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This thesis sought to determine the factors that have traditionally challenged effective U.S. human rights policies with China, examining U.S. preferences, policies, developments, and conditions from 1993 through 2021. This thesis investigated the efficacy of U.S. human rights policies with China according to policy makers’ prioritization of those policies, in terms of time, effort, and competing or conflicting impacts to other national interests. U.S. policy makers from the Clinton through the Obama administrations demonstrated a consistent preference to prioritize economic relations and security cooperation with China under an overarching engagement strategy at the expense of effective human rights efforts. Under Trump, however, conditions and events resulted in a major shift from the engagement policy toward a competition strategy. The major contributors to the strategy shift were (1) China’s human rights issues in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, (2) U.S. policy makers’ acknowledgement that China was growing powerful at the expense of the U.S. and that its development had not led to liberalization, and (3) Trump’s America First foreign policy tendencies, which rejected overreliance on China to achieve his national goals. U.S. human rights policies became more effective as policy makers became increasingly willing to use confrontational measures against China’s human rights issues to include imposing sanctions and passing punitive and prevention-related legislation. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

The 2008 Financial Recession was one of the most significant fiscal downturns in the history of the United States. Considering that the world is in the midst of a global pandemic which may lead to another adverse economic climate, I believe that looking back at the causes of the 2008 Financial Recession is recommended. This may assist administrators to avoid the missteps which sparked this down economy in the future. By reading this paper, readers will also learn about the demographics effected by the recession and the Dodd-Frank Act, which was drafted to combat future occurrences of this nature.

Obama nungara Carbayo, Álvarez-Presas, Jones & Riutort, 2016 Material examined: PORTUGAL: Madeira: Ribeiro Bonito, 32.810373°N, - 16.937081°W, 795 m, 7.IX.2019, 1 ex. (GenBank accession number OM 019327), C. Andújar leg., found in a laurel forest soil sample. SPAIN: Canary Islands, Gran Canaria: Tenteniguada, 27.975184°N, - 15.529326°W, 1010 m, 14.IV.2019, 5 exx. (GenBank accession number OM 019325 & OM 019326), D. Suárez leg., found under a plastic mulch of a strawberry (Fragaria sp.) plantation. This species is native to South America (Argentina and Brazil), and has been introduced in several countries of Europe (England, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy, Ireland, and Portugal, including Madeira, and Azores) (Carbayo et al. 2016; Justine et al. 2020; Lago-Barcia et al. 2020; Mori et al. 2022). Here it is reported for the first time for the Canary Islands. The presence of this species in Madeira was published in Justine et al. (2020) as a personal communication without data regarding locality or collection date. Thus, this record confirms the presence of the species in Madeira. Sequences from Madeira and the Canary Islands match to the ‘network 3’ of Lago-Barcia et al. (2019), which includes sequences from Spain, Portugal, and Argentina, as well as sequences from Italy (Mori et al. 2022), France and Belgium (Justine et al. 2020) (Figure 1A).

Obama nungara Carbayo, Álvarez-Presas, Jones & Riutort, 2016 Material examined: PORTUGAL: Madeira: Ribeiro Bonito, 32.810373°N, - 16.937081°W, 795 m, 7.IX.2019, 1 ex. (GenBank accession number OM 019327), C. Andújar leg., found in a laurel forest soil sample. SPAIN: Canary Islands, Gran Canaria: Tenteniguada, 27.975184°N, - 15.529326°W, 1010 m, 14.IV.2019, 5 exx. (GenBank accession number OM 019325 & OM 019326), D. Suárez leg., found under a plastic mulch of a strawberry (Fragaria sp.) plantation. This species is native to South America (Argentina and Brazil), and has been introduced in several countries of Europe (England, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy, Ireland, and Portugal, including Madeira, and Azores) (Carbayo et al. 2016; Justine et al. 2020; Lago-Barcia et al. 2020; Mori et al. 2022). Here it is reported for the first time for the Canary Islands. The presence of this species in Madeira was published in Justine et al. (2020) as a personal communication without data regarding locality or collection date. Thus, this record confirms the presence of the species in Madeira. Sequences from Madeira and the Canary Islands match to the ‘network 3’ of Lago-Barcia et al. (2019), which includes sequences from Spain, Portugal, and Argentina, as well as sequences from Italy (Mori et al. 2022), France and Belgium (Justine et al. 2020) (Figure 1A)., Published as part of Suárez, Daniel, Pedrianes, Juan Ramón & Andújar, Carmelo, 2022, DNA barcoding reveals new records of invasive terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) in the Macaronesian region, pp. 447-450 in Zootaxa 5129 (3) on page 448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6501321, {"references":["Carbayo, F., Alvarez-Presas, M., Jones, H. D. & Riutort, M. (2016) The true identity of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177, 5 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12358","Justine, J. - L., Winsor, L., Gey, D., Gros, P. & Thevenot, J. (2020) Obama chez moi! The invasion of metropolitan France by the land planarian Obama nungara (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae). PeerJ, 8, e 8385. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 8385","Lago-Barcia, D., Gonzalez-Lopez, J. R. & Fernandez-Alvarez, F. A. (2020) The invasive land flatworm Obama nungara (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) reaches a natural environment in the oceanic island of Sao Miguel (Acores). Zootaxa, 4830 (1), 197 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4830.1.9","Mori, E., Magoga, G., Panella, M., Montagna, M., Winsor, L., Justine, J. Lou, Menchetti, M., Schifani, E., Melone, B. & Mazza, G. (2022) Discovering the Pandora's box: the invasion of alien flatworms in Italy. Biological Invasions, 24, 205 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 021 - 02638 - w","Lago-Barcia, D., Fernandez-Alvarez, F. A., Brusa, F., Rojo, I., Damborenea, C., Negrete, L., Grande, C. & Norena, C. (2019) Reconstructing routes of invasion of Obama nungara (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) in the Iberian Peninsula. Biological Invasions, 21, 289 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 018 - 1834 - 9"]}

The article deals with drone warfare as man-hunting carried out via satellite from Creech AFB near Las Vegas. The book examines the layers of fantasy on which counterterrorism and its self-sustaining logic are grounded. Its initial revelatory event is the trauma endured by drone operators when, due to their visual intimacy with the victims, the fantasy of the beast-like enemy collapses. It shows how counterterrorism, through euphemism, narrative, and video game imagery, has turned drone assassination and button-pushing murder into a form of art. Finally, the article dwells on the tragic error of a president unable to resist the deceptions of the counterterror state and considers as well the current status of drone warfare under President Biden. El artículo examina la guerra de drones como una forma de caza llevada a cabo por vía satélite desde la base militar aérea de Creech cerca de Las Vegas. El evento revelador inicial es el trauma que sufren los pilotos de drones debido a la intimidad visual con la que contemplan las consecuencias fatídicas de sus acciones. Se analiza el papel de la fantasía en el comportamiento de caza de los pilotos y en la retroalimentación mutua entre terrorismo y contraterrorismo. Se describe cómo funciona «el arte de matar” (De Quincey) en la guerra de drones a base de narrativa, eufemismos y video juegos. El artículo tiene en cuenta el papel trágico de Obama en la proliferación y normalización de los drones armados, así como la situación actual bajo la presidencia de Biden.

Middle East is one of the most volatile geopolitical hotspots in the world. US administration approach towards the region is crucial for geopolitical relations between great powers, regional stability, moreover projects leverages and friction for political developments far beyond its geographical definition. Main research objective takes a comparative prospective between administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump and their approaches towards the region. Key hypothesis is that approach of Donald Trump differs from the one of Barack Obama. Sub-hypothesis is: was US influence in the Middle East more profound and sinewy, during Obama administration and his “universal liberalism” - theoretical approach, or Trump administration Hobbesian realism, zero-sum and “make the job done” is more potent for new geopolitical constellation of power. Further, autocratic dictators or Islamist forces, is democracy in the Middle East increasing or decreasing US influence in the region. This article determines effects of how different theoretical, personal and operational dynamics influence political developments on multiple levels. Identifies vectors and modality of US relations with key countries in the region during both administrations. Analysis in this article lies in the realist school of thought in international politics and uses comparative methods of Comparative politics in political science.

Here, we describe two new flatworm species of the genera Obama Carbayo et al., 2013 and Notogynaphallia Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 (Geoplaninae) found in riverine forests of central-eastern Argentina. Obama maculatentis sp. nov., which is about 50 mm in length, is characterized by black olive pigmentation on the dorsum, with two irregular rows of black spots, and light grey ventral surface. The eyes, with clear halos, extend to the dorsal surface. The foremost features of the copulatory apparatus include dorsal testes anterior to ovaries, extrabulbar prostatic vesicle with forked proximal portion, protrusible penis, male atrium with a large dorsal fold separating it from the female atrium, ovovitelline ducts ascending at the level of the gonopore, common ovovitelline duct dorsal to the distal portion of the female atrium, female canal ventro-anteriorly flexed, and female atrium with narrow lumen. Notogynaphallia fortuita sp. nov., which is about 30 mm in length, is characterized by beige ground pigmentation with tiny darker spots, cephalic region saffron yellow, and ventral surface light grey. The eyes, with small clear halos, extend to the dorsal surface. Regarding the internal anatomy, this new species shows parenchymatic musculature not organized in discrete layers, testes arising near the anterior end of the body, distal sperm ducts traversing the common muscle coat and joining in a short common sperm duct. The areas in which the land planarians were found represent the southernmost latitudes with representatives of the Interior Atlantic Forest (Paranaense Rainforest) biota, hence their biogeographical and conservation significance. Fil: Negrete, Lisandro Hector Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología Invertebrados; Argentina Fil: Díaz Gira, Rafael. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología Invertebrados; Argentina Fil: Brusa, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología Invertebrados; Argentina

Trabajo fin de máster. Defendido en 2021. Máster Universitario en Relaciones Internacionales. La llegada de Trump a la Casa Blanca se percibe con recelo desde las diversas perspectivas internacionales. Sus declaraciones durante la campaña electoral le enmarcan como el político del America First, cuyas políticas proteccionistas, aislacionistas y contra el multilateralismo determinarán sus relaciones con el resto de los países y harán tambalear los pilares del orden mundial establecido. En materia comercial, se tomarán una serie de decisiones durante su Administración que marcarán las relaciones entre el gigante estadounidense y Asia y la Unión Europea. Estas afectarán además a los acuerdos comerciales propuestos por Barack Obama durante su mandato. Abstract: The international panorama perceives Donald Trump’s victory with suspicion, as his statements during the election campaign framed him as the America First president: the principles of protectionism, isolationism, and anti-multilateralism would determine the relations the United States has with the rest of the world forces, and what is more, defy the international order. During Trump’s Administration, foreign trade policy would also change its strategy and consequently, the relations between the American country and the European Union and Asia: Obama’s trade agreements would be also affected. Ordenador con navegador de Internet ; Adobe Acrobat Reader 62 p. (Según el contador de la aplicación)

En Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, referencias obligadas en el estudio de la comunicación política, diferentes autores denuncian desde hace décadas la derivación de la praxis política de la táctica al sensacionalismo. Es decir, se admite una banalización del proceso político, que se atribuye en parte al protagonismo que tienen en el proceso comunicacional de la política los asesores de comunicación y/o estrategia, en el ámbito anglosajón conocidos como los spin doctors. Siempre adaptados al contexto social y al sistema propio de cada país, muchas de las tendencias que se han impuesto en estos países nos acaban llegando y acaban configurando también nuestra política. A nivel español, la democracia mediática se ha instalado hace años y la banalización del proceso también. Dos políticos paradigma de esta nueva política que se ha acabado imponiendo, Barack Obama y José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, protagonizaron en abril de 2009 un momento descriptivo de este contexto., In the United Kingdom and the United States, references in political communication, different authors report the migration of the political praxis, from tactic to tabloid. They admit the banalisation of the political process, which is attributed in part to the leadership that spin doctors have in the communicational process of politics. Always adapted to the social context and the own system of each country, many of the tendencies that have been imposed in these countries are arriving among us and are configuring also our politics. In Spain, democracy based on media power has been installed as well as the banalisation of the political process. Two paradigmatic politicians of this new kind of politics, Barack Obama and José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, were protagonists in April 2009 of a descriptive moment of this context.

