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The current study was based on Computed Tomography (CT) findings and results. We found 63% of patients with acute interstitial edematous pancreatitis, and we found 37% of patients with acute necrotic pancreatitis in 46 cases. Based on our findings, we observed bulky pancreas among 26 cases (56.52%), 17 cases (36.95%) of pancreatic necrosis, 9 cases of pancreatic atrophy, 11 cases of pseudocyst, and 9 cases of peri-pancreatic fluid. When we evaluated the Modified CT Severity index among the study cases, we observed that 19.56% cases have mild index, the majority (56.52% cases) have moderate index while 23.91% have severe index. We also found that majority of the cases were clinically cured and discharged, i.e., 47.82%. 19.56% of the total study subjects reported recurrence of episodes of pancreatitis, while 30.43% of the total patients turned into chronic pancreatitis. This study presents a cross-sectional hospital-based analytical study carried out among 46 cases of AP referred to under the radiology department for further diagnostic evaluation, in a tertiary healthcare facility in Maharashtra. The present study Data Source included all the AP patients referred to the radiological department in a tertiary health research center. They met the standards for inclusiveness, which assented to the analysis. Type of study is Hospital analytical based study. The study duration is 18 months. Data collection was done through semi-structured, pre-designed, and pre-validated proformas in patients meeting inclusion requirements that included disease history, clinical outcomes, investigative records, and descriptions of surgical interventions.

Objectives: Recently, there have been reports regarding the atrophy of various organs caused by molecular targeted drugs. We investigated morphological and clinical changes in the liver and pancrea...

Background The treatment of high-grade (III/IV/V) blunt pancreatic injuries remains controversial. The study aims to summarize and evaluate nonresection management of the pancreas for grade III and IV blunt pancreatic injuries in children. Methods Twenty children [6.9 (3–12) years] treated at our center between January 2010 and June 2018 were included in this study. Their medical records and the outpatient follow-up data within 12 weeks after discharge were retrospectively reviewed. Long-term follow-up was conducted by telephone in February 2020. Results Nine children developed complications, including 8 pancreatic pseudocysts and 1 abdominal infection, after treatment at external hospitals and were transferred to our center with an average length of stay of 33.8 (8–63) days. Eleven children were admitted to our hospital directly after injury, with an average length of stay of 47.5 (23–69) days. One child underwent emergency laparotomy for hemorrhagic shock and Roux-en-Y drainage of the distal pancreas. The remaining 10 children received conservative treatment: 7 developed pancreatic pseudocysts, 2 developed abdominal infections, and 1 recovered uneventfully. For children with pancreatic pseudocysts (15/20, 75.0%), 4 recovered after conservative treatment, 4 recovered after percutaneous puncture, 5 recovered after external drainage of the cyst, and 2 recovered after alimentary tract anastomosis. Three children (3/20, 15.0%) who developed abdominal infection recovered after abdominal irrigation and drainage. No child was admitted to the ICU or died. Four children (4/20, 20.0%) developed local pancreatic atrophy within 12 weeks after discharge, but no other long-term complications were observed. Conclusions Nonresection management of the pancreas could be a feasible option for children with grade III and IV blunt pancreatic injuries. Regular long-term follow-up is essential in terms of pancreatic function, especially in patients with pancreatic atrophy.

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a frequent complication of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and has traditionally been considered to develop as a consequence of pancreatic islet cell loss. However, additional mechanisms may be operative including accumulation of pancreatic fat and fibrosis. We used advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study pancreatic morphology and exocrine function in a reference population and in CP patients with and without diabetes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional mono centre study. All subjects underwent advanced MRI including assessment of pancreatic ductal parameters (Cambridge classification and main pancreatic duct diameter), parenchymal parameters (DIXON technique and diffusion weighted imaging as proxies for pancreatic fat content and fibrosis, as well as pancreatic volume segmentation). Pancreatic exocrine function was determined as duodenal secretion following secretin stimulation and by the faecal elastase test. Results: The study included 76 patients with definite CP of whom 23 (30.1%) had diabetes and 23 sex- and age matched healthy volunteers. Compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, diabetic patients were characterised by a low pancreatic volume (20 vs. 36 ml; p =.02) and impaired pancreatic exocrine function (faecal elastase 19 vs. 48 µg/g; p =.008), while no difference between patients with and without diabetes were seen in relation to MRI derived proxies for fibrosis and pancreatic fat accumulation and pancreatic duct parameters. A large proportion of non-diabetic patients (49%) had similar morphological and functional characteristics as patients with diabetes. Conclusion: Pancreatic atrophy and exocrine insufficiency are present in most CP patients with diabetes, but additional mediators seem to be operative in post pancreatitis diabetes mellitus.

