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This study was designed to investigate whether Petroselinum crispum (PC) extract has protective effects on the brain in the scopolamine-induced Alzheimer\"s disease (AD) rut model. The rats were divided into; control, scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), galantamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and PC extract (2 g/kg, p.o.)-treated scopolamine groups. On day 14, the novel object recognition test (NORT) and Morris water maze test (MWMT) were performed and then the rats were sacrificed. Scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments observed in the NORT and MWMT, significantly improved with PC extract and galantamine treatments. Scopolamine reduced M, receptor expression, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and glutathione levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, while malondialdehyde levels, caspase-3/9 expressions, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were found to be increased. On the other band, PC and galantamine treatments reversed these changes. In conclusion, PC extract has shown an ameliorative effect on the spatial and recognition memory, M-1 receptor expression, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and increased AChE activity. Thus, it was concluded that PC could prevent AD-like conditions and can be used as a functional food. However, since animal models do not completely mimic those of humans, based on the data obtained in this study, the importance of PC on human AD should be demonstrated in future studies. (C) 2022 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

The use of bacterial cellulose (BC) as scaffold for active biofilms is one of the most interesting applications, especially for the biomedical and food industries. However, there are currently few studies evaluating the potential of incorporating herbal extracts into various biomaterials, including BC. Thus, the aim of this study is to report a screening of the total phenolic content and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of oregano, rosemary, parsley, and lovage. At the same time, the bioactive potential of BC enriched with the four ethanolic extracts is described. Microwave-assisted extraction was used to extract bioactive compounds from the four selected herbs. The physical, mechanical, structural, and chemical properties of BC were also assessed. Next, BC was enriched with the extracts, and their effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans was evaluated. The results showed that the bioactivity of the herbs varied significantly, with rosemary extract being the most bioactive. The BC films possessed good mechanical properties, and a three-dimensional network fibrillar structure appropriate for ethanolic-extract incorporation. The BC samples enriched with rosemary extracts had the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while E. coli. and C. albicans seemed to be resistant to all extracts, regardless of herbs.

[Abstract] Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain major health problems worldwide and commonly coexist in individuals. Gut microbial metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of these patients and the prebiotic effects of some components of the Mediterranean diet. Essential oil emulsions of savory (Satureja hortensis), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were assessed as nutraceuticals and prebiotics in IHD and T2DM. Humanized mice harboring gut microbiota derived from that of patients with IHD and T2DM were supplemented with L-carnitine and orally treated with essential oil emulsions for 40 days. We assessed the effects on gut microbiota composition and abundance, microbial metabolites and plasma markers of cardiovascular disease, inflammation and oxidative stress. Our results showed that essential oil emulsions in mice supplemented with L-carnitine have prebiotic effects on beneficial commensal bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus genus. There was a decrease in plasma TMAO and an increase in fecal SCFAs levels in mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils. Thrombomodulin levels were increased in mice treated with savory and parsley essential oils. While mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils showed a decrease in plasma cytokines (INFɣ, TNFα, IL-12p70 and IL-22); savory essential oil was associated with increased levels of chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2 and CCL11). Finally, there was a decrease in protein carbonyls and pentosidine according to the essential oil emulsion. These results suggest that changes in the gut microbiota induced by essential oils of parsley, savory and rosemary as prebiotics could differentially regulate cardiovascular and metabolic factors, which highlights the potential of these nutraceuticals for reducing IHD risk in patients affected by T2DM. Junta de Andalucía; PI-0170-2018 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PT20/00101 Junta de Andalucía; RH-0078-2021 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CPII19/00022 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; FI20/00227

Parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.) weighing 100 ± 0.09 g were dehydrated from moisture content of 82.24 ± 0.07% to 10.01 ± 0.02 % (wet basis) using the microwave (MD), convective (CD), solar oven (SOD), sun (SD) and natural (ND) drying. Drying in MD, CD, SOD, SD, and ND was completed at 18±1.15, 61±0.58, 255±10, 330±5.29, and 1530±11.55 min, respectively. The energy consumption of MD and CD was measured as 0.213±0.009 and 0.427±0.015 kWh, respectively. In microwave drying, 700 W microwave output power was applied while convective drying was used with 50°C temperature and 1m/s air velocity. The sun and solar oven drying processes were carried out under the same conditions at the same time. The average temperature of the system during the solar oven drying was 81.7±1.5°C whereas the airflow in the system was 0.5 m/s. The data obtained from the experiments were also modeled using twelve different thin-layer drying equations, and thus the theoretical data were obtained. According to these theoretical data, the best model in the microwave and natural drying was Alibas‘s equation while the most suitable model in the solar and convective drying was modified Henderson and Pabis‘s model. On the other hand, it was seen that the best model in the solar oven drying was the Page equation. As a result, considering both quality and drying parameters, it was determined that MD and SOD were the most suitable method for drying of parsley leaves.