Obama apiguara Oliveira, Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CBCCCD96-212C-4958-AE86-7CB5AE6E1653 Figs 1���5 Diagnosis A species of Obama with a dark ivory dorsum, dark tips and numerous small longitudinal black striae and a glandular fossae opening through the epidermic epithelium. The subintestinal parenchymal muscle is intermingled with the nerve plexus. The penis papilla is provided with a small intra-papillar, fingerlike papilla. A common glandular ovovitelline duct is absent. The female genital duct projects from the mid-dorsal section of the female atrium. Etymology The name, ' apiguara' (apyguara) is a Tupi (indigenous Brazilian language) word, meaning ' nasal fossae ' (Bueno 1998). It refers to the glandular fossae opening through the epidermis. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL ��� 1 adult; State of Santa Catarina, Tr��s Barras, Parque Nacional de S��o Joaquim; 28.2356�� S, 49.4988�� W; 6 Sep. 2017; F. Carbayo et al. leg.; sagittal sections of copulatory apparatus on 54 slides, transverse sections of cephalic region on 26 slides, horizontal sections of portion containing ovaries on 11 slides, sagittal sections of posterior portion containing ovaries on 23 slides, sagittal sections of pharynx region on 32 slides, transverse sections of pre-pharyngeal region on 11 slides; field number F7378; MZUSP PL2187. Type locality Tr��s Barras (Parque Nacional de S��o Joaquim), state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Description MEASUREMENTS. The holotype, preserved, is 56 mm long and 8 mm wide. BODY. Broad and flattened dorsoventrally. The body margins are nearly parallel, except the anterior 25%, and the posterior 17% of the body, which are pointed and obtuse, respectively. The dorsum is slightly convex, the ventral side flat. The color of the dorsum of the living specimen is dark ivory, pigmented and with numerous small longitudinal black striae formed by small spots. The anterior and posterior extremities, each 10���15% of body length, exhibit a black pigment. This pigment almost covers the striae (Fig. 1A). The ventral side is pastel-yellow in color, whitish in the region of the pharynx and the copulatory apparatus, and brown in both extremities (17% of the length of the body) (Fig. 1B). EYES. Single-lobed and without halos, measuring about 50 ��m in diameter. They are absent at the very anterior apex of the body (Fig. 2A) and are initially uniserial. Behind 4 mm (7% of body length from anterior tip), they are arranged in 2���3 marginal rows, which reach, on each side, approximately 0.7 mm of the total body width (1.25% of the body width). The eye distribution reaches the region of the gonopore, behind it becoming scarcer until the posterior tip of the body. The sensory pits are about 45 ��m deep, and are distributed in a single ventro-marginal row. They contour the anterior extremity of the body and are distributed along the body until 14 mm from anterior extremity (25% of body length). CREEPING SOLE. Occupies approximately 96% of the body width. The positions of the mouth and the gonopore relative to the anterior tip are about 70% and 85% of the body length, respectively. In the prepharyngeal region (Fig. 2B), the dorsal epithelium is crossed by necks of rabditogen cells, especially on the sides of the body; it is also crossed by necks of cells producing fine (1.2 ��m) cyanophil granules and by necks of scarce cells producing xanthophil and erythrophil granules, respectively. The ventral epithelium is traversed by an abundant number of necks of cells producing cyanophil granules and a low number of necks of cells producing either xanthophil or erythrophil fine granules. In the body margins, the density of gland cells slightly increases giving rise to a poorly delimited glandular margin (Fig. 2B). ANTERIOR 45% OF THE BODY. Presents a structures herein called glandular fossae. These glandular fossae are distributed irregularly in a simple or double row along the dorsal and body margins (Fig. 3). A few fossae are also found in the ventral body margins (Fig. 3E). A glandular fossa consists of a 30���70 ��m deep invagination, mostly simple (Fig. 3C), sometimes bifurcate (Fig. 3D). The invaginations are lined with a 5���15 ��m high epithelium, that is lower than surrounding body epithelium (25 ��m high). Cells of the lining epithelium are strongly erythrophil. The lumen of the fossae seem to contain red-pinkish threads and fine erythrophil granules. Necks of glands producing xanthophil secretions are located in surrounding parenchyma of the fossae, but they apparently do not discharge their secretion into the fossae but through surrounding epidermal cells. CUTANEOUS MUSCULATURE. Organized in three layers: a subepithelial layer of circular fibers, followed by a layer of double diagonal fibers and a longitudinal one with bundles composed of 32���96 fibers each. The thickness of the cutaneous musculature is 10% of the body height in the pre-pharyngeal region. The parenchymal musculature is composed of a dorsal layer of diagonal fibers, followed by a supraintestinal layer of transverse fibers and a subintestinal layer of transverse fibers extending below the nerve plate, thus intermingled with it. The main nervous system presents the shape of a plate (Fig. 2C). MOUTH. Opens at the end of the second third of the pharyngeal pouch. The pharynx is cylindrical (Fig. 4A), with the dorsal insertion posteriorly shifted. It occupies 77% of the length of the pharyngeal pouch. An esophagus is present; under its lining epithelium, there is a one-fiber-thick muscle layer followed by a layer (50 ��m) of circular fibers interspersed with longitudinal fibers. The pharynx is lined with a cuboidal, ciliated epithelium. The pharyngeal epithelium is crossed by necks of three types of gland cells producing erythrophil, cyanophil and xanthophil granules, respectively. The outer pharyngeal epithelium is lined with a longitudinal muscle (5 ��m), followed by a circular muscle (5 ��m). The inner pharyngeal epithelium is lined with a a layer (100 ��m) of circular fibers interspersed with longitudinal fibers, followed by a one-fiber-thick layer of longitudinal fibers. TESTES. Dorsal, with a round shape, the largest being about 300 ��m in diameter. They are arranged in 3���4 rows on each side of the body, starting 13 mm behind the anterior extremity of the body and reaching 20.5 mm, which corresponds to 23% and 37% of the body length, respectively. EFFERENT DUCTS. Bend upwards and forwards before ending in the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle. The prostatic vesicle is extrabulbar, elongate and exhibits an inverted-U shape in lateral view. The proximal portion of this vesicle is forked. The vesicle enters the ventro-anterior section of the penis bulb to communicate with the ejaculatory duct. The prostatic vesicle is lined with a columnar, ciliated epithelium which is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules. This epithelium is surrounded by a circular muscle (160 ��m thick), the ectal fibers of which are decussate. EJACULATORY DUCT. Meanders in the first half of its length and becomes straight in the second half. This duct crosses the center of the intrapenial papilla, and its lining epithelium is columnar (25 ��m tall) and ciliated. This epithelium is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules in its first half; in its second half, it is pierced by necks of cells producing cyanophil granules. The epithelium is surrounded by a circular muscle (30 ��m thick). PENIS PAPILLA. Larger than the male atrium and cylindrical, with its dorsal insertion slightly anterior to its ventral. It is provided with a finger-like intra-penial papilla with 600 ��m in length, which is oriented postero-dorsally (Figs 4B, 5). The epithelium of the intra-penial papilla is 5 ��m high, and crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil granules, respectively. This epithelium is underlain by a 2 ��m thick longitudinal muscle, followed by a circular muscle (6 ��m thick). This intra-penial papilla has radial muscle fibers and is provided with a sort of penis bulb constituted by crossed fibers. The large penis papilla is lined with a cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium, which is pierced by necks of abundant cells producing erythrophil granules. This epithelium is underlain by a circular muscle (15 ��m thick), followed by a longitudinal muscle (20���30 ��m thick), both layers being intermixed close to the insertions of the penis papilla. MALE ATRIUM. Large and not folded, lined with a squamous-to-cuboidal epithelium, which is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules and a low number of necks of cells producing xanthophil granules. This epithelium is underlain by a circular muscle (17.5 ��m thick), which in some areas presents intermingled longitudinal fibers. OVARIES (Fig. 2C). Ovoid, 550 ��m in length and 300 ��m in width, approximately. They are situated at a distance from the anterior extremity of the body, equivalent to 27% of the body length. The ovovitelline ducts emerge from the dorso-lateral region of the ovaries and subsequently run above the nerve plate, ventrally to the efferent ducts. At the level of the gonopore, the ovovitelline ducts bend dorsally to join the female genital duct, which is a projection of the dorso-medial wall of this atrium (Fig. 5). There is no common glandular ovovitelline duct. The distal portion of the ovovitelline ducts receives secretions from the shell glands. The female genital duct is lined with a 75 ��m high, non ciliated epithelium. This epithelium is crossed by necks of two types of cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil granules, respectively. FEMALE ATRIUM. Large and as long as the male atrium. The anterior portion of the atrium does not narrow and continues with the male atrium (Figs 4B, 5). The female atrium exhibits 2���3 lateral folds that partially occupy its lumen. It is lined with a non-ciliated epithelium, with a stratified appearance in its posterior region. Towards the anterior portion of the atrium, this epithelium passes progressively to cuboidal (30 ��m high, ventrally) or columnar (75 ��m high, dorsally), and is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules and by a low number of necks of cells producing coarse cyanophil granules. The posteriormost section of the female atrium is pierced by cells producing a xanthophil amorphous secretion. The epithelium of the atrium is underlain by a longitudinal muscle (8 ��m thick), followed by a circular muscle; fibers of both muscles are intermingled in some parts. Remarks This new species best matches Obama, since it presents the diagnostic features of this genus, with the exception of the eyes, which are only monolobate, the small intra-papillar finger-like penis papilla, and the female genital duct projecting from the dorsal side of the female atrium. Among the 39 members of Obama, only four species also display a similar dorsal color pattern consisting of longitudinal dark small dots on a light ground color, namely O. allandra Marques et al., 2018, O. nungara Carbayo et al., 2015, O. maculipunctata Rossi et al., 2015 and O. marmorata (Schultze & M��ller, 1857). Among them the striae in O. marmorata and O. nungara only form irregular longitudinal stripes as in the new species. However, in O. nungara, the irregular stripes are wider and the ground color is darker. Obama marmorata is very similar to the new species. Differences are related to the stripes, which are more evident in O. marmorata, and to the darker anterior and posterior body tips, restricted to a short body portion in O. marmorata. Among the species of Pseudogeoplana, only Ps. blanchardi (Graff, 1899) and Ps. doederleine (Shirch, 1929) somewhat resemble our species in the marbled aspect of the dorsum. However, in Ps. blanchardi, from Venezuela, the dark spots are rounded (vs striated in O. apiguara sp. nov.); in Ps. doederleine, from Rio Doce (Rio de Janeiro), the spots are absent in a midband which is ornamented with four brownish thin longitudinal stripes (vs absent in Obama apiguara sp. nov.). Regarding internal morphology, the copulatory apparatus of Obama apiguara sp. nov. resembles that of O. applanata (Graff, 1899) and O. carrierei (sensu Marcus, 1951) in that the latter species present a structure similar to an intra-penial papilla as in the new species (see Marcus 1951: fig. 169; Froehlich 1956: fig. 2). However, O. applanata and O. carreirei differ from the new species in the following aspects: they a) present the dorsal insertion of the penis papilla shifted posteriorly (vs anteriorly in the new species); b) possess a common glandular ovovitelline duct (vs absent in Obama apiguara sp. nov.); and c) their female genital duct projects from the posterior (O. carreirei) or postero-dorsal aspect (O. applanata) of the female atrium (vs dorsal). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the new species is the only land planarian having glandular fossae opening through epidermis. Distribution Only known from the type locality., Published as part of Oliveira, Karine Gobetti de, Bolonhezi, Laura Bianco, Almeida, Ana Laura, Lago-Barcia, Domingo & Carbayo, Fernando, 2020, Three new Neotropical species and a new genus of land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplaninae), pp. 1-21 in European Journal of Taxonomy 705 on pages 3-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.705, http://zenodo.org/record/3994469, {"references":["Bueno F. S. 1998. Vocabulario tupi-guarani portugues. Efeta Editora, Sao Paulo.","Marcus E. 1951. Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia 6: 5 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1951.125221.","Froehlich C. G. 1956. Tricladida Terricola das regiies de Teresopolis e Ubatuba. Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia 12 (16): 313 - 344."]}

Obama apiguara Oliveira, Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CBCCCD96-212C-4958-AE86-7CB5AE6E1653 Figs 1–5 Diagnosis A species of Obama with a dark ivory dorsum, dark tips and numerous small longitudinal black striae and a glandular fossae opening through the epidermic epithelium. The subintestinal parenchymal muscle is intermingled with the nerve plexus. The penis papilla is provided with a small intra-papillar, fingerlike papilla. A common glandular ovovitelline duct is absent. The female genital duct projects from the mid-dorsal section of the female atrium. Etymology The name, ' apiguara' (apyguara) is a Tupi (indigenous Brazilian language) word, meaning ' nasal fossae ' (Bueno 1998). It refers to the glandular fossae opening through the epidermis. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL • 1 adult; State of Santa Catarina, Três Barras, Parque Nacional de São Joaquim; 28.2356° S, 49.4988° W; 6 Sep. 2017; F. Carbayo et al. leg.; sagittal sections of copulatory apparatus on 54 slides, transverse sections of cephalic region on 26 slides, horizontal sections of portion containing ovaries on 11 slides, sagittal sections of posterior portion containing ovaries on 23 slides, sagittal sections of pharynx region on 32 slides, transverse sections of pre-pharyngeal region on 11 slides; field number F7378; MZUSP PL2187. Type locality Três Barras (Parque Nacional de São Joaquim), state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Description MEASUREMENTS. The holotype, preserved, is 56 mm long and 8 mm wide. BODY. Broad and flattened dorsoventrally. The body margins are nearly parallel, except the anterior 25%, and the posterior 17% of the body, which are pointed and obtuse, respectively. The dorsum is slightly convex, the ventral side flat. The color of the dorsum of the living specimen is dark ivory, pigmented and with numerous small longitudinal black striae formed by small spots. The anterior and posterior extremities, each 10–15% of body length, exhibit a black pigment. This pigment almost covers the striae (Fig. 1A). The ventral side is pastel-yellow in color, whitish in the region of the pharynx and the copulatory apparatus, and brown in both extremities (17% of the length of the body) (Fig. 1B). EYES. Single-lobed and without halos, measuring about 50 μm in diameter. They are absent at the very anterior apex of the body (Fig. 2A) and are initially uniserial. Behind 4 mm (7% of body length from anterior tip), they are arranged in 2–3 marginal rows, which reach, on each side, approximately 0.7 mm of the total body width (1.25% of the body width). The eye distribution reaches the region of the gonopore, behind it becoming scarcer until the posterior tip of the body. The sensory pits are about 45 μm deep, and are distributed in a single ventro-marginal row. They contour the anterior extremity of the body and are distributed along the body until 14 mm from anterior extremity (25% of body length). CREEPING SOLE. Occupies approximately 96% of the body width. The positions of the mouth and the gonopore relative to the anterior tip are about 70% and 85% of the body length, respectively. In the prepharyngeal region (Fig. 2B), the dorsal epithelium is crossed by necks of rabditogen cells, especially on the sides of the body; it is also crossed by necks of cells producing fine (1.2 µm) cyanophil granules and by necks of scarce cells producing xanthophil and erythrophil granules, respectively. The ventral epithelium is traversed by an abundant number of necks of cells producing cyanophil granules and a low number of necks of cells producing either xanthophil or erythrophil fine granules. In the body margins, the density of gland cells slightly increases giving rise to a poorly delimited glandular margin (Fig. 2B). ANTERIOR 45% OF THE BODY. Presents a structures herein called glandular fossae. These glandular fossae are distributed irregularly in a simple or double row along the dorsal and body margins (Fig. 3). A few fossae are also found in the ventral body margins (Fig. 3E). A glandular fossa consists of a 30–70 µm deep invagination, mostly simple (Fig. 3C), sometimes bifurcate (Fig. 3D). The invaginations are lined with a 5–15 µm high epithelium, that is lower than surrounding body epithelium (25 µm high). Cells of the lining epithelium are strongly erythrophil. The lumen of the fossae seem to contain red-pinkish threads and fine erythrophil granules. Necks of glands producing xanthophil secretions are located in surrounding parenchyma of the fossae, but they apparently do not discharge their secretion into the fossae but through surrounding epidermal cells. CUTANEOUS MUSCULATURE. Organized in three layers: a subepithelial layer of circular fibers, followed by a layer of double diagonal fibers and a longitudinal one with bundles composed of 32–96 fibers each. The thickness of the cutaneous musculature is 10% of the body height in the pre-pharyngeal region. The parenchymal musculature is composed of a dorsal layer of diagonal fibers, followed by a supraintestinal layer of transverse fibers and a subintestinal layer of transverse fibers extending below the nerve plate, thus intermingled with it. The main nervous system presents the shape of a plate (Fig. 2C). MOUTH. Opens at the end of the second third of the pharyngeal pouch. The pharynx is cylindrical (Fig. 4A), with the dorsal insertion posteriorly shifted. It occupies 77% of the length of the pharyngeal pouch. An esophagus is present; under its lining epithelium, there is a one-fiber-thick muscle layer followed by a layer (50 µm) of circular fibers interspersed with longitudinal fibers. The pharynx is lined with a cuboidal, ciliated epithelium. The pharyngeal epithelium is crossed by necks of three types of gland cells producing erythrophil, cyanophil and xanthophil granules, respectively. The outer pharyngeal epithelium is lined with a longitudinal muscle (5 µm), followed by a circular muscle (5 µm). The inner pharyngeal epithelium is lined with a a layer (100 µm) of circular fibers interspersed with longitudinal fibers, followed by a one-fiber-thick layer of longitudinal fibers. TESTES. Dorsal, with a round shape, the largest being about 300 µm in diameter. They are arranged in 3–4 rows on each side of the body, starting 13 mm behind the anterior extremity of the body and reaching 20.5 mm, which corresponds to 23% and 37% of the body length, respectively. EFFERENT DUCTS. Bend upwards and forwards before ending in the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle. The prostatic vesicle is extrabulbar, elongate and exhibits an inverted-U shape in lateral view. The proximal portion of this vesicle is forked. The vesicle enters the ventro-anterior section of the penis bulb to communicate with the ejaculatory duct. The prostatic vesicle is lined with a columnar, ciliated epithelium which is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules. This epithelium is surrounded by a circular muscle (160 µm thick), the ectal fibers of which are decussate. EJACULATORY DUCT. Meanders in the first half of its length and becomes straight in the second half. This duct crosses the center of the intrapenial papilla, and its lining epithelium is columnar (25 µm tall) and ciliated. This epithelium is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules in its first half; in its second half, it is pierced by necks of cells producing cyanophil granules. The epithelium is surrounded by a circular muscle (30 µm thick). PENIS PAPILLA. Larger than the male atrium and cylindrical, with its dorsal insertion slightly anterior to its ventral. It is provided with a finger-like intra-penial papilla with 600 µm in length, which is oriented postero-dorsally (Figs 4B, 5). The epithelium of the intra-penial papilla is 5 µm high, and crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil granules, respectively. This epithelium is underlain by a 2 µm thick longitudinal muscle, followed by a circular muscle (6 µm thick). This intra-penial papilla has radial muscle fibers and is provided with a sort of penis bulb constituted by crossed fibers. The large penis papilla is lined with a cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium, which is pierced by necks of abundant cells producing erythrophil granules. This epithelium is underlain by a circular muscle (15 µm thick), followed by a longitudinal muscle (20–30 µm thick), both layers being intermixed close to the insertions of the penis papilla. MALE ATRIUM. Large and not folded, lined with a squamous-to-cuboidal epithelium, which is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules and a low number of necks of cells producing xanthophil granules. This epithelium is underlain by a circular muscle (17.5 µm thick), which in some areas presents intermingled longitudinal fibers. OVARIES (Fig. 2C). Ovoid, 550 µm in length and 300 µm in width, approximately. They are situated at a distance from the anterior extremity of the body, equivalent to 27% of the body length. The ovovitelline ducts emerge from the dorso-lateral region of the ovaries and subsequently run above the nerve plate, ventrally to the efferent ducts. At the level of the gonopore, the ovovitelline ducts bend dorsally to join the female genital duct, which is a projection of the dorso-medial wall of this atrium (Fig. 5). There is no common glandular ovovitelline duct. The distal portion of the ovovitelline ducts receives secretions from the shell glands. The female genital duct is lined with a 75 µm high, non ciliated epithelium. This epithelium is crossed by necks of two types of cells producing erythrophil and cyanophil granules, respectively. FEMALE ATRIUM. Large and as long as the male atrium. The anterior portion of the atrium does not narrow and continues with the male atrium (Figs 4B, 5). The female atrium exhibits 2–3 lateral folds that partially occupy its lumen. It is lined with a non-ciliated epithelium, with a stratified appearance in its posterior region. Towards the anterior portion of the atrium, this epithelium passes progressively to cuboidal (30 µm high, ventrally) or columnar (75 µm high, dorsally), and is crossed by necks of cells producing erythrophil granules and by a low number of necks of cells producing coarse cyanophil granules. The posteriormost section of the female atrium is pierced by cells producing a xanthophil amorphous secretion. The epithelium of the atrium is underlain by a longitudinal muscle (8 µm thick), followed by a circular muscle; fibers of both muscles are intermingled in some parts. Remarks This new species best matches Obama, since it presents the diagnostic features of this genus, with the exception of the eyes, which are only monolobate, the small intra-papillar finger-like penis papilla, and the female genital duct projecting from the dorsal side of the female atrium. Among the 39 members of Obama, only four species also display a similar dorsal color pattern consisting of longitudinal dark small dots on a light ground color, namely O. allandra Marques et al., 2018, O. nungara Carbayo et al., 2015, O. maculipunctata Rossi et al., 2015 and O. marmorata (Schultze & M̹ller, 1857). Among them the striae in O. marmorata and O. nungara only form irregular longitudinal stripes as in the new species. However, in O. nungara, the irregular stripes are wider and the ground color is darker. Obama marmorata is very similar to the new species. Differences are related to the stripes, which are more evident in O. marmorata, and to the darker anterior and posterior body tips, restricted to a short body portion in O. marmorata. Among the species of Pseudogeoplana, only Ps. blanchardi (Graff, 1899) and Ps. doederleine (Shirch, 1929) somewhat resemble our species in the marbled aspect of the dorsum. However, in Ps. blanchardi, from Venezuela, the dark spots are rounded (vs striated in O. apiguara sp. nov.); in Ps. doederleine, from Rio Doce (Rio de Janeiro), the spots are absent in a midband which is ornamented with four brownish thin longitudinal stripes (vs absent in Obama apiguara sp. nov.). Regarding internal morphology, the copulatory apparatus of Obama apiguara sp. nov. resembles that of O. applanata (Graff, 1899) and O. carrierei (sensu Marcus, 1951) in that the latter species present a structure similar to an intra-penial papilla as in the new species (see Marcus 1951: fig. 169; Froehlich 1956: fig. 2). However, O. applanata and O. carreirei differ from the new species in the following aspects: they a) present the dorsal insertion of the penis papilla shifted posteriorly (vs anteriorly in the new species); b) possess a common glandular ovovitelline duct (vs absent in Obama apiguara sp. nov.); and c) their female genital duct projects from the posterior (O. carreirei) or postero-dorsal aspect (O. applanata) of the female atrium (vs dorsal). In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the new species is the only land planarian having glandular fossae opening through epidermis. Distribution Only known from the type locality.

