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Diagramming the intersection between the representation of work and the work of representation, this thesis explores how animation has historically mediated technological transformations in film production through its self-reflexive engagement with labour. I track the entanglement between animated images and image production through three key inflection points in animation history: beginning with early animation’s pre-industrial roots; continuing through animation’s industrial rationalisation; and concluding with a discussion of digital animation. Contrary to claims that animation’s self-reflexive address is unique to early animation, I argue that early animation’s turn towards self-reflexivity does not vanish with the disappearance of the animator from the frame. Rather, animation showcases an ongoing preoccupation with labour. It works out tensions between autonomy and automation; movement and mechanisation; labour and alienation at key points throughout its history, especially when the work of animation is transformed by its formalisation, rationalisation, and digitalisation as a medium. This thesis is organised into three chapters. Chapter One takes up cinematic reflexivity and self-figuration to critique *Gertie the Dinosaur* (1914 Winsor McCay) through the lens of the operational aesthetic, underscoring how this aesthetic mode poses limits to theories of cinematic disclosure and problematises representations of work in early animation. Taking up the film as a cinematic treatise on the labour of animation, this chapter argues that the film’s live-action prologue disregards the role photography played in automating the reproduction of Gertie’s animated imagery, electing to prioritise the manual labours of animation as a handicraft. Chapter Two builds on Siegfried Kracauer’s theory of the mass ornament to contemplate masses, multitudes, and crowds for film. It decodes the mass ornament in the musical choreographies of Busby Berkeley; addresses its resonances with assembly line production in classical animation; and concludes with a discussion of homogeneity and heterogeneity in the production of digitally simulated crowds. Chapter Three takes up the ‘quality assurance guarantee’ of Pixar Animation Studios to consider how it articulates its relationship to creativity and the labour of computer animated filmmaking. This chapter investigates Pixar’s post-Fordist labour history to ask how this labour history intersects with the broader turn towards the immaterial labours of creativity— labours which the studio uses to underwrite its reputation as ‘Creativity, Inc.’ Through a critique of its political economy, Chapter Three describes how Pixar curates its public image and optimises worker productivity by indoctrinating animators into a company culture and corporate mythology which foregrounds artistry and creativity over computer-intensive forms of work. Reflecting on animation as a material practice; as an ideology; and through a critique of its political economy, this thesis contemplates the complex configurations between animated imagery; animated film production; and the labour of animation. This interdisciplinary work combines critical methods from production studies, film history, media theory, cultural studies, and animation scholarship to offer incisive contributions to film and media studies. It brings together aesthetic theory with critiques of the technologies, histories, and production methods of animated film. And it raises important questions for film and media studies about the work of animation; animation’s mediation of this work; and asks what animation theory can bring to the study of cinematic labour.