Turkish noodle is a staple traditional dish in the Turkish cuisine and generally made out of wheat flour, egg, salt and vegetable oil. The aims of this study were to improve the formulation of Turkish noodles by the addition of minced parsley (2, 4, 6 and 8% weight), to improve their functional properties and swelling volume, to determine the effect on the physical properties (moisture content, water activity, and colour) and chemical composition (vitamin C, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, and protein content) of the homemade plain and fortified Turkish noddle dough (FHTD) and the fortified homemade Turkish noodles (FHTN), to determine the traditional and microwave cooking characteristics and to indicate consumer preferences of FHTN with fresh parsley. The results showed that the amount of addition of fresh parsley caused a significant increase in the moisture content values of FHTD (31.59-36.08%) (P

This study was performed to examine the effects of medicinal plant extracts of corn silk (Stigma maydis), parsley leaf (Petroselini folium), and bearberry leaf (Uvae ursi folium) on antioxidant status of the brain of experimental animals (mice) under the physiological conditions. Biological properties of these plants are insufficiently investigated and the aim was to explore their possible antioxidant effects that can alleviate oxidative damage of the brain tissue. Corn silk extract showed positive effect on activities of antioxidant enzymes in mice brain tissue. Parsley extract induced the increase in glutathione content and decrease of lipid peroxidation. Bearberry leaf extract induced catalase activity and decrease of hydroxyl radical content, while malonyldialdehide accumulation was maintained at the control level. Results obtained in this study support the use of corn silk, parsley and bearberry leaves as natural antioxidant sources in the prevention and treatment of brain tissue damages and different diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Supercritical fluid extraction as an environmentally friendly technology was applied to isolate biologically active extracts from celery and parsley fruits for potential applications in the food industry. The extractions were performed under mild temperature conditions of 39.85 &deg, C and at pressures of 10 and 30 MPa. The extracts were analyzed regarding their chemical composition, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxic effect. Sedanolide was the dominant component of the celery fruit extracts, comprising more than 70% of the obtained fraction, while the content of apiole in the parsley fruit SC CO2 extracts exceeded 85%. The celery fruit extracts showed strong and moderately strong antibacterial activity against tested Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus (B.) cereus, B. subtilis, B. circulans, Listeria (L.) greyi, L. seeligeri and L. welshimeri, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 160 and 640 &micro, g/mL, and weak activity against the selected Salmonella isolates with a MIC of 2560 &micro, g/mL. The parsley extract obtained at 10 MPa showed strong and moderately strong antibacterial effects against Bacillus strains with obtained MICs of 160&ndash, 640 &micro, g/mL, and weak activity against Staphylococcus, Listeria, and Salmonella with a MIC of 2560 &micro, g/mL. Cytotoxicity investigation showed that the extracts with proven antibacterial activity had no cytotoxic effect on rabbit kidney cells at concentrations of up to 640 &micro, g/mL.

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized through an easy, inexpensive, and ecofriendly method. Petroselinum crispum, parsley, leaf extract was utilized as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent, without using any hazardous chemical materials, for producing Ag NPs. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized using different characterization techniques, namely UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to investigate the optical, thermal, structural, morphological, and chemical properties of the plant extract and the biosynthesized Ag NPs. After that, the biosynthesized Ag NPs were utilized in harvesting sunlight for solar thermal generation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the green synthesized Ag NPs with the dark color were adjusted at nearly 450 nm. Once the Ag NPs are excited at the SPR, a large amount of heat is released, which causes a change in the local refractive index surrounding the Ag NPs. The released heat from the Ag NPs under the solar irradiation at the precise wavelength of plasmon resonance significantly increased the temperature of the aqueous medium. Different percentages of Ag NPs were dispersed in water and then exposed to the sunlight to monitor the temperature of the suspension. It was found that the temperature of the aqueous medium reached its highest point when 0.3 wt. % of Ag NPs was utilized. This investigation is rare and unique, and it shows that utilizing a small amount of the biosynthesized Ag NPs can increase the temperature of the aqueous medium remarkably.

The objective of this study was to evaluate silicon (Si) foliar spray and substrate drench effects on plant growth and morphology for container-grown edible crops during greenhouse production, as well as resistance to plant wilting during post-production. In the first greenhouse experiment, basil received Si foliar sprays at 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg∙L–1 Si. In the second greenhouse experiment, Si was applied as either a foliar spray (500 mg∙L–1 Si) or substrate drench (100 mg∙L–1 Si) with six edible crop species. Supplemental Si increased shoot Si levels but had minimal effects on plant growth and morphology, except for parsley, which resulted in distorted growth and phytotoxicity. In the first experiment, 200 and 400 mg∙L–1 Si foliar sprays increased plant resistance to wilt by 2.2 and 2.5 d, respectively, however, this was not observed in the second experiment. All species accumulated Si with the control (no Si) treatments, indicating trace amounts of Si were taken up from the substrate, fertilizer, spray surfactant, and irrigation water. Only cucumber was classified as a Si “accumulator” with a high capacity for Si uptake. Results emphasize the need to conduct preliminary trials with supplemental Si to avoid issues of phytotoxicity.