To investigate the phenomenon of pancreatic atrophy after gastrectomy for gastric cancer, using computed tomography (CT) volumetry.The subjects of this retrospective study were 77 patients who underwent distal gastrectomy (DG) or total gastrectomy (TG) for pStage I gastric cancer in 2014. The relative pancreatic volume ratio was assessed preoperatively, and then 1 and 5 years postoperatively and the results were compared between surgical procedures RESULTS: A total of 14 patients underwent TG with Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstruction, 24 underwent DG with Billroth-I (BI) reconstruction, and 39 underwent DG with RY reconstruction. We observed that the pancreatic volume continued to decrease over the 5 years after DG or TG. Furthermore, the incidence of pancreatic atrophy 5 years postoperatively was significantly greater after TG than after DG. In patients who underwent DG, a greater incidence of pancreatic atrophy was observed after RY reconstruction than after BI reconstruction, 5 years postoperatively.The pancreatic volume continued to decrease after DG and TG for gastric cancer 5 years after treatment. TG was associated with a significantly greater incidence of pancreatic atrophy than DG 5 years postoperatively, as was RY reconstruction vs. BI reconstruction after DG.

Objective: To create a structured computed tomography (CT) report for the systematic evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), based on the opinions of clinicians and surgeons. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study in which we applied a 21-item questionnaire to experts in pancreatic diseases in order to create a model of a structured abdominal CT report. The questionnaire addressed the location and size of PDACs, as well as their effects on adjacent structures and on the vasculature, together with metastases. We used a Likert scale to determine which of those parameters should be included in the model. Results: A total of 18 experts (12 surgeons and 6 clinicians) from 9 institutions completed the questionnaire. All of the experts agreed that the following (if present) should be described in the CT report on a PDAC: the degree of enhancement; the diameter and location of the lesion; pancreatic duct obstruction; biliary dilatation; pancreatic atrophy; liver metastases; peritoneal nodules; ascites; lymph node enlargement; and invasion of adjacent structures. More than 80% of the experts agreed that the report should also describe the relationship between the PDAC and the surrounding vasculature. Conclusion: We have developed a template for a CT report on patients with PDAC, based on the opinions of experts involved in the treatment of such patients. Resumo Objetivo: Criar um modelo de laudo estruturado de tomografia computadorizada (TC) para a avaliação sistemática do adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas (ADP) com base na opinião de clínicos e cirurgiões. Materiais e Métodos: Realizamos estudo prospectivo aplicando um questionário abrangendo 21 tópicos para um modelo de laudo estruturado de TC do abdome na avaliação do ADP, contemplando dados sobre localização e tamanho tumoral, efeito sobre estruturas adjacentes, comprometimento vascular e presença de metástases. Utilizamos a escala de Likert para definir a pertinência de se inserir uma determinada informação. Resultados: Obtivemos respostas de 18 especialistas de 9 instituições (12 cirurgiões e 6 clínicos). Todos concordaram que deveriam ser descritos o grau de realce, o diâmetro da lesão, a localização e a presença ou a ausência de: obstrução do ducto pancreático, dilatação biliar, atrofia pancreática, metástases hepáticas, nódulos peritoniais, ascite, linfonodomegalias e invasão de estruturas adjacentes. Mais de 80% concordaram que deveria ser mencionada a relação do tumor com os vasos circunjacentes. Conclusão: Elaboramos um modelo de laudo estruturado de TC para a avaliação do ADP de pâncreas, atendendo às expectativas dos especialistas envolvidos no atendimento destes pacientes.