Актуальность. В работе рассматривается трансформация характера занятости и трудовой жизни в рамках формирования нового технологического и ресурсного пространства в постфордистскую эпоху. Дан анализ изменений социально значимых качеств массовых участников экономических отношений (работников и работодателей, предпринимателей). Определены новые характеристики субъектов постфордистского труда, которые другие факторы обязаны учитывать при конструировании своих ожиданий и трудовых взаимодействий, принимая во внимание новую социально-ролевую специфику работников. Целью исследования является представление эволюции взглядов о природе трансформации характера занятости и трудовой жизни при смене технологических парадигм на основе выявления конкурирующих теорий с учетом сложившихся новых трудовых практик, характерных для современного капитализма. Методы: систематизации, анализа и обобщения научных теорий российских и зарубежных авторов. Результаты представляют собой критический анализ индивидуальных интерпретативных способностей рабочего фордистского труда, еще не имеющих рыночной ценности, обусловливающих его оппортунистическое поведение и рост издержек производства. Напротив, постфордистский работник, будучи вовлеченным в информационный поток и обмен, имеет новые ресурсные характеристики, свою трудовую деятельность сводит к средству самоутверждения, а также временному и случайному занятию и готов к переменам. Выводы заключаются в том, что отсутствие четкой дифференцированности новой социальной роли постфордистского работника ведет к противоречиям социально-трудовых отношений и требует обеспечения социальной безопасности. Научному сообществу необходимо приложить больше усилий для исследования аутопоэтических аспектов качества трудовой жизни. В постфордистскую эпоху понятия «социального» и «государственного» становятся все менее надежными для обеспечения качества трудовой жизни людей и ее популяционного разнообразия, что делает актуальной, с одной стороны, антрепренериализацию повседневной, а не только экономической жизни, а с другой - респонсибилизацию индивидов в процессе усложнившихся и неустойчивых взаимодействий. Relevance. The paper examines the transformation of the nature of employment and working life in the framework of the formation of a new technological and resource space in the post-Fordist era. The analysis of changes in the socially significant qualities of mass participants in economic relations (employees and employers, entrepreneurs) is given. New characteristics of the subjects of post-Fordist labor are determined, which other actors must take into account when constructing their expectations and labor interactions, with regard to employees` new social and role specifics. The aim of the study is to present the evolution of views on the nature of transformation of the character of employment and working life when changing technological paradigms based on the identification of competing theories, taking into account the established new labor practices that are characteristic of modern capitalism. The main research method is the systematization, analysis and generalization of scientific theories of Russian and foreign authors. The results of the study are a critical analysis of the individual interpretative abilities of the Fordist worker, which do not yet have a market value, which determine his opportunistic behavior and the growth of production costs. On the contrary, the post-Fordist worker, being involved in the information flow and exchange, has new resource characteristics, reduces his labor activity to a means of self-affirmation, as well as temporary and casual employment, and is ready for change. The conclusions are that the lack of a clear differentiation of the new social role of the post-Fordist worker leads to contradictions in social and labor relations and requires social security. The scientific community needs to make more efforts to study the autopoietic aspects of the quality of working life. In the post-Fordist era, the concepts of «social» and «state» are becoming less and less reliable for ensu-ring the quality of people's working life and its population diversity, which puts forward on the current agenda, on the one hand, the entrepreneurialization of everyday, and not just economic life, and, on the other, responsibilization of individuals in the process of complicated and unstable interactions.

Basic tendencies of enterprises' innovative development management have been considered from the perspective of postfordist tranformations. It has been determined that mobility is a specificity of postfordist industrial management. Mobility provides dispersion of structural subdivisions all over the world, it doesn't need any governmental support and strict control. Total diversification of the kind allows to implement «high» technologies through global data revolution practically into all spheres of social life. The evolution of social relations types from feudalism up to Post-Fordism has been provided and their specifics defined. Analytical studies carried out have enabled to discover formed world innovative centres and – from global economic perspective – those of half-peripheral countries with low level of innovative development. The directions of China management of innovative development, whose combined innovation level steadily increases, have been described. It has been determined that a great many of world countries is not currently being on the postfordist stage, since an industrial labour is characteristic for them which defines their type as traditional or early industrial pre-modern. We've also found that innovation development governance at the global level through the prism of postfordist transformations manifests itself in looking for niche, strict subordination to global market mechanisms, decentralization under control of transnational corporations; at the national level: in decentration of social space and thinking, marginalization of urban population, migration; at the meso level: in orientation on consumer needs, considerable mobility of production, individualization under global standardization; at the micro level: in project approach, faster time to market, cost minimization. It has been determined that technological breakthrough evokes such social concerns as total control, alienation, job and security loss.

The presented paper deals with the basic issues, dilemmas and social and cultural contradictions in the Polish transformation process against the background of Central and Eastern Europe, the processes of the establishment and development of new states and nations as well as the new markets. The author views these problems through the light of the emergence of a broad class of subcontractors in a turbulent environment and the new modes of production, which are a result of changes in the structure of human labour introduced by post-Fordism (in its final stage, lean management) and postmodernity. The author also analyzes the social change as a consequence of social relations resulting from exchanging the life chances of the actors for the class-conditioned market opportunities in the existing social and political situation (conjoncture) and at the present stage of transformation at the moment when the emergent markets get shaped and mature. The study makes use of the hermeneutic method, which is finding out the essence of the present phase of transformation through the light of new concepts against the background of the historical-comparative analysis. The present article is not aimed at ordering reality but it is an inspiration for studies and for approaching transformation in accordance with a new conceptual apparatus of social sciences, sociology, management and political economy.