Snails of the family Lymnaeidae are an essential link in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Radix peregra is a European freshwater snail and a susceptible intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, the causing agent of fascioliasis. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from Anethum graveolens (dill), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare (bitter fennel) and Petroselinum crispum (plain leaf parsley) were characterized by GC and GC-MS. Seven EOs and 11 constituents were first screened through a single-dose bioassay against R. peregra (10 mg L-1 for juveniles and 50 mg L-1 for egg masses and mature snails). EOs from parsley, cumin and bitter fennel (leaves plus stems) were highly active towards eggs and adults at 50 mg L-1. Subsequently, dose and time-lethality bioassays were performed against adults to determine lethal parameters (LC50;90 and LT50;90). Estimated 48 h LC50s varied from 13.7 to 46.5 mg L-1, with P. crispum fruits EO exhibiting the most significant activity. EOs from cumin fruits and bitter fennel infrutescences, and cuminaldehyde, were the most time-effective treatments when assessed by continuous exposure (LT50 for a 50 mg L-1 dose = 15.1, 19.3 and 19.5 h, respectively). A short-time exposure (8 h) to bitter fennel EOs was effective for the control of adults (LT50, This work was supported by national funds (FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013. RM Sousa was financially supported by the FCT through a PhD grant SFRH/BD/66041/2009. Authors are grateful to S. Chaves for the English language revision., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum Danert (Apiaceae) (PC), popularly known as parsley, is an herb native to the Mediterranean region widely cultivated around the world for culinary and ethnomedicinal purposes. The herb is traditionally used in various parts of the world to treat arterial hypertension, hemorrhoid, nose bleeding, hyperlipidemia, and pain, among other indications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antithrombotic activity of an aqueous extract PC in rats. Aerial parts of a flat-leaf variety of parsley were extracted by decoction. In vivo thrombosis in rat models as well as ex vivo assays were used in the evaluation of PC antithrombotic effects. Intravenous administration of PC (25 mg/kg.b.w), 5 min before thrombosis induction, reduced the venous thrombus formation by 98.2%, while oral administration (125 mg/kg.b.w) impaired it by 76.2%. In the arterial thrombosis model, the oral administration of PC at 15 or 25 mg/kg.b.w, 60 min before thrombosis induction, increased the carotid artery occlusion time by 150% (37.0 ± 6.44 min) and 240% (more than 60 min), respectively. A HPLC-DAD-MS/MS profile of PC extract used in this study was provided. Apiin showed to be the most abundant phenolic compound in the extract. It also revealed the presence of many coumaric acid derivatives. Our results indicate that PC is a potential candidate for the development of a phytotherapeutic drug in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases and provide a detailed chemical profile useful for controlling PC extract production in view of phytotherapy., Graphical abstract Image 1

John Chodera summarizes the key deliverables and general strategy employed in producing the first optimized OpenFF force field - Parsley, including the questions asked during the morning session. The uploaded material contains presentation slides and video.

David Mobley presents the current status of the Open Force Field Initiative and the progress made during the first year (Year 1) of the Open Force Field Consortium at the workshop in San Diego (Aug 30 - 31, 2019). This includes an overview of the process behind releasing the first OpenFF optimized force field (Parsley) and supporting infrastructure. The acronym of the workshop is OFFCW Aug 2019. This upload contains presentation video and accompanying slides. &nbsp

The chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world. Genetic transformation is a promising tool for improving traits, editing genomes, and studying plant physiology. Promoters are vital components for efficient transformation, determining the level, location, and timing of transgene expression. The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter is most frequently used in dicotyledonous plants but is less efficient in chrysanthemums than in tobacco or torenia plants. Previously, we used the parsley ubiquitin (PcUbi) promoter in chrysanthemums for the first time and analyzed its activity in transgenic calli. To expand the variety of constitutive promoters in chrysanthemums, we cloned the upstream region of the actin 2 (CmACT2) gene and compared its promoter activity with the 35S and PcUbi promoters in several organs, as well as its durability for long-term cultivation. The CmACT2 promoter has higher activity than the 35S promoter in calli but is less durable. The PcUbi promoter has the highest activity not only in calli but also in leaves, ray florets, and disk florets, and retains its activity after long-term cultivation. In conclusion, we have provided useful information and an additional type of promoter available for transgene expression in chrysanthemums.

