Search

Background Correct diagnosis and characterisation of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions in equine athletes allows targeted treatment and improved prognostication. Objectives To assess the prevalence and character of pathological change within the DDFT in the pastern with concurrent tendon injury distally. It is hypothesised that tendon lesions in the pastern will be associated with tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. Study design Retrospective descriptive case series. Methods Cases with DDFT lesions in the pastern and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography of the foot were evaluated retrospectively. Lesion location and type were recorded. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the associations between more distal tendinopathy and the presence of different DDFT lesion types in the pastern. Results Thirty-four MRI scans of 33 horses and 64 ultrasonographic exams of 58 horses were analysed. Lesion location and type were recorded. Distal DDFT lesions were found in 75% (95% CI: 66.0-84.0) of total cases of pastern DDF tendinopathy and in 97% (95% CI: 91.6-100.0) of cases with core lesions of the DDFT in the pastern. A core lesion in the pastern was significantly more likely (OR = 20.7, 95% CI: 2.2-191.0; P = .008) to be associated with injury in the foot than other types of pastern lesion. Main limitations MRIs of the foot were not obtained on all included limbs which did not allow for fully inclusive evaluation of DDFT lesions distal to the navicular bone. Conclusions DDFT pathological change in the pastern, particularly core lesions, is associated with additional tendinopathy within the hoof capsule. When a DDFT lesion is found in the pastern, further imaging of the tendon within the foot is indicated to direct appropriate treatment and improve prognostication.

This study was designed to evaluate and compare the optimal sites for intra-articular (IA) injection into the digits of buffalo by discrimination of the injection criteria. Forty-eight cadaveric hind digits of adult buffalos and nine live ones were assigned for three trial investigations. In the first division, eighteen sound cadaveric limbs were used to describe the anatomical features of the hind digit. In the second division, thirty cadaveric limbs (ten for each approach) were injected with an equal volume of iopamidol through relevant joint pouches to compare the dorsal, lateral and plantar IA approaches for each joint. The former technique was applied to nine live, healthy adult buffaloes to evaluate the accuracy of IA injection of the hind digit in vivo. Injection criteria were assessed, scored and statistically compared among the three approaches. The summation of injection criteria scores showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the dorsal and lateral approaches for IA injection of the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints in the buffalo digit compared to the plantar one. However, median and range of injection criteria scores between the dorsal and lateral approaches were slightly less significant. In conclusion, the present study established a reference for IA injection of the buffalo digit that could aid the diagnosis and treatment of digit-related lameness.

In this study, a morphometric investigation was carried out on the Akbash Turkish shepherd dog breed using 30 exterior parameters. The study consisted of 96 dogs (54 males and 42 females) ranging in age from 2 to 9 years. All dogs were bred in the West Anatolia region of Turkey, around the city of Eskisehir. The following exterior parameters were measured and their means were obtained: height at withers (65.22±3.99 cm), height at mid-back (62.24±4.24 cm), height at rump (64.97±4.16 cm), height at base of tail (58.2±5.01 cm), height to elbow (36.07±4.06 cm), height to knee (35.83±4.96 cm), height to hock (17.08±3.21 cm), height to tip of sternum (45.12±4.30 cm), body length (70.58±5.58 cm), chest depth (29.58±3.23 cm), chest width (21.02±3.18 cm), breast width (16.86±3.41 cm), chest circumference (77.86±7.05 cm), pastern circumference (13.27±1.67 cm), rump length (19.21±3.27 cm), pelvic width (8.65±2.18 cm), rump protuberance width (7.58±3.02 cm), head length (27.20±2.85 cm), skull length (16.58±1.92 cm), muzzle length (10.30±2.35 cm), skull width (14.06±1.96 cm), muzzle width (7.60±1.26 cm). According to the obtained morphological characteristics the dog has a rectangular body format, and the rump is somewhat higher than the height at the withers. According to its craniological characteristics it belongs to the group of mesaticephalic dogs. The width of the skull is smaller than its length. Angles of the hind legs are more open than angles of the front legs.

The purpose of this study was to describe normal magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic anatomy of pastern and coffin joints in Egyptian buffalo using cadaveric distal limbs. This study was achieved using twelve fresh cadaveric distal limbs from adult healthy buffaloes of both sexes. These cadaveric limbs were scanned using a 1 Tesla MRI scanner and CT scanner, injected with red latex, frozen at -20°C for 1 week, and then sectioned into sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. The obtained MR and CT images were selected to be matched with their corresponding anatomical cross-sections for identification and evaluation of the clinically correlated anatomical structures of the pastern and coffin joints. The difference in signal intensities on CT and MRI scans amongst the tissues allowed clear differentiation of major bone and soft tissue structures of the pastern and coffin joints. CT provided a high spatial resolution of bone and soft tissue structures, however, MRI allowed a better and higher resolution and definition between soft tissues. The current study provided a normal CT and MRI anatomic reference which could help veterinary clinicians for interpretation and diagnosis of the clinically affected pastern and coffin joints in buffalo.

Working equids rely on sound, balanced hooves, but data describing the typical morphology of the legs and feet of working donkeys are currently lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, the front and hind feet of twenty healthy working donkeys were measured and compared. Hoof width, weight-bearing lengths, heel width, dorsal hoof wall length and lateral and medial heel length of the hoof wall were determined, as well as toe angle, heel angle, hoof pastern axis, coronary band angle and a measure of 'ground surface size'. Viewed from the ground surface of the foot, front feet were more rounded and significantly larger than hind feet. Measures of medial-lateral balance and toe-heel angle ratio were within the recommended healthy guidelines for horses. Hoof pastern axis was broken forward for the studied animals, which supports previous research suggesting that a broken forward hoof pastern axis is normal for donkeys, although further study would be required to confirm whether this conformation is natural. Significant correlations were found between estimated body mass and hoof width in both the front and hind feet. These measurements provide valuable insight into the relationship between hoof and body characteristics, which may aid the development of guidelines for the trimming and management of working donkey hooves. Further study is, however, advised to confirm natural hoof conformation.

Robust mechanisms for slip resistance are an open challenge in legged locomotion. Animals such as goats show impressive ability to resist slippage on cliffs. It is not fully known what attributes in their body determine this ability. Studying the slip resistance dynamics of the goat may offer insight toward the biologically inspired design of robotic hooves. This article tests how the embodiment of the hoof contributes to solving the problem of slip resistance. We ran numerical simulations and experiments using a passive robotic goat hoof for different compliance levels of its three joints. We established that compliant yaw and pitch and stiff roll can increase the energy required to slide the hoof by $\approx \text{20}\%$ compared to the baseline (stiff hoof). Compliant roll and pitch allow the robotic hoof to adapt to the irregularities of the terrain. This produces an antilock braking system-like behavior of the robotic hoof for slip resistance. Therefore, the pastern and coffin joints have a substantial effect on the slip resistance of the robotic hoof, while the fetlock joint has the lowest contribution. These shed insights into how robotic hooves can be used to autonomously improve slip resistance.

The median nerve, along with the ulnar nerve, is often anesthetized when performing a lameness examination in horses. Because of the close proximity of the median nerve to the cubital joint, proximal migration of local anesthetic might ameliorate pain originating from the cubital joint. The objective of this study was to determine if a median nerve block will ameliorate lameness caused by pain in the cubital joint. A forelimb lameness was induced in six healthy horses by injecting 100 ng of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) into the cubital joint. The median nerve of the lame leg was anesthetized using 10 mL of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride. A successful median nerve block was confirmed by loss of skin sensation at the medial aspect of the pastern and typical changes in thermographic images. Gait was assessed before and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the median nerve block using an inertial sensor-based motion analysis system (Lameness Locator; Equinosis LLC, Columbia, MO). A full-factorial repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare treatment effect across time. IL-1β administration resulted in significant transient lameness in all horses (P < .0001). The median nerve block was successfully performed in all horses and did not result in significant improvement (P = .32) of lameness as quantified by the total differential head vector sum. This result has relevant clinical application as it suggests when performing a lameness examination, it is unlikely that blocking the median nerve with 10 mL of local anesthetic will ameliorate pain originating from the cubital joint.

The present study was designed to provide a descriptive imaging database of the anatomic features of the digit of normal donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a means to improve diagnosis and clinical decision-making regarding digit lameness in donkeys. Ten healthy donkeys with sound limbs were assigned for US examination of the digit in each forelimb. In addition, five donkey’s forelimb digit cadavers were subjected for CT and MRI examination. The donkey's digit was divided into three regions: fetlock, pastern, and foot. For evaluation of the digit, longitudinal and transverse US images were obtained. In CT evaluation, three plans were taken: axial, sagittal, and coronal. Whereas, in MRI evaluation, two plans were taken: axial and sagittal with two sequences, T1 and proton density. All US, CT, and MRI images of the donkey's digit were labeled and serially interpret using correlated anatomic cross-sections and references. There was a full description and proper differentiation of the anatomical features of the digit bony (distal third of cannon bone [MCIII], proximal sesamoid bones, phalanges, navicular bone, and digital cushion) and soft tissue structures (superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, suspensory ligament, intersesamoidean ligament, straight distal sesamoidean ligament, common digital extensor tendon, annular ligament, and fetlock joint capsule) on US, CT, and MRI images. In conclusion, US, CT, and MRI provide a useful noninvasive method for evaluation of the digit and give a well-defined baseline reference images for the donkey's digit for educational, research, and radiologic purposes.