Quality control tools such as certification are the critical infrastructure of sustainable tourism that facilitate triple bottom-line outcomes. Prior scholarship investigates tool adoption, but examination of discontinuance is absent. Using Diffusion of Innovations Theory, we investigate the diversity of discontinuance among practitioners in a destination by tool type, discontinuance manifestations, and influential attributes. Semistructured interviews revealed selective tool discontinuance and salient influence of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, and observability attributes. Conventional replacement and disenchantment discontinuance manifestations were augmented by emergent induced, episodic, and recalibration forms and organized along an original typology from pure discontinuance to retention. Findings suggest practitioner alignment with “post-Fordist” sustainable tourism. Implications for tool counterdiffusion are assimilated into ongoing discourses of sustainable tourism theory and practice. Prospects for tool-specific attributes also emerge, for the first time, and when paired with those theoretical can inform an entirely novel realm of supply-side tool design; practical applications are illustrated.

This article offers a new approach to the analysis of spatial hierarchies and selectivity within national politics. These hierarchies and related state spatial restructurings are approached by anal...

The article examines the current problems of the global sphere of work and employment. The author historically assesses the causes and consequences of the structural transformations of the economy and social and labor relations as a result of the transition of the capitalist economy from fordism and keynesianism to post-fordism and neoliberalism at the end of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of a significant array of statistical and sociological information the author concludes that in the conditions of neoliberal economic globalization, labor has undergone significant changes in comparison with the period of the "glorious post-war thirty years" of capitalism. The implementation of radical economic reforms has led to an increase in employment vulnerability and a decrease in the quality of working life for many categories of workers in the modern world. The decline in the share of labor in GDP, the lag in wage growth rates from labor productivity, and the widespread incidence of informal and vulnerable employment, characteristic of this period, have become the main reasons for the growth of socioeconomic inequality and widespread poverty and poverty in the working environment in recent decades. Having considered the impact of the current process of automation, robotization and digitalization of the global economy, the author concludes that without changing the socio-economic and political configuration of the structure of the modern world, the potentially high utility of the latest achievements of science and technology will be significantly limited and subordinated mainly to the economic interests of capital owners, and will not work for the benefit of all humanity and social progress. The article pays special attention to studying the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of their impact on the position of employees in the modern world.

The paper investigates one of the possible models of the modern state, namely: the Schumpeterian Workfare State, on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. The author gives an assessment of the phenomena that determined the transition to a new production and technical paradigm of Post-Fordism. The paper elucidates the preconditions of formation of the idea of the Schumpeterian Workfare State and its essential characteristics. In particular, it is noted that the model of the Schumpeterian Workfare State is applicable to any capitalist states at the present stage regardless of whether they have passed the stage of Fordism. The author proposes his own definition of the category of the Schumpeterian Workfare State that was missing in the modern domestic theory of the state. The author poses a number of problems that we must resolve for theoretical understanding and practical application of the model of the Schumpeterian Workfare State. To this end, the author believes that it is necessary to update the doctrine about the state in the national science to create solid theoretical foundations for the development and functioning of the Russian Federation at the modern stage.

‘Shaping one’s life artistically’ implies the principle ‘I live as an artist when all my actions, and my expression in general, in connection with any content whatever, remain for me a mere show an...

There is growing evidence that simultaneous to the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), a less obvious, but equally profound, Revolution in Military Logistics (RML) has occurred that shapes and un...