To meet the food demand of future generations, more sustainable food production is needed. Flavored olive oils (FOOs) have been proposed as natural additives to ensure food safety and quality through a more sustainable approach. The chemical composition and antioxidant potential of two different olive oils flavored, respectively, with cumin (Cm) and with a mixture of parsley, garlic, and lemon (Mix) were investigated. Cm-FOO and Mix-FOO were tested against Anisakis both in vitro and ex vivo through an exposure test of anchovy fillets experimentally parasitized with Anisakis larvae. Microbiological and sensory analysis were carried out on marinated anchovy fillets exposed to both FOOs to evaluate their effects on the shelf life and their sensory influence. The addition of herbs and spices did not affect the chemical composition of the olive oil (free acidity, UV absorbance, and fatty acid composition). Only Mix showed antioxidant activity, while Cm had no effect in this regard. Cm-FOO and Mix-FOO devitalized the Anisakis larvae both in vitro within 24 h and ex vivo after 8 and 10 days of exposure, respectively. The results of microbiological analyses showed that FOOs inhibited the growth of typical spoilage flora in the marinated anchovies without negatively affecting their sensory characteristics, as observed from the sensory analysis.

Aroma is an important quality parameter of fresh culinary herbs that may be highly affected after postharvest treatments. The innovative technology of vapor essential oil (EO) application under vacuum conditions may recover aroma lost during the postharvest processing of plant products like aromatic herbs. Hence, this study assessed the aroma recovery effect of vapor EOs applied during vacuum cooling on curly parsley and dill. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles of these aromatic herbs were studied by static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the VOCs sorption kinetics onto the SPME stir-bar coating were modeled by the Baranyi model. At the pilot plant scale, the total VOCs contents of parsley and dill (whose extractability was increased by 10–20% after a single vacuum process) were enhanced by 4.5- and 2-fold, respectively, when vapor EOs were applied. In particular, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene and carvone (parsley) increased by 18.7- and 7.3-fold, respectively, while dill ether (the characteristic VOC of dill) augmented by 2.4-fold after vapor EOs were applied under vacuum conditions. The aroma recovery of culinary herbs was successfully validated at an industrial level in an installation developed by our group to apply vapor EOs within a vacuum cooling system, reaching total VOC recoveries of 4.9- and 2.3-fold in parsley and dill, respectively.

This study examines the nutraceutical (phenolics content, antioxidant activity, biological activity) and nutritional potential (starch and protein digestibility) of wheat pasta supplemented with 1-4% of powdered parsley leaves. Compared to the control, the potentially bioaccessible fraction of pasta fortified with 4% parsley leaves was characterized by 67% increased phenolics content, a 146% higher antiradical ability and 220% additional reducing power. Elevation of these parameters in fortified pasta was accompanied by an augmentation of its antiproliferative effect on carcinoma cells, which confirms their biological relevance. Supplementation of pasta had no significant effect on starch digestibility, while negatively affecting protein digestibility (a reduction by about 20% for pasta with a 4% supplement). Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses indicated the presence of phenolic interactions with proteins and/or digestive enzymes. Fortification improved the nutraceutical and nutritional potential of the studied pasta; however, the final effect is made by many factors, including phenolics-food matrix interactions.

El pardeamiento enzimático es una de las principales causas de alteración organoléptica y nutricional en frutas y verduras. Debido al estilo de vida actual, en los últimos años ha crecido el consumo de productos de IV gama, cuya susceptibilidad por el pardeamiento enzimático hace que tengan una vida útil reducida. Los compuestos más utilizados en la actualidad para prevenir el pardeamiento enzimático en patata mínimamente procesada (PMP) son los sulfitos. El empleo de sulfitos puede causar reacciones alérgicas a personas que sufren asma, además de presentar otras limitaciones como provocar reblandecimiento y disminución del valor nutritivo en los alimentos tratados. La industria alimentaria necesita reemplazar los sulfitos por compuestos alternativos que permitan retrasar el pardeamiento enzimático sin ocasionar los efectos indeseables de los sulfitos. Teniendo en cuenta que el mercado valora mejor los aditivos naturales que los sintéticos, y sabiendo que el perejil es rico en polifenoles y otros compuestos antioxidantes, se plantea el empleo de extractos de perejil como antipardeantes en PMP. Se realizaron dos tipos de extracciones: una acuosa y otra EtOH/H2O. Ambas extracciones presentaron importantes capacidad es antioxidantes y contenidos de polifenoles totales. Para la extracción acuosa los valores fueron de 7,93 휇푚표푙 TE/g perejil (sobre ms) y 6,23 mg GAE/g perejil (sobre ms), mientras que para la extracción EtOH/H2O fueron de 32,79 휇푚표푙 TE/g perejil (sobre ms) y 6,75 mg GAE/g perejil (sobre ms). También se vio que los extractos eran efectivos a la hora de inhibir la actividad de la PPO de patata cv. Monalisa (inhibiciones de 23,41 y 48,47% para los extractos acuoso y EtOH/H2O, respectivamente), y que retrasaban los fenómenos de pardeamiento en lonchas de patata de la misma variedad. Enzymatic browning is one of the main causes of organoleptic and nutritional spoilage in fruits and vegetables. Due to the current lifestyle, in recent years the consumption of fresh-cut products has grown. The susceptibility of these products for enzymatic browning is responsible for its short shelf life. Nowadays the most commonly used additives for preventing enzymatic browning in minimally processed potato (MPP) are sulphites. Sulphites can cause allergic reactions to people suffering from asthma, besides diminishing the nutritional value and causing softening of the treated foods. Food industry needs to replace sulphites with alternative compounds that delay enzymatic browning without causing the undesirable effects of sulphites. Bearing in mind that the market prefers natural additives over synthetic additives, and knowing that parsley is rich in polyphenols and other antioxidant compounds, it is proposed to employ parsley extracts as antibrowning compounds in MPP. Two types of extractions were carried out: an aqueous one and an EtOH/H2O one. Both presented important antioxidant capacities and total polyphenol content. For the aqueous extract the values were 7,93 휇푚표푙 TE/g parsley (dry weight) and 6,23 mg GAE/g parsley (dry weight), while for the EtOH/H2O were 32,79 휇푚표푙 TE/g parsley (dry weight) and 6,75 mg GAE/g parsley (dry weight). It was also observed that both extracts were effective inhibiting cv. Monalisa PPO activity (23,41 and 48,47% inhibitions for the aqueous and EtOH/H2O extracts, respectively) and delaying browning phenomena in potato slices of the same variety. Máster Universitario en Tecnología y Calidad en las Industrias Agroalimentarias por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Nekazaritzako Elikagaien Industrietako Teknologiako eta Kalitateko Unibertsitate Masterra Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

