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The inadequate treatment of waste tire is currently a major environmental and economical issue. In this study, the effective solubilization of waste tire into diethyl ether was attained by the thermal treatment in organic solvent at 200–300 °C. Not only aromatic, but also aliphatic alcohols were effective on the solubilization. Among aliphatic alcohols, 1-heptanol was the most effective solvent on the solubilization and reached near 70% in the thermal treatment at 200 °C under inert atmosphere. Model compound study containing sulfur–sulfur bond suggests the disulfide–alcohol exchange reaction leading devulcanization of the waste tire.

To develop an appropriate falling film evaporation device for organic fluid cogeneration, a numerical study on the gas–liquid two-phase counter-current flow characteristics of R113 inside a vertical tube under different structural conditions was conducted using the Fluent software. The effects of the tube length, tube diameter, and annular gap on the falling film flow characteristics were determined, respectively. The results indicated that under a certain spray density, the falling film thickness in the region of the steady section was almost constant with different structural parameters for the tube diameter, tube length, and annular gap. In addition, a smaller tube diameter resulted in a steadier film flow. When the tube diameter decreased to a specific value, the film thickness showed a uniform distribution along the wall surface. This indicated that a best falling tube diameter exists. Meanwhile, the film fluctuation was enhanced with an increase in the tube length. When the tube length was greater than 1.2 m, the falling film splashed and could not completely wet the wall surface. The film fluctuation was enhanced by decreasing the annular gap, and the film could not be formed when the annular gap was smaller than 1.2 mm.

Gas turbine engines with pulse detonation combustion show the superior performance in terms of specific work output and thermal efficiency when compared to the conventional gas turbine engines with isobaric combustion. But, a quasi-steady expansion of detonation products through the gas turbine results in an unsteady operation. Moreover, as the detonation products during quasi-steady expansion are initially at a very high temperature (over 2500 K), they cannot be expanded in the turbine as it is. To overcome the above difficulties associated with pulse detonation combustion in gas turbine engines, Air-Argon-Steam or organic fluid Combined Cycle (AASCC) is proposed in the present work. AASCC comprises two gas turbine cycles, viz. the Humphrey cycle with the air as the working fluid and the Brayton cycle with the argon as the working fluid and a steam turbine cycle, viz. the Rankine or organic Rankine cycle with the steam or organic substance as the working fluid. The temperature of the hot detonation products is reduced to Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) by exchanging heat energy between detonation products and compressed argon in a Detonation Products to Argon Heat Exchanger (DPAHE) and in turn, raising the temperature of the compressed argon to Argon Turbine Inlet Temperature (ATIT). The residual energy of both detonation products and argon after the expansion in the respective turbines is utilized to generate the steam or organic fluid vapor in the Heat Recovery Generators (HRGs) to operate a steam or organic fluid turbine. AASCC with pulse detonation combustion is analyzed based on quasi-steady state one dimensional formulation, and a computer code is developed in MATLAB to simulate the cycle performance at different compressor pressure ratios and TITs. C2H4/air is taken as the fuel-oxidizer. The performance of AASCC with pulse detonation combustion is compared with that of a conventional Air-Steam Combined Cycle (ASCC) with constant pressure combustion. It is found that the thermal efficiency of AASCC with pulse detonation combustion can go up to 44.5%–46.5% depending on the working fluid used in the bottoming Rankine cycle as against 37.8%–41.0% of ASCC at a TIT of 1400 K. The maximum specific work output of AASCC at a TIT of 1400 K is found to vary from 1143.0 to 1202.0 kJ/kg air as against to 335.0 to 364.0 kJ/kg air of ASCC.

The aim of this work is to continue the experimental evaluation of three different compact branched heat exchangers. To complete the previous study, additional experimental tests were carried out, using a commercial automotive refrigerant (Glycol) at different concentrations (50%, 100%). Finally, in order to have a deeper knowledge of this phenomenon and to identify the parameters regulating the heat transfer, an organic fluid has also been used and tested. The use of such a fluid has required a re-elaboration and design of the test bench. In fact, a vacuum circuit has been realized to properly use the organic fluid. As a result, the equipment used has been changed and inserting more sophisticated sensors. Finally, once all the tests have been completed, the various dimensionless parameters, characterizing the heat exchange, have been calculated and a comparative evaluation has been carried out, to determine and propose the optimal configuration of the branched heat exchanger.