This essay, based on a ‘militant ethnography’ of the small radical grassroots activist group Our London,1 outlines the importance of mood in developing political collectivity in oppositional politics. Applying Gilbert’s notion of affect as key to sociality, Highmore’s discussion of mood and mood work and Dean’s concept of affective infrastructure, I develop an account of Our London’s activities, and in particular its organisation of public events, that argues for the production of mood in political spaces as key to mobilising political collectivity. The significance of this work is in showing how oppositional political practices, as opposed to mere rhetoric or discourse, can develop forms of political collectivity and action; this is also a study of how forms of class politics can be performed and practised despite the difficulty of articulating such politics discursively – or even conceptualising society in class terms – in the context of a fragmented, neoliberal, post-Fordist city like London.

Existing scholarship finds that early industrialized animation studios sought to emphasize the unpredictable liveliness of creativity at their studios, while also demonstrating their ability to control and manage production through industrial management techniques that promoted regulation and efficiency. This article examines how this dynamic between unpredictability and control has been negotiated by digital animation studios since the early 1980s, with a focus on the way Pixar Animation Studios represents its management theory through popular books, business journal articles, DVD extras, and behind-the-scenes promotional material.This article highlights how computational principles for creating and managing unpredictability via nonlinear simulation inform Pixar’s promoted management theory. The principles of simulated unpredictability ground many of Pixar’s key technological advances, especially for animating fluids and materials (water, smoke, fur, and cloth), but they also ground concepts within the field of management science such as industrial dynamics and organizational resilience. This epistemic frame leads Pixar to represent creativity as the unpredictable product of carefully controlled conditions and parameters and this collapse of technology, animation, and management helps to sculpt Pixar’s own corporate image as both an animation studio and technology company. The research in this article offers contributions to the study of both post-Fordism in animation industries and algorithmic control.

Post-Fordism describes a situation in which precarity and un/underemployment becomes normalised while the requirement for young people to seek subjectivity through work is intensified. In this context, this article draws on interviews with youth living in regions of high youth unemployment to examine how young people create identities as workers. The article shows that young people approach the cultivation of a working self in terms of how the capacity for productive labour contributes to projects of ‘self-realisation’. Classed subjectivities are formed through the different ethics through which young people approach the formation of the self as a worker. This demonstrates how the disciplinary requirements of work contribute to the contemporary experience of class among youth. The article concludes by suggesting that generational shifts in the experience of youth currently associated with employment insecurity can be usefully understood in terms of the dynamics of post-Fordist labouring subjectivities.

In the context of precarious post-Fordist urban labour markets, Dress for Success in the Netherlands, a non-profit working in the context of the welfare state, provides dress advice to a majority of men. Dress advice consists of moments in which demands for immaterial labour find material translations into items of clothing. Building on ethnographic observations, I argue that dress advice-encounters should be seen as exercises in adaptability to new and ever changing economic circumstances. In these pedagogies, gender is a key instrument. Rather than a straightforward feminization of the economy, what is at stake is a performance of openness towards becoming adaptable to future labour market demands. Asking men to depart their attachments to Fordist working class masculinities and its material translations is an exercise toward becoming pliable enough for post-Fordist precarious labour markets.

This qualitative industry case study evaluates job quality in the Australian platform-based food-delivery sector, one part of the growing gig economy where workers, as independent contractors, engage in digitally-enabled and controlled work that is remunerated on a piece rate basis. Using a multi-dimensional framework, we draw on worker accounts of economic security, autonomy and enjoyment to assess job quality. This study posits that to achieve a more refined picture of job quality, both objective and workers’ subjective understandings of work need to be understood in the context of their respective ‘fit’ in terms of individual circumstances, labour market alternatives and the broader socio-political context. This multi-level analysis problematises individual accounts that risk overemphasising the positive elements of platform-based work. Moreover, rather than sitting neatly in a Post- or Neo-Fordist extension of job quality, the findings reveal that the gig economy is a new juncture in capitalist production, the consequences of which need to be taken seriously by regulators, scholars, workers and other relevant stakeholders.