Objectives This report describes the use of a minimally invasive standing pastern arthrodesis technique for the treatment of osteoarthritis in horses and documents its clinical outcome in 12 horses. Materials and Methods Medical records and radiographs of horses diagnosed with proximal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis that underwent standing pastern arthrodesis using transarticular screws were reviewed. Follow-up information for determination of outcome was obtained via phone interview with the owners. Results Twelve horses (15 limbs) were included in the study. Radiographical findings revealed severe osteoarthritis in 12/15 limbs and moderate osteoarthritis in 3/15 limbs. Follow-up information was available for 11/12 cases (13/15 limbs). Phone surveys with the owners revealed that 8/11 horses were performing at their previous activity level or higher. Two horses remained lame. One horse developed a surgical site infection and was euthanatized. The average time for horses to return to their previous level of activity was 6.5 months (range: 1–18 months). Clinical Significance Stabilization of the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses with moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis can be performed using this minimally invasive standing technique. This procedure can be performed safely and provides a similar outcome when compared with other described techniques.

It is necessary to determine through the correlation variability the direction of changes in the relationship between the signs of the exterior and milk yield in the process of age development of bulls and their daughters. Type traits of four age groups of 45 bulls taken at different periods of their life (12, 16, 18, 24, 36, 48 months), their daughters in the first lactation (8366 heads) were analyzed and founded relationship between the measurements of father - daughter and economically useful traits. Young bulls at the age of 7.2 years from the group (5 to 9 years) are the best in all measurements in all evaluation age periods the estimates exterior compared to other groups. High and reliable relationships were found for stature, body depth, girth of pastern and selectively for other measurements of bulls taken at different measurement times, which gives the right to predict the body type of animals during ontogenesis. Calculated 92 correlation coefficient of measurements of bulls and the same of daughters, as well as their milk yield, taking into account the age of the manufacturer and the date of measurement. Reliable correlation coefficients were obtained from the stature and body depth in bulls of different ages. The relationship measurements of a body of bulls with milk yield of their daughters in most cases low, but reliable (as a large number of daughters). Milk yield of daughters for 305 days of lactation significantly correlates with their body depth and girth of pastern 0,428*** and 0,307***. The relationship between mother and daughter on a number of exterior features is established. The largest - milk yield with stature 0,153 **, body depth 0,173 **, girth behind the shoulder blades 0,154 **, slanting body length 0,157 **. For daughters, milk yield for 305 days of lactation reliably correlates with their body depth and girth behind the shoulder blades 0.428 *** and 0.307 ***. The measurement of the body depth has been established: the body depth bull - daughters 0.156 **; body depth mother - daughter 0,707 **; body depth daughters with a yield 0.428 **; the body depth of bull with daughters milk yield 0.173 **.

BACKGROUND Outcomes following proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis by a variety of surgical methods are available. Reports detailing clinical outcomes following PIPJ arthrodesis utilising the proximal interphalangeal joint locking compression plate (PIP-LCP) and abaxial transarticular lag screws technique are limited. OBJECTIVES To report survival, radiographic and clinical outcomes following PIPJ arthrodesis with PIP-LCP and abaxial transarticular lag screw fixation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records of all horses undergoing pastern arthrodesis from 2009 to 2018 were reviewed. Arthrodeses performed using a 3-hole, 4.5 mm narrow LCP, specifically designed for the proximal interphalangeal joint, were included. Patient details, presentation, radiographic findings, intraoperative and post-operative data, and complications were documented. Short- and long-term follow-up was available for 23 horses. RESULTS Thirty PIPJ arthrodeses were performed in 29 horses meeting the criteria for inclusion. Twenty-eight horses (97%, 95% CI 83-100) survived to discharge. Twenty-three horses (79%, 95% CI 60%-92%) had successful outcomes including 12 of the 15 forelimb cases and 11 of the 13 hindlimb cases with available follow-up. Fifteen of 19 performance horses returned to athletic activity. Soundness in performance horses was recognised at less than 3 months in one case, 3 to 6 months in six cases, 6 to 12 months in five cases, and greater than 12 months in six cases. Complications included three implant infections, support limb laminitis (two horses), and fragmentation of the extensor process of the distal phalanx (one horse). MAIN LIMITATIONS A retrospectively reviewed, small study population with a variety of breeds and disciplines. CONCLUSIONS The PIP-LCP construct provides a very good prognosis for performance and an excellent prognosis for pasture soundness.

Background: Kachchhi-Sindhi horses are famous for their ‘Rewal chal’ (a unique style of running). These horses dominantly exist in the western-northern border of India adjoining Pakistan. The breeding tract of these horses is Surat, Navsari, Kachchh district of Gujarat and Jaisalmer-Barmer districts of Rajasthan in India. Most familiar colors in the Kachchhi-Sindhi horses are bay and chestnut. Roman nose, ears curved at tips but not touching each other, short back, short pastern length, broader hoof for better grip and docile temperament are major characteristics of these horses.Methods: The present study is an effort to phenotypically characterize Kachchhi-Sindhi horse breed based on their different biometric indices for selection and conservation of stallions and mares for breeding purposes by private breeders. Fourteen biometric indices were recorded for phenotypic characterization of each breed viz., height at wither (HW), body length (BL), heart girth (HG), neck length (NL), face length (FL), face width (FW), pole, ear length (EL), ear width (EW), foreleg length (FLL), canon, pastern, hoof length (HoL) and hoof width (HoW). On average, these horses stand 148 cm height, have a body length of ~140 cm, a heart girth of ~165 cm, an ear length of ~15 cm and a face length of ~61 cm.Result: Horse keepers sustain horses in intensive as well as an extensive system of rearing. It has also been ascertained from various sources that horse number is declining rapidly, however, breed population statistics are not available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to conserve this breed. Proper managemental practices and conservation efforts will pave the way for the multiplication of this valuable equine genetic resource of India.

Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD), a multifactorial syndrome, manifests as skin lesions of variable severity in the pastern area. Despite the widespread use of antibacterial therapy for treating this condition, little is known about the contributing bacteria.To investigate the bacterial skin microbiota in EPD-affected and unaffected (control) pasterns.Case-control study with 80 client-owned horses; each with at least one EPD-affected and one control pastern.Horses were grouped by the form of EPD (mild, exudative or proliferative), the assigned severity grade and type of pretreatment (disinfectant, topical antibacterial or no antibacterial pretreatment). Skin swabs were obtained, and the microbiota composition was compared between the groups.Bacterial alpha diversity was reduced in affected pasterns (P 0.001) and this reduction was significantly associated with the EPD forms (P 0.001), and not with the type of pretreatment (P 0.14). Analyses of beta-diversity confirmed a disordering of the skin microbiota (P = 0.004) in affected versus control pasterns, that was particularly profound in more severe lesions. The type of pretreatment was not significantly associated with this disordering. Four differentially abundant families were detected, of which Staphylococcaceae was the most distinct. The relative abundance of staphylococci was significantly increased in affected pasterns (P = 0.011), particularly in those that had received antibacterial treatment previously.Changes in the microbiota are associated with the EPD form or severity of lesions. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of EPD as well as the propriety and consequences of antibacterial treatment should therefore be further investigated.La dermatite des paturons équine (EPD) est un syndrome multifactoriel qui se manifeste par des lésions cutanées de sévérité variable du paturon. Malgré l’utilisation répandue d’antibiotiques pour le traitement, on en sait peu sur le rôle des bactéries. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Etudier le microbiote bactérien cutané des paturons atteints de EPD et de contrôles sains.Une étude contrôlées avec 80 chevaux de propriétaires ; chacun avec au moins un paturon atteint d’EPD et un paturon sain. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE: Les chevaux ont été groupés selon la forme d’EPD (modérée, exsudative ou proliférative) le grade de sévérité et le type de prétraitement (désinfectant, antibiotique topique ou pas d’antibactérien). Des écouvillons cutanés ont été obtenus et la composition du microbiote a été comparée entre les groupes. RÉSULTATS: La diversité bactérienne alpha était réduite sur les paturons atteints (P 0.001) et cette réduction était significativement associée à la forme de l’EPD (P 0.001) et pas avec le type de prétraitement (P 0.14). Les analyses de diversité béta ont confirmé un désordre du microbiote cutané (P = 0.004) des paturons atteints versus contrôles, ce qui était particulièrement marqué pour les lésions les plus sévères. Le type de prétraitement n’était pas significativement associé avec ces altérations. Quatre familles différentes sont été détectées parmi lesquelles, Staphylococcaceae était la plus importante. La relative abondance de staphylococci était significativement augmentée sur les paturons atteints (P = 0.011), en particulier chez ceux qui ont reçu un prétraitement antibactérien.Les changements du microbiote sont associés avec la forme d’EPD ou la sévérité des lésions. Le rôle des bactéries dans la pathogénie de l’EPD aussi bien que les propriétés et les conséquences d’un traitement antibactérien, devraient ainsi être plus étudiés.INTRODUCCIÓN: la dermatitis de la cuartilla equina (EPD), un síndrome multifactorial, se manifiesta como lesiones cutáneas de gravedad variable en el área de la cuartilla. A pesar del uso generalizado de la terapia antibacteriana para tratar esta afección, se sabe poco acerca de las bacterias contribuyentes. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Investigar la microbiota bacteriana de la piel en metacarpos afectados y no afectados (control) por EPD. ANIMALES: estudio de casos y controles con 80 caballos de propietarios particulares; cada uno con al menos una cuartilla afectada por EPD y una cuartilla de control. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: los caballos se agruparon según la forma de EPD (leve, exudativa o proliferativa), el grado de gravedad asignado y el tipo de pretratamiento (desinfectante, antibacteriano tópico o sin pretratamiento antibacteriano). Se obtuvieron hisopos de piel y se comparó la composición de la microbiota entre los grupos. RESULTADOS: la diversidad alfa bacteriana se redujo en los metacarpos afectados (P0,001) y esta reducción se asoció significativamente con las formas de EPD (P0,001) y no con el tipo de pretratamiento (P0,14). Los análisis de la diversidad beta confirmaron un trastorno de la microbiota de la piel (P = 0,004) en los metacarpos afectados frente al control, que fue particularmente intenso en las lesiones más graves. El tipo de pretratamiento no se asoció significativamente con este trastorno. Se detectaron cuatro familias diferencialmente abundantes, de las cuales Staphylococcaceae fue la más distintiva. La abundancia relativa de estafilococos aumentó significativamente en los metacarpos afectados (P = 0.011), particularmente en aquellos que habían recibido tratamiento antibacteriano previamente. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: los cambios en la microbiota están asociados con la forma de EPD o la gravedad de las lesiones. Por lo tanto, el papel de las bacterias en la patogenia de la EPD, así como la propiedad y las consecuencias del tratamiento antibacteriano, deben investigarse más a fondo.Die equine Pastern Dermatitis (Mauke), ein multifaktorielles Syndrom, manifestiert sich in Form von Hautveränderungen von unterschiedlichem Ausmaß in der Fesselbeuge. Trotz der weitverbreiteten Verwendung antibakterieller Therapie zur Behandlung dieses Zustandes, ist wenig bekannt über die beteiligten Bakterien.Eine Untersuchung der bakteriellen Mikrobiota der Haut bei EPD-betroffenen und nicht-betroffenen (Kontroll) Fesselbeugen.Eine Fallkontrollstudie mit 80 Pferden in Privatbesitz; ein jedes mit mindestens einer EPD-betroffenen und einer Kontroll-Fesselbeuge.Die Pferde wurden nach der Form der EPD in Gruppen eingeteilt (mild, exsudativ oder proliferativ), dem zugeteilten Schweregrad und der Art der Vorbehandlung (Desinfektionsmittel, oberflächliche antibakterielle oder nicht-antibakterielle Vorbehandlung). Es wurden Hauttupfer genommen und die Zusammensetzung der Mikrobiota zwischen den Gruppen verglichen.Die bakterielle Alpha Diversität war in den betroffenen Fesselbeugen reduziert (P0,001) und diese Reduzierung stand signifikant im Zusammenhang mit den EPD Formen (P0,001) und nicht mit der Art der Vorbehandlung (P0,14). Die Analyse der Beta-Diversität bestätigte ein Durcheinander der Mikrobiota der Haut (P = 0,004) in betroffenen versus den Kontroll Fesselbeugen, was in manchen schweren Fällen besonders auffällig war. Die Art der Vorbehandlung stand nicht signifikant im Zusammenhang mit diesem Durcheinander. Es wurden vier verschieden häufig auftretende Familien gefunden, von denen Staphylokokken die häufigsten waren. Die relative Häufigkeit der Staphylokokken war in den betroffenen Fesselbeugen signifikant erhöht (P = 0,011), vor allem bei denen, die vorher bereits eine antibakterielle Behandlung erhalten hatten.Veränderungen der Mikrobiota standen im Zusammenhang mit der EPD Form oder der Schwere der Veränderungen. Die Rolle der Bakterien bei der Pathogenese der EPD sowie die Korrektheit und die Konsequenzen der antibakteriellen Behandlung sollten daher in Zukunft noch untersucht werden.背景: 多因子症候群の一つである馬の繋皸 (EPD) は、繋部に様々な重症度の皮膚病変を現す。馬の繋皸治療には抗菌療法が広く用いられているが、原因となる細菌についてはほとんど知られていない。 仮説・目的: 本研究の目的は、EPDに罹患および罹患していない (コントロール) 繋部における細菌性皮膚微生物叢を調査することであった。 被験動物: クライアント所有馬80頭を対象としたケースコントロール研究で、それぞれ少なくとも1頭のEPD罹患馬および1頭の対照馬を対象とした。 材料と方法: 馬はEPDの形態 (軽度、滲出性、増殖性) 、割り当てられた重症度、前治療の種類 (消毒剤、局所抗菌剤、抗菌剤前処理なし) によってグループ分けされた。また、皮膚スワブを採取し、グループ間の微生物叢組成を比較した。 結果: 細菌のα多様性は罹患繋部で減少し (P0.001) 、この減少はEPD形態と有意に関連し (P0.001) 、前治療の種類とは関連しなかった (P0.14) 。β多様性の解析では、患肢および対照肢で皮膚微生物叢の乱れ (P = 0.004) が確認され、特に重度の病変で顕著であった。前治療の種類は、この乱れとは有意に関連していなかった。4つの異なるファミリーが検出され、中でもStaphylococcaceaeが最も特徴的であった。Staphylococciの相対的な存在量は、罹患繋部で有意に増加し (P = 0.011) 、特に以前に抗菌治療を受けたものでは顕著であった。 結論と臨床的関連性: 微生物相の変化はEPDの形態または病変の重症度と関連している。したがって、EPDの病因における細菌の役割や、抗菌剤治療の妥当性および結果について、さらに調査する必要がある。.背景: 马骹皮炎(EPD)是一种多因素综合征, 表现为不同严重程度的骹部皮肤病变。尽管抗菌治疗被广泛用于治疗这种疾病, 但对相关细菌知之甚少。 假设/目的: 研究EPD的发病和未发病 (对照) 骹的细菌皮肤微生物群。 动物: 病例对照研究, 80匹私家马; 每匹马至少有1处骹部发生和未发生EPD。 方法和材料: 马按EPD形式 (轻度、渗出性或增生性) 、指定的严重程度等级和前期治疗类型 (消毒剂、外部抗菌或无抗菌治疗) 分组。留取皮肤拭子, 比较各组菌群组成。 结果: 发病骹的细菌α多样性降低(P0.001), 这种降低与EPD形式显著相关(P0.001), 而与治疗类型无关(P0.14)。β多样性分析证实, 与对照骹相比, 发病骹的皮肤微生物群紊乱(P = 0.004), 在更严重的病变中尤其明显。治疗类型与这种紊乱无显著相关性。检测到丰度不同的4个科, 其中葡萄球菌科最明显。发病骹中葡萄球菌的相对丰度显著增加(P = 0.011), 特别是既往接受过抗菌治疗的骹。 结论和临床相关性: 微生物群的变化与EPD形式或病变严重程度相关。因此应进一步研究细菌在EPD发病机制中的作用,以及抗菌治疗的适当性和后果。.A dermatite de quartela equina (DQE), uma síndrome multifatorial, manifesta-se como lesões cutâneas de gravidade variável na região da quartela. Apesar do amplo uso de antibioticoterapia para o tratamento desta condição, pouco se sabe sobre as bactérias que contribuem. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Investigar a microbiota bacteriana quartelas DQE-afetadas e quartelas controle.Estudo caso-controle com 80 cavalos de tutores; cada um com ao menos uma quartela DQE-afetada e uma quartela controle. MÉTODOS E MATÉRIAS: Os cavalos foram agrupados de acordo com a sua forma de DQE (leve, exsudativa ou proliferativa), o grau de severidade atribuído e o tipo de pré-tratamento (desinfectante, antibacteriano tópico ou sem pré-tratamento antibacteriano). Obteve-se swabs cutâneos, e a composição da microbiota foi comparada entre os grupos.A alphadiversidade bacteriana estava reduzida nas quartelas afetadas (P 0,001) e esta redução foi significativamente associada com as formas de DQE (P 0,001), não ao tipo de pré-tratamento (P 0,14). As análises de betadiversidade confirmaram o distúrbio da microbiota cutânea (P = 0,004) nas quartelas afetadas versus controle, que foi particularmente mais intensa nas lesões mais severas. O tipo de pré-tratamento não estava associado com esse distúrbio. Quatro famílias diferentemente abundantes foram encontradas, das quais a Staphylococcaceae foi a mais distinta. A abundância relativa de estafilococos estava significativamente aumentada nas quartelas afetadas (P = 0,011), particularmente naquelas que receberam antibacterianos previamente. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: As alterações na microbiota estão associadas à forma da DQE e à severidade das lesões. A participação das bactérias na patogênese da DQE e as propriedades e consequências do tratamento antibacteriano devem ser investigadas futuramente.