For most parts of the world, the availability of cold sources is a considerable basis for progress. To subsist the demand for cold production, many refrigeration systems have been highlighted. Among these systems, a particular interest has been given to the compression-absorption hybrid refrigeration machine for which we integrated new organic mixtures (1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane / Dimethylacetamide (R236fa / DMAC), R245fa / DMAC (1,1,1,3,3-entafluoropropane / N, N’dimethylacetamide). This refrigeration system is usually adequate to meet most refrigeration requirements. The use of wind energy as a primary source for feeding this kind of system is very interesting because it is inexhaustible and is abundant in areas where the need for cold is enormous. The main objective of this work is the energy and exergetic optimization of a hybrid heat pump absorption / compression powered by a source of wind energy in order to improve its performance on the one hand and its adaptation to a wind source on the other. A simulation was also done to consolidate the results that were developed according to the calculus. The results of such a system show that the energy demand of absorption / compression refrigeration machines can be reduced to about 42% by switching to efficient energy systems. To summarize, such a study will allow making an economic optimization and a sensitivity analysis in order to reduce the investment cost; Furthermore, this novel configuration reduces the energy consumed by the compressor and thus approves improving of the efficiency of the heat pump for which COP can reach 0.75 contrary to the usual machine that has a maximum efficiency equal to 0.6.

It has become an accepted approach to construct room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials by suppressing the non-radiative decay process. However, there is limited success in developing fluid phosphorescence materials due to the ultrafast non-radiation relaxation of vibration and collision of molecules in fluid matrixes. In this study, a universal strategy was proposed for pure organic phosphorescent fluid materials that are able to generate effective phosphorescent emissions at both room temperature (ΦRTP, 293 K ~ 30%) and even higher temperature (ΦRTP, 358 K ~ 4.53%). Based on these findings, a qualitative analytical method was developed for leak detection and a quantitative analytical technique was further validated to help visually identify the heat distribution of irregular surfaces. This advancement greatly empowers the current organic phosphorescent system offering an alternative approach to determine moisture and heat from non-invasive photoluminescence emission colors.

Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) are often based on the utilization of special dry or isentropic fluids, namely substances with a vertical or positive slope of the saturated steam curve.Several heat transfer correlations for boiling process are available in literature.However, only a few of them are specifically developed and validated for the case of the organic fluids. Such correlations are tested and extrapolated by means of suitable experimental devices and with a specific organic fluid, presenting non-negligible percentage error variations when compared with experimental results concerning different organic fluids.This paper investigates the impact of the overall heat transfer coefficient evaluated by means of different correlations available in literature on the main output parameters of an Organic Rankine Cycles, using a zero-dimensional numerical model.Two case studies are investigated, both of them powered by medium-enthalpy geothermal source which provides a constant thermal load. The first case study concerns a 1.20 MWel ORC, powered by geofluid at 160 °C and 7.00 bar and using n-pentane. The second ORC case study is supposed to provide 8.00 kWel and to be powered by geofluid available at 95.0 °C and 3.00 bar and using R245fa, in agreement with the results available in literature. Both of the models are developed and simulated in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) environment. Keywords: Heat transfer correlations, Organic Rankine Cycle, Geothermal, Numerical model, Organic fluids, Shell&Tube heat exchanger

The present work deals with the thermodynamic analysis of a solar-powered triple combined power cycle to generate emission-free power. The triple combined cycle comprises one topping cycle as Brayt...

In this paper, thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analyses, and also optimization of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) were performed. The system was adapted to an existing solid waste power plant with a 5.66 MW installed power capacity in order to produce additional power from the exhaust gas. The actual operating data of the plant were utilized during all stages of the analyses. The originality of this paper is based on the analysis of the possibility of the energy conversion of an exhaust gas with a temperature of 566 & #x000B0;C into the electricity by utilizing an ORC system in the concept of waste-to-energy. Four different working fluids: toluene, octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM), octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and n-decane were considered and analyzed for the current system. This is also another novelty of this study due to lack of such a study, in the open literature, that deals with an ORC utilized for a typical municipal solid waste power plant. According to the thermoeconomic analyses, toluene was found to be the optimum working fluid with the maximum power output of 584.6 kW and the exergy efficiency of 15.69%. The optimization of the cycle was performed by using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm method (NSGA-II) in MATLAB software environment. The optimization results were compared and the deviations of the net power output and the total cost rate were evaluated as & #x2212;5.89%, & #x2212;3.51 & #x00024;/h for toluene; 0.96%, & #x2212;3.60 & #x00024;/h for MDM; 8.45%, & #x2212;2.04 & #x00024;/h for D4 and 2.00%, & #x2212;5.54 & #x00024;/h for n-decane, respectively. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Despite the vast number of works investigating price transmission (PT) processes in diverse agrifood markets, very little has been said about quality‐differentiated products. In this paper, we compare the conventional and organic fluid milk sectors in Italy to better understand the economic organization and functioning of one of the most important agrifoods in Italy. Using a unique dataset featuring processor and retail (scanner) prices for the two types of milk, we estimate Momentum‐Threshold Autoregressive models to account for asymmetric price movements in both sectors, but the PT results are eventually symmetric. The Vector Error Correction Model estimations and Impulse Response Functions analysis provide significant insights into the differences between the two markets. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q110, C590] info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