Meat and fat yield influence the profitability of modern commercial poultry production. This study investigated the effect of strain, sex and rearing system on carcass and fat yields of 3 slow-growing chicken strains. Two hundred and eighty-eight Potchefstroom Koekoek, Ovambo and Naked Neck chickens, weighing 1710 ± 308.8 g, were allocated to 4 free-range pens and 4 housed pens. Body (BW), carcass (CW), dressed (DW), cut, giblet, fat pad (AFP) weights were determined after 4 weeks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted in SAS. Strain influenced (P less than 0.05) thigh, neck and giblet weight. Males were heavier (P less than 0.05), yielding heavier cuts and pancreases but lighter AFP than females. Ovambos yielded the heaviest portions among the 3 strains. Free-range birds experienced crop, gizzard hypertrophy and pancreatic atrophy. Further research could focus on fatty acid composition of meat from free-range systems to establish potential implications on heart-related health conditions.

Atrophy of the pancreatic parenchyma, which occurs frequently after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD), is often associated with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Many surgeons prefer to insert a drainage tube into the remnant pancreatic duct primarily to prevent pancreatic leakage at the pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) after PPPD. Drainage methods vary widely but can be roughly classified as internal or external drainage. This study intended to evaluate their effects on pancreatic parenchymal atrophy following PPPD.Fifty-seven patients who underwent PPPD were retrospectively divided into two groups, 28 who underwent external and 29 who underwent internal pancreatic drainage. External drainage tubes were removed 4 weeks after PPPD. The volume of the pancreatic parenchyma was serially measured on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans before PPPD, as well as 7 days and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Degree of pancreatic parenchymal atrophy was determined by calculating pancreatic volume relative to that on day 7.Univariate analysis showed that patient sex, age, body mass index, concurrent pancreatitis, pathology, and types of PJ did not significantly affect changes in pancreatic volume following PPPD. The degree of pancreatic volume atrophy did not differ significantly in the external and internal drainage groups. No patient in the external drainage group experienced drainage-related surgical complications. The incidence of PJ leak was comparable in the two groups. Postoperative pancreatic atrophy did not induce new-onset diabetes mellitus at 1 year.Both external and internal pancreatic drainage methods showed similar atrophy rate of the pancreatic parenchyma following PPPD.

To determine if patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) develop greater loss of pancreatic tissue than patients without cGVHD.This is an IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study of patients receiving allogeneic HSCT at our institution from 01/2006 to 01/2010 with abdominal CT performed within 3 months prior to HSCT and CT performed at least 3 months after HSCT. Measurement of glandular tissue thickness of the head, body, and tail of the pancreas was performed independently by two radiologists blinded to clinical data. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test, and interobserver agreement was evaluated with linear-weighted kappa.117 patients underwent HSCT during study period, with 36 patients meeting inclusion criteria. 22 subjects (61%) had clinical features of cGVHD, and 14 patients (39%) did not have evidence of cGVHD. Following HSCT, there was a significant decrease in mean total thickness (10.9%, p = 0.002) of the pancreas in the group of patients with cGVHD. The change from pretreatment to the nadir in pancreatic thickness was significantly greater in patient with cGVHD (13.9 ± 12.1 mm), but not in non-cGVHD patients (5.4 ± 4.7 mm) (p = 0.02), with head of the pancreas atrophy accounting for the difference (decrease of 4.8 ± 4.6 mm in cGVHD patients vs. 1.6 ± 2.1 mm in non-cGVHD patients (p = 0.02)).Patients with cGVHD develop significantly greater loss of pancreatic glandular tissue than patients without cGVHD following HSCT, with atrophy of pancreatic head being a major contributor.

