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Key message We review the main genes underlying commercial traits in cut flower species and critically discuss the possibility to apply genome editing approaches to produce novel variation and phenotypes. Abstract Promoting flowering and flower longevity as well as creating novelty in flower structure, colour range and fragrances are major objectives of ornamental plant breeding. The novel genome editing techniques add new possibilities to study gene function and breed new varieties. The implementation of such techniques, however, relies on detailed information about structure and function of genomes and genes. Moreover, improved protocols for efficient delivery of editing reagents are required. Recent results of the application of genome editing techniques to elite ornamental crops are discussed in this review. Enabling technologies and genomic resources are reviewed in relation to the implementation of such approaches. Availability of the main gene sequences, underlying commercial traits and in vitro transformation protocols are provided for the world’s best-selling cut flowers, namely rose, lily, chrysanthemum, lisianthus, tulip, gerbera, freesia, alstroemeria, carnation and hydrangea. Results obtained so far are described and their implications for the improvement of flowering, flower architecture, colour, scent and shelf-life are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00299-020-02632-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The objective of this study was to assess the growth of two woody ornamental plants when subjected to different levels of weed competition in four different container sizes, representing different stages of production. Ligustrum (Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton) and Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) liners were potted individually into 3.8 L, 11.4 L, 24.7 L, and 56.8 L containers, respectively. Weed coverage of 0%, 50%, and 100% in each container size was maintained by surface sowing seeds of six common nursery weed species by volume, based on media surface area in each pot. Results showed that the shoot dry weight of ligustrum at 50% and 100% weed levels was reduced by 28% and 35%, 55% and 56%, 41% and 43%, and 12% and 14% in 3.8 L, 11.4 L, 24.7 L, and 56.8 L containers, respectively. The shoot dry weight of Japanese holly at 50% and 100% weed levels was reduced by 18% and 22%, 51% and 52%, 51% and 53%, and 40% and 53% in 3.8 L, 11.4 L, 24.7 L, and 56.8 L containers, respectively. Results indicate that weed competition at 50% and 100% weed level was similar across all four container sizes, and weeds remained competitive even in the larger container sizes.

Characterization of genetic diversity in germplasm collections requires an efficient set of molecular markers. We assessed the efficiency of 36 new SCoT markers, 10 new ISSR markers, and 5 microsatellites for the characterization of genetic diversity in chrysanthemum core collection of 95 accessions (Russian and foreign cultivars). Seven new SCoT (SCoT12, 20, 21, 23, 29, 31, 34) and six new ISSR markers ((GA)8T, (CT)8G, (CTTCA)3, (GGAGA)3, (TC)8C, (CT)8TG) were efficient for the genetic diversity analysis in Chrysanthemum × morifolium collection. After STRUCTURE analysis, most Russian cultivars showed 20–50% of genetic admixtures of the foreign cultivars. Neighbor joining analysis based on the combination of SSR, ISSR, and SCoT data showed the best accordance with phenotype and origin compared to the separate analysis by each marker type. The position of the accessions within the phylogenetic tree corresponded with the origin and with some important traits, namely, plant height, stem and peduncle thickness, inflorescence type, composite flower and floret types, flower color, and disc color. In addition, several SCoT markers were suitable to separate the groups distinctly by the phenotypical traits such as plant height (SCoT29, SCoT34), thickness of the stem and peduncle (SCoT31, SCoT34), and leaf size and the floret type (SCoT31). These results provide new findings for the selection of markers associated with important traits in Chrysanthemum for trait-oriented breeding and germplasm characterization.