The Glen of Imaal terrier is a chondrodystrophic breed, with ‘forelegs short, well boned and slightly bowed’ and ‘front feet to turn out slightly from pastern’.1 The Glen of …

Background Fractures of the proximal phalanx are one of the most common long bone fractures of Thoroughbred racehorses. Although the degree of disruption and damage to the articular surface is generally considered a major prognostic determinant, associated arthroscopic findings have not previously been reported. Objectives To describe the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint lesions associated with parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx arthroscopically identified at the time of fracture repair and compare radiographic and arthroscopic appearance of complete fractures. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Case records and arthroscopic images of horses with parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx admitted to Newmarket Equine Hospital from 2007 to 2017 were analysed. Results 81 MCP/MTP joints in 78 horses underwent arthroscopic evaluation concurrent to parasagittal fracture repair. Tears of the joint capsule and dorsal synovial plica were noted in 43 cases. Arthroscopy identified articular incongruity in three horses where fracture displacement was not predicted at all on pre-operative radiographs, and incongruity in additional plane(s) to the radiographic displacement in 14 horses. Concurrent osteochondral fragmentation and disruption of cartilage were present in some cases. Main limitations As a retrospective study, the arthroscopic data available for review were variable. Arthroscopic assessment of fracture reduction and joint congruency was evaluated in all cases but there was variation in the completeness of evaluation of the entire dorsal joint space of the fetlock joint. This may have led to the underestimation of soft tissue lesions in these cases. Conclusions Some horses suffering from parasagittal proximal phalanx fractures have concurrent tearing of the joint capsule and/or dorsal plica, which may have relevance in the acute course of events resulting in the development of fractures. Fracture displacement and incongruency at the articular surface cannot confidently be excluded pre-operatively by radiographs alone.

The objective of the current study was to describe the structures of the pastern and coffin joints in dromedary camel using x-ray, bone and soft tissue windows computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional volume rendering (3DVR) of CT imaging. 3DVR of CT was obtained at the slight flexed dorsal view, plantar view, dorsolateral view and lateral view which explained all the surfaces and structures of the digit bony parts even the parts of the articular surface. The processed images of 3DVR of CT showed different patterns of the cortical, cancellous, subchondral bones and medullary cavity of the bones of the digits. The present study showed clearly all the hard and soft tissues in the pastern and coffin joints of the camel in CT images; however, the plantar ligaments of the pastern joint and ligaments of the navicular cartilage identified on CT images. The CT soft tissue window visualized the joint cavity and their pouches and tendon sheath of the flexor tendons better than the bone window CT. The radiographic, CT and 3D images could be used as a normal reference for the interpretation of some clinical diseases in the pastern and coffin joints of the camel.

The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties in a single cycle axial loading test and the types of failures in two constructs (a 3-hole 4.5-mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) and 7-hole 5.5-mm Y locking compression plate (Y-LCP)) in equine proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) arthrodesis. One limb in each pair was randomly assigned to PIJ arthrodesis using a 3-hole 4.5-mm DCP combined with two transarticular 5.5-mm cortical screws, whereas the contralateral limb was submitted to PIJ arthrodesis using a 7-hole Y-shaped 5.0-mm LCP in conjunction with one transarticular 4.5-mm cortical screw inserted through the central plate hole. Cortical screws were inserted in lag fashion. Constructs were submitted to a single axial load cycle to failure. Construct stiffness, load, and deformation were analyzed. Dynamic compression plate and Y-LCP arthrodesis constructs did not differ significantly and were equally resistant to axial loading under the conditions studied (DCP and Y-LCP group stiffness, 5685.22 N/mm and 6591.10 N/mm, respectively). Arthrodesis of the PIJ using a DCP and two transarticular 5.5-mm cortical screws or a Y-LCP yielded biomechanically equivalent outcomes under the test conditions considered. However, Y-LCP provides less impact in the palmar/plantar bone. Application of Y-LCP with unicortical screws has equivalent biomechanical characteristics of DCP and may be a safe option for PIJ arthrodesis, where potential trauma secondary to applying bicortical screws in the palmar/plantar aspect of the pastern can be avoided.

Feet and legs of replacement females were objectively evaluated at selection, i.e., approximately 150 d of age (n = 319) and post first parity, i.e., any time after weaning of first litter and before second parturition (n = 277) to 1) compare feet and leg joint angle ranges between selection and post first parity; 2) identify feet and leg joint angle differences between selection and first 3 wk of second gestation; 3) identify feet and leg joint angle differences between farms and gestation days during second gestation; and 4) obtain genetic variance components for conformation angles for the two time points measured. Angles for carpal joint (knee), metacarpophalangeal joint (front pastern), metatarsophalangeal joint (rear pastern), tarsal joint (hock), and rear stance were measured using image analysis software. Between selection and post first parity, significant differences were observed for all joints measured (P < 0.05). Knee, front and rear pastern angles were less (more flexion), and hock angles were greater (less flexion) as age progressed (P < 0.05), while the rear stance pattern was less (feet further under center) at selection than post first parity (only including measures during first 3 wk of second gestation). Only using post first parity leg conformation information, farm was a significant source of variation for front and rear pasterns and rear stance angle measurements (P < 0.05). Knee angle was less (more flexion; P < 0.05) as gestation age progressed. Heritability estimates were low to moderate (0.04–0.35) for all traits measured across time points. Genetic correlations between the same joints at different time points were high (>0.8) between the front leg joints and low (

Summary Avulsion of the proximal attachment of the proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL) was identified in five horses based on characteristic radiographic findings and supported by ultrasonographic examination in four horses. In two cases, PDAL avulsion was associated with acute onset lameness based on physical examination (both animals) and diagnostic analgesia (one animal), and was the only lesion identified. Both horses became sound after a period of rest. Radiographs repeated 11 years later in one animal showed minimal change in the appearance of the lesion. PDAL avulsion was associated with a substantial tear of the deep digital flexor tendon in another horse and in the remaining two cases PDAL avulsion was not associated with lameness. A dissection study found that the proximodistal extent of the proximal PDAL attachment, expressed as a proportion of the length of the proximal phalanx, was significantly (P = 0.011) greater in hindlimbs (11.48 ± 1.01%) compared with forelimbs (8.55 ± 1.06%). This finding may explain why hindlimbs appear at greater risk of PDAL avulsion. In conclusion, while PDAL avulsion can be a cause of acute lameness which, in uncomplicated cases, responds to rest, it can also be an incidental radiographic finding.

Detection of hoof-on and -off events are essential to gait classification in horses. Wearable sensors have been endorsed as a convenient alternative to the traditional force plate-based method. The aim of this study was to propose and validate inertial sensor-based methods of gait event detection, reviewing different sensor locations and their performance on different gaits and exercise surfaces. Eleven horses of various breeds and ages were recruited to wear inertial sensors attached to the hooves, pasterns and cannons. Gait events detected by pastern and cannon methods were compared to the reference, hoof-detected events. Walk and trot strides were recorded on asphalt, grass and sand. Pastern-based methods were found to be the most accurate and precise for detecting gait events, incurring mean errors of between 1 and 6ms, depending on the limb and gait, on asphalt. These methods incurred consistent errors when used to measure stance durations on all surfaces, with mean errors of 0.1 to 1.16% of a stride cycle. In conclusion, the methods developed and validated here will enable future studies to reliably detect equine gait events using inertial sensors, under a wide variety of field conditions.

