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Mathematical modeling and simulation are moving from being powerful development and analysis tools towards having increased roles in operational monitoring, control and decision support, in which models of specific entities are continually updated in the form of a digital twin. However, current digital twins are largely the result of bespoke technical solutions that are difficult to scale. We discuss two exemplar applications that motivate challenges and opportunities for scaling digital twins, and that underscore potential barriers to wider adoption of this technology. Development in digital-twin technology has been rapidly growing across a range of industries and disciplines. However, to ensure a wider and more robust adoption of such technology, various challenges must be addressed by the computational science community.

Industrial enterprises are one of the main causes of air pollution in eastern China. How to monitor them efficiently is directly related to the result of air pollution control in China. However, the monitoring of enterprises now mainly relies on the ground online monitoring technology, and only for some large enterprises, some small and medium-sized enterprises will be missed which also contribute a lot to the air pollution. Based on the satellite remote sensing technology, this paper explores an operational method of monitoring the whole coverage of pollution enterprises from macro to micro, focusing on monitoring the regional pollution status results of the pollution enterprises and identifying the key monitoring objects including the small and medium-sized ones. Based on the air pollutants retrieval results of satellite remote sensing, a remote sensing high-occurrence index model of air pollution is built. By using the pollution focused grid extract method and high-resolution satellite image identification technology, the key monitoring objects of pollution enterprises can be extracted. The result of the application cases in eastern China and the typical districts show that the remote sensing high-occurrence index model can clearly reflect the comprehensive pollution status by the pollution enterprises; validation of the identification rate of the small and middle-sized enterprises can reach over 77%, which has made a great progress compared with the inspection only relying on the supervision personnel in the absence of specific objects. The method proposed in this paper can greatly improve the scientific and accurate supervision level of environmental management.

When operating automotive equipment at low or high ambient temperatures, various devices are required to maintain the thermal regime of the units in the permissible range, which significantly affect the internal energy consumption and the service life of the machine. Currently, such a complex thermal preparation is implemented only for the engine by heating or cooling the coolant. For other systems and units, continuous monitoring of their temperature is not provided, and there are no rules or clear requirements for the implementation of such heat preparation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in expanding the functionality of remote diagnostics by operational monitoring and control of the temperature conditions of individual machine units. (Materials and methods) Authors used research methods based on the application of standard techniques, the object of research was the system of integrated thermal automotive equipment. In addition to heating the engine before starting, other systems and units need to optimize the thermal regime, most of which can be combined into a comprehensive heat treatment system. (Results and discussion) As a result of experimental studies of the integrated heat treatment system mounted on a KAMAZ vehicle, the dynamics of temperature changes in various units during their heat treatment were and presented. Monitoring and controlling the temperature regime of automotive equipment units will reduce internal power losses and increase the service life of units exposed to temperature. (Conclusions) The introduction of a comprehensive heat treatment system, intelligently and functionally linked to a remote monitoring system, will significantly increase the service life of the units most exposed to temperature influences.

In order to develop the scientific and technical foundations of creating an artificial intelligence system for monitoring terrorist acts, the paper presents the results of a study of the amplitude-frequency spectra of acoustic emission (AE) of the combustion process of cellulose-containing materials (as one of the main materials used to carry out arson and attacks in organizing terrorist actions in the form of law and order violations in the local territory) of various physicochemical composition. The technical implementation of this effect in the development of automated devices for monitoring acoustic space as part of an operational monitoring system for the terrorist zone, aimed at early identification of the sources of terrorist threats to the normal functioning of the local territory of the state.

This work presents a practical approach to reconstructing past and present discharge and water depth time series for operational monitoring of small-sized ungauged watersheds using remotely sensed and freely accessible datasets in conjunction with hydrological models. The methodology was applied to the Tsiribihina watershed in Madagascar. Mostly, satellite data are used, such as water levels from satellite altimetry missions and rainfall from the African Rainfall Climatology 2 product. In contrast, the Modelo de Grandes Bacias is calibrated using historical discharge measurements to simulate distributed discharge in the basin. Rating curves are computed by crossing the altimetry information of water height with the simulated discharge outputs. These rating curves enable the conversion of water levels, discharge and depth interchangeably. Present-day discharge and depth can thus be estimated in near real time with any update of satellite rainfall data and/or water level gained by altimetry missions currently flying in operational mode.