Purpose To evaluate the effect and clinical importance of sunitinib on pancreatic volume in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and compliant with HIPAA. The requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. The authors evaluated 65 patients with GIST treated with oral sunitinib and a control group of 30 patients with GIST who did not receive any therapy (mean age: 56 years [range, 29-75 years] vs 60 years [range, 27-78 years], respectively; P = .11) seen at their institution from January 2002 through December 2008. Segmented pancreatic volumes of study and control groups were measured with computed tomography by using commercial software by two independent readers who were blinded to study group and the timing of the scan at a median of 6.2 and 6.1 months, respectively. Pre- and posttreatment volumes (Wilcoxon signed rank test) and rate of volume change per month (Wilcoxon rank sum test) were compared. Interobserver agreement was calculated. Associations and prognostic importance of pancreatic atrophy were studied by using multivariate linear regression and Cox proportional analysis, respectively. Results Both readers recorded significant pancreatic volume loss in the study group (respective median pre- and posttreatment volume: 76.1 cm(3) and 58.4 cm(3) for reader 1 and 67.7 cm(3) and 59.0 cm(3) for reader 2; P.0001 for both) but not in the control group (respective median pre- and posttreatment volume: 79.9 cm(3) and 83.8 cm(3) for reader 1 [P = .43] and 79.9 cm(3) and 84.8 cm(3) for reader 2 [P = .50]). The rate of volume loss per month was greater in the study group than in the control group (reader 1: -2.1% vs -0.1%, respectively, P = .003; reader 2: -2.0% vs -0.3%, P.0001). Twenty-three of the 65 patients who received sunitinib (35%) showed at least 3% pancreatic volume loss per month, compared with only one of the 30 patients in the control group (3%). The concordance correlation coefficient for pre- and posttreatment measurements was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75, 0.89) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.94), respectively, and the mean relative difference was 0.04% and 1.2%. Sunitinib treatment was independently associated with pancreatic atrophy (P = .03; risk estimate: 2.64; 95% CI: 0.17, 5.11). At Cox proportional analysis within the study group, more than 3%, more than 5%, and more than 7% loss per month were independently associated with worse survival (P.001, hazard ratio:1.00 for all). Conclusion Pancreatic atrophy is a sunitinib-associated toxicity detected at imaging. It may be a clinically important biomarker because a higher rate of pancreatic atrophy was independently associated with shorter survival. (©) RSNA, 2016.

Two of three captive adult African ostriches exhibited inappetance and weakness. In spite of treatment, the two birds were euthanized because of lack of clinical improvement. Postmortem examination demonstrated exocrine pancreatic degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy. Grossly, one ostrich had a markedly diminished pancreatic mass. Histologically, there was massive pancreatic acinar (exocrine) atrophy, marked interstitial fibrosis, and tubular complex formation in one animal, and the second ostrich had active pancreatic acinar necrosis. Toxicologic testing revealed markedly elevated liver zinc levels in the first two birds, whereas the third ostrich had normal serum levels of zinc and continues without apparent disease. This form of zinc toxicosis, while previously reported in different avian species, has been only rarely described in ratites.