Next-generation sequencing techniques have revealed that human and animal skin is colonised by a rich and diverse population of bacteria, and that microbial composition varies between different body sites and individuals. Very little is known about the normal microbiota of healthy equine skin.To describe the taxonomic distributions of cutaneous bacterial microbiota in a population of healthy horses in Ontario, Canada, and to evaluate the effects of body site, individual and time of year on microbial diversity and community composition.Samples were collected from four body sites (dorsum, ventral abdomen, pastern and groin) from 12 clinically healthy horses from the same farm. Samples were collected from all individuals at four time points (winter, spring, summer, autumn) within a calendar year.Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed following DNA extraction. Data were analysed using mothur software.Bacteria from 38 phyla and 1,665 genera were identified. Alpha diversity was higher in the winter and summer than spring and autumn although this was not statistically significant. Community membership and structure clustered more based on season than skin site.Healthy equine skin is inhabited by a marked diversity of microbiota. Individuals living in a similar environment share overlapping cutaneous microbial populations. These populations vary significantly over time and between body sites.Les techniques de séquençage de dernière génération ont révélé que la peau de l’homme et de l’animal est colonisée par une population riche et variée de bactéries et que la composition microbienne varie entre les différents sites corporels et entre individus. On en sait très peu sur le microbiote de la peau du cheval sain. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Décrire les distributions taxonomiques du microbiote bactérien cutané d’une population de chevaux sains en Ontario, Canada et évaluer les effets du site corporel, de l’individu et de la période de l’année sur la diversité microbienne et la composition communautaire.Les échantillons ont été prélevés sur quatre sites corporels (dos, abdomen ventral, paturons et aine). De 12 chevaux cliniquement sains de la même ferme. Les échantillons ont été prélevés pour tous les individus à quatre périodes (hiver, printemps, été, automne) d’une même année. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Le séquençage par Illumina de la région V4 du gêne 16S ARNr a été réalisé à la suite de l’extraction d’ADN. Les données ont été analysées par programme MOTHUR. RÉSULTATS: Les bactéries de 38 phyla et 1 665 genres ont été identifiées. La diversité alpha était plus élevée en hiver et été qu’au printemps et automne bien que ceci ne soit pas statistiquement significatif. L’appartenance et la structure de la communauté étaient groupées davantage à partir de la saison que du site cutané. Conclusions et importance clinique La peau de cheval sain est habituée par une diversité marquée de microbiote. Les individus vivant dans un environnement semblable partage des populations cutanées de microbiote se superposant. Ces populations varient significativement au cours du temps et entre les sites corporels.INTRODUCCIÓN: las técnicas de secuenciación de próxima generación han revelado que la piel humana y animal está colonizada por una población rica y diversa de bacterias, y que la composición microbiana varía entre diferentes lugares del cuerpo e individuos. Se sabe muy poco sobre la microbiota normal de la piel equina sana. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: describir las distribuciones taxonómicas de la microbiota bacteriana cutánea en una población de caballos sanos en Ontario, Canadá, y evaluar los efectos de la localización corporal, el individuo y la época del año sobre la diversidad microbiana y la composición de la microflora. ANIMALES: Se recolectaron muestras de cuatro zonas del cuerpo (dorso, abdomen ventral, cuartilla e ingle) de 12 caballos clínicamente sanos de la misma granja. Se obtuvieron muestras de todos los individuos en cuatro momentos (invierno, primavera, verano, otoño) en un año de calendario. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se realizó la secuenciación de Illumina de la región V4 del gen de RNAr 16S después de la extracción de DNA. Los datos se analizaron con el software MOTHUR. RESULTADOS: se identificaron bacterias de 38 phyla y 1,665 géneros. La diversidad alfa fue mayor en invierno y verano que en primavera y otoño, aunque esto no fue estadísticamente significativo. La diversidad y la estructura de la comunidad se agruparon más según la estación que la localización de la piel. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: La piel sana de equinos está habitada por una marcada diversidad de microbiota. Los individuos que viven en un entorno similar comparten poblaciones microbianas cutáneas superpuestas. Estas poblaciones varían significativamente con el tiempo y entre los sitios del cuerpo.Die Next-Generation-Sequencing Techniken haben gezeigt, dass die menschliche wie auch die tierische Haut von einer reichen und diversen Bakterienpopulation kolonisiert wird und dass die mikrobielle Zusammensetzung zwischen den unterschiedlichen Körperstellen und den Individuen variiert. Es ist sehr wenig bekannt über das normale Mikrobiom der gesunden Pferdehaut.Die Beschreibung der taxonomischen Verteilung der kutanen bakteriellen Mikrobiome in einer gesunden Pferdepopulation in Ontario, Kanada, sowie die Evaluierung der Einflüsse von Körperstellen, Individuen und Jahreszeit auf die mikrobielle Diversität und Zusammensetzung.Bei 12 klinisch gesunden Pferden derselben Farm wurden Proben von vier Körperstellen genommen (Rücken, ventrales Abdomen, und Sprunggelenke und Leiste). Es wurden von allen Individuen zu vier Zeitpunkten (Winter, Frühling, Sommer, Herbst) innerhalb eines Kalenderjahres Proben genommen.Illumina Sequenzierung der V4 Region des 16S rRNA Gens wurde nach DNA Extraktion durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden mittels MOTHUR Software analysiert.Bakterien von 38 Phyla und 1.665 Genera wurden identifiziert. Die Alpha Diversität war im Winter und Sommer höher als im Frühling und im Herbst, obwohl dies nicht statistisch signifikant war. Die Community Mitgliedschaft und Struktur trat je nach Saison, nicht aber Körperstelle, gehäuft auf.Gesunde Pferdehaut wird von deutlich unterschiedlichen Mikrobiota bewohnt. Individuen, die in einer ähnlichen Umgebung wohnen, teilen diese kutanen Mikrobiota. Diese Populationen variieren mit der Zeit und zwischen Körperstellen signifikant.背景: 次世代シーケンシング技術により、ヒトや動物の皮膚には豊富で多様な細菌群が生息しており、微生物の構成は身体の部位や個人によって異なることが明らかになった。健常馬の皮膚の正常な微生物叢についてはほとんど知られていない。 仮説・目的: 本研究の目的は、カナダ・オンタリオ州の健常馬集団における皮膚細菌微生物叢の分類学的分布を明らかにし、体の部位、個体、時期が微生物の多様性および群集組成に及ぼす影響を評価することであった。 供試動物-同: 牧場の臨床的に健常な馬12頭の4部位 (背、腹、前脚、鼠径部) からサンプルを採取した。サンプルは、1暦年内の4時点 (冬、春、夏、秋) ですべての個体から採取した。 材料と方法: 16S rRNA遺伝子のV4領域のイルミナシークエンス法を、DNA抽出後に実施した。データはMOTHURソフトウェアを用いて解析した 結果: 38門、1,665属の細菌が同定された。α多様性は、春と秋よりも冬と夏の方が高かったが、これは統計的には有意ではなかった。群集の構成および構造は、皮膚の部位よりも季節に基づいてクラスター化していた。 結論と臨床上の重要性: 健常馬の皮膚には、顕著な多様性を持った微生物が生息している。同じような環境で生活している個体は、皮膚の微生物集団が重複している。これらの個体群は、時間の経過とともに、また体の部位間で大きく変化する。.背景-新: 代测序技术揭示了人类和动物皮肤被丰富多样的细菌群定植, 并且不同身体部位和个体之间的微生物组成不同。对健康马皮肤的正常微生物群知之甚少 假设/目的: 描述加拿大安大略省健康马种群中皮肤细菌微生物区系的分类分布, 并评价身体部位、个体和一年中的时间对微生物多样性和群落组成的影响。 动物-从同: 农场的12匹临床健康马的4个身体部位 (背部、腹侧腹部、胸骨和腹股沟) 采集样本。在一个日历年内的4个时间点 (冬季、春季、夏季、秋季) 采集所有个体的样本。 方法和材料: DNA提取后对16S rRNA基因V4区进行Illumina测序。使用Mothur软件分析数据。 结果: 鉴定出38个门和1665个属的细菌。冬季和夏季的α多样性高于春季和秋季, 但无统计学意义。微生物种类和聚集结构更多地基于季节而不是皮肤部位。 结论和临床重要性: 健康马皮肤的微生物区系定植呈现着显著多样性。生活在相似环境中的个体, 其皮肤微生物种群具有相似性。这些微生物群随时间和身体部位发生着显著变化。.As técnicas de sequenciamento de última geração demonstraram que a pele humana e animal é colonizada por uma população rica e diversa de bactérias e que a composição microbiana varia entre diferentes áreas corpóreas e indivíduos. Muito pouco se sabe sobre a microbiota normal da pele equina saudável. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Descrever as distribuições taxonômicas da microbiota cutânea bacteriana em uma população de cavalos saudáveis em Ontário, Canadá, e avaliar os efeitos da topografia corpórea, indivíduo e época do ano na diversidade microbiana e composição da comunidade.As amostras foram coletadas de quatro áreas corpóreas (dorso, abdômen ventral, quartelas e virilha) de 12 cavalos clinicamente saudáveis da mesma fazenda. As amostras foram coletadas de todos os indivíduos em quatro tempos experimentais (inverno, primavera, verão, outono) dentro de um ano civil. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: O sequenciamento Illumina da região V4 do gene 16S rRNA foi realizado após a extração do DNA. Os dados foram analisados usando o software MOTHUR.Foram identificadas bactérias de 38 filos e 1.665 gêneros. A alpha-diversidade foi maior no inverno e verão do que na primavera e no outono, embora isso não tenha sido estatisticamente significativo. As relações filogenéticas e a estrutura da comunidade se agruparam de acordo com a estação do ano do que com a topografia corpórea. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A pele saudável dos equinos é habitada por microbiota bastante diversa. Indivíduos que vivem em um ambiente semelhante compartilham populações microbianas cutâneas sobrepostas. Essas populações variam significativamente ao longo do tempo e entre as áreas corpóreas.