America's founding fathers designed the Constitution as a malleable contract for governance, envisioning a republic with a struggle among co-equal actors that would serve to constrain and channel the struggle for power. The problem this study was designed to address is that presidents have used executive orders (EOs) when legislation is too difficult to pass due to divided party government, or when making sweeping changes to executive departments or agencies that historically required congressional approval. The purpose of this analysis was to explore whether a contemporary Democratic president are more likely than a Republican to use the EO as a unilateral strategy to pursue domestic/economic policy objectives during times of divided party government. This study compared the use of executive orders under divided government by Republican President Ronald Reagan and Democratic President Barack Obama, examining three EOs issued by each. Reagan and Obama viewed government differently. President Obama saw government as a solution to problems and President Reagan saw government as a source of problems. From this, I inferred that Democrats would be more likely than Republicans to favor federal government intervention in domestic/economic policy. Yet, though both presidents had different agendas and approaches, they both used the EO as a unilateral strategy under divided government. This may reflect that presidents understand that many in the public hold the president accountable for the economic performance of the United States, and economic wellbeing may lead to reelection of a president. Master of Arts America's founding fathers designed the Constitution as a flexible contract for control, imagining a republic with a struggle among co-equal actors that would serve to limit and guide the struggle for power. The problem this study was designed to address is that presidents have used executive orders (EOs) when laws were too difficult to pass due to divided party government, or when making far-reaching changes to departments or agencies that usually need congressional approval. The purpose of this study was to gain more insight as to whether a Democratic president was more likely than a Republican president to use executive orders to pursue domestic/economic policy goals when different parties controlled Congress and the presidency. The study examined the use of executive orders by Republican President Ronald Reagan and Democratic President Barack Obama under divided government, looking in depth at three executive orders each President issued. Reagan saw government as a source of problems and Obama saw government as a source of solutions. This led to the expectation that Democratic President Obama might use domestic/economic intervention by the federal government more often than Republican President Reagan would. Yet, although both presidents had different plans and methods, they used the executive order similarly during times of divided government. This likely reflects that presidents -- regardless of party -- understand that many in the public hold the president accountable for the economic performance of the United States, and economic wellbeing may lead to reelection of a president.

6 meses de bolsa pelo INCT-INEU. CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior O panorama imigratório nos Estados Unidos se mostra cada vez menos favorável ao imigrante. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral analisar a atuação dos governos estaduais que implementam políticas e direcionamentos pró-imigração, denominados de santuário, no período de 2009 a 2019, passando pela administração de Obama e Trump. Assim, a problemática aqui trabalhada visa entender especificamente qual é o papel dos estados-santuário na atual conjuntura dos EUA, bem como se existe padrão motivacional que incentive a adoção desse comportamento. A partir de estudos acerca das particularidades do federalismo estadunidense e de federalismo imigratório, identifica-se a existência de um espaço de abertura para um maior ativismo desses atores, o qual vem se intensificando nos últimos anos. Em relação às hipóteses, em primeiro lugar, argumenta-se que, desde o início do governo Trump, os estados-santuário formaram uma frente de resistência à aplicação e desenvolvimento da política imigratória restritiva conduzida em nível federal. Em segundo lugar, considera-se que a atuação desses encontra forte motivação no fator político-partidário, mas que as conjunturas internas e a relevância da imigração para os estados em si se mostra tão importante quanto. De forma a realizar tal pesquisa qualitativa, utilizou-se do método hipotético-dedutivo e de um mapeamento comparativo entre as conjunturas internas aos atuais estados-santuário. Por fim, essa análise permite identificar a atual realidade estadunidense no que tange ao relacionamento entre os governos federal e subnacionais, principalmente no sentido de compreender as causas do ativismo estadual bem como os mecanismos utilizados por estes atores. The immigration landscape in the United States is becoming less favorable to the immigrant. In this sense, the purpose of this research aims to analyze the performance of states governments that implement pro-immigration policies and guidelines, the so-called sanctuary, from 2009 to 2019, through the administration of Obama and Trump. Thus, the two problems addressed here aim to understand the role of sanctuary states in the current US conjuncture, as well as if there is a motivational pattern that encourages the adoption of this behavior. From studies about the particularities of US federalism and immigration federalism, we identify the existence of an openness for greater activism of these actors, which has been intensifying in recent years. Concerning the hypotheses, it is firstly argued that since the beginning of the Trump administration, sanctuary states have formed a resistance to the application and development of restrictive immigration policy conducted at the federal level. Secondly, it is considered that their actions are strongly motivated by the partisan political factor, but that the internal conjunctures and the relevance of immigration to the states themselves are just as important. In order to carry out this qualitative research, it was used the hypothetico-deductive method and a comparative mapping between the internal conjunctures within the current sanctuary states. Finally, this analysis allows us to identify the current US reality regarding the relationship between federal and subnational governments, especially in order to understand how the causes of this activism and the instruments utilized by them. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Three new Neotropical land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplaninae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest are described. Obama apiguara Oliveira, Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov. presents glandular fossae opening through dorsal epithelium, a structure not documented previously among land flatworms. Paraba tata Bolonhezi, Lago-Barcia & Carbayo sp. nov., is characterized by a prostatic vesicle horizontal with an inconspicuous bifurcate portion, a penis papilla as long as male atrium and a female genital duct projected from the postero-dorsal section of the female atrium. The third new species is distinctive in the extraordinarily thick muscle surrounding the prostatic vesicle, a finger-shaped penis papilla, and a dilated female genital cavity. These attributes stands the species apart from all members of Geoplaninae and Piima ata Carbayo gen. et sp. nov. is proposed.

Las relaciones entre Estados Unidos e Irán han cambiado significativamente entre la administración del presidente Obama y el actual presidente Trump. Durante el período de Barack Obama, hubo primero un acercamiento fallido antes del acceso a la presidencia de Hassan Rouhani en 2013, y después, finalmente, se llegó al acuerdo nuclear de 2015. El mandato presidencial de Trump ha estado marcado por un endurecimiento de posiciones que llevó finalmente en agosto de 2018 a la reimposición de sanciones como parte de una estrategia de contención y debilitación de Irán. Estos cambios no pueden ser entendidos sin observar el rol jugado por dos aliados tradicionales de Estados Unidos, Israel y Arabia Saudí, su oposición al acuerdo nuclear y su apoyo a la nueva línea política norteamericana desde enero de 2017.

espanolEl articulo desarrolla la narrativa de la evolucion de los aspectos centrales de las estrategias de “Pivot to Asia”, despues de Reequilibrio y finalmente de Libre y Abierto Indico-Pacifico implementadas o en curso de implementacion durante las presidencias de Barack Obama y Donald Trump, tratando de explicar sus disenos, deficiencias, cambios, contradicciones, dificultades de puesta en practica y resultados. El articulo hace un recorrido amplio de lo acontecido en los ultimos anos y sostiene que las dos administraciones del presidente Barack Obama, en especial la segunda, no tomaron en consideracion con propiedad todos los elementos del poder estadounidense, permitiendo que se rompiera un statu quo que se habia mantenido en la seguridad de Asia-Pacifico y, de forma peculiar, en el campo economico, no afrontando adecuadamente el desequilibrio comercial, las practicas y restricciones y el desafio economico de China. Una vez roto el statu quo, la nueva estrategia que trata de implementar el presidente Donald Trump adolece tambien de importantes limitaciones. EnglishThe article presents a narrative of the evolution of the central aspects of the strategies "Pivot to Asia”, Rebalance and finally of the Free and Open Indo-Pacific, implemented or in the course of implementation during the presidencies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, trying to explain their flawed designs, changes, contradictions, difficulties of putting into practice and results. The article argues that the two administrations of president Barack Obama, especially the second, did not take properly into account all the elements of the US power, allowing the brake up of the statu quo existing in Asia since the end of the Cold War, and not addressing appropriately China's trade imbalance, its irregular practises, restrictions and its economic challenge. Once the statu quo was broken, the new strategy that president Donald Trump is trying to implement also suffers from important constraints.

This study aims to reveal how a single reality, i.e., terrorism, is presented and viewed by US officials. The corpus of the current study is US President Barack Obamas speeches from 2011 to 2015. The approach used in this study to detect discursive structures within the transcripts of the American officials speeches and discover the ideologies underlying them is Van Dijks (2004) as well as a content-based analysis method. As far as the analysis the data is concerned, the macro strategies of positive self-representation and negative other- representation are useful to evaluate attitudes and opinions on the one hand, that is, Obama has applied polarization, victimization, actor description, national self-glorification, presupposition, lexicalization, and actor description among other strategies in his speeches. On the other hand, the findings prove that Obamas impressions of terrorism versus terrorists and states versus people are changing from 2011 to 2015. The findings of the present study is hoped to be useful for both critical discourse analysts and political activists.

The article reveals the contemporary state of Saudi-U. S. relations with reference to the growing tensions in the Middle East region, mainly Yemeni civil war. The focus is on American authorities’ response to an ineffective and bloody military campaign in Yemen led by Saudi Arabia and coalition forces. In the meantime, the article reveals the background and main causes of the civil war. Authors hold thesis on the fact that initial support of Saudi Arabia by the United States was driven by their aspiration to soften Saudi resentment towards nuclear deal with Iran. Authors also insist on the fact that since the end of 2016 more and more American politics declaim against the observance of the previously closed arms deal and condemn Saudi Arabia’s abusive fighting methods on the foreign territory. In attempts to explore scale, depth and perspective of the seeming split between the two countries authors take into account soundness of the bilateral relationships between U. S. and Saudi Arabia, huge interconnection of their economic interests and regional strategic priorities. In that context authors suggest the high probability of overcoming the existing discord in Saudi-U. S. relations under the new President of the United States - Donald Trump.

The goal of this thesis is to explain Cuba’s ability to maintain its autonomy against a large state actor, in this case, the United States. Since the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the United States has pursued the goal of regime change in Cuba, replacing the country’s socialist system with a liberal democratic and capitalist model. U.S. policy has consistently applied economic and political isolation to pressure Cuba to change from autocracy to democracy. Nonetheless, Cuba has successfully defended the regime’s interests and remains a sovereign state recognized by the international community. This thesis argues Cuba has resisted U.S. pressures by using a total defense approach that spans across three areas: civilian support for the regime, a professional military, and international engagement. It is important to note that although the United States continues to pressure Cuba to change its system, the two countries have cooperated in the past when the United States liberalized its foreign policies. As a result, this thesis suggests the goal of isolating Cuba may be less successful than economic and diplomatic engagement, a lesson that could be applied to other non-democratic countries. http://archive.org/details/cubasresiliencet1094564030 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Why does the United States continue to threaten NATO cohesion while pressuring the Federal Republic of Germany to increase its military strength and capabilities? Discord is highly evident among U.S. policy, words, and actions in what appears to be a burden-shifting problem. This thesis attempts to achieve three goals: (1) to assess whether the president fits best against the rational actor, bureaucratic politics, or organizational process theory; (2) whether the president is burden-sharing, burden-shifting, or potentially even free-riding; and (3) how the president's rhetoric, actions, and policy differences impact foreign policy execution. Hypothesis testing compares and contrasts competing models of foreign policy behavior and applies them to the real-life behavior of the United States between January 2014 and August 2019. http://archive.org/details/usgermandefenseb1094563460 Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The article presents a brief overview of India-U.S. relations during the period of Narendra Modi’s government and Barack Obama’s administration. The author analyzes the dynamics of cooperation development after the victory of Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Parliamentary elections in India and studies the key directions of bilateral agenda. The current condition of India-U.S. strategic dialogue and the influence of human rights issues on the countries’ cooperation are characterized. Since 2014 the states’ cooperation has been growing rapidly. The bilateral investment, trade and economic interdependence have significantly increased. Some experts and mass media note that Barack Obama and Narendra Modi are having friendly relations. From a different angle, a number of agreements between countries still remain unaccomplished. For instance, the U.S. support for India’s permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, its accession to APEC and the implementation of nuclear deal have yet to be turned into achievement. Together with strengthening the bilateral strategic dialogue, the U.S. has intensified the criticism of India’s human rights record. The main part of it includes the cases of religious intolerance, which are observed in the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom reports and the remarks given by U.S. lawmakers and official representatives, including the Ambassador to India. Washington’s careful attention to the human rights issues and religious violence in particular is one of the major irritants in the U.S.-India relations. The engagement of Indian Americans in the local U.S. politics and their lobbying efforts in the context of U.S.-India relations are revealed. The author outlines the near-terms perspectives of bilateral cooperation.