This article explores how the ‘post-Fordist work ethic’ contributes to the formation of classed subjectivities. Drawing on the work of Kathi Weeks, the article approaches the post-Fordist promise of self-realisation through work in terms of the individualised accrual of value that has become so central to the experience of class within the cultural politics of neoliberalism. Empirically, the article draws on a programme of research on the formation of young workers to describe two ideal typical manifestations of the post-Fordist work ethic, characterised as ‘subjects of achievement’ and ‘subjects of passion’, which reflect classed differences in the way that self-realisation through work is defined and experienced. In this way, the article argues that the contemporary work ethic is inflected with forms of class distinction that pre-date the shift to post-Fordism, and that these distinctions within the post-Fordist work ethic are critical to classed modes of contemporary subjectification. This differentiation reflects the ideological history of work and class under capitalism as well as the promise of individualised self-realisation that is so critical to subject formation in the post-Fordist present.

Over the decades, Turin has dealt with periodic social and economic crises, continuously questioning itself in terms of its future and identity. Since the 1950s, the city has distinguished itself a...

Within the workerist tradition the concept of general intellect theorised by Marx in the “Fragment on Machines” has framed a socio-political interpretation of Simondon capable of questioning the ongoing process of valorisation and subjectivation of living labour under capitalism. According to Virno (2003), Leonardi (2010) and Pasquinelli (2015), Simondon’s philosophy can provide the theoretical foundation for thinking new forms of political agency and cooperation. Their accounts rely on the concepts of transindividuality, individuation, and mecanology, in order to explore Post-Fordist concepts such as multitude, cognitive capitalism, and algorithmic governmentality. Through my reading of Simondon’s philosophy of technics, I will assess these interpretations and situate the issue of general intellect at the intersection of his notions of “technicity” and “information.” Hence, I aim to integrate workerist and post-workerist interpretations through the concepts of living information incorporated into machinery, and invention-power implied in the concept of technicity. This will eventually lead to the replacement of the Marxist opposition between living and dead labour by a conception of the machine as neither living nor dead.

From an obscure sector synonymous with mercenaryism, the private military and security industry has grown to become a significant complementing instrument in military operations. This rise has brought with it a considerable attention. Researchers have examined the role of private military and security companies in international relations as well as the history of these companies, and, above all, the legal implications of their use in the place of military organizations. As research progresses, a significant gap has become clear. Only a handful of studies have addressed the complex of issues associated with contractors’ demographics and lived experience. This article sheds some light over this lacuna, examining contractors’ demographics using descriptive statistics from an original data set of American and British contractors who died in Iraq between the years 2003 and 2016. The article augments our understanding of an important population of post-Fordist-contracted workforce, those peripheral workers supplementing military activity in high-risk occupations with uncertain long-term outcomes.

Around 2010, the inventor character started to populate animated blockbusters. Computer 3D animated films and their sequels such as Robots (Chris Wedge and Carlos Saldanha, 2005), Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, 2009), Despicable Me (Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud, 2010) and Big Hero 6 (Don Hall and Chris Williams, 2014) all feature inventors and their extravagant machines. In this article, the author explores the inventive artisan character as a self-reflexive trope of the animator. She expands Crafton’s thesis of the animator’s self-figuration and Tom Gunning’s work on machine comedy and operational aesthetics to further discussions on the animator and thereby the labour of animation. The article seeks to reveal the political agenda in the new animated machine comedy of the 2010s, which not only reflects the modes of production of contemporary animation studios, but also the larger concerns in the post-Fordist mode of production.

Over the last several decades, knowledge has emerged as the undisputed key to unlocking worldly potential. Clarifying why the author chooses the designator “knowledge economy,” this chapter introduces some distinct and antagonistic conceptions of the knowledge economy and the political orientations and prescriptions that precede and follow from them. It sketches the history of the knowledge economy and its internal relation to post-Fordism before providing several examples of why and how the quest for more knowledge is oppressive, linking the drive particularly with colonialism and ableism. After, it examines the alleged liberatory potential of the knowledge economy by visiting the Italian marxist tradition, the latter of which happened to emerge at the same time as the former. Finally, the introduction gives a brief gloss at the chapters to come.

