неопределенный интеграл". В пособии имеется большое количество примеров, рассмотрение которых помогает усвоению теоретического материала. Весь материал изложен на английском языке. математический анализ

La localisation mammaire du kyste hydatique est exceptionnelle. De ce fait, le diagnostic est difficile avant l'examen anatomopathologique. Nous rapportons une observation d'un cas de kyste hydatique du sein chez une femme de 32 ans, qui consultait pour un nodule du sein, dont l'imagerie montrait une lésion en rétro-aréolaire du sein gauche, homogène, ovalaire et de contours réguliers. L'examen anatomopathologique objectivait un kyste hydatique à localisation mammaire. Les suites opératoires étaient simples. L'hydatidose est une maladie ubiquitaire, pouvant atteindre tous les organes. Le diagnostic peut être évoqué devant une masse kystique du sein avec des aspects très évocateurs à l'imagerie. La confirmation du diagnostic n'est confirmée qu'après une cytoponction ou une chirurgie d'exérèse qui réalise le traitement de cette pathologique. La négativité du bilan d'extension hydatique permet de retenir une localisation primitive de l'échinococcose.

In [J.Y. Shao, L.H. You, Bound on the base of irreducible generalized sign pattern matrices, Discrete Math., in press], Shao and You extended the concept of the base from powerful sign pattern matrices to non-powerful (and generalized) sign pattern matrices. In this paper, we study the base for primitive non-powerful nearly reducible sign pattern (and generalized sign pattern) matrices. We obtain sharp upper bounds, together with complete characterization of the equality cases of the base for primitive nearly reducible sign pattern (and generalized sign pattern) matrices. We also show that there exist “gaps” in the base set of the classes of such matrices.

PURPOSE: The prognosis of metastatic/high-risk localized small round-cell tumors (SRCTs) treated conventionally is dismal. In this phase II study, we explored a high-dose chemotherapy (HD-CT) approach and analyzed the clinical significance of fusion transcripts detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 1997 to November 1999, 28 SRCT patients (median age, 26 years; 14 peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors [pPNETs], seven rhabdomyosarcomas [RMSs], and seven desmoplastic small round-cell tumors [DSRCTs]) received induction chemotherapy with ifosfamide, epirubicin, and vincristine followed by HD-CT. Local treatment (radiotherapy and/or surgery) was performed when possible. Molecular analysis was performed on peripheral-blood and leukapheresis products by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overall response (OR) was 65% (18 of 28), with 40% complete response and 25% partial response. According to histology, the OR rate was 86% in pPNET and 43% in both RMS DSRCT. With a median follow-up of 35 months, median overall survival was 16 months and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 10 months. PFS was statistically better in pPNET than other histologic types (P = .0045). No correlation was found between the fusion transcript and clinical outcome during follow-up. Furthermore, transcript detection in leukapheretic products was not of prognostic significance. CONCLUSION: Intensive HD-CT seems to enhance the response rate and survival when compared with conventional treatment in poor-prognosis pPNET. The poor results of this treatment in RMS and DSRCT do not support the inclusion of such an approach in these patient subsets. No definitive conclusions can currently be drawn concerning the clinical implications of the detection of fusion transcripts during treatment or follow-up.

The Fibonacci language F u , v is the set of all Fibonacci words, where the first word and the second word in the Fibonacci sequence are u and v, respectively. We show that the language F u , v is context-free free. We also show that F u , v is not dense if the word uv contains at least two distinct letters. Let w i denote the ith Fibonacci word. When considering the Fibonacci language F a , b for two distinct letters a and b, we show that for k ⩾2 and 1⩽ i k , the word w i w i is not a prefix of the Fibonacci word w k . We also show that for k ⩾2, the language F k ={w nk | n⩾1} is a code.

In this paper we analyze properties of transition matrices T∈ R n,n of regular Markov chains whose exponent (index of primitivity) is bounded below by ⌊((n−1) 2 +1)/2⌋+2 . Our investigation leads to a proof that for such a T , the corresponding condition number K (T):= max 1⩽i,j⩽n |Q # i,j | , where Q=I−T . We go on to show that if E∈ R n,n is a perturbation of T such that T+E is also a transition matrix for a regular Markov chain and π and π are the stationary distribution vectors of T and T+E , respectively, then ∥π− π ∥ ∞ ∞ and ∥π− π ∥ 1 1 . Many of the techniques used to establish these results are combinatorial in nature.