This research performs an analytical simulation of a novel solar-driven combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system based on a dual organic Rankine cycle (DORC) using heat transport fluids of water and Copper (II) oxide (CuO)/water nanofluid. The major design parameters are encompassed to evaluate the monthly thermodynamic efficiencies, total product cost and environmental impact (EI) rates of the system for four selected organic fluid groups, namely R134a-R245fa, R1234yf-R245fa, R1234ze-R236fa and R423A-R236fa. According to results, a considerable positive influence is observed in the energy and exergy efficiencies within 16.71% and 24.34%, respectively for R1234yf-R245fa in November. The lowest EI rate is achieved by 1.2% for R1234ze-R236fa in April as turbine 1 inlet pressure increases and the highest decrement in EI rate is calculated within 2.48% for R1234yf-R245fa in September with an increase in turbine 2 back pressure. In addition, two well-known decision making techniques comprising LINAMP and TOPSIS are applied to identify the ultimate optimal performance of the system among the solutions gained from the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) approach. Referring to the optimization results, the maximum improvement in the exergy efficiency and product cost can be obtained within 33.49% through the LINMAP method and 23.67% through the TOPSIS procedure, respectively and the highest improvement in the EI rate is calculated by about 22.7% with 0.01788 nanoparticle volume fraction for R134a-R245fa through the LINMAP method.

A microstrip highly sensitive differential sensor for complex permittivity characterization of urine samples was designed, fabricated and tested. The sensing area contains two pairs of open-stub resonators, and the working frequency of the unloaded sensor is 1.25 GHz. The sensor is easily implemented on an affordable substrate FR-4 Epoxy with a thickness of 1.6 mm. A Teflon beaker is mounted on the sensor without affecting the measurements. Numerically, liquid mixtures of water and urine at different percentages were introduced to the proposed sensor to evaluate the frequency variation. The percentage of water content in the mixture varied from 0% (100% urine) to 100% (0% urine) with a step of 3.226%, thus giving 32 data groups of the simulated results. Experimentally, the mixtures of: 0% urine (100% water), 20% urine (80% water), 33% urine (66% water), 50% urine (50% water), 66% urine (33% water), and 100% urine (0% water) were considered for validation. The complex permittivity of the considered samples was evaluated using a nonlinear least square curve fitting in MATLAB in order to realize a sensing sensitivity of about 3%.

In OTEC low vaporization temperature organic fluid used as the working fluid. So to obtain an efficacious output, the selection of working fluid must be accurate. It’s entirely depends upon the pro...

This study examines Chinese consumers’ acceptance and price willingness to pay for organic fluid milk. We used questionnaire data gathered in 2014 to analyze the impact of price and milk knowledge, as well as consumer age, gender, education and income on organic milk choice. The results indicate that: 1) young females with a strong educational background have shown the strongest consumption desire for organic milk; 2) those who shop for the family tend to support organic milk and are willing to pay more for the milk; 3) shoppers with more disposable income are willing to pay a premium price for organic milk.