Assessment of the information space allows you to determine the possible causes (conditions) of the crisis and the characteristics of the information impact for any information activities that will be planned. One of the promising such scientific studies is the substantiation of a method for monitoring information impact in the interests of providing information activities. The essence of the information impact monitoring method is to assess information activities, namely: identifying information impact; the level of information impact; formation of conclusions and decisions on the need to counteract information impact; planning of countermeasures, approval of a plan of countermeasures; implementation of countermeasures according to the plan. In each information event there are certain indicators by which the characteristics of information are assessed and the conditions are determined by which a destructive orientation can be carried out for any information processes (actions, facts) in the information space of the country. Considering that these components have their own informational correction, in particular, they are found in the information space of the state (actions, facts), or phenomena can reduce the level of the moral and psychological state of the personnel of troops (forces) to a state when the personnel are not able to effectively perform tasks as intended , then in the above method it is proposed to consider these issues in two directions. These areas are the level of operational monitoring of the analysis of current information and the level of operational monitoring of the forecast of the development of information surges.

Because of the inherent complexity of urban brownfield regeneration projects, achieving sustainability objectives is not easy. It requires approaches adapted to the specificities of this type of operation, that allow for structured and regular follow-up, and that are integrated into the project dynamics. In this chapter, we argue that sustainability monitoring can help address this challenge. We start by defining the principles of sustainability evaluation and monitoring. Then, we look deeper at the challenges of an operational monitoring tool from the brownfield regeneration perspective. On this basis, we plead for the necessity of tailor-made operational monitoring tools for this type of operation and define, to this end, three general requirements for said tools. Finally, we make a critical analysis of existing certifications at the neighbourhood scale and different approaches developed for brownfield regeneration projects.

The goal of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science (CAWS) project is to conduct research into the future operational monitoring and forecasting programs of Environment and Climate Change Canada in the Arctic where increased economic and recreational activities are expected with enhanced transportation and search and rescue requirements. Due to cost, remoteness and vast geographical coverage, the future monitoring concept includes a combination of space-based observations, sparse in situ surface measurements, and advanced reference sites. A prototype reference site has been established at Iqaluit, Nunavut (63°45'N, 68°33'W), that includes a Ka-band radar, water vapor lidars (both in-house and commercial versions), multiple Doppler lidars, ceilometers, radiation flux, and precipitation sensors. The scope of the project includes understanding of the polar processes, evaluating new technologies, validation of satellite products, validation of numerical weather prediction systems, development of warning products, and communication of their risk to a variety of users. This contribution will provide an overview of the CAWS project to show some preliminary results and to encourage collaborations.

Industrial Digitalization and Automation (DA), promoted through new production paradigms such as Industry 4.0 currently dominates the strategy agendas of industrial companies. However, practitioners report various problems while implementing DA into their organizations work-routines. We find underlying problems in missing operational monitoring systems to assess and control the DA-implementation status. We therefore propose a holistic monitoring system using 143 developed DA-implementation key performance indicators in nine dimensions. Moreover, we integrate the monitoring system into a continuous improvement approach following the PDCA-circle. First applications show increased objectivity during initial KPI-status assessments, higher acceptance of defined KPI-target-states and increased alignment during definition of future DA-projects.

Annotation Purpose. Effective soil decompressing in modern crop production technologies. Methods. Analysis of modern methods of monitoring the physical condition of the soil, the method of radio wave profiling of the surface of the field, the method of synthesis of technical means, the theory of automatic control. Results. Model ultrasonic monitoring of the depth of the soil compacted layer, the device of forming a control signal to change the depth of the working body of the soil ripper, the results of the device study for operational determination depth of the compacted soil layer. Conclusions. The method of continuous radio wave profiling of the surface of the field in the movement of the ITA allows to effectively determine the depth of the location of the compacted soil layer in modern technologies of crop production. The device for operational control of the depth of the soil cultivator of the agricultural ITA allows to effectively loosen the soil while reducing fuel consumption by 20% and increasing the productivity of the unit by 10%. Keywords: agrotechnology, soil ripper, radio physical method, operational monitoring of soil compaction.