The left sees struggles over the knowledge economy as battles for what Marx called the “general intellect.” After clarifying that capital has always expropriated knowledge, the chapter shows the role of the general intellect in the transformation from Fordism to post-Fordism, as socialist and anti-colonial struggles claimed a stake in the general intellect and capital worked back to repress and enclose the movements. It also, however, absorbed the demands of the movements in perverted form. It then shows how post-Fordism depends on the general intellect and how left theorists of the general intellect end up reinforcing the knowledge economy’s demand for more and more knowledge, despite the incalculability of knowledge.

An ethnography on early-career workers facing job insecurity at the United Nations. This ethnography focuses on the work and lifeworld at the United Nations in Geneva and Vienna. By emphasizing the perspectives of entry-level workers, this book addresses the increasing flexibility and job insecurity for those at the beginning of their potential UN careers. It explores questions such as: How do career aspirants reconcile their narratives with the organization’s image built over the past decades? How can we understand institutional power and individual agency through the lens of ritual theory and the theory of social orders? This study finally examines the entangled discourses around privilege and prestige on the one hand and the precarity and vulnerability of a growing number of UN workers on the other hand. It shows that these phenomena are not contractionary but two sides of the coin. Using the UN as an example, the study considers mechanisms of flexible and unstable work environments in times of cognitive and affective capitalism.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use spatial thinking (space-time) as a lens through which to examine the ways in which the socio-economic conditions and values of the post-Fordist academy work to diminish and even subsume the immaterial affective labour of librarians even as it serves to reproduce the academy.Design/methodology/approachThe research question informing this paper asks, In what ways does spatial thinking help us to better understand the immaterial, invisible and gendered labour of academic librarians' public service work in the context of the post-Fordist university? This question is explored using a conceptual approach and a review of recent library information science (LIS) literature that situates the academic library in the post-Fordist knowledge economy.FindingsThe findings suggest that the feminized and gendered immaterial labour of public service work in academic libraries – a form of reproductive labour – remains invisible and undervalued in the post-Fordist university, and that academic libraries function as a procreative, feminized spaces.Originality/valueSpatial thinking offers a corrective to the tendency in LIS to foreground time over space. It affords new insights into the spatial and temporal aspects of information work in the global neoliberal knowledge economy and suggests a new spatio-temporal imaginary of the post-Fordist academic library as a site of waged work.

The pervasiveness of social media has resulted in the establishment of a new career sector to manage the digital marketing, communications, public relations and advertising activities for businesses, nonprofits and high-profile individuals (McCosker, 2017). Consequently, the lines between work and personal lives have blurred, when constant connection and working across time-zones can be job requirements for workers providing social media support. Studies investigating digital labour, boundary management and Post-Fordism have explored technology’s impact on working conditions, but few have specifically examined the perspectives of social media professionals within the context of 'digital well-being', defined as "...the ability to look after personal health, safety, relationships and work-life balance in digital settings". This pilot study provides an insight into the perceptions of 15 social media professionals from six continents, to examine if current working conditions have impacted their health and well-being. Results indicated that most participants perceived the responsibility for digital well-being to be equally shared between employer and employee. However, the majority of the sample reported experiencing the inability to disconnect from work during their personal time, feelings of stress when managing live events/campaigns, including live-streaming, and being exposed to negative comments and messages when managing online communities. Only three out of the 15 social media professionals interviewed identified measures implemented at their workplaces to promote digital well-being, suggesting employers may perceive their duty-of-care ends when social media professionals leave work for the day even though their responsibilities can follow them home.