In this study, a novel organic fluid-filled regenerative heat exchanger used heat recovery ventilation (OHeX-HRV) system was designed. Five organic-based fluids (R11, R123, R245fa, n-Pentane and Isopentane) were selected by considering operating conditions. Indoor air exit temperature, outdoor air inlet temperature and recovered heat by regenerative heat exchanger were analysed depending on varying airspeeds ( V air = 1,2,3 m/s) and outdoor environment temperatures (0–40 °C). As a result of the study, it was observed that recovered heat decreased as the outdoor environment temperature approaches from 0 °C to comfort temperature of indoor environment (24 °C). In contrast, the amount of heat recovered increased as the outdoor environment temperature diverges from indoor comfort temperature. The amount of recovered energy increased directly related to increasing airspeed thanks to increasing air mass flow. Among selected working fluids, n-Pentane (10.812 kJ/kg) and Isopentane (10.716 kJ/kg) used OHeX-HRV system resulted in the highest energy recovery per unit air mass. From n-Pentane used OHeX-HRV system, hourly energy recovery was calculated as 426.22 kJ/h when airspeed was 3 m/s. After comprehensive analyses, it was concluded that n-Pentane which has also superiority in terms of safety and environmental impact showed the best heat recovering performance when used in proposed OHeX-HRV system.

The paper considers the problem of studying heat transfer inside the pipes of an evaporator of an organic Rankine cycle unit during boiling of an organic heat transfer fluid. Recently, the organic Rankine cycle units are increasingly used in various industries for the utilization of low-grade heat of various processing units. One of the main elements of these units is the evaporator in which vaporization takes place. The evaporator is a concurrent boiler. One of the problems in the design of concurrent boilers is the lack of knowledge of heat transfer during the process of boiling fluid. This paper presents a study of the heat transfer process inside a concurrent boiler. This study is carried out by creating a model of boiling organic fluid in the pipes of a concurrent boiler. The boiling model was implemented in the Ansys fluent software package. Using this model, the values of the heat transfer coefficient were obtained at each point of the evaporator pipe under consideration. After obtaining the values, the dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on the length of the pipe was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that starting from the point of 0.6 m, the heat transfer coefficient sharply decreases by 3.5 times. The value of the heat transfer coefficient after the decrease section is at the level of 125 W/m2K over the entire length of the pipe. Thus, it was determined that under given initial conditions, with a pipe length of more than 1 m, heat transfer ceases to be effective.

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are crucial and widely used components in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. Heat exchanger arranged forms, namely, the organic fluid flows either inside or outside the tubes, substantially affect the purchased cost and exergy loss of heat exchangers; and thereby considerably influencing the system thermo-economic performance. Based on various heat exchanger arranged forms, the thermo-economic performance of ORC systems may differ remarkably and even result in opposite conclusions, such as in selecting optimal working fluids and ratios of component purchased cost. However, no published studies have focused on this specific issue. Influence degree exerted by the heat exchanger arranged form on the thermo-economic performance of ORC system remains unclear. Selection guidelines for the optimal arranged forms also need to be developed. This study analyzed the effects of heat exchanger arranged forms on the thermo-economic performance of subcritical ORC systems with shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Three common heat exchanger arranged forms were studied. Heat source temperatures are 100–200 °C, and five hydrocarbons are working fluids. Results show that the heat exchanger arranged forms substantially affect the specific investment cost (SIC) of ORC system, and the largest difference in SIC reaches 14.7% among various arranged forms. The optimal working fluid and system parameters, and ratios of component purchased costs also differ remarkably. Optimal heat exchanger arranged form depends on the working fluid and heat source temperature. This study provides the optimal heat exchanger arranged forms for five hydrocarbons at heat source temperatures of 100–200 °C.

Spirotetramat (Movento®) is a systemic insecticide that is used to control scale insects on kiwifruit. The use of protectant copper sprays on kiwifruit has become increasingly common due to the bacterial disease Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. This study investigated the interaction of copper with spirotetramat and how it influenced the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat within the plant. Movento® 100SC sprays should not be tank- mixed with copper sprays because the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat is likely to be compromised. These negative effects were minimised when an organosilicone/organic fluid blend adjuvant (Du-Wett®) was included in the tank mix. Pre-and post spray applications of copper, at least 1 week either side of spirotetramat applications, are unlikely to significantly affect the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat, and thus have any effect on its activity. There were no marked differences between two commercial copper formulations, in their effects on spirotetramat uptake but minor differences in translocation were observed.