Цель : изучить влияние минерального удобрения на развитие и морфометрические показатели корневой системы интродуцированных видов декоративных культур в условиях Южного Урала. Материалы и методы . Исследования выполнены на базе «Оренбургской ОССиВ ВСТИСП» в период 2016-2018 гг., в соответствии с общепринятыми методическими рекомендациями. Объект исследований одревесневшиt черенки декоративных культур Philadelphus coronarius , Tбmarix ; минеральные удобрения «Биофуд» и «Нутри файт». Результаты. Обработка одревесневших черенков Philadelphus coronarius и Tбmarix перед посадкой и во время укоренения минеральными удобрениями «Биофуд» и «Нутри файт» способствует увеличению процента укореняемости, образованию увеличенного количества корней и их длины. Заключение. Применение минеральных удобрений «Биофуд» и «Нутри файт» положительно влияет на процент укореняемости и биометрические показатели корневой системы одревесневших черенков Philadelphus coronarius и Tбmarix .

В современных условиях, благоустройство ландшафтов и создание декоративных композиций невозможно представить без зеленых насаждений. В связи с этим, всё больше возрастает потребность в декоративных формах растений. В современных условиях рыночной экономики, когда цена на посадочный материал декоративных культур растет, необходимо найти методы получения посадочного материала с минимальными затратами и максимальным процентом получения качественной продукции. Одним из экономически выгодных способов выращивания саженцев декоративных культур является зеленое черенкование. Изучаемые виды семейства Rosaceae возможно укоренять зелеными черенками, но биологическая способность каждого из них к этому методу вегетативного размножения различна. Выявлена зависимость выхода количества качественных укорененных черенков от сроков зеленого черенкования. В период начала образования плодов Cotoneaster lucidus наблюдается наибольший процент выхода стандартных укоренившихся черенков. Наибольший выход стандартных укоренившихся черенков Louiseania ulmifolia L., Crataegus aestivalis. наблюдается в период окончания цветения. В период массового цветения отмечается высокий процент выхода стандартных укоренившихся черенков Aronia melanocarpa, Rosa rugosa. Максимальный выход стандартных укоренившихся черенков Physocarpus opulifolius "Luteus", Physocarpus opulifolius "Diabolo" наблюдается в период бутонизации. По степени укореняемости были выделены 3 группы видов: легко укореняющиеся в условиях Южного Приуралья на примере г. Оренбурга Rosa rugosa, Physocarpus opulifolius "Luteus", со средней степенью укоренения Aronia melanocarpa, Cotoneaster lucidus, Physocarpus opulifolius "Diabolo" и трудноукореняемые Louiseania ulmifolia L, Crataegus aestivalis., In modern conditions, it is impossible to imagine landscaping and creation of decorative compositions without green plants. In this regard, there is an increasing need in the decorative forms of plants. In up-to-date conditions of market economy when the price of planting material of ornamental crops is growing, it is necessary to find methods of obtaining planting material with minimum cost and maximum percentage of receiving high-quality products. One of the cost-effective ways of growing seedlings of ornamental crops is propagation by softwood-cuttings. The studied species of the Rosaceae family can be rooted with green cuttings, but the biological ability of each of them to this method of vegetative reproduction is different. The dependence of the output of qualitative rooted cuttings on the time of the propagation by softwood-cuttings has been revealed. During the beginning of fruit formation of Cotoneaster lucidus the highest percentage of output of standard rooted cuttings was observed. The highest yield of standard rooted cuttings of Louiseania ulmifolia L. and Crataegus aestivalis. was observed during the end of flowering. During the mass flowering period there was a high percentage of output of standard rooted cuttings of Aronia melanocarpa and Rosa rugosa. The maximum yield of standard rooted cuttings of Physocarpus opulifolius "Luteus", Physocarpus opulifolius "Diabolo" was observed in the period of budding. According to the degree of rooting 3 groups of species were allocated: easily rooting species in conditions of the southern Urals in Orenburg Rosa rugosa, Physocarpus opulifolius "Luteus", with an average degree of rooting Aronia melanocarpa, Cotoneaster lucidus, Physocarpus opulifolius "Diabolo" and hard-rooted Louiseania ulmifolia L, Crataegus aestivalis.