Since March, 2011, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on parsley in several fields inspected in Hatay and Adana provinces of Turkey. Incidence of the disease was 5-15% in the regions. Symptoms were characterized as angular to irregular, initially water soaked later brown to dark black spots. Spots often limited by veins which were visible from both adaxial and abaxial sides of leaves but were not present on stems. Fluorescent bacterial colonies were consistently isolated from typical leaf spots. Biochemical tests, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, molecular, pathogenicity tests and sequence of 16S ribosomal DNA of bacterial isolates were performed to identify possible causal disease agent. The causal disease agent was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii based on symptoms, biochemical, molecular, pathogenicity tests and sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot on parsley caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii in Turkey. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Fresh-cut vegetables are a successful convenient healthy food. Nowadays, the presence of new varieties of minimally processed vegetables in the market is common in response to the consumers demand for new flavours and high quality products. Within the most recent fresh-cut products are the aromatic herbs. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the nutritional quality and stability of four fresh-cut aromatic herbs. Several physicochemical quality characteristics (colour, pH, total soluble solids, and total titratable acidity) were monitored in fresh-cut chives, coriander, spearmint and parsley leaves, stored under refrigeration (3±1°C) during 10 days. Their nutritional composition was determined, including mineral composition (phosphorous, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper) and fat- and water-soluble vitamin contents. Total soluble phenolics, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The aromatic herbs kept their fresh appearance during the storage, maintaining their colour throughout shelf-life. Their macronutrient composition and mineral content were stable during storage. Coriander had the highest mineral and fat-soluble vitamin content, while spearmint showed the best scores in the phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity assays. Vitamins and antioxidant capacity showed some variation during storage, with a differential behaviour of each compound according to the sample. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd., Joana Santos is thankful to FCT for the PhD grant SFRH/BD/66476/2009 financed by POPH-QREN and subsidized by ESF and MCTES. M.H. would like to thank MICINN for a “Ramón y Cajal” research contract. This work had been supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia through project no. PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2013 and NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000069- Food Science.

In this study, color and microstructure changes of tomato samples were investigated after microwave (90, 160, 350, and 500W), convective (50 and 75 degrees C), and microwave-convective (90W-50 degrees C, 90W-75 degrees C, 160W-50 degrees C, and 160W-75 degrees C) drying treatments using a laboratory microwave-convective oven. The combined microwave-convective drying decreased the drying time required when compared to drying with either convective or microwave drying alone. The color of the samples dried at 50 degrees C was closest to the fresh samples compared to other drying conditions. All color values of fresh tomato were affected by drying. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that disruption of the tomato samples significantly elevated with increasing drying temperature or microwave power level.

Parsley [Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss] is regarded as an aromatic, culinary, and medicinal plant and is used in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, few studies with conflicting results have been conducted on the antimicrobial activity of parsley essential oil. In addition, there have been no reports of essential oil obtained from parsley aerial parts, except seeds, as an alternative natural antimicrobial agent. Also, microorganism resistance is still a challenge for health and food production. Based on the demand for natural products to control microorganisms, and the reevaluation of potential medicinal plants for controlling diseases, the objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial and antifungal activities of parsley essential oil against foodborne diseases and opportunistic pathogens. Seven bacteria and eight fungi were tested. The essential oil major compounds were apiol, myristicin, and beta-phellandrene. Parsley essential oil had bacteriostatic activity against all tested bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica, at similar or lower concentrations than at least one of the controls, and bactericidal activity against all tested bacteria, mainly S. aureus, at similar or lower concentrations than at least one of the controls. This essential oil also had fungistatic activity against all tested fungi, mainly, Penicillium ochrochloron and Trichoderma viride, at lower concentrations than the ketoconazole control and fungicidal activity against all tested fungi at higher concentrations than the controls. Parsley is used in cooking and medicine, and its essential oil is an effective antimicrobial agent.