This paper discusses the issues of creating an aerial survey complex based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The analysis of the efficiency of using aerial survey complexes based on unmanned aerial vehicles for operational monitoring of the state of natural and man-made territorial complexes is carried out. The paper considers the process of developing a modified control system for unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the subsequent photogrammetric processing of aerial photographs. The quality of electronic units installed on unmanned aerial vehicles has been determined. The created modified control system for unmanned aerial vehicles and geographically referenced terrain orthophotomaps obtained by photogrammetric methods make it possible to classify the captured objects, perform their vectorization and provide each object with semantic information. The developed modified aerial survey complex will allow real-time monitoring of the state of natural and man-made territorial complexes based on remote sensing data from UAVs.

In order to control the chemical composition of atmospheric air in cities located in the zone of influence of petrochemical enterprises, automatic atmospheric air monitoring stations (ASKAV) are installed. For the effective use of experimental data, the authors of the article developed a data collection system with ASKAV, in which the air control in residential quarters and the gas mixture at the source of organized emissions are synchronized. The analysis of data on the concentration of pollutants in the atmospheric air of the Sterlitamak obtained from ASKAV, on the basis of which a list of marker substances for enterprises of the city was compiled. Priority sources of air pollution with marker substances during a different wind regime were identified. The authors developed models for changing the concentration of marker substances in the air using the method of factor regression. Based on the results of the cross-correlation function, the time of movement of the contaminated gas cloud from the source of emission to the residential area of the city is obtained. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of the developed air monitoring system and the field of application of the acquired models.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between crop yields and total chlorophyll potential of different barley and oats cultivars. For this purpose, we used the spectra of grain crops obtained from ground-based remote sensing, and laboratory data. Ground-based data were obtained at the experimental fields located in the Krasnoyarskii Krai. Experiments were carried out in different seasons and under various lighting conditions. Spectral measurements were done with a double-beam spectrophotometer. It was installed on the mobile work platform at heights of 5 to 18 m. The study showed good correlation between crop yields and total chlorophyll potential for barley and oats cultivars

Pipe conveyors are currently widely employed in continuous transport of raw materials. Contact forces on idler rolls of an idler housing represent an important parameter to be monitored in the process of online operational monitoring. Operational tension force cannot be reached during the experimental research performed on laboratory conditions with regard to construction of the testing equipment. It is impossible for the current experimental rig. The main objective of the manuscript is to monitor dependences of contact forces on tension forces in individual idler rolls of a pipe conveyor idler housing. The manuscript output is in form of contact forces’ prediction for respective idler rolls for two more rates of tension forces and two cases of measurements: with and without material load.

The article considers the organization of postgraduate education and clinical activities within the framework of functioning of the North-Caucasian Scientific and Educational Medical Cluster. The analysis of obtained data revealed shortcomings in training of physicians at all stages of their professional career, as well as inadequately effective mechanisms of employment of graduates from medical faculties. To eliminate these shortcomings, the measures have been developed within the framework of NOMK that include computer programs for operational monitoring of public health indices, innovative technologies of education and advanced training of of physicians, exemplified by the Tutor project. The conclusion is made that scientific and educational cluster is an effective tool in area of training and retraining of physicians .

Research project “PerManeNt” aims at developing an integrated platform for operational monitoring, smart control, and sustainable energy management of the external aqueduct system of the city of Patras in western Greece, which consists of more than 60 km of pressurized pipeline, 44 pumping wells, 3 springs, 22 regulating tanks, and 14 pumping stations. Given the significance of the existing infrastructure, 5 main pipelines, 7 pumping wells, 9 reservoirs, and 5 pumping stations were selected to be monitored in the context of: a) real-time data collection, processing and visualization, b) near real-time detection of system malfunctioning and automatic alarm generation, and c) generation of short and longer term forecasts for the water demand and corresponding energy consumption rates, based on hydrometeorological data and environmental indices. The development of the integrated platform is expected to have significant scientific, financial, societal and environmental impacts including: i) efficient water resources management and environmental protection, ii) reduction of the operational costs and regulator expenses for system maintenance and management, iii) promotion of citizens’ awareness regarding environmental issues, and iv) significant improvement of the quality of services offered, including pricing and emergency planning.Acknowledgments:This research is co‐financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH – CREATE – INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK-4177.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an exceptionally promising pest control method in terms of efficacy and environmental compatibility. Assessments of environmental risks vary according to the status and origin of the target pests. The suppression or eradication of exotic pest populations with the SIT raises few environmental concerns, and these are related mainly to pre-release suppression techniques. However, the elimination of native species, or at least populations of native species, requires more detailed and complex assessments of ecological effects and consequences for biodiversity conservation. Eradication programmes provide opportunities to study these topics within the scope of both environmental impact assessments and operational monitoring programmes.