Inúmeras são as formas pelas quais o mercado de trabalho buscou lidar com as transformações econômicas nos últimos 50 anos. Dentre essas transformações, a flexibilização marca as novas dinâmicas de produção e de organização dos trabalhadores. O presente artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as transformações decorrentes da reestruturação produtiva, observando como a partir desse cenário de estagnação da produtividade fordista – percebida como resultante da rigidez e das burocracias presentes na organização da produção, distribuição e nos mercados –, demandas não só dos consumidores, mas também dos trabalhadores, não podiam mais ser atendidas. O artigo tem como foco o surgimento de um novo perfil de trabalhador, demandado a partir das novas dinâmicas de flexibilização do mercado e de uma nova racionalidade a respeito do trabalho que, no início do século XXI, vai se refletir em novos modelos de organização e gestão do trabalho, como as startups e os coworkings.

В статье исследуется феномен позднего капитализма. Поздний капитализм рассматривается как форма капиталистического производства, которая пришла на смену развитым формам капитализма 1950-х — 1960-х гг. Иначе данный переход именуется переходом от фордизма к постфордизму.Фордизм определяется как социально-экономическая система, возникшая в послевоенный период на Западе (США и Западная Европа) и типичными особенностями которой были массовое производство в рамках крупной вертикально интегрированной корпорации, а также создание соответствующих стабильных массовых рынков. В противоположность фордизму постфордизм представляет собой систему, которая сформировалась в условиях начавшейся глобализации и отражала в значительной мере как изменения на глобальных рынках, так и собственные внутренние противоречия фордизма.Последовательно рассматривается сначала становление фордистской системы (производственный и социальный проект Форда и послевоенный «фордистский компромисс»), а затем становление постфордистской системы. Особенности последней раскрываются на примере известной концепции американских авторов М. Пиоре и Ч. Сабеля. Также на материале концепции французских исследователей Л. Болтански и Э. Кьяпелло рассматривается идеология современного (позднего) капитализма. Для того чтобы показать многообразие форм (в том числе региональных) позднего капитализма, автор обращается к концепции известного американского социолога М. Кастельса.На примере фордизма и постфордизма можно убедиться в том, что капитализм — весьма гибкая и адаптивная система, однако постфордизм представляет собой как бы радикализацию «гибкости» и инновационности, изначально присущей капиталистической системе.

This chapter rewrites the general intellect in order to formulate a communist theory of writing. Such a theory is not concerned with the content of writing, but rather the character of the act of rewriting, one that is patient and occurs along a general line between intellect and stupidity, speech and silence, and knowledge and thought. This theory emerges from several rewritings of the general intellect. The chapter begins with Jean-Francois Lyotard’s theory of rewriting—which distinguishes between rewriting as remembering and rewriting as working through—and introduces the role of digital technologies in rewriting. I then turn to Virno’s rewriting of the general intellect, which expands the concept beyond determinate capabilities and knowledges, yet at the same time compresses it into a fundamental and linguistic truth that lacks an antagonism to capital. In the remainder of the chapter, I rewrite the general intellect again, returning it to its indeterminacy by positing a general and postdigital (squiggly) line between intellect and its other.

The paper consists of three parts. The question, what precarity could mean, is discussed in the first part. It contains a short characteristic of the meanings of “precarity” referring to a) the human body; b) political issues; c) culture, and d) the economic situation. The main question regards insecurity resulting from employment and work relations in the Post-Fordism era. The debate on the precariat is the subject of the second part. The core of this debate is whether the precariat is a “new dangerous class” whose “historical mission” is a transformation of Post-Fordism society. Different answers are given by several experts. The last part concerns the question of the possible reaction on precarity and on the precariat. It presents a short outline of the discourse about project “Social Europe” and “unconditional basic income” regarding the precariat.