Summary Over a period of six months four scimitar-horned oryxes (Oryx tao) and one nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) fell ill in the Amsterdam zoo. All showed glycosuria and concomitant polydipsia and polyuria. One other scimitar-horned oryx manifested the same symptoms five years earlier. Pancreatic atrophy in variable degree was found in all cases. Insulin in the β-cells was demonstrated in minimal amounts in only one case. A comparison of the clinical symptoms and post-mortem findings with published reports, possibly identical, in other animals did not lead to any final conclusion as to the etiology of the diabetes mellitus and pancreatic atrophy in the antelopes. It is possible that pancreatitis, overfeeding and genetic factors played a part. Zusammenfassung Diabetes mellitus mit Pankreasatrophie bei Antilopen im Zoo von Amsterdam Innerhalb von 6 Monaten wurden 4 Oryxantilopen (Oryx tao) und eine Nilgai-Antilope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) des Amsterdamer Zoos krank. Alle Patienten wiesen eine Glykosurie, Polydipsie und Polyurie auf. Eine Oryxantilope zeigte 5 Jahre fruher die gleichen Symptome. In alien Fallen wurde eine Pankreasatrophie verschiedenen Grades gefunden. Nur in einem einzigen Fall konnten in den β-Zellen minimale Insulinmengen festgestellt werden. Ein Vergleich der klinischen Symptome und der Sektionsbefunde mit fruheren analogen Krankheitsberichten fuhrte zu keiner definitiven Schlusfolgerung hinsichtlich Atiologie des Diabetes mellitus und der Pankreasatrophie bei Antilopen. Pankreatitiden, Uberfutterung und genetische Faktoren durften vielleicht eine Rolle spielen. Resume Diabete sucre avec atrophie du pancreas chez des antilopes du zoo d'Amsterdam En six mois, quatre antilopes oryxes (Oryx tao) et un nilgaut (Boselaphus tragocamelus) sont tombees malades dans le zoo d'Amsterdam. Tous les animaux presentaient une glycosurie, ainsi qu'une polydipsie et une polyurie concomitante. Cinq ans plus tot, une autre antilope oryxe avait presente des symptomes analogues. Dans tous les cas, on a observe une atrophie du pancreas a des degres variables. Dans un cas, on a pu mettre en evidence des quantiteas tres faibles d'insuline dans les cellules β. Une comparaison des symptomes cliniques et des resultats de la necropsie avec des rapports publies sur des cas analogues ne permet aucune conclusion definitive sur l'etiologie du diabete sucre et de l'atrophie du pancreas chez les antilopes. Il est possible que pancreatite, suralimentation et facteurs genetiques aient joue un role. Resumen Diabetes sacarina con atrofia pancreatica en antilopes del zoo de Amsterdam En un periodo de seis meses cayeron enfermos cuatro antilopes oryx (Oryx tao) y un antilope nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) en el parque zoologico de Amsterdam. Todos los pacientes presentaban glucosuria y polidipsia y poliuria concomitantes. Otro antilope oryx manifesto los mismos sintomas cinco anos antes. En todos los casos se hallo atrofia pancreatica en grados variables. En las celulas β se demostro insulina en cantidades minimas en un solo caso. La comparacion de los sintomas clinicos y de los hallazgos necropsicos con informes nosologicos anteriores no condujo a ninguna conclusion definitiva con respecto a la etiologia de la diabetes sacarina y la atrofia pancreatica en los antilopes. Es posible que jueguen cierto papel las pancreatitis, super-alimentacion y factores geneticos.

One of the most threatening aspects of diabetes mellitus is the development of visual impairment. For example, cataracts are 1.6 times more common in people with diabetes than in those without diabetes. Cataract extraction is the only treatment. In many cases, diabetes-related ocular pathologies go undiagnosed until visual function is compromised. This paper compares and contrasts the ocular changes observed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and conventional ophthalmic techniques during long-term maintenance of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) on a high caloric diet. P. obesus is a wild rodent in the subfamily Gerbillinae that inhabits the desert areas of the Middle East and Africa. This animal is unique in that it develops mild to moderate obesity, hyperglycemia, pancreatic atrophy, impaired renal function, ketoacidosis, vision loss, and other diabetic complications when it consumes a high caloric diet. In this study, five animals were fed Purina sand rat chow and thus served as normal control animals. Five animals were fed a commercially prepared rodent diet (Purina 5002) consisting of only 4-5% fiber and a grain-based rabbit supplement (BioServe Rabbit Stix Appetite Stimulant) consisting of 50% carbohydrate to provide a high caloric (diabetogenic) diet and thus induce diabetes. Blood samples for the biochemical analyses, DLS, and other optical examinations were obtained on alternate weeks. Our preliminary results have demonstrated subtle changes in the lens of the diabetic sand rats as early as 2 months on a diabetogenic diet. This is an ongoing joint project with Food and Drug Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This technique is proving to be a practical, sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic tool useful for the early detection of ocular pathologies and understanding the mechanism of cataract formation.

The long-term prognosis and outcomes of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) remain unclear. Because patients with AIP respond favorably to prednisolone (PSL) therapy in clinical, serological, imaging, and pathological settings [1–5], the disease was previously believed to be an acute condition that did not progress to an advanced stage of chronic pancreatitis. However, over the last decade, it has been revealed that some patients with AIP could progress to pancreatic stone formation, pancreatic atrophy, and/or irregular dilatation of the main pancreatic duct (MPD), which may raise new questions about whether AIP can progress to confirmed chronic pancreatitis or not.