This brief note introduces a study that aims at quantifying the gain for sea ice observations which is achieved when combining L- and C-band SAR imagery for the retrieval of ice conditions and iceberg occurrences. An L-band SAR mission is currently under discussion at the European Space Agency (ESA) as one of the six Copernicus High Priority Candidate Missions (HPCMs). Since the emphasis of the study is on operational monitoring and ice charting, it involves contributions from different ice services that are members of the International Ice Charting Group (IICWG). Preliminary results confirm findings of earlier investigations on the use of L-band for sea ice monitoring and extend them with first systematic investigations of iceberg detection at L-band.

Estonia is known for its large floodplains that are annually covered by water. A methodology based on Sentinel-1 and −2 imagery was developed for operational monitoring of floodplains in Estonia. Filed campaign for validation/calibration of flood extent estimation methodology was performed using UAV in March 2019 over the Soomaa floodplain. Sensitivity analysis of Sentine1-1 data indicated greatest backscattering ( $\sigma^{0}$ ) difference between land and water for polarizations VH (IW mode) and HV (EW mode) at incidence angle 39-47°. For water mapping, incidence angel normalization was applied using linear relationship between backscattering ( $\sigma^{0}$ ) and local incidence angle established from our dataset. Water was mapped from Sentinel-2 data using MNDWI index. Flooded area mapped from Sentinel-l was compared with corresponding flooded area mapped from Sentinel-2. The kappa coefficient between these maps was 0.86 indicating good coincidence. Established methodology was tested to map floods at Keila test site for springs in 2018 and 2019. Difference in flood extent and duration at Keila test site in 2018 and 2019 was 6.8 km 2 and 9 days.

The article analyzes the diagnostics of a high-voltage power transformer by means of an acoustic camera. It is one of the basic diagnostics and monitoring of remote measurement and analysis of acoustic emission. The high-voltage power transformer generates acoustic emission, thanks to which we can analyze the operating and fault states of the device. The article shows the use of the acoustic camera for operational monitoring and diagnostics of its life through noise from the source of the transformer winding and the ferromagnetic core.

Forests, one of the most valuable and necessary resources and protect earth’s ecological balance, are a natural habitat to animals and forest products are vital in our lives in many direct and indirect ways. But wildfires can cause critical damage to grounds and many other resources like properties, human life, wildlife in superabundant amounts. Wildfires burn acres of land and destroy everything in their paths in mere minutes. Wildfire destroys homes, animals, trees and plants, wildlife as well as vegetation. The effects of wildfires are numerous and wide-ranging. it causes a hugely significant impact on the economy, environment, heritage and social fabric of rural areas. Naturally caused wildfires can be predicted using factors[3] like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pressure and many more. In this paper, the prediction of forest fires by machine learning using some operational monitoring over a region and encountering changes in climate using different sensors are advocated. The Wildfire Prediction System (WiPreSy) monitors and records changes in climatic parameters and predicts the intensity of forest fire based on real-time data, thus avoiding the massive loss due to forest fires.

As a consequence of inexpensive sensors, ubiquitous tracking devices, and abundant digital storage, by 2019 smarter cities have become platforms for increasing levels of operational monitoring and ...