Equine pastern vasculitis is an uncommon disorder in horses. Underlying causes are difficult to assess, especially bacterial infections.A 13-year-old French saddle gelding horse presented for evaluation of a six weeks history of pastern dermatitis. Histopathological examination of skin biopsy samples revealed small vessel vasculitis. A pure growth of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) was obtained from a deep skin biopsy. Clinical remission was observed after a six week course of enrofloxacin and lesions did not recur.To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a pastern vasculitis associated with MRPA and successfully treated with a six week course of enrofloxacin.La vascularite du paturon est une atteinte rare chez le cheval. Les causes sous-jacentes sont difficiles à évaluer, en particulier les infections bactériennes. RÉSUMÉ CLINIQUE: Un cheval de selle français de 13 ans est présenté en consultation pour dermatite des paturons évoluant depuis six semaines. L'examen histopathologique des biopsies cutanées a révélé une vascularite des petits vaisseaux. Une croissance pure de Pseudomonas aeruginosa multi-résistantes (MRPA) a été obtenue à partir des biopsies profondes. Une rémission clinique a été observée après six semaines d'enrofloxacine et les lésions n'ont pas récidivé.A la connaissance des auteurs, ceci est la première description d'une vascularite des paturons associée à MRPA et traitée avec succès avec six semaines d'enrofloxacine.INTRODUCCIÓN: la vasculitis de la cuartilla equina es un trastorno poco frecuente en los caballos. Las causas subyacentes son difíciles de evaluar, especialmente las infecciones bacterianas. RESUMEN CLÍNICO: un caballo castrado francés de silla de 13 años se presentó para evaluación por un historial de seis semanas de dermatitis de la cuartilla. El examen histopatológico de las muestras de biopsia de piel reveló vasculitis de vasos pequeños. Se obtuvo un crecimiento puro de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a múltiples fármacos (MRPA) a partir de una biopsia de piel profunda. Se observó remisión clínica después de un curso de seis semanas de enrofloxacina y las lesiones no volvieron a aparecer. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: a entender de los autores, este es el primer informe de una vasculitis de cuartilla asociada con MRPA y tratada con éxito con un ciclo de enrofloxacina de seis semanas.Die equine Vaskulitis der Fesselregion ist eine seltene Erkrankung bei Pferden. Zugrundeliegende Ursachen sind schwierig zu beurteilen, vor allem bakterielle Infektionen.Ein 13 Jahre alter Französischer Sattelpferdwallach wurde zur Evaluierung einer sechs Wochen andauernden Fesseldermatitis vorgestellt. Die histopathologische Untersuchung einer Hautbiopsie zeigte eine Vaskulitis der kleinen Blutgefässe. Aus einer tiefen Hautbiopsie wurde reines Wachstum eines multi-resistenten Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) festgestellt. Es kam nach einer sechs Wochen andauernder Behandlung mit Enrofloxacin zur klinischen Remission und die Veränderungen traten nicht wieder auf.Nach bestem Wissen der Autoren handelt es sich hierbei um den ersten Bericht einer Fesselvaskulitis im Zusammenhang mit MRPA, die erfolgreich mit einer sechs Wochen langen Gabe von Enrofloxacin behandelt wurde.背景: 馬の繋血管炎は、馬では珍しい疾患である。 根本的な原因、特に細菌感染の評価は困難である。 臨床概要: 6週間の繋皸の病歴の評価のために13歳の去勢セルフランセが示された。 皮膚生検サンプルの組織病理学的検査により、小血管血管炎が明らかになった。 多剤耐性緑膿菌(MRPA)の純培養が深在部皮膚生検から得られた。 エンロフロキサシン投与6週間経過後に臨床的寛解が観察され、病変は再発しなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: 著者の知る限り、MRPAに関連し、6週間のエンロフロキサシンによる治療が成功した馬の繋血管炎の最初の報告である。.背景: 马的系部血管炎是一种罕见的疾病。潜在的原因很难评估,尤其是细菌感染。 临床总结: 一匹13岁法国阉割骑乘马,因六周病史的系部皮炎而就诊。皮肤活检样本的组织病理学检查显示小血管的血管炎。皮肤深部活检样本培养出单纯的多耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MRPA)。经过六周恩诺沙星治疗,可观察到临床症状缓解而且病变没有复发。 结论和临床重要性: 据作者所知,这是第一例MRPA引起系部血管炎,并用六周恩诺沙星治疗达到治愈的报告。.A dermatite de quartela é um distúrbio incomum em cavalos. As causas subjacentes são difíceis de identificar, principalmente nas infecções bacterianas. ACHADOS CLÍNICOS: Um cavalo de sela francês castrado de 13 anos de idade foi apresentado para avaliação de dermatite de quartela com seis semanas de evolução. O exame histopatológico de amostras de biópsia de pele revelou vasculite de pequenos vasos. Houve crescimento de uma colônia pura de Pseudomonas aeruginosa multirresistente (MRPA) a partir de uma biópsia de pele profunda. A remissão clínica foi observada após um curso de seis semanas de enrofloxacina e as lesões não recidivaram. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: De acordo com o conhecimento dos autores, este é o primeiro relato de vasculite de quartela associada à MRPA e tratada com sucesso com um curso de seis semanas de enrofloxacina.

A five-year-old Holstein bull became lame after dismount during semen collection. Swelling of the pastern of the left front limb was noted. Radiographic images showed biaxial hyperflexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints in digits III/IV without hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Conservative management (stall confinement and NSAIDs) failed to resolve the lameness. External coaptation to stabilise the joint failed to prevent hyperflexion of the joint within the cast and to improve comfort. Pressure sores developed after seven days. Surgical arthrodesis of the PIP joint was performed on each digit by application of a locking compression plate. The bull healed and arthrodesis of the joints progressed over the next 16 weeks. At that time, the bull was walking sound and was returned to semen collection. One year after surgery, the attending veterinarian reported that the bull remained sound at a walk and was still being used for semen collection.

As interest in analyzing equine gait in the real world grows, so does need for quantitative methods validated under field conditions. Gait analysis is predicated on accurate and precise detection of gait events– hoof on and off. Several methods of detection have been proposed which use inertial measurement units (IMUs); the most accurate is based on hoof mounted IMUs but attachment to the hooves is not always convenient. The aim of this research was thus to propose and test a novel gait event detection method using pastern mounted IMUs. Previous studies only focused on one hard surface; asphalt, grass and sand were investigated here. Eight geldings and 3 mares (mean(SD) height 154(21)cm and age 12(8) yr) including Irish Sport Horses, Warmblood and native breeds wore IMUs (Shimmer, 200Hz) to be led in a 25m straight line at walk and trot on asphalt, grass and sand (3 passes per gait). Stance durations (T) were calculated from hoof on and off obtained using both a reference (hoof) and novel (pastern) method. Error was assessed in terms of mean difference between pastern (Tp) and hoof (Th) calculated stance durations (accuracy) and SD of these (precision), as a percentage of total stride duration. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare errors under different conditions. Accuracy (Table 1) remained below 1% of a stride duration for most cases. Performance of the method was consistent on all surfaces, with no significant differences in most cases (P = 0.4 fore and P = 0.08 hindlimb walk; P = 0.3 hindlimb trot). For forelimbs at trot differences between grass and sand compared with asphalt were significant (P = 0.004 and P

The research was conducted on 10 stallions and 31 mares of the Lipizzaner breed in the stud “Vucijak” Prnjavor. In general, 28 morphometric measures of stallions and mares were taken. Morphometric characterization shows that the “Vucijak” stud farm owns Lipizzaner with smaller body form comparing to other Lipizzaner around Europe. The body of the Lipizzaner from “Vucijak” has a rectangle shape which is in acBcordance with the appearance of the majority of Lipizzaner in Europe. Based on these measures, it is confirmed that there is a statistically significant difference between stallions and mares in: withers height, width of lower jaw, length of neck and shoulders, length of radius, width of chest, length and width of pelvis, volume of front leg tibia, and length of hind leg long pastern (proximal phalanx). Out of all named, in comparison to stallions, mares have bigger morphometric measures of length of shoulders, width of pelvis and length of hind leg long pastern (proximal phalanx). In the remaining 18 measures stallions and mares of the “Vucijak” stud show certain homogeny.

Synovitis of the navicular bursa is common in performance horses. The objective of this study was to describe an ultrasound-guided technique to inject a distended navicular bursa and to evaluate its feasibility for use by a clinician not trained in the technique. Twenty distal limbs of horses of various breeds and sizes were used. To produce synovial distension, the navicular bursa of each limb was injected with contrast medium using a lateral approach and radiography was performed to confirm that the contrast medium was distending the bursa. The digit was positioned with the distal interphalangeal joint in hyperextension. A microconvex ultrasound probe was placed in the hollow of the pastern, palmar to the middle phalanx and the region was assessed in a transverse plane slightly oblique to the horizontal plane. The ultrasound probe was rotated to visualize both the lateral and medial recesses and to select which side was more distended to inject. A 21G 0.8 × 50 mm needle was inserted abaxially to the probe in the plane of the ultrasound beam into the proximal recess of this navicular bursa and a methylene blue solution was injected. Following injection, dissection was performed to assess whether the navicular bursa had been successfully injected. This ultrasound-guided technique was reliably performed with a success rate of 68%. The success of injection is influenced by hyperextension of the foot, quality of ultrasound images and degree of distension of the bursa.