A word v is said to be a proper d-factor of a word u if v ≠ u and u = vx = yv for some words x,y. The family of words which have i distinct proper d-factors is denoted by D(i). According to the number of distinct proper d-factors of words, the free semigroup X+ generated by X can be expressed as the disjoint union of D(i)'s. Words in D(1) are called d-minimal words. d-Minimal words are often called non-overlapping words, dipolar words or unborded words. In this paper, we study the relationship between Di(1) and D(i) concerning the basic properties of decompositions and catenations of words. We give characterizations of words in D2(1)∩D(1) and D(2). We also show that sets Di(1)⧹D(j) and D(j)⧹Di(1) are disjunctive. It is known that every disjunctive language is dense but not regular. We obtain the results that X+D(1) and X+D(2) are regular but X+D(i) is disjunctive for every i ⩾ 4. Served as an example of disjunctive d-minimal context-free languages, a disjunctive d-minimal context-free language is constructed. Moreover, we show that the well-known Dyck language is a free semigroup generated by a d-minimal bifix code. The languages of which the catenations consist of d-minimal words are studied in this paper too. That is, some properties of d-minimality-annihilators of languages are investigated.

The renin angiotensin system (RAS) has long been a known endocrine system that is involved in regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance. Over the last 2 decades, evidence has accrued that shows that there are local RAS that can affect cellular activity, tissue injury and tissue regeneration. There are locally active ligand peptides, mediators, receptors and signaling pathways of the RAS in the bone marrow (BM). This system is fundamentally involved and controls the essential steps of primitive and definitive blood cell production. Hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, formation of monocytic and lymphocytic lineages, as well as stromal elements are regulated by the local BM RAS. The expression of a local BM RAS has been shown in very early, primitive embryonic hematopoiesis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-1, CD143) is expressed on the surface of hemangioblasts and isolation of the CD143 positive cells allows for recovery of all hemangioblast activity, the first endothelial and hematopoietic cells, forming the marrow cavity in the embryo. CD143 expression also marks long-term blood-forming CD34+ BM cells. Expression of receptors of the RAS is modified in the BM with cellular maturation and by injury. Ligation of the receptors of the RAS has been shown to modify the status of the BM resulting in accelerated hematopoiesis after injury. The aim of the present review is to outline the known functions of the local BM RAS within the context of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis as well as modification of BM recovery by administration of exogenous ligands of the RAS. Targeting the actions of local RAS molecules could represent a valuable therapeutic option for the management of BM recovery after injury as well as neoplastic disorders.

Author(s): Harth, Amy | Abstract: Book Review: Modern Production to Imagined Primitive: The Social World of Coffee from Papua New Guinea

Malignant peripheral nerve tumors, a small subset of soft tissue sarcomas, provide a unique diagnostic challenge. Although they may arise from peripheral nerves or from cells associated with nerve sheaths, malignant peripheral nerve tumors often present with diverse immunohistochemical features similar to those of other tumors. These features make MPNSTs difficult to diagnose and classify. We present a case of a 26-year-old female presenting with a rapidly growing soft tissue mass. The mass was excised and immunohistological staining suggested a Ewing’s sarcoma/Primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Confirmational studies did not confirm this diagnosis and upon further review, the diagnosis was changed to a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. We reviewed this case in the setting of the reported literature concerning MPNSTs with focus on the epidemiologic, diagnostic, and immunohistologic features that distinguish this tumor from other similar malignancies.

International audience; In a 1995 paper, Hof, Knill and Simon obtain a sufficient combinatorial criterion on the subshift Ω of the potential of a discrete Schrödinger operator which guarantees purely singular continuous spectrum on a generic subset of Ω. In part, this condition requires that the subshift Ω be palindromic, i.e., contains an infinite number of distinct palindromic factors. In the same paper, they introduce the class P of morphisms f : A * → B * of the form a → pq a with p and q a palindromes, and ask whether every palindromic subshift generated by a primitive substitution arises from morphisms of class P or by morphisms of the form a → q a p. In this paper we give a partial affirmative answer to the question of Hof, Knill and Simon: we show that every rich primitive substitutive subshift is generated by at most two morphisms each of which is conjugate to a morphism of class P. More precisely, we show that every rich (or almost rich in the sense of finite defect) primitive morphic word y ∈ B ω is of the form y = f (x) where f : A * → B * is conjugate to a morphism of class P, and where x is a rich word fixed by a primitive substitution g : A * → A * conjugate to one in class P.