In this study, Drosophila melanogaster males were treated with parsley plant extract and the anticancer drug vincristine (VCR) singly and in combined treatments (pre, co and post-treatments) to detect the mutagenic effects by using sex-linked recessive lethal test (SLRL) and estimation of cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) activities in order to compare the sensitivity of the two test systems. A wild type strain Oregon-R (Or-R) male flies of D. melanogaster were reared on a medium containing one concentration of each of VCR and parsley (4ml/100ml medium) in each single and combined treatment. Also the activity of ChE was estimated in some insects of the two generations: F1 females, F2 bar eye females (heterozygous) and F2 wild types males. The results indicate that both of parsley and vincristine did not cause significant increases of SLRL test in either the single or combined treatments. In contrast, estimation of ChE activities showed significant increase in all the broods within single and combination treatments, except female of the second generation of spermatid brood which treated with parsley and VCR at the same time. It is concluded that enzyme estimation is more sensitive than SLRL test for detection the mutagenic effect for parsley’s extract and vincristine.

Lavender, anise, chamomile, fennel, geranium, oregano, parsley, and sage essential oils were tested for their effectiveness against mushroom pathogens: Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa, and Cladobotryum sp. Isolates were exposed to the volatile phase of the oils and then ventilated in order to determine if the effect of the oil was lethal to the pathogen. Oregano and geranium oils were the most toxic, having a fungicidal effect at 0.02-0.08 μl/ml of air, depending on the pathogen. Oregano oil was characterized by high content of carvacrol and thymol, while citranelol and geraniol were the main components of geranium oil. U radu su prikazani rezultati in vitro testiranja efekata etarskih ulja: lavande, anisa, kamilice, morača, geranijuma, origana, peršuna i žalfije, na mikopatogene gljive: Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa i Cladobotryum sp. Izolati su izlagani dejstvu para proučavanih ulja, a zatim provetravani, nakon čega je ocenjivan efekat njihovog delovanja. Ulja origana i geranijuma ispoljila su najveću toksičnost za sve proučavane patogene, sa vrednostima minimalne fungicidne koncentracije između 0.02-0.08 μl/ml vazduha, zavisno od patogena. Ulje origana imalo je visok sadržaj karvakola i timola, dok su citraneloli geraniolbile dominantne komponente ulja geranijuma.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la actividad antihipertensiva del extracto etanólico de Petroselinum sativum "perejil" en ratas hipertensas. Se emplearon ratas Holtzmann, distribuidas al azar en 4 grupos (n = 6). La hipertensión arterial fue inducida en 3 grupos mediante la administración de L-NAME 50 mg/kg/día v.o. durante 11 días; de éstos, un grupo recibió el vehículo, los otros dos recibieron tratamiento con perejil en dosis de 200 y 600 mg/kg/día, respectivamente; el cuarto grupo fue blanco y sólo recibió agua destilada. El tratamiento con el extracto etanólico seco de perejil se inició 2 días después de la administración de L-NAME y se continuó diariamente. La presión arterial se midió al inicio del experimento y en los días 2, 3,4,7 Y 11. Los resultados demuestran que en e1 primer día de tratamiento con perejil en dosis de 600 mg/kg/día, la PAS disminuyó significativamente de 167,5 ± 1,5 mmHg a 148,5 ± 2,9 mmHg (p < 0,001), la PAD disminuyó de 117,0 ± 3,7 mmHg hasta 97,3 ± 3,9 mmHg (p < 0,01). En el segundo día de tratamiento se observó disminución significativa de la PAS y PAD con la dosis de 200 rng/kgldía. Este efecto continuó en ambos grupos y al linal del experimento, con 200 mg/kg/día se registró el valor de PAS de 142,0 + 1,37 mmHg, mientras que con 600 mg/kg/día fue 143,5 + 2,6 mmHg. Se concluye que en las condiciones experimentales del estudio, el extracto etanólico de Petroselinum sativum "perejil" tiene efecto antihipertensivo en ratas hipertensas por L-NAME., The purpose of the present investigation was to determinate the antihypertensive activity of the ethanolic extract from Petroselinum sntivunJ "perejil"parsley in hypertensive rats. Four groups (n = 6), Holtzmann rats was used. The arterial hypertension in three groups was induced by administration of L-NAME 50 rng!kg/day orally for 11 days; of them, one group was administraled vehiele only, Ihe olhers groups were administrated parsley al dose 01 200 and 600 mglkglday, respectively; the fourth ene was the white and was administrated distilled water, !he treatment with parsley started two days after administration L-NAME and was daily. The arterial pressure was measured starting the experiment and aldays 2, 3, 4, 7 and 11. The SBP decreased significantly from firsl day 01 Irealmenl wilh parsley at dose of 600 rng!kgl day from 167,5 ± 1,5 mmHg up lo 148,5 + 2,9 mmHg (p < 0,001), the DBP decreased loo from 117,0 ± 3.7 mmHg up lo 97,3 + 3,9 rnmHg (p < 0,01). The SBP and DBP decreased loo 011 the second day 01 trealment at dose 01 200 mglkgldía. This effect was conlinued in both groups and at end 01 experiment, with 200 mg!kgldía Ihe SBP was 142,0 ± 1,37 mmHg, as long as with 600 rng!kg/día was 143,5 + 2,6 mmHg. In conc1usion, in experimental conditions of study, the ethanolic extract of Petroselinum sativum "perejil" parsley has antihypertensive effect in hypertensive rats for L-NAME.