Purpose. Develop a methodology for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the soil environment with working electrodes to ensure the required quality of implementation of the main technological processes in plant cultivation thanks to integrated information and technical systems for operational monitoring of the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Methods. Theoretical scientific method with the use of the laws of theoretical mechanics and scientific laws of electro-dynamic measurement for the construction of a method for calculating the specific conductivity of the soil environment by working electrodes of the information and technical system local operational monitoring the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Results. The generalized formula for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the soil environment by working electrodes information and technical system of local operational monitoring of agro-biological state of agricultural lands was obtained. Conclusions. The proposed method for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the agro-biological ground environment by the stationary contact method of the working electrodes of the information and technical system local operational monitoring will allow obtaining reliable data on the state of the soil environment by reducing the error in determining the value of the electrical conductive properties soil, providing individual stabilization of the working electrodes and the mechanism of lifting / lowering the workers electrodes, copying roughness inequalities on the environment, reduction the intensity destruction of the soil structure, self-cleaning working contact electrode and ensuring the stability of the electrical contact electrode with the soil due to the improvement of the design of the device with the use of the proposed technical solutions. The result of using the device for determining the electrically conductive properties soil environment construction of Alexander Brovaryts is an increase in profits of 20–30% by optimizing the seeding rate of the process material, taking into account the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Keywords: information and technical system, local operational monitoring, soil, samples, variability, size, research.

The present technical condition of the fleet of electric motors serving the actuators of the infrastructure facilities of the fuel and energy complex is presented. The statistics of damage and damage from abnormal operation of electric drive units operating on mechanisms with a fan and pump load are given. The analysis of the causes of the increase in the range of vibration displacement, which leads to premature failure of electric motors, is given. A method for reliably determining the causes of damage, based on measuring and analyzing the electrical parameters of the harmonic spectrum of the motor current, is proposed. Its essence consists in creation of the universal diagnostic system working at the physical principle at which any indignations in work of an electric and mechanical part of the engine and related actuator lead to modulation of the consumed current. Existence in a range of current of characteristic frequencies of a certain size demonstrates existence of these or those damages. The device for its implementation includes phase current sensors of the supply voltage, a signal conditioner for normalizing and filtering signals, an analog-to-digital converter with a USB interface, and a controller with software for analyzing, evaluating, and diagnosing the condition. Experimental results have been obtained confirming the adequacy of the methodology and technical means for monitoring electric motors of various mechanisms.

As part of the Copernicus program, Sentinel-2 is the optical imaging mission designed for the operational monitoring of land and coastal areas. It offers a unique combination of global coverage with a wide field of view, a high revisit capability (5 days with two satellites), a high resolution and multi-spectral imagery. CNES, the French Space Agency, was involved in the commissioning of both Sentinel-2 satellites and is currently working in collaboration with ESA on their long-term monitoring. This paper reviews all the techniques used to ensure an absolute calibration of the 13 spectral bands to better than 5% (the target is 3%) at TOA level. After a brief description of the mission and its related radiometric calibration scheme, we show how standard vicarious calibration methods based on acquisitions over natural targets (oceans, deserts, and Antarctica during winter) are used to check and improve the accuracy of the absolute calibration coefficients. Finally, the verification scheme, exploiting photometer in-situ measurements over the La Crau plain in France and Gobabeb in Namibia, is described. The paper concludes with a summary that includes spectral coherence, agreement between the results obtained with various calibration methods and temporal evolution.

Cladosporium spp. are omnipresent moulds that grow on multiple substrates. Their spores possess a high allergenic potential. Currently, little is known about the incidence and the sources of airborne Cladosporium spores in Denmark. Air samples were collected between 31 May and 22 September 2015 in Viborg (Jutland, western Denmark). Eighteen out of 21 days with daily average concentrations exceeding the health-relevant threshold of 3000 Spores m−3, including the day with peak daily (13,553 Spores m−3) and 3-h concentrations (35,662 Spores m−3), occurred in August. The air masses that approached Viborg during the longest episode of elevated spore concentrations originated from northern Poland, the Baltics, passing over southern Sweden and the eastern Danish island of Zealand. The Cladosporium spore concentrations from Viborg were compared with the Cladosporium spore concentrations from the operational monitoring station in Copenhagen (Zealand, eastern Denmark). During the episode, concentrations in Viborg were on average 2268 spores m−3 higher than in Copenhagen. On the peak day between 8:00 and 15:00, concentrations in Viborg were 4–7 times higher than in Copenhagen, which we associated with grain crop harvesting in eastern Jutland. Elevated day time concentrations in Viborg on the days with daily average concentrations exceeding the threshold also indicate the local character of the sources.