The over 200 ethnicities in Nigeria are known for their distinct cultures and heritages. For the Igbo of eastern Nigeria, their heritage cannot be fully discussed without a look at the almost extinct uli body and wall painting practiced by Igbo women. Uli is the Igbo name for the indigo dye obtained from several species of plants and used to draw cosmetically on the human body. It is also the name of the traditional mural painted by Igbo women with four simple colours. The decline of uli art in the postcolonial period is a reflection of the sorry state of cultural heritage in Igbo land and Nigeria in general. Yet the story of uli reflects the unsung contribution of women to social development in Igbo land and how this unique contribution has been devalued in the highly maleprivileging art field of today. My work, therefore, focuses on the work of one uli woman painter, Eziafo Okaro, and highlights the trans-epochal qualities of her vision. The story of Eziafo Okaro provides a basis for discussing the need to preserve the self while appropriating the other and how the work of Igbo uli women classicists helped to reinforce and preserve Igbo identity.

This paper examines the mapping of such ideas as happy and sad, control and subjugation, and past and future upon the spatial metaphors of UP and DOWN. Hitherto, such mapping had only been considered for English but this paper extends this to two other languages.

This project is set about to deliver the information in a form of short documentary film which covers all the aspect of Pandavani, showing its journey from being a folk-art to a performing art, including all its symbolism, the history, the myths and the legends related to Mahabharata in both contexts of folk-art as well as performing art.

This paper investigates the impact of the changes of the characteristic polynomials and initial loadings, on behaviour of aliasing errors of parallel signature analyzer (Multi-Input Shift Register), used in an LFSR based digital circuit testing technique. The investigation is carried-out through an extensive simulation study of the effectiveness of the LFSR based digital circuit testing technique. The results of the study show that when the identical characteristic polynomials of order n are used in both pseudo-random test-pattern generator, as well as in Multi-Input Shift Register (MISR) signature analyzer (parallel type) then the probability of aliasing errors remains unchanged due to the changes in the initial loadings of the pseudo-random test-pattern generator., Comment: 12 pages,2 figures, Journal

The project attempts to create a digital experience for explaining the transitions faced by Gondi-art regarding their art forms. The purpose behind this project is to make artist and art enthusiasts, aware about the art form and its transformations. The information is to be delivered in the form of a website, which is narrowed down to the subject of art form of Gonds. This website also provides the information about the origin of Gonds and their cultural aspects. User can also view the profile of Gondi Artist who would be featured for a week, his work and his life from village to city would be explained in artisans‟ category. E-brochure and Tourist Guide are two additional elements with this website, where E-brochure would help user to browse various artist, know about them in a more clear way and contact them by their own. Tourist Guide is in its initial state, it will help users to browse the tribal place where this art is done and tourist places nearby. The presentation will combine various digital mediums like video, sound, illustration and text in a format that allows the user to explore at will. The various aspects of Gondi Painting in India and around the world, while providing the users with quick and simple access to the information they might need to know about the paintings, their stories or the music and for the tourists if they want to visit places where this art is done.

The case of an 18-year-old primipara in the second trimester of pregnancy affected by a primitive supratentorial mass is described. Main symptoms of increased intracranial pressure were severe headache, diplopia, and left hemiparesis. In the 20(th) week of pregnancy a fronto-temporal craniotomy was performed with complete excision of the tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Three months after being discharged, the patient still presented headache and apathy, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan again showed the presence of a temporal lesion; therefore, after caesarean delivery the second surgical resection of the tumor was performed. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy was required.