Solar thermoelectric, even for small sizes, is continuing to garner more attention, by virtue of maturation of small size organic Rankine cycle generators, and of small size absorption chiller even if cost and reliability are still not optimal. Indeed, solar thermal power technology improvement would consent to stimulate an ambit already present in Europe and Italy with a well-known tradition and established leadership and efforts focused on a single solar technology would bring to positive effects concerning controllable electric and thermal energy uses. In this context, the present work tries to summarize the possible cycles and fluids that can be applied in a small solar thermal power plant. Despite a plethora of simulated and experimental cycles and fluids, the simplest cycle using near isentropic fluids seems to be the best choice for a small ORC-based CHP system, even if particular attention has to be done to all the sizing parameters (electricity, heating and cooling demand; area and type of solar collector; flow and temperature of the thermal carrier; flow, temperature and pressure of the working fluid; storage volumes; etc.). Indeed, efficiency and reliability of the reported systems are very different, but, it seems that global efficiency of even more than 10% and global cost of even less than 10,000 €/kW can be obtained even at size of few kW if adequate systems are constructed and managed.

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is considered as an emerging technology for power generation through heat recovering from different thermal sources, based on the use of organic fluids as working medium. This paper presents a numerical study to assess the relevance: i) of the thermodynamic cycle, ii) of the main design parameters and iii) of the working fluid, on the achievable performance. The ORC performance is here calculated in terms of six different thermodynamic indexes, offering comprehensive information, namely: cycle efficiency, specific work, recovery efficiency, turbine volumetric expansion ratio, ORC fluid-to-hot source mass flow ratio and heat exchangers size parameter. In the framework of a systematic investigation approach, various possible modifications to the simple ORC plant layout are here analyzed and compared, in order to improve the ORC recovery performance; arrangements such as recuperation, superheated cycle, supercritical conditions, regenerative cycle and their combinations are taken into account. The investigation is carried out by means of an in-house developed calculation tool, based on a thermodynamic property database of the considered fluids, including aromatics, siloxanes, refrigerants and hydrocarbons. A comprehensive parametric analysis of these cycles at different hot source temperature and different evaporation pressure values is carried out. The objectives of this investigation are to provide useful guidelines to select the ORC configuration, the most appropriate fluid and to define the operating parameters, depending on the specific application. Thermodynamic results are also related with sizing of ORC components and thus can be used for economic assessment of the different ORC design alternatives.

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with subcritical pressures using the waste heat recovered from a low-temperature source was analyzed using an original assumption: to impose the hot source temperature at the outlet of the heat exchanger. This hypothesis leads to a variation of the pinch-point, when the working fluid pressure varies. For the numerical computation, a waste heat source with an inlet temperature of 150 °C and an outlet temperature of 60 °C was considered. The energetic performances of ORC were analyzed for three organic fluid types: R123, R124, and R134a.

A contamination of soft drinks in sealed bottles by organic solvents is reported: closed bottles full of soft drinks were accidentally placed on a cardboard soaked with thinner and the organic fluid subsequently fissured the bottom of the bottles and penetrated into the soft drinks without any apparent leakage of the soft drinks. Experiments were carried out to simulate the process: the penetration of different organic solvents into soft drinks through the bottom of closed bottles was tested. The penetration occurred only when the closed bottles contained carbonated soft drinks (CSD), indicating that inner pressure is a necessary condition for the fissuring of the bottles. This paper discusses environmental stress cracking of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by organic solvents and migration of chemicals to CSD. Experiments were conducted to determine the conditions in which PET can be permeable to poisoning organic products.

This report describes the analytical techniques used to characterize the organic fluid components of certain magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) which had been subjected to durability testing. Samples of MRF subjected to 540 and 108 h of service in a MRF fan clutch on a test stand were characterized along with neat and unused materials for comparison. The results indicated a surprising lack of oxidation of the poly-α-olefin (PAO) with only a small decrease in the molecular weight of one of the oligomers of the mixture. An increased amount of olefinic bonds was detected in the used fluid which suggests a mechanism for some of the chemical changes observed in the material.

A prototype reactor for heterogeneous hydrodynamic coagulation of emulsions was developed and tested. The efficiency of coagulation of water emulsions of some organic liquids was studied in relation to process conditions.

ArF immersion lithography using a high-refractive-index fluid (HIF) is considered to be one of the most promising candidates for hp38nm or below. We have developed JSR HIL-001 and HIL-002 as new immersion fluids, the refractive index and transmittance of which are 1.64, >98%/mm and 1.65, >99%/mm (193.4nm, 23&deg:C), respectively. Using HIL-001 immersion and a two-beam interferometric exposure tool, hp30nm imaging has been demonstrated. However, despite the remarkable advances of recent HIF research, there is still a lot of issue about whether an organic fluid can be used in immersion lithography, since optical and photochemical behaviors of organic fluids at ArF wavelength have not been well understood so far. Besides, cost and disposal issues will be encountered when the organic immersion fluid is substituted for water. In this paper, we will address such problems by reporting our updated results on research of JSR HILs.