Obama tribalis sp. nov. Etymology: The specific name, frOm latin tribālis (tribal), refers tO the dOrsal pigmentatiOn which resembles the crOssed stripes pattern Of the tribal style drawings. Type-material. Holotype: MZUSP PL.2140: leg. E. FederOlf, 30 June 2013, Gravataí, state Of RiO Grande dO Sul, Brazil—anteriOr tip: transverse sectiOns On 7 slides; anteriOr regiOn at the level Of the Ovaries: sagittal sectiOns On 42 slides; pre-pharyngeal regiOn: transverse sectiOns On 26 slides; cOpulatOry apparatus: sagittal sectiOns On 43 slides. Paratypes: MZU PL.00287: leg. E. FederOlf, 30 June 2013, Gravataí, state Of RiO Grande dO Sul, Brazil—anteriOr tip: transverse sectiOns On 13 slides; anteriOr regiOn at the level Of the Ovaries: sagittal sectiOns On 10 slides; pre-pharyngeal regiOn: transverse sectiOns On 4 slides; pharynx and cOpulatOry apparatus: sagittal sectiOns On 23 slides. MZU PL.00288: leg. E. FederOlf, 30 June 2013, Gravataí, state Of RiO Grande dO Sul, Brazil—cOpulatOry apparatus: hOrizOntal sectiOns On 12 slides. Diagnosis: species Of Obama with dOrsal grOund cOlOur yellOwish cOvered by irregular flecks, mOre cOncentrated laterally; pharynx cylindrical; prOstatic vesicle with twO pOrtiOns, prOximal pOrtiOn fOrked and glObOse and distal pOrtiOn funnel-shaped; penis papilla lOng, cOnical and symmetrical; male and female atria with slightly fOlded walls, and with ample cOmmunicatiOn. Molecular diagnosis: this species includes all pOpulatiOns that cluster with sequences Of specimens included in this study (GenBank accessiOn numbers MH378885–MH378886) with significant suppOrt in an adequate mOlecular delimitatiOn mOdel. Type-locality. Gravataí, RiO Grande dO Sul (RS), Brazil. Distribution: knOwn Only frOm the type-lOcality, Gravataí, RS, Brazil. Description. External features. BOdy fOliaceOus and dOrsal surface slightly cOnvex; anteriOr and pOsteriOr tips rOunded (Fig. 21). When creeping, maximum length 33 mm. After fixatiOn, maximum length 23 mm. MOuth at third-fOurth Of bOdy and gOnOpOre at pOsteriOr fOurth Of bOdy, in mOst specimens (Table 3). Live specimens with dOrsal grOund cOlOur yellOwish, cOvered by greyish pigmentatiOn in cephalic regiOn (Fig. 21). Blackish pigmentatiOn cOntOurs cephalic regiOn and cOnstitutes irregular flecks Over dOrsal surface, mOre cOncentrated laterally, sOmetimes fOrming a pattern that resembles crOssed stripes at sOme pOints (Figs. 21–23). Median regiOn Of dOrsal surface almOst withOut flecks. Paratype MZU PL. 0 0 287 with mOre abundant Overlaying black pigmentatiOn than hOlOtype (Fig. 22); paratype MZU PL. 0 0 288 with very few irregular flecks Over dOrsal surface (Fig. 21). Ventral surface greyish with yellOwish margins. After fixatiOn, dOrsal grOund cOlOur fades. Eyes, initially mOnOlObate and uniserial, surrOund anteriOr tip (Figs. 24–25). After first millimetre Of bOdy, eyes becOme larger and spread OntO dOrsal surface, Occupying maximum width Of abOut One-third Of bOdy width On either side Of bOdy. Eyes becOme trilObate after One-fifth Of bOdy length and remain dOrsal, but less numerOus tOwards pOsteriOr tip (Fig. 24). IncOnspicuOus clear halOs may Occur arOund dOrsal eyes (Fig. 26). Diameter Of pigment cups abOut 30 µm. Sensory organs, epidermis and body musculature. SensOry pits (Figs. 27–28), as simple invaginatiOns (20–40 µm deep), cOntOur anteriOr tip and Occur ventrOmarginally in irregular, single rOw in anteriOr third Of bOdy. Glands Of three types discharge thrOugh whOle epidermis Of pre-pharyngeal regiOn: rhabditOgen cells with xanthOphil secretiOn (scarcer ventrally and with smaller rhabdites), cyanOphil glands with finely granular secretiOn (Figs. 31–32) and sparser xanthOphil glands with finely granular secretiOn. Creeping sOle Occupies whOle bOdy width. Glands Of at least fOur types cOnstitute the incOnspicuOus glandular margin (Figs. 29, 30), which is nOticeable after first millimetre Of bOdy: numerOus xanthOphil glands and sparser cyanOphil glands, bOth with cOarse granular secretiOns, besides xanthOphil and cyanOphil glands with fine granules. Glands discharging thrOugh anteriOr tip Of bOdy similar tO thOse Of pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Figs. 27–28). CutaneOus musculature with usual three layers (circular, Oblique and lOngitudinal layers); lOngitudinal layer with thick bundles (Figs. 29–32). Thickness Of cutaneOus musculature twO times that Of epidermis (Table 4). Ventral musculature slightly thicker than dOrsal at sagittal plane in pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Table 4). Thickness Of cutaneOus musculature gradually diminishes tOwards bOdy margins and anteriOr tip. Mesenchymal musculature (Figs. 29, 31–32) well develOped, mainly cOmpOsed Of three layers: (1) dOrsal subcutaneOus, with decussate fibres (abOut 5–7 fibres thick), (2) supra-intestinal transverse (abOut 7–9 fibres thick) and (3) sub-intestinal transverse (abOut 7–13 fibres thick), besides fibres in variOus directiOns. Mesenchymal musculature less develOped in anteriOr regiOn than in pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Fig. 27). Pharynx. Pharynx cylindrical, nearly 7% Of bOdy length, Occupies mOst Of the pharyngeal pOuch (Fig. 33). Pharyngeal insertiOns almOst at same transversal level. MOuth lOcated clOse tO end Of pharyngeal pOuch (Fig. 33). OesOphagus shOrt, with fOlded walls. OesOphagus: pharynx ratiO 11–13%. Reproductive organs. Testes in three irregular rOws On either side Of bOdy, lOcated beneath dOrsal transverse mesenchymal muscles, between intestinal branches (Figs. 29, 31), begin slightly anteriOrly tO Ovaries, in anteriOr third Of bOdy, and extend tO near rOOt Of pharynx (Table 3). Sperm ducts dOrsal tO OvOvitelline ducts, under Or amOng fibres Of sub-intestinal transverse mesenchymal musculature, in pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Fig. 32). Spermiducal vesicles, lOcated pOsteriOrly tO pharynx, enter laterally intO prOximal pOrtiOn Of prOstatic vesicle (Figs. 35–36). PrOstatic vesicle, extrabulbar, lOcated near cOmmOn muscle cOat, with twO pOrtiOns. PrOximal pOrtiOn fOrked and glObOse (Figs. 36, 38–39), being clOser tO ventral epidermis than tO dOrsal epidermis (hOlOtype and paratype MZU PL. 00288) Or equally distant tO bOth epidermis (paratype MZU PL. 00287). Distal pOrtiOn pear-shaped (Figs. 35–36). EjaculatOry duct almOst straight, Opening at tip Of penis papilla (Figs. 35–36, 40). Male atrium with slightly fOlded walls. Penis papilla lOng (Table 3), cOnical and symmetrical, sOmetimes prOjecting intO distal pOrtiOn Of female atrium (Figs. 35–38, 40). Glands Opening intO the prOstatic vesicle Of twO types: abundant glands with amOrphOus cyanOphil secretiOn and scarcer glands with finely granular erythrOphil secretiOn (Figs. 38–39); thOse Opening intO ejaculatOry duct with amOrphOus cyanOphil secretiOn. Glands Opening thrOugh the penis papilla and epithelial lining Of male atrium Of three types. Abundant glands with finely granular erythrOphil secretiOn, as well as glands with amOrphOus cyanOphil secretiOn (Figs. 37–40), besides a third type Of gland with xanthOphil secretiOn. The latter usually is finely granular, but changes tO a cOarse granular secretiOn when Opens clOse tO the dOrsal insertiOn Of penis papilla. Muscularis Of the penis papilla and male atrium mainly cOmprised Of circular fibres mixed with sOme lOngitudinal fibres. Vitelline fOllicles (Figs. 29, 31–32, 34) well develOped in all specimens analysed, situated between intestinal branches. Ovaries Oval-elOngate, apprOximately three times lOnger than wide (0.2 mm in its lateral axis), dOrsal tO ventral nerve plate, in anteriOr fOurth Of bOdy (Fig. 34, Table 3). OvOvitelline ducts emerge dOrsally frOm median third Of Ovaries (Fig. 34) and run pOsteriOrly abOve nerve plate, amOng fibres Of sub-intestinal transverse mesenchymal musculature (Fig. 32). Ascending pOrtiOn Of OvOvitelline ducts lOcated lateral tO female atrium (Fig. 35). COmmOn glandular OvOvitelline duct shOrt, lOcated dOrsally tO pOsteriOr third Of female atrium (Figs. 35–37, 41). Female genital duct dOrsO-anteriOrly curved. Female atrium OvOid, shOwing fOlds that narrOw its lumen (Figs. 37, 41), almOst as lOng as male atrium, excepting in paratype MZU PL. 0 0 288 (Table 3). COmmOn muscle cOat pOOrly develOped, with circular, lOngitudinal and Oblique fibres, thicker arOund male atrium than arOund female atrium. Male and female atria with ample cOmmunicatiOn, withOut separating fOlds (Figs. 35–38). GOnOduct vertical at sagittal plane (Figs. 35, 37). Molecular results and phylogenetic analyses. The results frOm the cOmparisOn Of species Of Obama, including sequences dOwnlOaded frOm NCBI, shOwed that the genetic distances are highly divergent amOng specimens. In general, the mean intraspecific variatiOns ranged frOm 0% tO 2.1%, except fOr O. braunsi (2.8%), O. baptistae (4.3%), O. carinata (6.5%) and O. eudoximariae (8.7%). Meanwhile, the mean interspecific divergences vary between> 6% tO Obama allandra vs. Obama tribalis) was larger than 7% (mean 7.6%), as high as the Other interspecific divergences. Maximum likelihOOd (RAxML) and Bayesian (MrBayes) phylOgenetic trees, which were cOnstructed based On the partial sequences Of the COI gene, shOw a cOmparable tOpOlOgy (Figs. 42, 43). BOth analyses resulted in similar, highly suppOrted trees (bOOtstrap> 90% and P> 0.95), recOvering the mOnOphyly fOr the currently recOgnized species Of Obama herein analysed (Figs. 42, 43). All phylOgenetic analyses shOwed a sister relatiOnship between bOth new species herein described and O. maculipunctata, which Occurs in areas Of Araucaria FOrest in sOuthern Brazil (ROssi et al. 2015). Accession numbers in GenBank: A (MH378881, MH378882, MH378883, MH37888); B (MH378885, MH378886); C (KP962485.1, KP962481.1, KP962488.1, KP962480.1, KP962454.1, KP962459.1, KP962449.1, KP962448.1, KP962452.1); D (KP962377.1, KP962378.1, KP962354.1, KP962356.1, KP962355.1, KP962373.1, KP962371.1);); E (KT250622.1, KT250623.1); F (KU564135.1, KU564134.1, KU564133.1); G (KU564157.1, KU564214.1); H (KU564163.1, KU564161.1); I (KU564149.1, KU564147.1, KU564145.1, KU564140.1, KU564148.1, KU564138.1, KU564146.1, KU564151.1); J (KU564119.1, KU564118.1); L (KU56413.1, KU56413.1, KU56413.1, KU56412.1); M (KU564152.1); N (KU564126.1); O (KU56415.1, KU564213.1); P (KU564159.1); Q (KT932833.1, KT932832.1); R (KC608318.1, KC608317.1); S (KC60825.1, KC60826.1); T (KP962391.1, KP962387.1, KP962386.1, KP962385.1, KP962390.1); U (KC608246.1, KC608254.1); V (KC608323.1, KC608324.1); W (KM053223.1, KM053214.1; KT714108.1, KT714107.1); X (KC608307.1, KC608304.1); Y (KT250629.1, KT250626.1). * Only one specimen. Notes on ecology and distribution. During inventOries Of land flatwOrms in areas Of Araucaria mOist fOrest lOcated in the states Of Paraná and Santa Catarina, in sOuth Brazil, Obama allandra was fOund Only in its typelOcality, the Araucaria Natural Heritage Private Reserve, state Of Paraná, in a site shOwing an initial stage Of regeneratiOn with pOOrly develOped understOrey (ROssi & Leal-Zanchet 2017). The species shOwed mOderate abundance during bOth day and night samplings between May 2014 and July 2015. Obama tribalis Occurs in an unprOtected, private area belOnging tO an urban envirOnment, lOcated abOut 500km sOuth frOm the type-lOcality Of O. allandra, at the nOrtheast hillside Of RiO Grande dO Sul (sOuthern Brazil). Specimens Of O. tribalis were cOllected during OccasiOnal samplings, withOut standardized effOrt. The vegetatiOn Of the type-lOcality Of O. tribalis is a secOndary fOrest that represents a remnant Of the Original fOrest (semi-deciduOus fOrest), which cOvered the metrOpOlitan regiOn Of POrtO Alegre.