Cet article traite du concept de « dégénérescence », importé dans la psychiatrie française par Benedict-Auguste Morel dans les années 1850, et largement diffusé par la suite, dans ce champ ainsi que dans celui de la criminologie. On tente d’analyser la reconfiguration qu’impose ce concept au savoir psychiatrique en dégageant la manière dont il permet d’intégrer en un ensemble cohérent plusieurs modèles théoriques: un paradigme neurologique, une théorie de l’automatisme morbide, un certain évolutionnisme. Sur ces bases, on essaie d’établir les similitudes de fonds existant entre les conceptions psychiatrique et criminologique de la dégénérescence, en montrant qu’elles mobilisent le même réseau « structurant » d’analogies entre les figures de l’anormal (le fou, le sauvage, l’enfant, la femme, l’animal); et l’on s’efforce de montrer que ces théories promeuvent une logique dans laquelle les infractions aux différents types de normes (biologiques, sociales, morales, juridiques, psychologiques, économiques) sont susceptibles de faire systématiquement référence les unes aux autres, de se traduire les unes dans les autres. Puis l’on caractérise les transformations que ce nouveau paradigme impose aux principes de la thérapeutique, de la pédagogie et de la prise en charge des malades mentaux et des déviants. Pour finir, on présente les éléments latents qui dans ce paradigme préparent et indiquent déjà sa remise en cause et son renversement à venir.This article deals with the concept of «degeneration», introduced by Benedict-Auguste Morel in the French psychiatry during the 1850s, and which widely spread afterwards, in this field as well as in the contemporary criminology. An analysis is tried of the changes imposed by this notion on the psychiatric knowledge, changes that resulted in the integration in a coherent system of three other paradigms: a neurological paradigm, a theory of pathological automatism, a certain kind of evolutionary theory. The author then tries to establish the existence of background similarities between the psychiatric and criminological theories of degeneration, namely in as much as they promote the same «structural» analogies between the various forms of abnormality (the madman, the primitive, the woman, the child, the animal); and it is shown that these theories also imply a logic in which all the transgressions of the different kinds of norms (biological, social, moral, juridical, psychological, economical) tend to be systematically referred to one another, and translated into one another. Then a sketch is given of the changes imposed by this paradigm to the principles of therapy and pedagogy for the insane persons. And finally the author presents some of the themes that, in this paradigm, already prepare its deconstruction to come.

Les textes dans lesquels Descartes tente de donner une analyse mécaniste du vivant forment l’une des contributions majeures à l’histoire des sciences naturelles. Mais, annexée à la physique cartésienne, elle a été jugée réductrice et insuffisante, voire dangereuse, par de nombreux courants historiographiques ou philosophiques qui préfèrent au système cartésien l’empirisme des Lumières. Mais c’est donner une image bien pauvre de la science cartésienne du vivant que de la considérer comme un discours visant à construire une catégorie éthique et ontologique de l’animalité. En analysant les éléments qui font de la pensée cartésienne du vivant une science, cet article tente de montrer que c’est sur le terrain du seul savoir que le statut du corps vivant peut être compris pour ce qu’il est : une hypothèse ouverte. Les interprétations morales de la doctrine de l’animal-machine, qui feignent de ne pas voir ce fondement épistémologique, ne peuvent se prévaloir d’aucun fondement historique ou philosophique pour donner sens à leur lecture biaisée. The texts in which Descartes tries to give a mechanical account on the living form one of the major contributions to the history of the natural sciences. But, as a part of Cartesian physics, Cartesian biology has been considered as a reducing and insufficient or even dangerous theory by many historiographical or philoso­ phical traditions which supported the empiricism of the Lumières against the Cartesian system. How poor is the image of the Cartesian biomechanics when it is reduced to a sketchy ethical and ontological building of the animality. By analysing the elements that make Cartesian thought of living a science, this article tries to show that it is on the ground of knowledge that the status of the living body can be understood for what it is : an open assumption. Moral interpretations of the animal machine doctrine, which pretend not to see this epistemological aim in Descartes, can be ­ prevailed of no historical or philosophical background to justify their biased reading.

Le néokantisme – souvent critiqué de façon polémique par Heidegger et ses disciples –, en particulier le néokantisme de son maître, Heinrich Rickert, présente une théorie de la compréhension humaine plus approfondie que celle de Heidegger. D’une part, Heidegger est replacé dans son temps, puis les principes de la théorie de Rickert sur le sens et les valeurs sont esquissés. D’autre part, un problème de base de la phénoménologie est analysé ; il apparaît en fin de compte que la validité – notion fondamentale du néokantisme – fonctionne implicitement aussi comme le fondement du projet ontologique de Heidegger, bien que celui-ci, pour des raisons méthodologiques, ne parvient pas suffisamment à justifier l’usage de cette notion. It is argued, that Neokantianism – often criticized polemically by Heidegger and his followers –, especially the Neokantianism of his teacher Heinrich Rickert, presents a more thorough theory concerning the fundaments of human understanding than Heidegger does. First, Heidegger is situated in his time, then principles of Rickerts theory on sense and values are sketched. Afterwards a basic problem of phenomenology in justifying principles is analysed; finally it turns out that validity – a fundamental notion of Neokantianism – functions implicitly as ground also for Heideggers ontological project, but Heidegger, for methodological reasons, fails to justify the use of this notion sufficiently.