Sarah Logie, AWCF, discusses the ‘ideal’ and the implications for the horse when it is not

The case of a 4.5-year-old Colombian Creole female equine was brought to the clinic with suspected transverse and vertical comminuted fracture of the second phalanx in the right forelimb with three days of evolution. Upon clinical examination, claudication of the affected limb was observed, categorized as 4/5, presenting inflammation and swelling related to the coronary impeller. An orthogonal radiographic study was performed at the pastern level in the affected limb, finding a comminuted vertical fracture related to the dorsal aspect of the second phalanx and a transverse fracture in the palmar portion. It was decided to perform orthopedic surgery to reduce de fracture and to apply osteosynthesis material. The patient responded satisfactorily to surgical treatment. Orthopedic clinical follow-up was performed for two months, obtaining complete recovery of the patient., Se reporta el caso de un equino hembra de raza criollo colombiano de 4.5 años edad y peso de 312 kg que llega a consulta con sospecha de fractura transversa y vertical conminuta de la segunda falange en el miembro anterior derecho con tres días de evolución. Al examen clínico se observa claudicación del miembro afectado categorizada en 4/5, presentando inflamación y tumefacción relacionado al rodete coronario. Se realiza un estudio radiográfico ortogonal a nivel de la cuartilla en el miembro afectado, encontrando una fractura vertical conminuta relacionada al aspecto dorsal de la segunda falange y fractura transversa en la porción palmar. Se decide realizar cirugía ortopédica para la reducción de la fractura y aplicación de material de osteosíntesis. La paciente respondió satisfactoriamente al tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó seguimiento clínico ortopédico durante dos meses, obteniendo la recuperación completa del paciente.

Neurolytic compounds are widely used by equine practitioners for the management of lameness, mostly related to the foot. The present study aimed to evaluate the neurotoxicity of 2% ammonium chloride (2% AC) applied adjacent to the palmar digital nerves in six miniature horses. The 2% AC and 0.9% saline solution were randomly injected into three and one palmar digital nerve of each horse, respectively. Nerve samples were collected by neurectomy performed under general anesthesia at 5, 12, 19, 35, 47, and 62 days after treatment, with one horse per day of surgery. The inflammatory reaction to perineural injection was evaluated by an increase of pastern superficial skin temperature through thermography 24 hours after treatments. Histological lesions were classified as absent, mild, moderate, and severe Wallerian degeneration. An increase of 2.43 ± 0.79°C and 1.69 ± 0.55°C was observed in the 2% AC and control groups, respectively (P > .05). Moreover, histologic lesions were observed after perineural injection of 2% AC (severe, n = 5/18; moderate, n = 4/18; mild, n = 5/18; and absent, n = 4/18) and saline solution (moderate, n = 3/6; mild, n = 1/6; and absent, n = 2/6) (P = .46). The 2% AC demonstrated to be as safe as 0.9% saline solution, producing mild to severe Wallerian degeneration for up to 62 days after injection with no interference in further neurectomy.

In order to improve the four-beat-rhythm and forelimb action of the tolt in Icelandic horses (ICE), special shoeing techniques are applied particularly in the front hooves by increasing hoof length and height, or by adding weight to the distal limbs. Although regulations limit dorsal hoof wall length (LDHW) in competition ICE, their shoeing often deviates from a biomechanically optimal distal limb conformation. This study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively describe current shoeing practices of ICE in competition. Moreover, the influence of LDHW on the occurrence of deviations from a standard hoof conformation, as well as on tolt performance was investigated. At four European competition sites, hoof dimensions of 133 randomly selected ICE were measured manually, and limb conformation and hoof balance were described. Dorsopalmar/-plantar and lateromedial radiographs of the left front and hind hooves were taken of each horse. Various parameters related to hoof dimensions and balance were measured on radiographs using the Metron-Hoof-Pro software. Flares of the dorsal hoof wall had the highest prevalence of all investigated hoof deformities. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that longer LDHW was associated with the occurrence of toe flares (P = 0.045), a broken hoof pastern axis (P = 0.003), and asymmetry of the quarter wall heights (P = 0.015). However, horses with a longer LDHW achieved higher scores in competition. In spite of its positive effect on tolt performance, a long LDHW is not recommendable as it may be associated with a higher prevalence of certain hoof deformities.

Alteration of limb sensitivity is forbidden in equine sports but difficult to enforce. We aimed to develop an objective field method to assess mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) in endurance horses.A remotely controlled pneumatic actuator (1 mm tip) was used to measure forelimb pastern MNT in 108 endurance horses.Median (IQR) MNT at rest was 1.9 N (0.9-3.5). Icing had no significant effect on limb sensitivity. MNT measured at weekly intervals increased from week 1 (1.2 N (0.6-1.8)) to week 3 (1.9 N (1.2-2.8)) (P0.05). In 17 horses without impaired sensitivity, MNT increased from 1.2 N (0.6-2.3) before to 2.4 N (1.2-5.2) after racing (P=0.0017). In desensitised horses, MNT after racing was higher (8 limbs-23.1 N (21.4 to25)) than in horses without impaired sensitivity (42 limbs-2.2 N (1.2-4.3)) (P0.0001). Desensitisation with mepivacaine increased MNT to above the safety cut-off (25 N) at 10 minutes; sensitivity return to baseline varied between individuals but was restored by 330 minutes. None of the horses became averse to the technique.MNT was practical, non-traumatic, repeatable and well tolerated under field conditions in endurance horses. The technique differentiated postracing MNT in horses with normal sensitivity from those with impaired sensitivity.

Background Dermatophilus congolensis is a facultative anaerobic actinomycete that causes papular to exudative dermatitis with crusting in horses. This organism is frequently implicated as a cause of pastern dermatitis, but few data are available validating the organism's association with this disease. Hypothesis/objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate if D. congolensis is associated with pastern dermatitis in horses utilizing RT-qPCR. Animals Fifteen client-owned horses diagnosed with pastern dermatitis and eight client-owned unaffected control horses were utilized for this study. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed. History and physical examination findings were recorded, and samples were collected and tested for D. congolensis utilizing cytological evaluation and RT-qPCR. Dermatophyte culture and superficial skin scrapings were also performed. Results Ten of 15 horses with pastern dermatitis had feathered pasterns. Dermatophilus congolensis was identified by RT-qPCR from one nonfeathered horse but none with feathered pasterns. Cytological evaluation identified bacteria in all horses but failed to identify organisms resembling D. congolensis in any horse. Four of 15 horses, all feathered, were positive for Chorioptes mites. Fungal culture was negative for dermatophytes in all horses. All test results were negative for the eight control horses. Conclusions and clinical importance Dermatophilus congolensis was uncommonly associated with pastern dermatitis in horses in this population. However, chorioptic mange was commonly associated with pastern dermatitis in feathered horses and represented an important differential diagnosis for this clinical presentation.

Objectives Digital cryotherapy is commonly used for laminitis prophylaxis and treatment. Currently validated methods for distal limb cryotherapy involve wet application or compression technology. There is a need for a practical, affordable, dry cryotherapy method that effectively cools the digit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hoof wall surface temperatures (HWSTs) achieved with a novel dry cryotherapy technology. Design Repeated-measures in vivo experimental study. Setting Experimental intervention at a single site. Participants 6 systemically healthy horses (3 mares, 3 geldings). Interventions Cryotherapy was applied to six horses for eight hours with a commercially available rubber and rubber and welded fabricice boot, which extended proximally to include the foot and pastern. Reusable malleable cold therapy packs were secured against the foot and pastern with the three built-in hook-and-loop fastener panels. Primary and secondary outcome measures HWST and pastern surface temperature of the cryotherapy-treated limb, HWST of the control limb and ambient temperature were recorded every five minutes throughout the study period. Results Results were analysed with mixed-effects multivariable regression analysis. The HWST (median 11.1°C, interquartile range 8.6°C–14.7°C) in the cryotherapy-treated limb was significantly decreased compared with the control limb (median 29.7°C, interquartile range 28.9°C–30.4°C) (P≤0.001). Cryotherapy limb HWST reached a minimum of 6.75°C (median) with an interquartile range of 4.1°C–9.3°C. Minimum HWST was achieved 68 minutes after cryotherapy pack application. Conclusions Dry application of cryotherapy significantly reduced HWST and reached minimums below the therapeutic target of 10°C. This cryotherapy method might offer an effective alternative for digital cooling.

Summary Diffusion of local anaesthetic solution after a mid-pastern ring block has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following injection of radiodense contrast medium as performed for a mid-pastern ring block. Twelve mature horses were used and 1.5 ml radiodense contrast medium injected over the medial or lateral palmar digital nerve at the level of the proximal aspect of the ungular cartilages. A dorsal ring block was performed on the ipsilateral side, 1.5 cm proximal to the palpable palmar aspect of the proximal eminence of the middle phalanx, using 2 or 5 ml contrast medium. Both forelimbs were injected on 2 days (48 injections). Four standard radiographic views of the pastern were obtained immediately, 10 and 20 min after injections. Images were analysed subjectively and objectively. After dorsal injections, the contrast medium was distributed in a diffuse patch over the ipsilateral half of the proximal phalanx (P1), extending proximally over the half of the length of P1 in all limbs (greatest proximal extension: 89.0% of the length of P1 [from distal] after 2 ml, 94.2% after 5 ml). There was significant proximal diffusion in the first 10 min after injection and significant dorsal diffusion between all time points (P

Summary This report describes a case of chronic lameness secondary to an extraskeletal osseous mass located in the plantaromedial aspect of the right hind pastern in a mature Welsh Section D mare. The lesion was confirmed to represent metabolically active osseous tissue in close apposition with the adjacent plantar digital neurovascular bundle and digital flexor tendons. Surgical resection of the mass resulted in a complete resolution of lameness and return to previous level of activity. Histopathological examination classified the mass as a focal osseous metaplasia, which was most likely to be the result of previous trauma causing local haemorrhage, which resulted in subsequent dystrophic mineralisation and eventually osseous metaplasia. Similar lesions have been described in man, but have not been previously reported in the horse.