Pancreatic atrophy is associated with gastrointestinal chronic GVHD following allogeneic PBSC transplantation

This study aimed to investigate risk factors for pancreatic stones and atrophy in autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP).Seventy-one patients with AIP observed for more than 1 year were enrolled. The frequency of pancreatic stone development and atrophy on computed tomography as well as their risk factors were examined.Pancreatic stones and atrophy were observed in 13 and 43 patients, respectively. Alcohol consumption of greater than 50 g/d was the only significant risk factor for pancreatic atrophy in univariate analysis. Alcohol intake of greater than 50 g/d was observed in 6 of 13 patients with stones and 10 of 58 patients without stones (46% vs 17%, P = 0.059). Alcohol intake of greater than 50 g/d was observed in 14 of 43 patients with atrophy and 2 of 28 patients without atrophy (33% vs 7.1%, P = 0.018). In multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption was a significant risk factor both for pancreatic stone formation (odds ratio [OR], 7.47; P = 0.040) and atrophy (OR 6.24; P = 0.034). Higher age at onset was another significant risk factor for pancreatic atrophy (OR 1.07 per year; P = 0.029).Alcohol consumption of greater than 50 g/d increases the risk of pancreatic stone development and atrophy in patients with AIP.

Backgrounds/Aims: Postoperative diabetes mellitus (DM) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) may compromise the long-term quality of life in survivors after the operative procedure due to the treatment difficulty and its related complications. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of new-onset pancreatogenic DM after PD and investigate the risk factors for this complication. Methods: Among 170 patients who had undergone PD between November 2003 and September 2009, 98 patients were selected for this study. The selected patients were non-diabetic prior to the operation and had undergone follow-up tests for glucose metabolism and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan 1 year after the operation. The clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing the medical records, radiologic images, and pathologic reports. Results: Postoperative pathology confirmed malignant tumors in 91 patients, borderline malignancy in 5, and benign tumor in 2. The tumor locations included the pancreatic head (n=30), the common bile duct (CBD) (n=30), ampulla of Vater (n=30), and the duodenum (n=8). New-onset DM occurred in 17 (17.4%) of the 98 patients during the first year after the operation. The comparative analysis between postoperative DM (＋) and DM (−) groups revealed that the atrophy of the remaining pancreas was the only significant risk factor for development of postoperative DM after PD. Conclusions: This study suggests that the atrophy of the remaining pancreas increases the risk of pancreatogenic DM after PD, and efforts to prevent pancreatic atrophy are needed to decrease this complication. (Korean J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2012;16:167-171)

Four 4-month-old ostriches exhibiting poor growth were submitted for necropsy. Gross findings included marked emaciation and pancreatic atrophy. Histological examination revealed pancreatic cryptosporidiosis with large numbers of Crypto-sporidium sp. present in the ductal epithelium causing necrosis and lymphoplasma-cytic inflammation. The gross and histological findings in these birds and the transmission electron microscopic features of the parasites are described.

Aim: To validate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for monitoring pancreatic atrophy in Type 1 diabetes. Methods: Twelve male patients with Type 1 diabetes of duration ≥ 10 years (median age 28, range 19–32 years) and 12 healthy controls (median age 30, range 22–36 years) were invited for two abdominal MRI scans, 14 days apart. Four sequences were used: standard T1-weighted; standard T2-weighted; volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE); and T1-weighted breath hold with fat suppression (T1BHFS). The pancreas was identified on coded images by one observer and volumes estimated by interpolation. Results: Eleven patients and all controls were scanned twice. Visualization of the pancreas was best with VIBE and T1BHFS, allowing volume estimation from 47 and 46 scans, respectively. The pancreatic volume of patients estimated from these sequences were half those of controls (52.4 ml, ± 17.1 ml, mean ± sd) vs. (101 ml, ± 19.5 ml, P < 0.001) and estimates showed little bias between visits; mean difference 1.1 ml (95% CI; −3.1 to 5.3 ml, P = 0.61) using VIBE and −2.6 ml (−5.8 to 0.6 ml, P = 0.03) using T1BHFS. Both sequences gave similar precision; the standard deviation of the differences in volume estimates between visits was 9.7 ml for VIBE and 7.3 ml for T1BHFS, although mean volumes estimated from T1BHFS were 4.9 ml lower (−8.2 to −1.7 ml, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Pancreatic volume can be measured reliably using MRI and shows a 48% reduction in long-standing Type 1 diabetes as compared with age-matched normal subjects. MRI should prove useful in determining the natural history of pancreatic atrophy in diabetes.