Fine suspended particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 (РМ10) or 2.5 µm (РМ2.5) can be a dangerous air pollutant necessitating operational monitoring. Of the 1113 major Russian cities, however, only a few monitor industrial emissions of PM10 and PM2.5. Here, we develop an approach to using mobile multi-wave (1064, 532, and 355 nm) lidar to estimate the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. This approach was implemented for Belgorod, where 1378 sources of air pollution with anthropogenic dust, primarily of carbonate composition, were registered. We have developed algorithms with seven stages of assessing the spatial distribution and monitoring of РМ10 and РМ2.5, which made it possible to establish that fine-mode particles from tall sources of cement and construction material production (pipes with a height of ≥ 50 m) contributed 39% of the total particulate matter emissions. Using GIS to map the fields of the total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and determining the ratios of РМ10/TSP and РМ2.5/TSP, excesses in РМ10 and РМ2.5 up to 2.5 and 2.8 times greater, respectively, than the maximum threshold limit were observed. Tall sources’ contribution to emissions increased in proportion to the distance from the source, resulting in 40–85% of the РМ10 and 43–91% of the PM2.5. We demonstrate how lidar can be applied to optimize a particulate matter emissions monitoring network for environmental policy making.

The CO2 Human Emission (CHE) project is an European initiative bringing together a consortium of 22 European partners to build a prototype global CO2 source inversion system that can provide policy-relevant information on the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This prototype shall evolve toward a new Copernicus CO2 service, which will provide a Monitoring and Verification Support (MVS) capacity that can address the challenge of the global stocktake (GST) devised under the Paris Agreement. The global inversion system will build on existing operational infrastructures (CAMS, C3S) at the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) to exploit ground-based measurements as well as space-based observations from current and future satellite missions (e.g., Sentinel 5p and CO2M). We will present ongoing efforts at ECMWF to develop a source inversion capability in the current operational Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), which will serve as the basis for the future global CO2 inversion prototype. Preliminary results will be discussed, that include model transport error estimations based on Monte-Carlo ensemble simulations as well as the first chemical source optimization experiments performed with the IFS 4D-Var system.

The water stored in the snowpack is a crucial contribution to the hydrological cycle in mountain areas. Estimating the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountain regions is, therefore, a key question in snow hydrology research. For this reason, direct measurements of SWE are still essential, but they are often scarce, not easy to install and maintain, mostly non-continuous or rather expensive. A promising alternative to conventional SWE in-situ measurement methods is a newly developed method based on signals of the freely available Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which can be received with standard low-cost sensors. In general, this measurement technique is based on signal differences between one GNSS antenna buried below the snowpack and one reference antenna above the snow cover. The signal differences reflect the GNSS carrier phase time delay and the GNSS signals strength attenuation within the snowpack, which can be translated into SWE and the snow liquid water content (LWC). So far, this method showed excellent results over several years at the high-alpine test and validation site Weissfluhjoch (Eastern Swiss Alps, 2540 m asl.). Currently, our aim is to assess whether this method is suitable for deriving SWE continuously with reasonable accuracy also at other locations with different characteristics. Therefore, we set up further GNSS sensors at different elevations, where the snow characteristics can vary considerably. At lower elevations the snow cover is normally shallower and is more frequently subject to melt-freeze cycles leading to faster snow aging and different snow densities. Moreover, rapid transition from dry- to wet-snow conditions as well as steep valley sites can be seen as a challenge. In total, we were operating for two season four GNSS stations along a steep elevation gradient (820 m, 1185 m, 1510 m, and 2540 m asl.) within only a few kilometres in the Eastern Swiss Alps. For validation purposes, we monitored SWE and snow height manually and with additional automatic sensors at all locations. We analysed the GNSS SWE derivation accuracy in general and in detail for different meteorological conditions as snowfall, snow settlement, rain on snow and dry or wet snow periods. Eventually, we compared the GNSS results with results from numerical snow cover models.