Obama tribalis sp. nov. Etymology: The specific name, frOm latin tribālis (tribal), refers tO the dOrsal pigmentatiOn which resembles the crOssed stripes pattern Of the tribal style drawings. Type-material. Holotype: MZUSP PL.2140: leg. E. FederOlf, 30 June 2013, Gravata��, state Of RiO Grande dO Sul, Brazil���anteriOr tip: transverse sectiOns On 7 slides; anteriOr regiOn at the level Of the Ovaries: sagittal sectiOns On 42 slides; pre-pharyngeal regiOn: transverse sectiOns On 26 slides; cOpulatOry apparatus: sagittal sectiOns On 43 slides. Paratypes: MZU PL.00287: leg. E. FederOlf, 30 June 2013, Gravata��, state Of RiO Grande dO Sul, Brazil���anteriOr tip: transverse sectiOns On 13 slides; anteriOr regiOn at the level Of the Ovaries: sagittal sectiOns On 10 slides; pre-pharyngeal regiOn: transverse sectiOns On 4 slides; pharynx and cOpulatOry apparatus: sagittal sectiOns On 23 slides. MZU PL.00288: leg. E. FederOlf, 30 June 2013, Gravata��, state Of RiO Grande dO Sul, Brazil���cOpulatOry apparatus: hOrizOntal sectiOns On 12 slides. Diagnosis: species Of Obama with dOrsal grOund cOlOur yellOwish cOvered by irregular flecks, mOre cOncentrated laterally; pharynx cylindrical; prOstatic vesicle with twO pOrtiOns, prOximal pOrtiOn fOrked and glObOse and distal pOrtiOn funnel-shaped; penis papilla lOng, cOnical and symmetrical; male and female atria with slightly fOlded walls, and with ample cOmmunicatiOn. Molecular diagnosis: this species includes all pOpulatiOns that cluster with sequences Of specimens included in this study (GenBank accessiOn numbers MH378885���MH378886) with significant suppOrt in an adequate mOlecular delimitatiOn mOdel. Type-locality. Gravata��, RiO Grande dO Sul (RS), Brazil. Distribution: knOwn Only frOm the type-lOcality, Gravata��, RS, Brazil. Description. External features. BOdy fOliaceOus and dOrsal surface slightly cOnvex; anteriOr and pOsteriOr tips rOunded (Fig. 21). When creeping, maximum length 33 mm. After fixatiOn, maximum length 23 mm. MOuth at third-fOurth Of bOdy and gOnOpOre at pOsteriOr fOurth Of bOdy, in mOst specimens (Table 3). Live specimens with dOrsal grOund cOlOur yellOwish, cOvered by greyish pigmentatiOn in cephalic regiOn (Fig. 21). Blackish pigmentatiOn cOntOurs cephalic regiOn and cOnstitutes irregular flecks Over dOrsal surface, mOre cOncentrated laterally, sOmetimes fOrming a pattern that resembles crOssed stripes at sOme pOints (Figs. 21���23). Median regiOn Of dOrsal surface almOst withOut flecks. Paratype MZU PL. 0 0 287 with mOre abundant Overlaying black pigmentatiOn than hOlOtype (Fig. 22); paratype MZU PL. 0 0 288 with very few irregular flecks Over dOrsal surface (Fig. 21). Ventral surface greyish with yellOwish margins. After fixatiOn, dOrsal grOund cOlOur fades. Eyes, initially mOnOlObate and uniserial, surrOund anteriOr tip (Figs. 24���25). After first millimetre Of bOdy, eyes becOme larger and spread OntO dOrsal surface, Occupying maximum width Of abOut One-third Of bOdy width On either side Of bOdy. Eyes becOme trilObate after One-fifth Of bOdy length and remain dOrsal, but less numerOus tOwards pOsteriOr tip (Fig. 24). IncOnspicuOus clear halOs may Occur arOund dOrsal eyes (Fig. 26). Diameter Of pigment cups abOut 30 ��m. Sensory organs, epidermis and body musculature. SensOry pits (Figs. 27���28), as simple invaginatiOns (20���40 ��m deep), cOntOur anteriOr tip and Occur ventrOmarginally in irregular, single rOw in anteriOr third Of bOdy. Glands Of three types discharge thrOugh whOle epidermis Of pre-pharyngeal regiOn: rhabditOgen cells with xanthOphil secretiOn (scarcer ventrally and with smaller rhabdites), cyanOphil glands with finely granular secretiOn (Figs. 31���32) and sparser xanthOphil glands with finely granular secretiOn. Creeping sOle Occupies whOle bOdy width. Glands Of at least fOur types cOnstitute the incOnspicuOus glandular margin (Figs. 29, 30), which is nOticeable after first millimetre Of bOdy: numerOus xanthOphil glands and sparser cyanOphil glands, bOth with cOarse granular secretiOns, besides xanthOphil and cyanOphil glands with fine granules. Glands discharging thrOugh anteriOr tip Of bOdy similar tO thOse Of pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Figs. 27���28). CutaneOus musculature with usual three layers (circular, Oblique and lOngitudinal layers); lOngitudinal layer with thick bundles (Figs. 29���32). Thickness Of cutaneOus musculature twO times that Of epidermis (Table 4). Ventral musculature slightly thicker than dOrsal at sagittal plane in pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Table 4). Thickness Of cutaneOus musculature gradually diminishes tOwards bOdy margins and anteriOr tip. Mesenchymal musculature (Figs. 29, 31���32) well develOped, mainly cOmpOsed Of three layers: (1) dOrsal subcutaneOus, with decussate fibres (abOut 5���7 fibres thick), (2) supra-intestinal transverse (abOut 7���9 fibres thick) and (3) sub-intestinal transverse (abOut 7���13 fibres thick), besides fibres in variOus directiOns. Mesenchymal musculature less develOped in anteriOr regiOn than in pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Fig. 27). Pharynx. Pharynx cylindrical, nearly 7% Of bOdy length, Occupies mOst Of the pharyngeal pOuch (Fig. 33). Pharyngeal insertiOns almOst at same transversal level. MOuth lOcated clOse tO end Of pharyngeal pOuch (Fig. 33). OesOphagus shOrt, with fOlded walls. OesOphagus: pharynx ratiO 11���13%. Reproductive organs. Testes in three irregular rOws On either side Of bOdy, lOcated beneath dOrsal transverse mesenchymal muscles, between intestinal branches (Figs. 29, 31), begin slightly anteriOrly tO Ovaries, in anteriOr third Of bOdy, and extend tO near rOOt Of pharynx (Table 3). Sperm ducts dOrsal tO OvOvitelline ducts, under Or amOng fibres Of sub-intestinal transverse mesenchymal musculature, in pre-pharyngeal regiOn (Fig. 32). Spermiducal vesicles, lOcated pOsteriOrly tO pharynx, enter laterally intO prOximal pOrtiOn Of prOstatic vesicle (Figs. 35���36). PrOstatic vesicle, extrabulbar, lOcated near cOmmOn muscle cOat, with twO pOrtiOns. PrOximal pOrtiOn fOrked and glObOse (Figs. 36, 38���39), being clOser tO ventral epidermis than tO dOrsal epidermis (hOlOtype and paratype MZU PL. 00288) Or equally distant tO bOth epidermis (paratype MZU PL. 00287). Distal pOrtiOn pear-shaped (Figs. 35���36). EjaculatOry duct almOst straight, Opening at tip Of penis papilla (Figs. 35���36, 40). Male atrium with slightly fOlded walls. Penis papilla lOng (Table 3), cOnical and symmetrical, sOmetimes prOjecting intO distal pOrtiOn Of female atrium (Figs. 35���38, 40). Glands Opening intO the prOstatic vesicle Of twO types: abundant glands with amOrphOus cyanOphil secretiOn and scarcer glands with finely granular erythrOphil secretiOn (Figs. 38���39); thOse Opening intO ejaculatOry duct with amOrphOus cyanOphil secretiOn. Glands Opening thrOugh the penis papilla and epithelial lining Of male atrium Of three types. Abundant glands with finely granular erythrOphil secretiOn, as well as glands with amOrphOus cyanOphil secretiOn (Figs. 37���40), besides a third type Of gland with xanthOphil secretiOn. The latter usually is finely granular, but changes tO a cOarse granular secretiOn when Opens clOse tO the dOrsal insertiOn Of penis papilla. Muscularis Of the penis papilla and male atrium mainly cOmprised Of circular fibres mixed with sOme lOngitudinal fibres. Vitelline fOllicles (Figs. 29, 31���32, 34) well develOped in all specimens analysed, situated between intestinal branches. Ovaries Oval-elOngate, apprOximately three times lOnger than wide (0.2 mm in its lateral axis), dOrsal tO ventral nerve plate, in anteriOr fOurth Of bOdy (Fig. 34, Table 3). OvOvitelline ducts emerge dOrsally frOm median third Of Ovaries (Fig. 34) and run pOsteriOrly abOve nerve plate, amOng fibres Of sub-intestinal transverse mesenchymal musculature (Fig. 32). Ascending pOrtiOn Of OvOvitelline ducts lOcated lateral tO female atrium (Fig. 35). COmmOn glandular OvOvitelline duct shOrt, lOcated dOrsally tO pOsteriOr third Of female atrium (Figs. 35���37, 41). Female genital duct dOrsO-anteriOrly curved. Female atrium OvOid, shOwing fOlds that narrOw its lumen (Figs. 37, 41), almOst as lOng as male atrium, excepting in paratype MZU PL. 0 0 288 (Table 3). COmmOn muscle cOat pOOrly develOped, with circular, lOngitudinal and Oblique fibres, thicker arOund male atrium than arOund female atrium. Male and female atria with ample cOmmunicatiOn, withOut separating fOlds (Figs. 35���38). GOnOduct vertical at sagittal plane (Figs. 35, 37). Molecular results and phylogenetic analyses. The results frOm the cOmparisOn Of species Of Obama, including sequences dOwnlOaded frOm NCBI, shOwed that the genetic distances are highly divergent amOng specimens. In general, the mean intraspecific variatiOns ranged frOm 0% tO 2.1%, except fOr O. braunsi (2.8%), O. baptistae (4.3%), O. carinata (6.5%) and O. eudoximariae (8.7%). Meanwhile, the mean interspecific divergences vary between> 6% tO Obama allandra vs. Obama tribalis) was larger than 7% (mean 7.6%), as high as the Other interspecific divergences. Maximum likelihOOd (RAxML) and Bayesian (MrBayes) phylOgenetic trees, which were cOnstructed based On the partial sequences Of the COI gene, shOw a cOmparable tOpOlOgy (Figs. 42, 43). BOth analyses resulted in similar, highly suppOrted trees (bOOtstrap> 90% and P> 0.95), recOvering the mOnOphyly fOr the currently recOgnized species Of Obama herein analysed (Figs. 42, 43). All phylOgenetic analyses shOwed a sister relatiOnship between bOth new species herein described and O. maculipunctata, which Occurs in areas Of Araucaria FOrest in sOuthern Brazil (ROssi et al. 2015). Accession numbers in GenBank: A (MH378881, MH378882, MH378883, MH37888); B (MH378885, MH378886); C (KP962485.1, KP962481.1, KP962488.1, KP962480.1, KP962454.1, KP962459.1, KP962449.1, KP962448.1, KP962452.1); D (KP962377.1, KP962378.1, KP962354.1, KP962356.1, KP962355.1, KP962373.1, KP962371.1);); E (KT250622.1, KT250623.1); F (KU564135.1, KU564134.1, KU564133.1); G (KU564157.1, KU564214.1); H (KU564163.1, KU564161.1); I (KU564149.1, KU564147.1, KU564145.1, KU564140.1, KU564148.1, KU564138.1, KU564146.1, KU564151.1); J (KU564119.1, KU564118.1); L (KU56413.1, KU56413.1, KU56413.1, KU56412.1); M (KU564152.1); N (KU564126.1); O (KU56415.1, KU564213.1); P (KU564159.1); Q (KT932833.1, KT932832.1); R (KC608318.1, KC608317.1); S (KC60825.1, KC60826.1); T (KP962391.1, KP962387.1, KP962386.1, KP962385.1, KP962390.1); U (KC608246.1, KC608254.1); V (KC608323.1, KC608324.1); W (KM053223.1, KM053214.1; KT714108.1, KT714107.1); X (KC608307.1, KC608304.1); Y (KT250629.1, KT250626.1). * Only one specimen. Notes on ecology and distribution. During inventOries Of land flatwOrms in areas Of Araucaria mOist fOrest lOcated in the states Of Paran�� and Santa Catarina, in sOuth Brazil, Obama allandra was fOund Only in its typelOcality, the Araucaria Natural Heritage Private Reserve, state Of Paran��, in a site shOwing an initial stage Of regeneratiOn with pOOrly develOped understOrey (ROssi & Leal-Zanchet 2017). The species shOwed mOderate abundance during bOth day and night samplings between May 2014 and July 2015. Obama tribalis Occurs in an unprOtected, private area belOnging tO an urban envirOnment, lOcated abOut 500km sOuth frOm the type-lOcality Of O. allandra, at the nOrtheast hillside Of RiO Grande dO Sul (sOuthern Brazil). Specimens Of O. tribalis were cOllected during OccasiOnal samplings, withOut standardized effOrt. The vegetatiOn Of the type-lOcality Of O. tribalis is a secOndary fOrest that represents a remnant Of the Original fOrest (semi-deciduOus fOrest), which cOvered the metrOpOlitan regiOn Of POrtO Alegre., Published as part of Marques, Alessandro, Rossi, Ilana, Valiati, Victor Hugo & Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria, 2018, Integrative approach reveals two new species of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from the South-Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 99-126 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on pages 108-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1456991, {"references":["Rossi, I. & Leal-Zanchet, A. M. (2017) Three new species of Cratera Carbayo et al., 2013 from Araucaria forests with a key to species of the genus (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola). ZooKeys, 643, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 643.11093"]}

Cuando faltan menos de nueve meses para finalizar el periodo de su mandato, el Presidente Obama debe estar pensando cómo su Presidencia será evaluada por la historia. El 44.º Presidente tenía una lista de tareas cuando tomó posesión de su puesto, pero la realidad económica y política, le obligó a dejar a un lado algunos objetivos y llegar a un compromiso en otros. El mismo Obama en una entrevista, con Marc Maron 1, difundida en el podcast “WTF con Marc Maron” afirmó: “A menudo la tarea del gobierno, es realizar mejoras escalonadas, o bien cambiar el rumbo del navío dos grados Norte o Sur, para que dentro de diez años, estemos en un lugar muy distinto al actual”. Él se solidarizaba con aquellos, esperanzados en cambios más radicales durante su mandato, pero añadió: “Uno no puede girar de una vez 50 grados”.

Translation is constantly present in our society from Babel until today as a result of the human need to communicate and to express ideas in words. Translating means communicating and communicating is never neutral. The aim of the translator consists of conveying a message from one language to another trying to achieve equivalence. Globalization makes information to circulate frantically all over the world. This generates an inmediate need for translation and therefore it is distorted. Frequently, journalists or internauts become accidental translators, displacing professional translators. In other cases, machine translation systems are used. The aim of this research is exploring the relationship between politics and translation in order to find out whether nowadays political discourse is translated or adapted, as it could be expected, given its communicative function. Thus, the discourses of two internationally relevant politicians, such as Nicolas Sarkozy and Barack Obama are taken as case studies. In order to solve this question, a mixed methodology is used combining qualitative and quantitative methods as well as discourse analyisis and coding techniques. By means of a comparison between both discourses it is found out whether linguistic proximity between source and target languages has any influence when it comes to choose among specific translation strategies. The results obtained give answer to those questions as well as offering future perspectives for daring researchers. La traducción lleva presente en la sociedad desde Babel hasta hoy, como resultado de la necesidad humana de comunicar y de expresar ideas por medio de palabras. Traducir es comunicar y la comunicación nunca es neutra. La misión del traductor es transmitir un mensaje de un idioma a otro, tratando de conseguir una equivalencia. La globalización hace que la información circule a un ritmo frenético por todo el mundo, generando una necesidad de traducción inmediata. Es entonces cuando la traducción se desvirtúa. Con frecuencia, periodistas o internautas se convierten en traductores accidentales, desplazando traductores profesionales. Otras veces, se recurre a sistemas de traducción automática. A través de esta investigación se explora la relación entre política y traducción, tratando de determinar, si en la actualidad, el discurso político se traduce o se adapta, como cabría esperar dada su función comunicativa. Para ello, se toman como casos de estudio dos discursos de políticos tan relevantes en el panorama internacional como son Nicolas Sarkozy y Barack Obama. Para tratar de resolver esta cuestión, se ha utilizado una metodología mixta, que combina métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos y técnicas de análisis del discurso y codificación. Asimismo, mediante una comparación entre ambos discursos se determina si la proximidad lingüística entre las lenguas fuente y meta influye a la hora de decantarse por una u otra estrategia de traducción. Los resultados obtenidos dan respuesta a todas estas preguntas, al mismo tiempo que ofrecen perspectivas futuras para el investigador audaz.

This paper analyses the highly contested concept of American exceptionalism, as described in the speeches of Barak Obama. The authors of the paper use discourse analysis to show that Obama is using the idea of American exceptionalism on two levels: US foreign policy and the US stance towards international law. Our conclusion is that Obama uses an implicit dual discourse in both these fields. Obama favours active US foreign policy, based on soft power instruments and multilateralism. He insists that American exceptionalism does not mean that the US can exempt itself from the norms of international law, however, he does not think the US should always have a very active foreign policy. He makes room for unilateral acting and the use of hard power instruments in foreign policy. He allows for the use of force even if is not in accordance with the norms of international law, when US national interests are threatened.