Stable organic fluid containing silver nanoparticles modified by extractant Cyanex 301 (di‐(2, 4, 4‐trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acid) has been prepared directly in alkane by the solvent extraction‐reduction method. Ag+ is extracted into alkane by Cyanex 301, then the obtained Ag+‐Cyanex 301 complex is reduced with solid sodium borohydride to obtain the organic fluids containing Ag nanoparticles. The organic fluids are so stable that the nanoparticles do not precipitate at room temperature for more than two months when the concentration of Ag nanoparticles is about 0.10 mol L−1. The nanoparticles are characterized by XRD, TEM, IR, UV‐Vis, and TG‐DTG, showing that Ag nanoparticles are well modified by the extractant. The obtained Ag nanoparticles can be dispersed well in organic solvent again, and the new fluids are very stable in air. The loading concentrations decrease with increase of solvent polarity.

The motility outcomes of boar semen frozen with newly developed freezing techniques using a new unique freezing technology (UFT) compared with traditional liquid nitrogen methodology were investigated with the intent of improving current fertility outcomes using semen. The UFT is an electronically controlled cooling chamber that houses an organic fluid bath that can be maintained at temperatures below 0 degrees C without solidifying to freeze samples. Four ejaculates from four different boars were collected for this trial. Samples were handled consistently during the pre- and post-freeze processing. From each ejaculate, samples were separated into eight cryopreservation treatment groups, six UFT variations and two control liquid nitrogen groups, immediately before freezing, in replicates of two. After the initial cryopreservation was complete, all samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 48 h. Post-thaw motilities and original motility return percentages were assessed on a random, individual-sample basis. After the initial evaluations, samples from two boars were recollected and frozen using the UFT for breeding purposes. Four sows were bred with the UFT frozen semen to confirm fertility capability. When assessing the individual UFT techniques, all of six UFT techniques had improved post-thaw motilities. However, treatments F (micro = 29%, return micro = 37%) and J (micro = 27%, return micro = 34%) showed the highest statistical improvement for post-thaw (p < 0.05) and original motility percent returns (p < 0.05) when compared with either the control cryo-tube (micro = 15%, return micro = 19%) or straw groups (micro = 12%, return micro = 16%). The UFT semen had a 50% conception rate, with an average of seven piglets from the sows that farrowed. Our preliminary data suggest a higher motility return with a slower pre-freeze phase below the freezing point before the acceleration to liquid nitrogen temperatures. The preliminary data suggest that the UFT could be utilized as a potential cryopreservation option for boar semen.

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a technology for low-grade heat to power conversion. The ORC functions in a similar way as the conventional steam Rankine cycle. The principle is simple. The organic fluid is pumped into a heat exchanger where it’s vaporized.

At present, much interest is being shown in absorption refrigeration cycles driven by low temperature heat sources, such as solar energy or low-grade waste-heat. Double-lift absorption cycles working with ammonia-water have been recommended for refrigeration applications which require cold at 0°C and which are activated by waste heat between 70 and 100°C. This paper discusses the potential of the organic fluid mixtures trifluoroethanol (TFE)-tetraethylenglycol dimethylether (TEGDME or E181) and methanol-TEGDME as working pairs in series flow and vapour exchange double-lift absorption cycles. The ammonia-water mixture was used for comparison purposes. The results show that the performances of these cycles improve significantly when they have the above mentioned organic fluid mixtures as working pairs. For example, the coefficient of performance of the vapour exchange cycle working with TFE-TEGDME is 15% higher than with ammonia-water. In this study, we used a modular software package, which we developed for the thermodynamic properties and cycles simulation of absorption systems.

Based on experimental data on the heat transfer of organic coolants, the authors developed an empirical equation for determining the boundary of occurrence of the stable regime of improved heat exchange.