The paper presents an overview of the current marine observational systems which provide primary information for operational monitoring and predicting the variability of the main hydrophysical fields on the scales from several tens to several thousand kilometers (of the order of the Rossby baroclinic deformation radius and higher). Such systems provide the regular implementation of oceanographic and marine meteorological observations, their rapid interpretation and delivery to users; this is a subject of a relatively new discipline, operational oceanology. The active development of this discipline during the recent two decades suggests that the forecasting of the marine environment state will eventually reach the same level of accuracy and reliability as in operational meteorology, a more successful and older discipline.

This paper reports ongoing exploration of X-band radar as an operational monitoring tool for coastal infrastructure development. Data have been continually gathered since 2013, helping a major ener...

Стаття присвячена оптимізації урожайності і забезпеченню екологічної якості сільськогосподарської продукції за допомогою сучасних інформаційно-технічних систем, із урахуванням варіабельності зон управління сільськогосподарським полем. Запропоновано неоднорідність ґрунту представити як ієрархічну підпорядкованість явищ. При цьому питання вимірювання неоднорідності пропонується вирішити шляхом кількісного порівняння об’єктів вимірювання з використанням відповідних критеріїв. За цих умов виникає необхідність у пошуку найбільш ефективного способу для оперативного моніторингу агробіологічного стану сільськогосподарських угідь, що відкриває нові перспективи до ведення органічного землеробства з використанням інтелектуальних сільськогосподарських машин. The article is devoted to optimization of productivity and provision of ecological quality of agricultural products with the help of modern information and technical systems, taking into account the variability of zones of management by agricultural field. It is proposed to represent the heterogeneity of the soil as a hierarchical subordination of phenomena. At the same time, the issue of measuring heterogeneity is proposed to be solved by quantitative comparison of measuring objects using the appropriate criteria. Under these conditions, there is a need to find the most effective way for operational monitoring of agrobiological state of agricultural land, which opens new prospects for organic farming using intelligent agricultural machines.

This study proposes an enhanced damping estimation procedure for flexible cable-supported bridges based on operational modal analysis (OMA). The OMA approach combines the natural excitation techniq...

The current state of research in operational oceanography in leading countries of the world and the prospects of this trend in Russia, as well as ways to intensify it, are analyzed. The history of the formation of the fundamentals and principles of operational monitoring of the ocean in the Soviet Union in the 1970s‒1980s is considered, and the leadership of Soviet oceanologists in this process is shown. The development of the system of the operational monitoring of the ocean and its seas, as well as the main operational marine forecast systems, is reviewed. The structure of the Black Sea Marine Forecast Center, which was created under the RAS Marine Hydrophysical Institute in accordance with European standards, is discussed in detail, and prospects to develop domestic marine forecast systems are discussed.

A practical example of a hermetic cable gland for nuclear power plants is described. A model is constructed for performing diagnostics of the parameters of the hermetic cable gland and a procedure for performing operational monitoring of its state is developed. The proposed device makes it possible to reduce the development risk of emergency situations in the system by increasing the operational reliability of the hermetic cable gland. For this reason, operation monitoring of the electrodynamic state of a hermetic gland in NPP on the basis of an equivalent model is significant and urgent.

The combination of pneumoperitoneum and pneumomediastinum are the main pathophysiological characteristics of laparoscopic operations because of achalasia cardia and hernia of esophageal opening. Their impact on hemodynamics and biomechanics of breathing requires control and timely adjustment. Within the framework of prospective randomized clinical study 66 patients were examined, including execution of laparoscopic operations because laparoscopic operations because of esophageal achalasia and hernia of esophageal opening. The patients were divided in two groups and both consisted of two subgroups: with standard and extended monitoring. The study resulted in establishment of optimal scope of indices monitoring necessary for safe anesthetic support of the given operations.

Next activity prediction is one of the most important problems concerning the operational monitoring of processes, that is, supporting the user in predicting the activity that will be executed as the next step during process execution. However, traditional algorithms do not cope with the presence of parallel activities, thus failing to devise accurate prediction of multiple parallel activities that will be simultaneously executed. Moreover, they often require a trace alignment pre-processing step, which can be infeasible during process executions. In this paper, we propose the ParallAct methodology, in which multi-target regression is used to predict the next parallel activities in event logs without the need of aligning traces during process executions. Experimental results show that the proposed solution achieve more accurate predictions compared to the single-target setting.