Stability of productive traits (fruit yield, essential oil content) of varieties of cultivated medicinal plants belonging to the species of the family Apiaceae was studied(anise, coriander, dill, parsley and fennel). The trial was carried out in five locations in 2001. The estimate of stability parameters was done after the method of Eberhart and Russell (1966). As expected significant differences for the fruit yield and the essential oil content were determined among studied genotypes. Significant F-test differences were obtained for locations, while the genotype x environment interaction, as a source of variability for the identification of the growing region, had significant values of the F-test. This was a starting point for the analysis of stability parameters of these traits. The most stable genotype is the one whose value of S(2)di tends towards 0. Bearing this in mind, the most, i.e. the least stable yield was recorded in coriander; i.e. parsley, respectively. A somewhat different situation arises from the values of S(2)di in relation to the essential oil content. According to the value of this parameter; the most, i.e. the least stable essential oil content was found in fennel., i.e. parsley, respectively.

L'objectiu principal del TFC consisteix en la creació d'una complexa estructura modular J2EE basada i mantinguda per Maven, amb la utilització com frameworks Spring, Hibernate i Flex principalment. Aquesta estructura permet reprendre el desenvolupament inicial, nous desenvolupaments i manteniments d'una aplicació, amb un cost temporal mínim per la part de l'equip de desenvolupament. El objetivo principal del TFC consiste en la creación de una compleja estructura modular J2EE basada y mantenida por Maven, con la utilización como frameworks de Spring, Hibernate y Flex principalmente. Esta estructura permite retomar el desarrollo inicial, nuevos desarrollos y mantenimientos de una aplicación, con un coste temporal mínimo para la parte del equipo de desarrollo. The main goal of this final degree project is to create a complex modular structure based on J2EE and maintained by Maven, using frameworks such as Spring, Hibernate and Flex.

Aim: Absorption and excretion of apigenin after the ingestion of apiin-rich food, i.e. parsley, was tested. Methods: Eleven healthy subjects (5 women, 6 men) in the age range of 23–41 years and with an average body mass index of 23.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2 took part in this study. After an apigenin- and luteolin-free diet, a single oral bolus of 2 g blanched parsley (corresponding to 65.8 ± 15.5 µmol apigenin) per kilogram body weight was consumed. Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 28 h after parsley consumption and 24-hour urine samples were collected. Apigenin was analyzed in plasma, urine and red blood cells by means of HPLC-ECD. Results: On average, a maximum apigenin plasma concentration of 127 ± 81 nmol/l was reached after 7.2 ± 1.3 h with a high range of variation between subjects. For all participants, plasma apigenin concentration rose after bolus ingestion and fell within 28 h under the detection limit (2.3 nmol/l). The average apigenin content in 24-hour urine was 144 ± 110 nmol/24 h corresponding to 0.22 ± 0.16% of the ingested dose. The flavone could be detected in red blood cells without showing dose-response characteristics. Conclusions: A small portion of apigenin provided by food reaches the human circulation and, therefore, may reveal biological effects.