Nanoparticulate materials impart improved properties for the devices, systems or formulations in which they are key components. Several novel inorganic nanoparticle manufacturing techniques have been commercialised recently to compete with long-established processes that provide nanosized particles with inferior properties. However, the specific attributes of the nanoparticle products of each process differ, and the respective applications will therefore differ significantly. This article describes a manufacturing process for inorganic nanoparticles that is appreciably different from these processes, which are primarily gas-phase syntheses. It is based on microemulsion-mediated chemical precipitation of the nanoparticles, which has been widely employed as a laboratory technique to synthesise small quantities of such materials while providing excellent control over particle size, particle size homogeneity and chemical composition. Economic scale-up requires efficient collection of product particles and recycling of microemulsion components (surfactants and non-polar organic fluid) for refuse Low-cost ceramic crossflow ultrafiltration is employed for particle harvesting and fluid phase recycling. Laboratory characterisation of the process and nanoparticle products is described, and projected product costs and applications are also discussed.

Gold distribution and transformation in algae-organic matter-fluid system is very complicated. Gold is first concentrated in kerogen after algae died. With the increase of dissolved organic matter owing to the increase of temperature and pressure, part of gold simultaneously emigrates from kerogen to DOM. When DOM forms organic fluid and emigrates from the strata, gold is simultaneously carried away by organic fluid in acidic condition, but by water in alkali condition. When the auriferous fluid flows through carbonaceous strata, gold in fluid is unloaded by kerogen. Gold migration in the system, accompanied by the evolution of algae-organic matter-fluid, provides the basic information of biometallogenetic evolution of gold.

Organic fluid involved in Pb-Zn mineralization in the polymetallic deposit of Qixiashan probably derives from bacteria and algae, and is similar to that of the mature crude oil system. Part of lead and zinc in fluids can be transported by organic complexes, while their precipitation is caused by organic reduction. Biomarkers in ores can indicate the source of organic matter in fluids, but organic matter in inclusions must be studied to ascertain organic metallogenesis because of the EOM difference between ores and inclusions. The host strata of Upper Carboniferous (C2) and Lower Permian (PI) in Qixiashan deposit are both oil-bearing in the region. Identification of organic fluid and its biomarkers in the deposit provides significant information for further studies on the relationship between ore deposits and oil pools in the region.

Modern internal combustion (IC) engines reject around two thirds of the energy provided by the fuel as low-grade waste heat. Capturing a portion of this waste heat energy and transforming it into a more useful form of energy could result in a significant reduction in fuel consumption. By using the low-grade heat, an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) can produce mechanical work from a pressurised organic fluid with the use of an expander.

We have constructed a new class of polymer gel that undergoes translational and rotational motions in water. These polymer gels consist of cross-linked hydrophobic−hydrophilic copolymers, which swell in water-miscible organic fluid but collapse in water. When these gels swollen in organic solvent are placed on supporting water, they start to do motion. The mode of motion depends on the shape of the gel: a disk- or spherical shaped gel exhibits translational motion while a triangular or a cubic one exhibits rotation. The velocity and duration of gel motion are strongly associated with its size and chemical structure. The driving force of the motion is originated from the surface spreading of organic solvent, which is pumped out of the gel because of the high osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in the gel.

This paper outlines the methodology used in the design of a line focus solar Stirling power generation system for remote locations. Tests of potential working fluids for the heat pipes, used to transport energy from the solar concentrator focus to the Stirling engine heater heads, are also described. At the optimum achievable solar absorber temperature, very few heat pipe working fluids are available. Those tested were a sulphur iodine system, the organic fluid dioctyl phthalate and mercury These were designed to deliver energy to an already developed compact hermetically sealed Stirling engine battery charger of 200 W electrical power output. The only fluid to show promising performance was mercury, but safety considerations may rule mercury out for application in numerous dispersed small domestic systems. The line focus system efficiency tends to be low because of the low Stirling engine heater head temperature at optimum system conditions and the greater losses associated with a larger focal area than that used in a point focus system of similar power output. Predicted system efficiency was 4.9 per cent for the prototype 200 W generator and 12.5 per cent for a 3 kW full-scale system on which better insulation of the heat pipe is possible. The size and cost of the 200 W unit in relation to output are likely to be too high to be economically attractive, but development of the 3 kW system may still be viable if alternator efficiency can be maximized and heat pipe thermal losses kept to a minimum.

This paper describes the test equipment built by Cummins Turbo Technologies, which we believe is unique, and which is aimed at optimising small high speed turbines powered using organic fluid as the medium part of a Rankine cycle.