This article examines the openly adversarial neoconservative foundation under George Bush to the supposedly more ‘engaged’diplomatic interaction under Barack Obama. What will be exposed is a fairly uninspired and non-innovative American policy that not only fails to consider Russian initiatives from Russia’s own national security perspectives, but aims to contain it within a continued Cold War box that not only sours opportunities for collaboration but guarantees the absence of partnership in areas of global security. This piece examines the consequences of imagining Russia only as nemesis.

President Barack Obama intended to make his opening to Cuba "irreversible" before he left office. This chapter examines the state of relations at the end of the Obama administration; what was accomplished and what remained to be done. It then describes the transition to President Donald Trump’s new policy, tracing what he said during the campaign; the debate over Cuba inside the administration; and the initial policy steps taken in the first six months of the administration. Finally, it analyzes the political forces that prevented Trump from fully reversing Obama’s policy. Le président Barack Obama a tenté de rendre sa politique d'ouverture à Cuba "irréversible" avant de quitter le pouvoir. Cet article analyse l'état des relations à la fin de l'administration Obama, ce qui a été accompli et ce qui restait à faire, puis la transition vers la nouvelle politique du président Trump à partir de ses déclarations de campagne, le débat sur la question cubaine au sein même de l'administration, ainsi que les premières mesures prises au cours des six premiers mois de gouvernement. Enfin, nous analyserons les forces politiques qui ont empêché Trump d'abroger totalement les mesures prises par Obama. El presidente Barack Obama pretendía que su apertura a Cuba fuera "irreversible" antes de dejar el cargo. Este capítulo examina el estado de las relaciones al final de la administración Obama; Lo que se logró y lo que quedaba por hacer. Luego describe la transición a la nueva política del Presidente Donald Trump, siguiendo lo que dijo durante la campaña; El debate sobre Cuba dentro de la administración; Y las medidas políticas iniciales adoptadas en los primeros seis meses de la administración. Finalmente, analiza las fuerzas políticas que impidieron a Trump invertir completamente la política de Obama.

Le monde de 2017 a été façonné par les huit de présidence Obama au cours desquelles le leadership américain a été remodelé. Décidé à faire « pivoter » les Etats-Unis de l’Atlantique vers le Pacifique, des guerres territoriales vers les enjeux globaux, le président Obama a adopté une posture de retenue stratégique, incitant les alliés et partenaires de l’Amérique à prendre soin de leur propre défense. Les puissances rivales ont saisi l’occasion de ce vide de pouvoir pour avancer leurs intérêts, et l’ordre américain a reculé au cours de ses huit ans, sous l’effet de la crise financière, de la crise des démocraties occidentales, d’un multilatéralisme dysfonctionnel. Le président Trump hérite d’une situation de compétition géopolitique accrue, dans laquelle il devra manœuvrer entre retrait et engagement. The world of 2017 has been shaped by president Obama’s eight years in power during which the US leadership has been remodeled. Determined to “pivot” the US from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from territorial wars to global challenges, President Obama has adopted a posture of strategic restraint, which encouraged US allies and partners to take care of their own defense and security. Rival powers seized the opportunity of a power vacuum to advance their interests and the American order has rescinded over the past eight years, under the effect of the financial crisis, the crisis of Western democracies, and dysfunctional multilateralism. President Trump inherits a situation of heightened geopolitical competition, in which he will have to manoeuver between restraint and engagement.

Obama ladislavii (Graff, 1899) (Fig. 12) Material examined. MLP–He 7017, Salto Encantado Provincial Park, 25 February 2015; pre-pharyngeal region: transverse sections on 6 slides; pharynx: sagittal sections on 20 slides; copulatory apparatus: sagittal sections on 22 slides. MLP–He 7413, CIAR (27°26’40’’S, 54°56’24’’W), 11 November 2015; preserved in ethanol. MLP–He 7414, CIAR (27°26’40’’S, 54°56’24’’W), 13 October 2016; preserved in ethanol. Localities. Salto Encantado Provincial Park (27°03’31’’S, 54°49’44’’W), and Centro de Investigación Antonia Ramos (CIAR) (27°26’40’’S, 54°56’24’’W), Misiones province, Argentina (Fig. 1). Description. External morphology. Body lanceolate, with the anterior body region gradually narrowing to the anterior tip, and posterior region ending abruptly (Fig. 12A, B). Dorsal surface yellow green, with black spots splattering the dorsum in two irregular rows at the level of the testes (Fig. 12A). Ventral surface golden yellow with margins yellow green (Fig. 12B). Once fixed, specimens become immediately beige. Eyes are uniserial and marginal around the anterior tip and up to 4mm from the tip. Then, they continue along the body margins in two or three irregular rows between 4 and 12mm from the anterior tip, and posteriorly become dorsal, reaching the posterior end. The maximum extension of the eyes on the dorsum is between 14 and 28mm from the anterior tip (28–57% relative to body length). When crawling, maximum length varied from 45 to 60mm. After fixation, the length of the specimen studied was 49mm, and maximum width was 6.5mm. The position of the mouth and gonopore relative to body length was 63% and 77% respectively. Internal morphology. Dorsal epidermis (50µm high) with three types of glandular secretion: abundant rhabdites and fine granular erythrophil secretion, and scarce fine granular cyanophil secretion. Ventral epidermis (40µm high), ciliated on the creeping sole (~100% of body width), with numerous small rhabdites occupying the apex of cells, and receiving fine granular erythrophil secretion and abundant cyanophil granules. Glandular margin absent. Cutaneous musculature, arranged with the three typical layers of Geoplaninae, a bit thicker ventrally (55µm thick) than dorsally (40µm thick). The thickness of the cutaneous musculature relative to body height at the prepharyngeal region is 5%. Parenchymal musculature organized in three layers, with loose fibres: a dorsal decussate layer with oblique fibres, a supra-intestinal transverse layer and a sub-intestinal transverse layer. The thickness of the parenchymal musculature relative to body height at the pre-pharyngeal region is ~3%. Pharynx cylindrical (3.2mm in length, 6% of body length), with dorsal insertion slightly displaced backwards (450µm). Mouth located at the level of the pharyngeal apex, in the middle third of the pharyngeal pouch (5.5mm long). Abundant erythrophil and xanthophil fine granules and less abundant cyanophil fine granules traverse the pharyngeal stroma and pierce the pharyngeal tip. Pharynx lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium, followed by a subepithelial longitudinal muscle layer (5µm thick) and a subjacent circular layer (20µm thick). Pharyngeal lumen lined by ciliated columnar epithelium, with a subjacent muscle coat composed of circular fibres with longitudinal interspersed fibres (75–100µm thick). A short oesophagus is present (380µm long). Dorsal testes, located below the supra-intestinal parenchymal muscle layer, forming two irregular rows on each side of the body. At pre-pharyngeal level, sperm ducts located among sub-intestinal muscle fibres and dorso-medial to the ovovitelline ducts. Behind the pharynx, sperm ducts are dilated and full of spermatozoa, forming spermiducal vesicles (Fig. 12C–E). Their distal portions ascend and curve to the sagittal plane and open into also ascending paired portions of the prostatic vesicle (Fig. 12C–E). Paired tubular portions, obliquely oriented, join in an unpaired portion which runs to the dorsum, contouring the common muscle coat (Fig. 12C, D). The prostatic vesicle penetrates the antero-dorsal face of the penis bulb and, after a short intrabulbar tract, continues as ejaculatory duct inside the penis papilla (Fig. 12C, D). The ejaculatory duct traverses the penis papilla, running proximally sinuous and distally almost straight, opening near the tip of the penis, a bit ventrally displaced (Fig. 12C, D). The penis papilla projects obliquely from the dorsal wall of the male atrium, with its dorsal insertion posteriorly displaced (Fig. 12C, D). The male atrium (1.6mm long), without folded walls, is almost totally occupied by the penis papilla (1.4mm long) and broadly communicated with the female atrium (Fig. 12C). Distal portions of sperm ducts lined by a ciliated squamous epithelium, with a thin longitudinal muscle layer (2.5µm thick). Prostatic vesicle lined with a ciliated, columnar epithelium, pierced by fine erythrophil granules highly abundant in the unpaired portion (Fig. 12F). Musculature of prostatic vesicle composed of circular and some longitudinal fibres (15–25µm thick). The ejaculatory duct is lined by a ciliated columnar epithelium, filled with erythrophil fine granules, followed by a thin layer of circular fibres (2.5–5µm thick). The penis papilla is lined with non-ciliated columnar epithelium, followed by a circular muscle layer with some interspersed longitudinal fibres (10–15µm thick). Stroma of penis papilla with abundant fine granular erythrophil secretion and scarce cyanophil granules (Fig. 12D). Dorsal wall of the male atrium lined with columnar epithelium (up to 60µm high), and ventral wall lined with cuboidal epithelium (Fig. 12D), both pierced by erythrophil granules. Muscularis of male atrium with circular fibres with some interspersed longitudinal fibres (5–10µm thick). Abundant cyanophil fine granules extend from the dorsal to the antero-ventral side of the male atrium, spreading from the left wall of the atrium (Fig. 12C, D, G). Cyanophil granules also spread onto the dorsal part of the penis papilla (Fig. 12D). Vitelline follicles mature but scarce, located in the surrounding parenchyma among intestine branches. Ovovitelline ducts located immediately below the sub-intestinal parenchymal muscle layer. At the level of the gonopore, the ovovitelline ducts ascend to above the female atrium joining each other (Fig. 12C, H). The common glandular ovovitelline duct (200µm long) runs backwards and ventrally flexed (Fig. 12C, D) to communicate with the female canal (180µm long), which runs downwards and anteriorly (Fig. 12C, D). The female canal opens into the female atrium (600µm long), which is funnel-shaped in sagittal section (Fig. 12C). The ovovitelline ducts are lined with cuboidal ciliated epithelium with a subjacent thin circular muscle layer (2.5µm thick). Distal ascending portions of ovovitelline ducts receive erythrophil secretion from shell glands (Fig. 12C, H). Common glandular ovovitelline duct lined with ciliated columnar epithelium, pierced by shell glands (Fig. 12C, D, H), followed by a subjacent muscle layer consisting of circular and longitudinal fibres (10–15µm thick). Epithelial lining of the female canal, columnar and non-ciliated, with abundant fine granular erythrophil secretion, wrapped by longitudinal and circular muscle fibres (10µm thick). Female atrium lined with non-ciliated columnar epithelium of stratified appearance (60–75µm high) (Fig. 12D), which receives erythrophil granules and scarce xanthophil amorphous secretion. Muscularis with the same arrangement and thickness of the female genital canal. Gonopore canal lined with ciliated columnar epithelium, apically erythrophil, with abundant cyanophil granules. Remarks and comparative discussion. Obama ladislavii (Graff, 1899) is one of the land planarian species most easily distinguished from others, due to the striking bright green pigmentation of its dorsum. The external aspect of specimens from Argentina (Misiones) matches well with that of Brazilians specimens, which have been reported in many localities of the southern region of this country (Graff 1899; Froehlich 1959; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2015). Our specimens also exhibit black spots, which spread on the dorsum at the level of the testes, as observed in specimens from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Froehlich 1959; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2015). According with the original description, maximum extension in living specimens ranges from 46 to 100mm (Graff 1899). The specimens studied by us (~ 50mm in maximum extension, on average) are similar to those studied by Froehlich (1959) from Rio Grande do Sul (the type locality, among others) and Santa Catarina. Álvarez-Presas et al. (2015), who re-described O. ladislavii based on material from new localities and specimens previously studied by Graff (1899) and material collected by Froehlich (1959), found specimens with ~ 70–80mm in maximum extension. The relative position of the mouth and gonopore in relation to body length (63% and 77% respectively, in the specimen sectioned) is similar to that of the specimens analysed by Froehlich (1959) (average: 61% and 76%) and Álvarez- Presas et al. (2015) (average: 64% and 83%). Regarding the internal anatomy, the thickness of the cutaneous musculature relative to the body height at the pre-pharyngeal region of the Argentinean specimen is concordant with that of specimens studied by Álvarez-Presas et al. (2015). However, these authors observed a glandular margin at the pre-pharyngeal region, not observed in the sectioned specimen from Argentina, although this could be due to variations in the fixation and staining protocols. The cylindrical pharynx presents insertions almost at the same level in sagittal view, with its apical portion located at the level of the mouth, as illustrated by Froehlich (1959) and Álvarez-Presas et al. (2015). Similarly to specimens from the type locality (Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul), the pharynx is pierced by erythrophil, xanthophil and cyanophil secretions, with the mouth in the middle of the pharyngeal pouch (Álvarez-Presas et al. 2015). The body region at both the level of the ovaries and the level of the anteriormost testes could not be compared because the specimen could not be sectioned. In general, the aspect of the copulatory apparatus agrees with descriptions provided by Froehlich (1959) and Álvarez-Presas et al. (2015) but, as pointed out by the latter authors, we also found differences with the schematic reconstruction illustrated by Graff (1899), namely: intrabulbar prostatic vesicle without paired portions, and ovovitelline ducts ascending behind the female atrium. Froehlich (1959) pointed out the presence of a dorsal fold of the male atrium separating it partially from the female atrium, absent in the specimen from Argentina and those studied by Álvarez-Presas et al. (2015), in which both atria are broadly communicated. It is also noteworthy that both atria, particularly the female one, exhibit tall columnar epithelium (~100–200µm high) (Froehlich 1959; Álvarez-Presas et al. 2015), although in the Argentinean specimen its maximum height (75µm) was lower than that in the Brazilian ones, similarly to the male atrium. This is probably because the specimen studied was not fully mature, evidenced by the scarcity of vitelline follicles., Published as part of Negrete, Lisandro & Brusa, Francisco, 2017, Increasing diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in the Interior Atlantic Forest with the description of two new species and new records from Argentina, pp. 99-127 in Zootaxa 4362 (1) on pages 122-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1076306, {"references":["Graff, L. V. (1899) Monographie der Turbellarien: II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 574 pp.","Froehlich, C. G. (1959) On Geoplanids from Brazil. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 22, 201 - 265. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 3382. bffclzoologia. 1959.120326","Alvarez-Presas, M., Amaral, S. V., Carbayo, F., Leal-Zanchet, A. M. & Riutort, M. (2015) Focus on the details: morphological evidence supports new cryptic land flatworm (Platyhelminthes) species revealed with molecules. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 15, 379 - 403. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 014 - 0197 - z"]}

This report is the first in a set of publications from a collaborative research and analysis venture between the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at UC Berkeley, and Tides to engage the evolving post-2016 US political landscape. Any such undertaking must be rooted in a nuanced and accurate diagnosis of the current moment. This report offers such a diagnosis.