Alternaria petroselini (Neergard) Simmons, causal agent of parsley black leaf spot, is economically significant in leaf and root production of parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nym). This is a seed- and soil-borne fungus recently described in our country. During the investigation of the presence of A. petroselini in our country, diseased parsley plants were observed and collected from Manđelos, several samples of parsley commercial seed were examined, and isolation was also done from infested soil. Total of seven isolates was obtained and compared, one from diseased leaves, five from parsley seed, and one from soil. After pathogenicity was proven, isolates were identified based on morphological properties, colony appearance, conidia shape and size, catenulation and host range Based on obtained results investigated isolates of different origin identified as Ai-ternana petroselint showed uniform macroscopic and microscopic characteristics as well as the same host range On KDA, ail isolates show uniform characteristics The colonies are very dark gray to blackish, with slightly waved edges and thick, velvety, shiny aerial mycelium Conidia are formed singly in large number, on short, mainly unbranched conidiophores Conidia are smooth, dark brown, dictiosponc, frequently constricted on septae and ranging from 16 25-47 50 urn (29 22 um) x 12 5-27 5 urn (19 62 pm) Tested isolates were pathogenic to parsley, parsnip, celery and coriander but were not pathogenic to carrot, anise, foenicum, onion cabbage, pepper, tomato and cucumber. Alternaria petroselini (Neergard) Simmons, prouzrokovač pegavosti i sušenja lista peršuna (Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nym) izaziva značajne štete u proizvodnji lišća i korena peršuna. Ova gljiva čije je prisustvo nedavno utvrđeno i u našoj zemlji, održava se i širi zaraženim semenom i biljnim ostacima u zemljištu. Ispitujući prisustvo A. petroselini u našoj zemlji vršeni su pregledi zaraženih biljaka na lokalitetu Manđelos, obavljene izolacije gljive iz zemljišta sa istog lokaliteta, i pregledano vise uzoraka komercijalnog semena peršuna. Dobijeno je ukupno sedam izolata, jedan iz zaraženih listova peršuna jedan iz zemljišta i pet sa semena. Nakon provere patogenosti, izolati su determinisani i upoređeni na osnovu morfoloških osobina, izgleda kolonije čistih kultura, oblika, veličine konidija katenulacije, kao i kruga domaćina. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, utvrđeno je da izolati A. petroselini različitog porekla ispoljavaju uniformne makroskopske i mikroskopske morfološke osobine i imaju isti krug domaćina. Na KDA podlozi svi izolati formiraju tamnosive, skoro crne kolonije sa blago talasastim ivicama, gustom somotastom sjajnom vazdušnom micelijom Konidije se formiraju u velikom broju, pojedinačno najčešće na kratkim i nerazgranatim konidioforama, glatke su, tamnosmeđe boje, diktiosporne i često ulegnute na poprečnim septama. Dimenzije konidija su 16.25-47.50 μm (29.22 μm) x 12.5-27.5 μm (19.62 μm) Ispitivani izolati ispoljili su patogenost prema peršunu, paštrnaku, celeru i kolijanderu, a nisu patogeni za mrkvu anis morač, crni luk, papriku, paradajz, kupus i krastavac.

On the average, there was a positive effect of pre-winter sowing on earliness of parsley (by 24 days). Parsley yield varied depending on weather conditions. Root yield was more susceptible. On the average, it amounted to 22.79 and 25.84 g/ha. The difference in favor of spring sowing amounted to 3.05 g/ha and was statistically significant. Leaf yield amounted to 3.67 and 4.38 t/ha. The difference was 0.71 t/ha and was statistically insignificant. Thus, it could be conclude that pre-winter sowing effected parsley. Especially was effected earliness. Therefore, in parsley production should be employed pre-winter sowing. U radu se govori o uticaju predzimske setve na ranostasnost i prinos peršuna Setva je obavljana kasno u jesen (novembar-decembar), tj. pred nastupanje jačih mrazeva. Kao kontrola poslužila je prolećna setva. Utvrđeno je da predzimska setva značajno povećava ranostasnost peršuna, dok se prinos smanjuje. Predzimsku setvu ipak vredi koristiti u proizvodnji peršuna (povećava se ranostasnost).

The antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic and phenolic compound extracts from three Palestinian folkloric medicinal plants, in addition to their commercial oils, were evaluated against ten pathogenic microorganisms. The plants used were sage, thyme and parsley. Five concentrations of leaf extract of the three plants were prepared. The antimicrobial effect of each concentration was measured. The aqueous extracts of sage and thyme were effective against most of the tested microorganisms. Phenolic extract of sage and thyme showed antibacterial activity against Staph. aureus and Enterococcus sp, respectively . On the other hand, E. coli was more affected by the ethanolic extract of parsley which did not elicit pronounced effect on the tested Gram positive organisms. The commercial oils of sage, thyme and parsley displayed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhi . The data obtained revealed that, among the 10 tested microorganisms, Staph. aureus was the most susceptible microbe to most of the plants extracts. Key words: Antimicrobial, medicinal plants, sage, thyme, parsley. Resume l'activitee antimicrobiale des extraits ethanolique,methanolique et phenolique a partir de trios plante medicinales de Palestine,en addition a leurs huile commercial etaient evalues contre dix micro organisme pathogeniques. les plantes utilisees etaient “sage thyme parsley” .5 concentration differentes des feuilles de ces trios plantes etaient preparees. L'effet antimicrobial de chaque concentration etait mesure. L'extrait acqueux de sage thyme etait effectif contre la plus part des micro-oganismes testes. L'extrait phenolique de sage et thyme montrerent une activitee antimicrobial contre le staph. Aureus and enterococcus sp, respectivement. De l'autre cote E.coli etait plus affecte par l'extrait ethanolique du pasley qui n'a pas elicite un effet pronounce sur les organisms gram positif teste.l'huile commerciale du sage,parsley, thyme n'on demontre aucune activite antimicrobial contre E.coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella thyphi. Les donne obtenue revelent qu ‘entre les 10 organismes teste Staph. Aureus etait le microbe le plus susceptible au extraitsdes plantes. Mot cles : Antimicrobial, plante medicinales, sage, thyme, parsley. West Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol.19 (1&2) 2003: 16-21