SYNOPSIS This paper presents thermodynamic modelling and a comparative study of single/dual fluid Rankine cycle cooling systems with regenerative heat exchangers in the Rankine Engine (RE)-cycle and the vapour Compression (VC)-cycle subsystems. Both single and dual fluid combinations for the RE-cycle and VC-cycle have been considered and their influence on the RE-cycle efficiency, COP of the VC-cycle and overall system performance have been studied as a function of various component temperatures and the isentropic component efficiencies. In particular, the numerical results for single fluids like R12, R22, R113 and R114 and dual fluids like R113 + R12, R113 + R22, R114 + R12, R114 + R22, R114 + R113 and R113 + R114 are presented and compared with each other. It is found that in general dual fluid systems give better overall system performance as compared to the single fluid systems. Amongst single fluids, R114 and amongst dual fluids R114 + R113 give the best system performance. The presence of RHE in the...

Preferable for the tempering of steels with low hardenability (such as steel 45) are the polymeric media modifications A-25 and A-8, for the steels with moderate hardenability (for example, 40Kh) the UZSP-1 medium is better, for the steels with high hardenability (such as 34KhN3MFA) the modification A-23 is best.

Using the 2004 AC Nielsen panel consisting of over 38,000 households, the authors ascertain the influence of selected demographic variables associated with the purchase of organic fluid milk through the estimation of a probit model. From the use of the Heckman two-step procedure, they also calculate own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities by estimating demand relationships for both organic and conventional milk. They find that demographic factors play a crucial role in the household choice of purchasing organic milk. Furthermore, households are more sensitive to own-price changes in the case of organic milk versus conventional milk. Evidence from estimated cross-price elasticities indicates that organic and conventional milk are substitutes. However, quantities purchased of organic milk are more sensitive to changes in prices of conventional milk than vice versa. Consequently, an asymmetric pattern exists with regard to the substitution patterns of the respective milk types. Moreover, evidence indicates that organic milk is responsive to income changes, but conventional milk is not responsive to income changes. Finally, a 1% increase in the price of organic milk reduces total milk sales by 0.20%, but a 1% increase in the price of conventional milk raises total milk sales by 0.31%. lEconLit citations: C25, D12r. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

We present a simple technique for creating fluid silhouettes described with vector graphics, which we call "Vector Fluid." In our system, a solid region in the fluid is represented as a closed contour and advected by fluid flow to form a curly and clear shape similar to marbling or sumi-nagashi (See Figure 1). The fundamental principle behind our method is that contours of solid regions should not collide. This means that if the initial shape of the region is a concave polygon, that shape should maintain its topology so that it can be rendered as a regular concave polygon, no matter how irregularly the contour is distorted by advection. In contrast to other techniques, our approach explicitly neglects topology changes to track surfaces in a trade off of computational cost and complexity. We also introduce an adaptive contour sampling technique to reduce this extra cost. We explore specific examples in 2D for art oriented usage and show applications and robustness of our method to exhibit organic fluid components. We also demonstrate how to port our entire algorithm onto a GPU to boost interactive performance for complex scenes.

This contribution aims to analyze micro-CHP units based on Rankine cycles. Two types of expander are considered: a small scale inward flow radial turbine and a volumetric scroll type expander. This latter, should allow to overcome the limitation imposed by a standard steam-turbine that arise when the required shaft-power is very low. Moreover, the scroll expander will also allow to easily treat wet steams, which must be avoided when considering a turbo-expander. The final aim is to deduce which one of the two types of expander is more suitable, with a specified target performance and the availability of a certain hot source. In order to define the thermodynamic expansion process, the analysis uses a one-dimensional model of the radial turbine, previously developed by the authors, and of an estimation of the scroll expander efficiency. Also, the analysis is carried out for different working fluids, such as water, and two organic fluids, cyclohexane and toluene. Through the discussion of the results, for a specified set of constraints (e.g. expander inlet temperature, temperature of condensation, expander geometrical parameters) it is possible to deduce important indications on the most suitable expander for a given cycle layout.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

Equilibrium concentration data are presented for the system wator-oleic acid-ethanol using a commercial grade solvent. The components and physical properties of the solvent are reported as well as the densities of the equilibrated aqueous and organic phases. The concentration data are shown to be well represented by the NRTM model for predicting liquid-liquid equilibria. Since the organic fluid is shown to give good separation and is not harmful to the growth cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these results are useful for designing in situ, extractive fermentation processes