Цель. Совершенствование технологии вегетативного размножения интродуцированных видов декоративных культур в условиях Южного Урала. Материалы и методы. Исследования выполнены на базе «Оренбургской ОССиВ ВСТИСП» в период 2017-2018 гг., в соответствии с общепринятыми методическими рекомендациями. Объекты исследования: одревесневшие черенки декоративных культур Philadelphus coronarius и Támarix. Исследования проводили с органическими удобрениями «Самород» и «Оренгум». Результаты. Обработка одревесневших черенков Philadelphus coronarius и Támarix перед посадкой и во время укоренения органическими удобрениями «Самород» и «Оренгум» способствует увеличению процента укоренеяемости, образованию увеличенного количества корней и их длины. Заключение. Применение органических удобрений «Самород» и «Оренгум» положительно влияет на процент укореняемости и биометрические показатели корневой системы одревесневших черенков Philadelphus coronarius и Támarix., Objective. Improving the technology of vegetative reproduction of introduced species of ornamental crops in the southern Urals. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the FSBSI «Orenburg ESHV ARBTIHN» in the period from 2017 2018, in accordance with generally accepted methodological recommendations. Object of research – lignified cuttings of ornamental crops Philadelphus coronarius and Támarix. Studies were carried out on organic fertilizer «Samorod» and «Оrengum». Results. Treatment of lignified cuttings Philadelphus coronarius and Támarix before planting and during the establishment of organic fertilizers «Samorod» and «Оrengum». it helps to increase the percentage of rooting, the formation of an increased number of roots and their length. Conclusion. Application of organic fertilizers «Samorod» and «Оrengum» has a positive effect on the percentage of rooting and root biometric indicators systems of lignified cuttings Philadelphus coronarius and Támarix.

We tested the capacity of the soil-dwelling predatory mite, Hypoapsis aculeifer, to control mites attacking lily bulbs. Experiments in the greenhouse and in the field showed that in the absence of predatory mites populations of the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini, on lily bulbs increased, whereas the release of predatory mites either slowed down the increase-as observed in the field-or caused the bulb mites populations to decrease-as observed in the greenhouse. In all cases the population of predatory mites increased as long as bulb mite densities were not too low. However, within the first week after predator release there was usually a sharp decline to 10-40% of the original number released. Greenhouse experiments on intact lily bulbs in pots, boxes and 1 m2 plots with peat soil showed that when released in a ratio oil predator to 2 or 5 prey the predatory mite, Hypoaspis aculeifer, suppressed populations of bulb mites to less than 10 individual per bulb within 6 weeks. Elimination of bulb mites was observed only when the predator-to-prey ratio at release was equal to 3:1. Field experiments in 2 m2 plots with intact bulbs in rather compact sandy soil showed that when released in ratio of 1 predator to 1 or 2 prey, the predatory mite, H. aculeifer, did not cause the population of bulb mites to decrease, but it did reduce their population growth. The initial predator-to-prey ratios required to achieve suppression (ca 1:2) or elimination (3:1) in the soil environment are much higher than those required for bulb mite elimination when lily bulb scales were embedded in a medium of vermiculite (ca 1:20). Among the possible causes are: (1) the initial losses of predators in the greenhouse and even more so in the field due to mortality and/or emigration from the experimental plots; (2) the lower temperatures in the greenhouse and especially in the field, which slow down the growth and predation processes and thereby delay prey extinction; and (3) the spatial complexity of the soil environment which creates refuges for the bulb mites.

Mefenoxam has been a premier compound for Phytophthora disease control in the nursery industry for 30 years. The primary objectives of this research were to examine whether Phytophthora species have developed resistance to this compound and to investigate fungicide resistance management strategies. Phytophthora nicotianae, a destructive pathogen of numerous herbaceous and some woody ornamental plants, was used as a model system. P. cinnamomi, a major pathogen of a wide range of tree species and shrub plants, was also included for comparison. Twenty-six isolates of P. nicotianae were highly resistant to mefenoxam with a mean EC50 value of 326.5 µg/ml while the remaining 70 were sensitive with an EC50 of