In the last 30 years the amount of white markings in the population of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) has more than doubled which has led to some controversy, particularly in respect to the health of the horses. The objective of this study was to investigate if the coat colour and white markings have an impact on selected skin diseases and hoof horn abnormalities. To this purpose 974 three-year-old FM were subjected to a clinical examination during the field and station tests organized by the FM breeding association. In 16.9% of the horses, one or several equine sarcoids were detected, 15.2% of the horses showed clinical signs of pastern dermatitis, 1.1% of insect bite hypersensitivity and 18.0% of dermatitis of other aetiology. Abnormalities of the hoof horn were found in 20.1% of the horses. The prevalence of pastern dermatitis was 2.6 times higher in legs with white markings than in legs with pigmented skin (p

Summary Limited information exists on distribution of local anaesthetic solution following palmar digital nerve blocks. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following perineural injection of the palmar digital nerves using 2 different volumes of contrast medium and 2 different injections sites. Twelve mature horses were used. Perineural injection of the palmar digital nerves were performed at the level of or 2 cm proximal to the proximal aspect of the ipsilateral ungular cartilage, using 1.5 or 2.5 ml radiopaque contrast medium. In total, 96 injections were performed. Four standard radiographic views of the pastern were obtained immediately after injections and 10 and 20 min later. Images were analysed subjectively and objectively. After distal injections, the contrast medium was more localised around the injection site; after proximal injections the contrast patch had greater proximal–distal length. The greatest proximal diffusion was to 31.7% of the length of the proximal phalanx (from the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint) after distal injections and to 70% after proximal injections. The larger volume resulted in significantly greater proximal diffusion than the smaller volume at the distal, but not at the proximal injection site (P

Summary This case report describes the clinical and ultrasonographic findings and performance outcome of distal tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in Standardbred racehorses. Cases with distal tendonitis of the SDFT in isolation (not associated with a metacarpal lesion) were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical and ultrasonographic findings and performance outcome were reviewed. The injury was located on the left forelimb in 67% (10/15) of horses and on the right forelimb in 33% (5/15). None of the horses were affected bilaterally. The lateral branch was involved in 80% of the cases (12/15) and medial branch in 20% (3/15). None of the horses were affected biaxially. Mean time between injury and first start ± s.d. was 302 ± 142 days. Returning to racing was observed in 93% of the horses (14/15), with a reinjury rate of 22% (2/9). For horses which raced after the injury, the number of starts, shows and wins was not significantly different before and after injury, regardless of the location of the lesion. Tendonitis of branches of the SDFT in isolation carries a good prognosis in Standardbred racehorses. A higher return to racing and a lower reinjury rate may be expected compared to lesions in the metacarpal region.

Reasons for performing study: Digital hypothermia may be effective for laminitis prophylaxis and therapy, but the efficacy of cooling methods used in clinical practice requires evaluation. Objectives: To use hoof wall surface temperature (HWST) to compare several cooling methods used in clinical practice. Study design: Experimental crossover design with a minimum washout period of 72 h. Methods: Seven cooling methods (commercially available ice packs, wraps and boots) and one prototypical dry-sleeve device were applied to a single forelimb in 4 horses for 8h, during which HWST of the cooled forelimb and the uncooled (control) forelimb was recorded hourly. Results were analysed descriptively. Results: The median (range) HWST from 2-8h was lowest for the ice and water immersion methods that included the foot and extended proximally to at least include the pastern: 5.2°C (range: 4.8-7.8°C) for the fluid bag and 2.7°C (2.4-3.4°C) for the ice boot. An ice boot that included the distal limb but not the foot resulted in a median HWST of 25.7°C (20.6-27.2°C). Dry interface applications (ice packs) confined to the foot only resulted in a median HWST of 21.5°C (19.5-25.5°C) for the coronet sleeve and 19.8°C (17.6-23°C) for a commercial ice pack. For the dry interface applications that included the foot and distal limb, the median HWST was much higher for the ice pack device, 19.9°C (18.7-23.1°C), compared with the perfused cuff prototype of 5.4°C (4.2-7°C). Conclusions: Immersion of the foot and at least the pastern region in ice and water achieved sustained HWST

Background: The objectives of this study were to create an objective measurement method of joint angles for knee, hock, front and rear pasterns and a rear stance position in swine using digital imaging technology and to assess the repeatability of the objective measurement process. Methods and Findings: Forty-five multiparous sows (average parity 6.7 ± 2.5; parity range 5 to 14) from two commercial farms (n=21 farm 1 and n=24 farm 2) were used. Sows were moved to a pen where digital images of the profile and rear stance were captured. On average, 5.2 (± 2.6) profile and 2.6 (± 1.0) rear stance high quality images were used per sow. A joint angle measuring system was devised to collect angle measurements on the four feet and leg joints previously mentioned and the rear stance. Joint measurements were analyzed using repeated measure mixed model methods, including farm and parity (as 5, 6, and 7+) as fixed effects. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate process repeatability. Joint angle measurement repeatability ranged from 0.63 to 0.82. Lowest and highest repeatabilities were observed for the front pastern and hock angle measurements, respectively. No significant farm or parity differences were observed for joint angles measured except for the knee angle between farms (P

Use of electronic identification (e-ID) of caprine breeding stock, based on radio frequency passive transponders, is compulsory in most EU countries and it is foreseen as a powerful tool for the improvement of the goat industry. This paper compares the performances of the most used e-ID devices (i.e., ear tags, injects, boluses and leg tags) with plastic ear tags in goats. Ear dimensions, environment and ear tag features result in variable retention and readability of visual and e-ID ear tags in goats. Light and high quality button ear tags provide suitable results under intensive conditions but they are not fully satisfactory under extensive conditions. Injectable transponders have been also evaluated in different body sites (ear base, armpit, groin, tail, pastern and intraperitoneal) of goats. Main drawbacks of injects are migration and retrieval at slaughter, but injection in the armpit is suitable for goats under harsh conditions (i.e., game and feral goats) and carcass traceability. Injection in the pastern has the advantage of not letting carcass residues, although readability is compromised by the small size of the transponders used and is not recommended for most on-farm applications. Performances of e-ID rumen boluses vary by bolus features and goat breed. Research showed that denser boluses than in sheep (>3.3) and high quality transponders allow >98% readability in goats. Leg tags are only recommended for adult dairy goats under intensive conditions. Dynamic reading efficiency strongly depends on the position of the antenna and on the type of e-ID device, which becomes an issue of major relevance when different e-ID device types are in use in the same herd for management and performance recording.

The objective was to compare the degree of cartilage destruction obtained with three different drilling techniques for minimally invasive arthrodesis of the equine pastern joint. Three drilling techniques were randomly tested on 36 cadaver distal limbs (six front and six hind limbs in each group). The basic drilling pattern consisted of several passes in a dorsopalmar and/or plantar direction across the joint space (group 1) and was either supplemented with one additional pass in a lateromedial and/or mediolateral direction (group 2) or two additional passes in a distodorsal–proximopalmar and/or plantar direction (group 3). After drilling, the pastern joints were disarticulated, the articular surfaces of P1 and P2 were digitally photographed, and the area of removed cartilage was measured using planimetry. The mean percentage of cartilage removed in the entire pastern joint was significantly lower in group 1 (34.1 ± 4.0%) compared with groups 2 and 3 (45.0 ± 5.2% and 43.0 ± 4.0%, respectively; P < .001). There was significantly more cartilage removed in the hind (47.1 ± 4.4%) versus the forelimbs (42.0 ± 5.0%) of group 2 (P = .003), whereas in group 3, there was significantly more cartilage removed in the forelimbs (44.6 ± 3.0%) compared with the hind limbs (40.6 ± 3.0%) (P = .039). The technique of group 2 gave significantly more cartilage destruction compared with technique 1 while being practical to perform. Therefore, this technique seems to be the most promising for further evaluation in a clinical situation.

An 18-month-old warmblood filly was 4/5 lame on the front right limb at referral and showed severe swelling of the right shoulder region and pain during manipulation of the shoulder region. Radiography revealed a roundish 5 × 7 cm radiolucent area with defined borders within the greater tubercle and the presence of a fracture of the lateral tubercle associated with the cyst. Cellular blood count was 27,500 WBC/μL and serum biochemical analyses revealed fibrinogen of 855 mg/dL. The fractured bone was removed surgically; the cyst debrided and filled with autologous cancellous bone graft. Three and five weeks after surgery the filly was reoperated on because of an osseous sequestrum and a periostal defect on the distal dorsolateral aspect of the pastern of the right hind limb and a septic synovitis of the DFTS of the left hind limb. Fifteen month after surgery the filly was not lame and was introduced to training. Unicameral bone cysts (UBC) are well described lesions, often associated to pathologic fracture in the proximal humerus of children but, until present, no scientific report exists of UBC in the foal. The prompt surgical management had a favorable outcome.