Il n’existe actuellement aucune ligne à grande vitesse aux États-Unis, selon les normes de l’Union Internationale des Chemins de fer (UIC), mais une seule ligne à vitesse plus élevée avec l’Acela Express dans le corridor Nord-Est. Plusieurs échecs retentissants se sont succédé dans les années 1980 et 1990 au Texas, en Floride, ou dans l’Ohio. L’initiative en faveur de la grande vitesse de l’administration Obama en 2009-2010 donne un nouvel élan avec des financements consacrés à ce nouveau mode de transport et un engagement réel, bien que non uniforme, des États aux côtés du gouvernement fédéral. Se pose la question, à la fin du second mandat du président Obama, de l’efficacité de cette initiative et de la réalité de la grande vitesse aux États-Unis. En 2016, seul le projet californien est en cours de construction. D’autres États sont engagés dans la modernisation du réseau existant et l’amélioration des services d’Amtrak, alors que se développent parallèlement des projets privés. La majorité des projets ne relèvent pas de la grande vitesse stricto sensu. Cet article propose d’établir un bilan de l’initiative en faveur de la grande vitesse ferroviaire lancée par l’administration Obama à partir de 2009, et d’analyser les difficultés politiques et territoriales à plusieurs échelons institutionnels rencontrées lors de la mise en place des corridors ferroviaires à grande vitesse. Cette analyse permet de développer une réflexion sur le modèle de la grande vitesse ferroviaire que les États-Unis développent ainsi que sur les leçons politiques et territoriales à tirer de cette initiative fédérale. Today, there are no high-speed lines in the United States according to the International Union of Railways’ standards, but one higher-speed rail example in the Northeast corridor. Several resounding failures occurred in succession in the 1980s and 1990s in Texas, in Florida and in Ohio. The “Obamarail” initiative in 2009 and 2010 gave a new momentum with additional funding dedicated to this new means of transport associated with concrete state commitments, with, however, variable levels of commitment. At the end of President Obama’s second term, the efficiency of these initiatives as well as the reality of high-speed rail in the US are worth studying. In 2016, the only project under construction lies in California. Other states started modernizing the existing networks as well as improving Amtrak services, although private projects are under development in parallel. Most projects at hand are not high-speed rail strictly speaking. This article suggests reviewing the Obama administration’s initiative in favor of high-speed rail from 2009 and examining the political and territorial difficulties at various institutional levels. This analysis will enable us to develop a reflection on the high-speed rail model in the US as well as on the political and territorial lessons to be learned of this federal initiative. corridor, high speed rail, Obama, railroads, United States

Harm reduction policies and attitudes in the United States have advanced substantially in recent years but still lag behind more advanced jurisdictions in Europe and elsewhere. The Obama administration, particularly in its last years, embraced some harm reduction policies that had been rejected by previous administrations but shied away from more cutting edge interventions like supervised consumption sites and heroin-assisted treatment. The Trump administration will undermine some of the progress made to date but significant state and local control over drug policies in the US, as well as growing Republican support for pragmatic drug policies, motivated in part by the opioid crisis, ensures continuing progress for harm reduction.

Con la música en streaming mediante listas elaboradas por el individuo cabe la opción de elegir la canción que se desea escuchar en cada momento. El consumidor se convierte en “prosumidor”. Un “prosumidor” que construye su ambiente musical según sus deseos y estado de ánimo, habitualmente desde la esfera de lo privado. No obstante, este hecho adquiere un significado especial en el caso de personajes públicos que comparten sus preferencias musicales en forma de listas. En esta situación, la música se convierte en parte sustantiva de la proyección pública del personaje. Esta investigación estudia un ejemplo significativo de cómo estas listas pueden contribuir a modular la imagen de personajes públicos. Es el caso de las listas de reproducción de Obama para el verano de 2016 (The President's 2016 Summer Playlist: Day y The President's 2016 Summer Playlist: Night). Estas listas alcanzaron una repercusión importante en los medios de comunicación, contribuyendo a reforzar determinados atributos que definen su figura pública. A partir del análisis de las canciones que forman estas listas se explora cuáles son los atributos con los que el presidente Obama intentaba ser identificado públicamente. Para ello se analizan las canciones atendiendo a los intérpretes, el género de la canción, la etnia del interprete, el idioma, el apoyo del interprete a la política de Obama y su año de publicación.

La relación entre el poder y la palabra tiene una larguísima y aquilatada tradición. Los primeros filósofos griegos lo vieron desde el comienzo mismo de la retórica. De hecho, la anécdota recogida del nacimiento de la retórica, atribuida a dos personajes de los que sabemos muy poco, Córax y Tisias, vincula la aparición de la democracia con el uso de las técnicas retóricas para persuadir a un grupo numeroso de ciudadanos. La palabra, con su sofisticación inevitable de los últimos años, ha contribuido a modelar el mundo tal y como lo entendemos hoy en día. En nuestro tiempo, es decir, en los últimos 20 años, ha habido una serie de discursos que han influido en el diseño no solo de políticas concretas, sino en toda la trama que teje la realidad que nos rodea. Uno de esos discursos de importancia capital fue el que dio el presidente de EEUU, Barack Obama, en la universidad de El Cairo (Egipto) en las postrimerías de la primavera del año 2009. La relación entre el mundo occidental, representado por Obama, y el mundo musulmán, dentro de su inmensa heterogeneidad y variedad, se ha visto enormemente influida por estas palabras allí pronunciadas. Es nuestro propósito, pues, analizar el contenido y la influencia de este discurso.

The use of hedging, the rule of three or conceptual metaphor among other resources, are important and very common characteristics of the language style in political speeches. Through the use of these linguistic devices, politicians can achieve several results in their speech such as attenuate sensitive information or facilitate the understanding of complex concepts to the audience. This paper analyzes six linguistic devices which are the most used: hedging, the rule of three, deixis, contrastive pairs, anaphora and parallelism and metaphors, through the transcriptions of the speeches of the last two US presidents, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The use of such devices has an effect on the audience and contributes to a more effective and persuasive speech, and at the same time is helpful to determine the style of each president., El uso de hedging, la regla de tres o metáforas conceptuales entre otros recursos, son características importantes del estilo del lenguaje y muy común en los discursos políticos. Mediante el uso de estos recursos lingüísticos los políticos pueden lograr varios resultados en su discurso, como por ejemplo mitigar la información de carácter sensible o facilitar al público la comprensión de conceptos complejos. Este trabajo analiza seis recursos lingüísticos que son los más usados: hedging, regla de tres, deixis, pares contrastivos, anáfora y paralelismo y metáforas, a través de las transcripciones de los discursos de los dos últimos presidentes estadounidenses, Barack Obama y Donald Trump. El uso de tales mecanismos tiene efecto en la audiencia y contribuye a un discurso más eficaz y persuasivo, así como también determina el estilo de cada presidente., 75 páginas

Le développement exponentiel de l’Internet a engendré de belles crispations territoriales, avec une prolifération des conflits entre une multitude d’acteurs – au premier rang desquels les États‑Unis –, à propos de son contrôle et de sa régulation, son utilisation dans les conflits géopolitiques (guerre économique, combats militaires, renseignement, politique d’influence diplomatique et culturelle) et du le respect des libertés individuelles. Cet article montre comment l’analyse géopolitique permet d’analyser les enjeux et les stratégies développées par les États pour renforcer leur contrôle et leur puissance dans le cyberespace. Il examine l’escalade des discours et des moyens qui caractérisent l’approche de l’administration Obama, dont la cyberstratégie sera l’un des héritages les plus marquants en matière de politique extérieure. The exponential growth of the Internet has generated a proliferation of conflicts between multiple stakeholders —most notably the United States — about its control and regulations, its use in geopolitical conflicts (military and economic warfare, intelligence and soft power), and the respect of civil liberties. This paper shows how the geopolitical approach can help analyze the issues raised and strategies developed by States to reinforce their control and power in cyberspace. The Obama administration’s approach to cyberstrategy has been characterized by an escalation of means and discourses. It should constitute a significant legacy of President Obama in foreign affairs.

We use data from a national survey of likely voters conducted before the 2008 election to study the association between Obama’s perceived racial identity and voters’ choices. Voters who saw Obama as biracial were substantially more likely to vote for him, suggesting that many Americans regard a biracial identity more favorably than a black identity. The relationship was stronger among Democrats than among Republicans. The potential implications of our findings for the future of race in American politics are discussed.

National audience; Dans le contexte actuel, la politique fiscale américaine paraît briller par son absence. Il s'agit d'un objet scientifique qui doit être reconstruit à partir de bribes législatives souvent contradictoires. Il convient donc d'étudier les difficultés institutionnelles aiguës qui mettent à mal la capacité du pouvoir législatif et exécutif de planifier, contrôler et ordonner la dépense publique. On peut ensuite faire ré-émerger de cet ensemble disparate une trajectoire générale et ainsi comprendre comment, derrière l'apparent dysfonctionnement généralisé, l'État fédéral américain continue de fonctionner.

The author examines the legacy of two great Christian thinkers, the American Reinhold Niebuhr and the Italian Giorgio La Pira. Reinhold Niebuhr was a protestant theologian and political adviser to the Council of Foreign Relations and George Kennan’s Policy Planning Staff. The Mayor of Florence, Giorgio La Pira was a Dominican tertiary and professor of Roman law; he was a prominent Italian statesman and one of the fathers of the Italian Constitution. During the Cold War period both played a significant role in influencing public opinion, both proved to be among most influential religious thinkers of the 20th century. The author analyzes their views on international relations, in particularly on the western policy towards the Soviet Union, the use of nuclear weapons, the war in Vietnam and the communist issue. The legacy of the two thinkers is highly topical in front of the ethical dimension of choices in international politics today. Therefore the names of Christian thinkers are back again to the fore. It is worth noting that President Obama cites Niebuhr as one of his favorite philosophers. In an interview with «The New York Times» Obama felt it necessary to emphasize the Niebuhr's idea that there is “a real evil, fatigue and pain in the world, and one should be careful and modest in his belief of being able to eliminate these things. Nevertheless, we should not use it as an excuse for cynicism and inaction”. European observers and scholars also admit that Obama is following the thought of Niebuhr, who was demythologizing the idea of America as a visible place of the Kingdom of God». Niebuhr was well aware of the limitations of all humane schemes. Giorgio La Pira was aware as well that politics should always base on ethical principles and reflect the existing spiritual, cultural, political and economic diversity. His main purpose was the formation of a new hierarchy of values. Just like Reinhold Niebuhr, Giorgio La Pira, reflecting on key events of the 20th century, looked for a policy based on the precepts of Christianity. Just like Reinhold Niebuhr, La Pira stated the primacy of politics over economics. However there were some differences between the two thinkers. Niebuhr’s ontological pessimism was well known. On the contrary, La Pira was an optimist. He sincerely believed that his personal policy would help mankind to promote the cause of a new world.

International audience; This article considers the role of United States Congress in the Afghanistanconflict—and notably that of the Armed Services and Foreign Relations Committees—from 2005 to 2009. Both of these committees had some legal oversight of the Afghan War,especially with regard to funding. During the first half of this period the Republicans had amajority while in the second half the Democrats took control. This led to differences inapproach and method, which are here examined. Certainly, congressional committeesoperate generally in the open, which gives them a unique influence in framing issues in thepress and thus before the public. Furthermore, five key members of the Obamaadministration belonged to these committees, attended their hearings and had much oftheir opinion shaped by their activities. An in-depth analysis of them during Bush’s secondterm can provide us with valuable insights into the Obama administration’s later policydecisions.