This paper describes the approach followed to perform an automatic load monitoring during yarding activities. The goal of this methodology is the weight assessment of the loaded biomass during the inhaul phase in cable logging operations. The approach is based on the development of dedicated mathematical models that assessing the skyline deflection, tension, and slope permit to estimate the hauled load through an indirect approach. To carry out this experience an in-scale standing skyline system with single-span was set-up. The experiment was conducted at 0%, 10% and 20% of slope, respectively, and the skyline deflection was measured during travels with 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg of fully suspend loads. Besides these, the assessment was performed at mounting tensions of 10 and 100 kg. According to the different estimative models and the operative context, the collected results showed a difference between the estimated load and the reference one lower than 20% in terms of mass. In conclusion is possible to affirm that the proposed approach can be a suitable compromise for the indirect estimation of timber during fully suspended yarding operations.

A method for nondestructively determining the diffusion coefficient of solvents in thin fibrous material with strongly anisotropic properties is described. The sought-for coefficient is determined in the absence of a real static characteristic of the converter of the diffusant concentration in the solid phase, which substantially increases the productivity of monitoring.

The distinctive features and key areas of analytical tools application for the operational monitoring and security analysis of cyber-physical systems of critical information infrastructure are highlighted. Problems of applying data analytics methods and technologies to ensure the security of cyber-physical systems at enterprises of the fuel and energy industries are described. The architectural solutions of the advanced security analytics platform are proposed. The chapter discusses the use of data analysis methods and technologies to ensure the security of cyber-physical systems at enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. Identified the distinctive features and highlighted the key areas of application of analytical tools of the system of operational monitoring and security analysis of cyber-physical systems of critical information infrastructure. Problem questions are formulated, the possibilities and limitations of advanced analytics tools in solving the tasks of ensuring the security of cyber-physical systems at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are defined. Architectural solutions of the advanced cybersecurity analytics platform are described. The presented results are based on the analysis of information from open sources: materials of scientific-practical conferences, analytical and technical reviews on the subject of security of industrial systems, and generalization of practical experience in the development, implementation, and support of integrated security systems at enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.

This paper describes the theoretical approach followed to perform an indirect load mass assessment during yarding activities. The goal of this methodology is the mass assessment of the loaded biomass during the inhaul phase in cable logging operations.The theoretical approach proposed is based on the development and the use of mathematical model which, thanks to the measurement of the skyline deflection, slope and tensions permit to estimate the hauled mass. Indeed, as reported in literature, these parameters, together with the mass of the load, are strongly related each other. For this experiment an in-scale yarding line has been developed in order to control and monitor all these parameters. The precision and accuracy of the obtained results related to the mass estimations have been then compared with similar results obtained through manual surveys using tools commonly used by the forestry community.In conclusion the proposed methodology has shown to be reliable for an indirect mass assessment of loads during yarding operations. Indeed, if the line is adequately installed this monitoring system ensures better accuracy if compared with the common tools employed for timber assessment.

Diagnosing a railway track is a complicated task, both from the point of view of measuring equipment and organization. An important factor here is to ensure the safety of rail traffic while minimizing the cost of diagnostics (including time expenditures). One of the most promising is the approach based on the use of integrable track monitoring systems containing compact, relatively inexpensive sensors operating on different physical principles. This paper is dedicated to the peculiarities of the functioning, processing, presentation and transmission of information in organizing this approach, which is analyzed using the example of the InerTrack system developed with the participation of the authors.

Now the question of pollution of water areas of the seas and oceans oil is particularly acute. Oil spills at the sea can have natural origin (natural emissions of oil at breaks of the geological structures, griffins, mud volcanoes), but in most cases, they have anthropogenic character. This paper presents the results of oil spill monitoring in the Caspian Sea using remote sensing data. The object of research is the Caspian Sea. In recent decades, remote sensing satellites in particular, SAR satellites have proven to be one of the most effective tools to detect oil spills on the sea surface. The purpose of this work was to determine the most suitable methodology for the operational monitoring of oil pollution in the Caspian Sea. Detection of oil pollution at sea was conducted using archival images from the European satellites Sentinel-1A,B.Sentinel data distribution is supported by the key advantage of a full of charge to the scientific community. Analysis of the results obtained in the frame of the project indicate that oil spills were concentratedin busy shipping lanes.