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and a reduction in the volume of the pancreas on computed tomography developed in two patients after more than 24 months of sorafenib therapy.

This preliminary study was undertaken to determine whether the valence state of dietary iron affects signs associated with copper deficiency in rats fed fructose.Rats were fed either copper-deficient or adequate diets containing 62% fructose as the sole dietary carbohydrate for 5 weeks. The mineral mixture contained equal concentration of either ferric or ferrous iron.Copper deficiency resulted in growth retardation, anemia, heart hypertrophy but pancreatic atrophy. The consumption of ferrous iron resulted in increased hematocrit and pancreas size. The combination of ferrous iron with copper deficiency reduced heart size.Copper deficiency had a major impact on each parameter measured. Although the valence state of iron did not protect the rats against the pathological consequence of copper deficiency it did have some positive effects. It may be that ferrous iron is a more available form than ferric iron.

The histological and morphometric study of the pancreas in dogs exposed repeatedly to transverse radial acceleration revealed changes indicative of the development of pancreatic atrophy.

Atrophy of the exocrine pancreas is a classic feature of chronic pancreatitis, but this finding has not been reported following acute pancreatitis. We have observed four cases of pancreatic atrophy following single episodes of acute pancreatitis.

A model for the reproduction of the runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) of broiler chickens is described. In this model, groups of at least 90 day-old broiler chickens were inoculated (per os) with various tissue homogenates or virus preparations. During the first week post-inoculation, birds were examined for the development of histopathological changes in their intestines. At day 14 post-inoculation, the remaining birds were weighed and tested for elevations in plasma amylase activity and examined for the development of pancreatic atrophy. Bacteria-free intestinal and pancreatic homogenates from chickens of different ages, taken from flocks which developed RSS, regularly induced a lower mean live-weight in treated birds. Of these, only intestinal homogenates prepared from 5-day-old birds induced intestinal lesions, lowered mean live-weight and increased the incidence of both elevated plasma amylase activity and pancreatic atrophy. These changes were more marked in birds exposed to short periods of sub-optimal temperatures during the first week post-inoculation. An ultracentrifuged pellet prepared from this intestinal homogenate, was also found to induce an increased incidence of pancreatic atrophy in treated birds. These studies suggest that the causative agent(s) of RSS is an as yet unidentified virus, and that the effects of this infection are greater in birds subjected to stress, such as sub-optimal temperature exposure, within the first week of hatch.

Broilers suffering from stunting syndrome from three farms were shown to have pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis similar to that seen in pancreatic duct obstruction in chickens and mammals. Interlobular and intercalated ducts were found to be stenotic or occluded with inflammation and necrosis of the epithelium and wall. Inclusion bodies were seen in some duct cells. It is suggested that pancreatic duct obstruction is responsible for the maldigestion and pancreatic lesions seen in stunting syndrome.

Six young Beagle dogs had non-inflammatory pancreatic atrophy associated with lack of weight gain and low serum protein levels. Histologically there was severe atrophy with loss of acinar architecture and absence of islets of Langerhans (type 1), or partial atrophy with preserved islets (type 2). The correlation between histological type and clinical severity was poor.

THE recent publication by Cornish et al.1 of a clinical and experimental study relating chlorothiazide to abnormal pancreatic secretion and inflammatory and necrotizing changes in the mouse pancreas provides a highly probable solution to a recent case of severe pancreatic atrophy and chronic pancreatitis found at autopsy in this hospital in a nine-and-a-half-year-old boy. Stowens2 has stated that acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis has not been described in children, and MacGregor3 does not mention the subject in her textbook. The finding of an advanced atrophy of the pancreas and an associated chronic pancreatitis in this age group is of interest, per se. . . .