This paper investigates digitalisation in labour activities within the Spanish population, with the aim of examining its extent and characteristics in relation to the digital divide at work, focusing particularly on access to and use of the internet. It thus aims to analyse the digital dimension of job segregation in the Spanish labour market. Internet use is explored both as an indicator of the type of work carried out and, in aggregate terms, of the broader characteristics of the labour market. The authors argue that a new segmentation of the labour market might be emerging, based on the technological requirements of jobs. The article draws on data from a representative Spanish population survey on how employees access and use the internet at work. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to describe the correlation between digitalised labour practices and individual sociodemographic conditions. The results show that around a third of Spanish workers are not required to use the internet at work. This population falls into two categories: the ‘analogical precariat’, in poor socio-economic conditions; and ‘traditional analogical labour’, in better quality traditional jobs. Digital workers can be classified into three groups: the ‘digital precariat’ (with a poor economic situation); ‘traditional digital labour’ (mainly involved in productive digital tasks); and the ‘innovative class’ (carrying out productive and communicative digital tasks). The level of education is by far the most important determining variable, in relation both to general and advanced uses. Young people and women are prominent in less complex uses of the internet (the digital precariat), which are usually related to less qualified jobs. The article argues that this represents a more subtle gender discrimination in the digital sphere than in the analogue one, with women being overrepresented in the digital precariat and underrepresented in the innovative class, while also being overrepresented in traditional analogical labour. 2020-21

This speculative paper enquires into the discourse of the ‘end of labour’ or ‘disappearance of labour’ as a result of the development of ‘intelligent capitalism’ clearly seen in ‘intelligent manufa...

This chapter explores structural barriers to effective critical practice in Post-Fordist capitalism, with reference to Jacques Rancière’s Consensus Democracy, Manuel Castells’ Network Power, Zygmunt Bauman and David Lyon’s theories of Liquid Power, Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello’s work on New Capitalism, and Jodi Dean’s work around Communicative Capitalism. The chapter introduces a range of digital tactics and techniques successful in disrupting recent hegemonic forms of power. Examples of successful digital activism are drawn principally from histories of Tactical Media and Hacktivism. The chapter closes by considering the continued value of existing tactical and hacktivist techniques in a Post-Trump, Post-Brexit world, where the hegemonic rhetorical and cultural dynamics of liberal consensus have seemingly shifted.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, by pioneering of the international finance institutions, “shock therapy” neoliberal agenda, which were previously applied to Latin America, has been actualized initially in Russia and then in all post-Soviet countries. In the same time, while the state, which commanded both political and economic spheres in the Soviet era, has been diminished by the neoliberal policies in parallel to be through with the economic and socio-economic spheres, nomenklatura, which were Soviet elites, has turned into the oligarchs and the economic power has been acquired by the oligarchs owing to the actualized neoliberal agenda. By the beginning of 2000s, after the coming to power of Vladimir Putin, the process of the rising authoritarianism of the state has started under the name of “strong state” notion. So to say, by coming to power of Putin, who displays a Leviathan profile as the form of the Russian state and even the Russian society, both political and economic transformations in Russia have been guaranteed. Therefore, in this work, it will aim to discuss the changing situation of the Russian state under the Putin’s government within this political and socio-economic framework.

The paper investigates two Swedish cases of state regulation of profound infrastructural change in relation to mining above the polar circle. An analytical framework of neoliberal depoliticisation and state regulation is used to investigate the extent to which neoliberal logics, especially the logic of distancing, determine the state relation to peripheral communities dominated by extractive accumulation regimes. The paper finds that the neoliberal prerogatives of distancing and flexibility are dominating the state relation to peripheral communities, and that this relation is determined by different aspects of distance. The dominance of neoliberal prerogatives also leads to a questioning of the widely held notion that the Swedish state has adopted an industrial policy devoted to mining expansion since the release of the Mineral Strategy in 2013. The transformation of Swedish mining politics - Actors, possible worlds and controversies

Building on work on post-Fordist affect, we argue that the group-based and person-centred forms of production in mining and milling respectively produce contingent conceptualisations of culture, identity and personhood and, in turn, of dying and death. The 'communal solidarism' characteristic of post-mining milieu engenders senses of dying and death entailing a communal merging of erstwhile individual selfhoods. In post-milling milieu dying and death are conceptualised as individuated, but subject to social evaluation. The evaluative criterion in this regard is ability to 'perform' dying and death in ways that reflect the valorised essence of local culture, identity and personhood, 'resilient autonomy'.