SYNONYMY Obama sp. 6 (in Carbayo et al., 2013). Obama marmorata (in Lago-Barcia et al., 2015). Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the Tupi (indigenous Brazilian tribe) name nungara, meaning similar, alike (Tibiri����, 1984). It refers to the resemblance of the species to Obama marmorata. Type locality: Paulo Lopes, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Diagnosis: Species of Obama up to 70 mm long, 5 mm wide; brown dorsum covered with small longitudinal black striae. Some specimens may be almost black. Pale midline may be present. Eyes occupying a lateral band on each side of the body 1/3rd of body width. Relative mouth/body length c. 60%. Relative gonopore/ body length c. 77%. Copulatory apparatus 3.26 �� 0.75 mm from anterior to posterior. Dorsal insertion of the penis anterior to the level of the gonopore. Penis orientated backwards to the left side of the body. Necks of glands producing pinkish granules (may also be blueish) joined in conspicuous bundles in the penis. Male atrium provided with a sheath-like large fold on the right side, separating the male from the female atrium. Ring-shaped surface of male atrium crossed by cyanophilic glands extending from the anteroventral to the postero-dorsal side of the male atrium. Lining epithelium of female atrium not stratified in appearance. Molecular diagnosis: this species includes all populations that cluster with individuals MZUSP PL 1066, MZUSP PL 1067, MZUSP PL 1598, MZUSP PL 1599, Harvard- IZ 59101, NHMUK 2008.4.1.3 and NHMUK 2008.4.1.4 (Table 1) from this study, with significant support in an adequate molecular delimitation model. Type material Holotype MZUSP PL 1594 (field number F3190): Parque Estadual Serra do Tabuleiro, Paulo Lopes, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27��57���35.6���S, 48��45���27.4���W). F. Carbayo et al. coll. 9/Jan/2009. A portion 7.5 mm long including pharynx, sagittal sections on 24 slides; a portion 10 mm long including copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections on 19 slides. Paratype MZUSP PL 1066 (field number F3191): Parque Estadual Serra do Tabuleiro, Paulo Lopes, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27��57���35.6���S, 48��45���27.4���W). F. Carbayo et al. coll., 9/Jan/2009. Anterior end 5 mm long, transverse sections at 7 ��m on 16 slides; a portion 9 mm long behind anterior end, containing ovaries, horizontal sections at 7 ��m on 11 slides; a portion 8 mm long, horizontal sections at 7 ��m on 14 slides; the pre-pharyngeal region, 3 mm long, transverse sections at 7 ��m on ten slides; a portion 6 mm long including pharynx, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 53 slides; a portion 9 mm including the copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 30 slides; a 5-mmlong tail kept frozen in absolute ethanol. Paratype MZUSP PL 1595 (field number F3227): Parque Estadual Serra do Tabuleiro, Paulo Lopes, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27��57���41���S, 48��45���30���W). F. Carbayo et al. coll., 9/Jan/2009. A portion 8 mm long including the pharynx, sagittal sections on 11 slides; a portion 8 mm long including the copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections on 14 slides. Paratype MZUSP PL 1067 (field number F3247): Parque Estadual Serra do Tabuleiro, Paulo Lopes, Santa Catarina, Brazil (27��58���53���S, 48��44���53���W), F. Carbayo et al. coll., 13/ Jan/2009. Anterior end 6 mm long, transverse sections at 7 ��m on nine slides; a portion 10 mm long behind anterior end, containing ovaries, horizontal sections at 7 ��m on 19 slides; a portion behind, 5 mm long kept frozen in absolute ethanol; pre-pharyngeal region 4 mm long, transverse sections on 13 slides; a portion 9 mm long including pharynx, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 23 slides; a portion 8 mm long including the copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 21 slides; a 7-mm-long end portion preserved in 80% ethanol. Paratype NHMUK 2013.9.5.1: Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E) M. Riutort, coll. 2010. A portion anterior to the pharynx 5 mm long, transverse sections at 10 ��m on six slides; a portion 10 mm long including copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 15 ��m on 12 slides. Remainder preserved in absolute alcohol. Paratype MZUSP PL 1596 (field number F4649): Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). M. Riutort, coll., 1/Sep/ 2010. A portion 8 mm including the copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 19 slides. Paratype MZUSP PL 1597 (field number F4650): Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). M. Riutort, coll., 1/Sep/2010. The anterior end 5 mm long, transverse sections at 7 ��m on 13 slides; a portion 21 mm including pharynx and copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 64 slides. Paratype MZUSP PL 1599 (field number F6102): Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). Riutort & Carbayo, coll., 2/Mar/2014. A portion 8 mm long including pharynx, sagittal section at 7 ��m on 21 slides; a portion 8 mm long including copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 7 ��m on 14 slides. Paratype MZUSP PL 1598 (field number F6098): Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). M. Riutort, coll., 19/Jan/2014. The anterior end 15 mm long, horizontal sections at 7���14 ��m on 19 slides; the prepharyngeal region, 2 mm long transverse sections at 10 ��m on five slides; a portion 7 mm long including pharynx, sagittal sections at 10 ��m on nine slides; a portion 7 mm including the copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 7���12 ��m on 11 slides; a ��� 7 mm long piece of the posterior tip kept frozen in absolute ethanol. Paratype NHMUK 2008.4.1.1: Guernsey, UK (49��27���21���N, 2��34���16���W). T. Brokenshire & N. Clark, coll., 17/Mar/2008. Anterior end approximately 10 mm long, sagittal sections at 15 ��m on 15 slides engraved G1 1���15; a portion behind the anterior end about 5 mm long, transverse sections at 10 ��m on 13 slides engraved G2 1���13; a portion about 10 mm long containing the pharynx, sagittal sections at 10 ��m on 25 slides engraved G3 1���25; the posterior portion about 15 mm long including the copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections at 15 ��m on 16 slides engraved G4 1���16. Paratypes NHMUK 2008.4.1.2, NHMUK 2008.4.1.3 and NHMUK 2008.4.1.4: Guernsey, UK (49��27���21���N, 2��34���16���W). T. Brokenshire & N. Clark, coll., 17/Mar/ 2008., preserved in absolute ethanol. Paratype NHMUK 2010.10.29.1: Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK (52��18���31���N, 0��22���57���E). L. Parker & R. Gordon, coll., July 2009. Preserved in absolute ethanol. Small posterior portion removed for molecular analysis. Additional material studied Specimens F6101, F6105, F6106 and F6100: Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). M. Riutort and F. Carbayo, coll., 19/Mar/2014. NHMUK 2013.9.5.2: Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). M. Riutort, coll., 2010. F6108: C��rtama, M��laga, Spain (36��42���46.6���N, 4��37���53.0���W). E. Mateos, leg., 10/mar/2014. A portion 10 mm long including pharynx, sagittal sections on 32 slides; a portion 10 mm long including copulatory apparatus, sagittal sections on 33 slides. Harvard IZ 59101 (field number F6099): Torroella de Fluvi��, Girona, Spain (42��10���29.4���N, 3��02���41.0���E). M. Riutort and F. Carbayo, coll., 19/Mar/2014. Specimen killed with boiling water and fixed in 80% ethanol. Anterior end 5 mm long kept frozen in absolute ethanol, rest of the body in clove oil for 15 days for visualizing distribution of eyes, and preserved in 80% ethanol. NHMW 2743, Series 2: no available locality. Three slides, serial sagittal sections of copulatory apparatus. Tests on food preferences were conducted with specimens F6101, F6105, F6106, F6100 and F6108. DESCRIPTION Extended living worms were 5���7 cm in length, about 5 mm in width and 1���2 mm in height (Figs 11���14; http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZU_ncoawfY). Contract- ed, they are about 3 cm long and 1.1 cm wide. The anterior end is rounded, narrow, about 1 mm wide and widens to the maximum body width about 1.5 cm from the anterior tip. Thereafter the sides of the body are roughly parallel until about 1 cm from the posterior when it tapers to the pointed tip. On initial viewing of live specimens, the dorsal colour is ���beige brown���, although some specimens were very dark, almost black. The surface is mucus-covered. On closer examination the dorsal ground colour is ���golden yellow��� to ���honey yellow��� with numerous black or ���terra brown��� spots aligned or aggregated into short longitudinal streaks. However, there is variation. Some specimens have a narrow pale midline of the ground colour devoid of dark pigment spots. This midline may widen slightly over the regions of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus and may or may not be bordered by a darker region caused by fine patterning of very small dark pigment spots. The very dark, almost black, specimens have a more dense distribution of dark pigment spots almost obliterating the ground colour. The ventral surface is uniformly ���cream��� or ���grey white��� and the creeping sole occupies the full ventral width. Eyes are present in a uniserial row round the anterior tip but polyserial further posteriorly where they spread onto the dorsal surface to the extent of about one-third of the width on either side, and thus about 0.67 of the width (Figs 15, 16). In preserved specimens, the position of the mouth, on the ventral surface behind the anterior end, varies from 42 to 81% of total body length, median 60.3% (Table 3). The gonopore varies from 59 to 87% of total body length, median 77.1% (Table 3). The sensory pits are simple invaginations 30 ��m deep, ventromarginally distributed in a single row externally to the glandular margin, along the anterior third of the body. The epidermis is ciliated over the creeping sole only. Abundant glands with erythrophilic gross granules (1��� 2 ��m) and a second type containing xanthophilic granules variously sized (1���5 ��m) cross the ventromarginal epithelium constituting a glandular margin 100 ��m wide. The three typical geoplaninid cutaneous muscle layers extend throughout the body: one circular followed by a diagonal with deccusate fibres, and then a longitudinal layer with fibres arranged into bundles with 8���25 fibres each, dorsally (20 ��m) and ventrally (25 ��m) as well. The cutaneous musculature thickness relative to body height at the pre-pharyngeal region (CMI) is 4.6��� 6.7%. The dorso-ventral parenchymal muscle fibres are apparent between the intestinal branches. Three parenchymal muscle layers are present at the pre-pharyngeal region: a dorsal layer of decussate diagonal fibres, a supraintestinal layer of transverse fibres and a subintestinal layer, above the ventral nerve plate, with loose transverse fibres. The nervous system consists of a broad ventral plate, 70���80 ��m in dorso-ventral thickness, extending almost the full width of the animal. There is a slight enlargement to about 100 ��m on each side in the vicinity of the ovovitelline ducts. The mouth is behind the middle of the pharyngeal pouch (Fig. 17). There is an oesophagus (but it also may be absent as in specimen MZUSP PL 1597, seemingly due to contraction at the time of fixation), 0.6 mm in length, leading to the digestive diverticula. The pharynx is cylindrical with the dorsal insertion slightly posterior to the ventral insertion. It is 2.0���3.4 mm in length, occupying 61���90% of the pharyngeal pouch. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is flat, ciliated, underlain by a layer (10���15 ��m) of longitudinal muscle fibres with circular fibres interspersed; the inner pharyngeal epithelium and that of the oesophagous is ciliated; it is underlain by a layer (80���150 ��m thick) of circular fibres with longitudinal fibres interspersed. L, length; W, width; A-m and A-gp are distances from the anterior end to the mouth (pharyngeal aperture) and to the gonopore, respectively. % values are for these as a percentage of total body length. *Sectioned specimens. Lcop, length of the copulatory apparatus from the junction of the sperm ducts to the oviduct-female genital canal. Glands of three types, producing erythrophilic, xanthophilic or scarce cyanophilic granules, pierce the distal portion of the pharynx. Testes are dorsal to the digestive diverticula but below the supra-intestinal muscle layer, and commence anterior to the ovaries. The most anterior testes are about 1/6th of the body length from the anterior extremity, and extend back to almost the level of the root of the pharynx. Up to six testes may be visible in a transverse section on each side of the body. The testes are spherical or ovate, about 200 ��m in dorso-ventral height, 240 ��m antero-posteriorly. The paired sperm ducts run posteriorly roughly above the oviducts. About 1 mm from the copulatory apparatus the sperm ducts each broaden and in most specimens they contain densely packed spermatozoa (which are cyanophilic). They turn dorsally towards the sagittal body plane and open to the paired branches of the prostatic vesicle. These branches join and penetrate the antero-dorsal aspect of the penis bulb and continue into the ejaculatory duct, which runs through the centre of the penis to open at its tip (Figs 18���23; Figs S18���S36). The epithelium of the prostatic vesicle is columnar in the proximal portion, 40 ��m high, or cuboidal, 15 ��m high, in the distal portion. It is pierced by glands containing erythrophilic granules. The lining of the ejaculatory duct is cuboidal and ciliated. The penis, 1���1.7 mm long, is ovoid-blunt or irregular, and projects posteriorly and to the left from the right dorsal part of the male atrium (but in paratype NHMUK 2013.9.5.1 it is nearly horizontal), not from any atrial fold. Its dorsal insertion is placed nearly in the distal part of the male atrium. The male atrium is an ample cavity mostly occupied by the penis, and provided with a large sheath-like fold on the right side. In most cases this fold arises from the ventral anterior side of the atrium to nearly the dorsal level to the gonopore, thus separating the male from the female atrium. The fold may also be reduced, or emerge from the distal portion of the male atrium, as in specimen NHMUK 2013.9.1. The epithelium of the penis is 8���20 ��m in height and non-ciliated. The stroma of the penis contains two types of glands, one containing erythrophilic (reddish) granules and one containing a second type of erythrophilic granules that stain pinkish (most specimens) or bluish (specimens MZUSP PL 1596 and MZUSP PL 1597, fixed with ethanol) (Figs 24���26; Figs S18���S36). The cell bodies of the two types lie outside the penis bulb. In the proximal region of the penis, the necks of the pinkish glands run in discrete bundles, crossing the central space between the ejaculatory duct and the lining epithelium of the penis. These bundles join in larger, conspicuous bundles (> 60 ��m in diameter), even at low magnification, as they approach the subapical height of the penis to discharge their content in distinct patches (Figs 24���27, Figs S25, S28, S35). The glands producing reddish granules run singly or in bundles, the latter running near the ejaculatory duct. They open across the whole epithelium of the penis. A 10���15-��m-thick muscle layer of circular fibres with some longitudinal fibres interspersed underlies the epithelium of the penis, the stroma of which is crossed by numerous muscle fibres orientated in various directions, most of them arranged in bundles that run approximately radially in the vicinity of the ejaculatory duct (Fig. 26). The lining epithelium of the male atrium is not ciliated, is cuboidal-to-columnar, apically xanthophilic, but flat in the ventral region. The surface of the large fold facing the penis is crossed by very many glands containing very fine granules. It is difficult to determine their affinity for stain. They seem to be erythrophilic granules immersed in slightly cyanophilic cytoplasm (Figs 24, 26, 28); this type of gland also pierces part of the left side of the male atrium, giving rise to an annular secretory surface. The cell bodies of these glands are outside the common muscle coat. Characteristically, and differently from the remaining muscles of the male atrium, the musculature underlying the epithelium of the annular band is constituted by circular muscle fibres arranged in loose bundles, the fibres of which lie one upon the other, giving rise to a kind of parallel fence (Fig. 26); longitudinal muscle fibres are interspersed with circular ones. Otherwise, the glands and muscle fibres underlying the male atrium are as follows: under the epithelium there is a thin layer of circular muscles, followed by a second one of longitudinal muscles. Glands with erythrophilic granules pierce the epithelium. The epithelium up to 400 ��m from the gonopore is ciliated. The pair of ovaries are about one-fifth of the body length behind the anterior end and lie ventrally immediately above the nerve plate. Each ovary is about 500 ��m long and about 300 ��m wide. The ovovitelline ducts emerge from the latero-dorsal aspect of the ovaries about half way along its length. In specimen NHMUK 2008.4.1.1 each oviduct has a dense clump of cyanophilic material near the junction with its ovary, which appears to be spermatozoa. Behind the gonopore, the ovovitelline ducts turn dorsally and join in the midline, dorsal to the posterior portion of the female atrium (Figs 17��� 22, 28���29). The distal ascending region of the oviducts and the common glandular ovovitelline duct receive the products of erythrophilic glands, presumed to secrete the cocoon casing (Figs 17���22, 28��� 29). The common ovovitelline duct runs initially posteriorly then ventrally and anteriorly to communicate with the female atrium. The female atrium is long, somewhat funnel-shaped, with its lumen laterally narrowed by 1���2 longitudinal folds. In specimen MZUSP PL 1597 the atrium is abnormally divided into two chambers. Its lining epithelium, apically erythrophylic, is 25 ��m in height in the anterior region and 50 ��m in the posterior. The epithelium is ciliated at a distance up to 400 ��m behind the gonopore. Except for the epithelium around the genital canal and the ventral one close to the gonopore canal, conspicuous gland cells producing erythrophilic (purple) granules pierce the epithelium. The muscularis of the female atrium consists of a layer (10 ��m thick) of decussate fibres. The female atrium is about half the length of the male atrium. The copulatory apparatus has an anterior���posterior extent of 3.26 �� 0.75 mm (Table 3) from the junction of the sperm ducts to the junction, Published as part of Fernando Carbayo, Marta ��lvarez-Presas, Hugh D. Jones & Marta Riutort, 2016, The true identity of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe, pp. 5-28 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 17-25, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12358, http://zenodo.org/record/269546, {"references":["Carbayo F, Alvarez-Presas M, Olivares CT, Marques FPL, Froehlich EM, Riutort M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions. Zoologica Scripta 42: 508 - 528.","Lago-Barcia D, Fernandez-Alvarez FA, Negrete L, Brusa F, Damborenea C, Grande C. 2015. Morphology and DNA barcodes reveal the presence of the non-native land planarian Obama marmorata (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in Europe. Invertebrate Systematics 29: 12 - 22.","Tibirica LC. 1984. Dicionario Tupi-Portugues. Sao Paulo. Traco Editora e Distribuidora.","Muller OF. 1774. Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium, seu Animalium Infusorium, Helminthicorum, et Testaceorum, non marinorum, Succincta Historia. Vol. 2. Havniae & Lipsiae: Heineck and Faber."]}

OBAMA NUNGARA IS A NEW SPECIES The new species shows morphological features of the genus and in our molecular trees it fits within a clade exclusively composed of species of Obama (Obama sp. 6 in Carbayo et al., 2013, and Fig. 1). Nevertheless, a diagnostic feature of the genus, multiple sensory pit rows opening at each side of the body, is absent in this species, as in O. marmorata. In this respect, the genus should be taxonomically revised. The new species should be compared with species of Pseudogeoplana Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 and with other species of Obama. The former genus includes species of Geoplaninae considered species inquirendae and nomina dubia because of insufficient morphological information, mainly internal. However, none of the species in Pseudogeoplana has a body colour pattern resembling the new species. Among the 36 species of Obama, only O. marmorata compares well with the new species in having the dorsum patterned with marbled, short longitudinal dark striae. Furthermore, at first sight, the two species are very similar to each other in their general external appearance and in their internal features. To add complexity to the problem, O. marmorata and O. nungara sp. nov. may be syntopic and at the time of sampling we suspected the slight differences in the colour pattern of the dorsum would be due to intraspecific variation. Nevertheless, O. nungara differs from O. marmorata in the following respects: (1) the body is smaller (approximately 72% of the mean size of O. marmorata); (2) the ground colour is not ���light ivory��� (���light brown with a pinkish tint��� in Froehlich���s specimens) but ���golden yellow��� to ���honey yellow��� and the dots are not green brown but black to ���terra brown���, so giving it a darker general colour than O. marmorata; (3) the eyes spread onto the dorsum in two lateral bands 1/3rd of the body width on each side, whereas in O. marmorata each band is 1/5th; (4) the mouth and gonopore are relatively more anterior (median position 60 and 77%, respectively, from the anterior end) than in O. marmorata (72 and 86%), although there is overlap in the range of measurements; (5) the length of the copulatory apparatus is 50��� 75% of that of O. marmorata (this is significantly different from that of O. marmorata, ANOVA, P = 0.0000); (6) the dorsal insertion of the penis is anterior to the level of the gonopore, not posterior as in O. marmorata, thus the base of the penis is narrower and more anterior than in O. marmorata; (7) the glands producing pinkish (bluish is some stains) granules present in the stroma of the penis run in conspicuous bundles as they approach the subapical height of the penis to discharge their content in distinct patches, whereas in O. marmorata the penis glands run in discrete bundles discharging the secretion evenly through the penis epithelium; (8) the muscle fibres in the stroma of the penis are more numerous and most of them are arranged in bundles, whereas in O. marmorata they are scarcer and packed in less apparent bundles; (9) the male atrium possesses a kind of large sheathlike fold on the right side running from the ventral anterior side of the atrium to nearly the dorsal level to the gonopore, thus separating the male from the female atrium, whereas the male atrium of O. marmorata is not folded and not separat- ed from the female one; (10) the very numerous glands discharging their cyanophilic granules into the male atrium pierce an annular-shaped surface of its lining epithelium, whereas in O. marmorata the surface pierced by this type of gland does not exist dorsally, thus resulting in a U-shaped surface. Moreover, our molecular species delimitation analysis suggests strongly that O. marmorata and O. nungara are different species (Fig. 2; Supplementary material Fig. S1B). It also gives statistical support to the individuals of Brazil and the individuals from Europe and Argentina as belonging to the same species, although they are genetically quite differentiated. This is probably because the animals introduced to other countries originated from a different region of Brazil than the one analysed here., Published as part of Fernando Carbayo, Marta ��lvarez-Presas, Hugh D. Jones & Marta Riutort, 2016, The true identity of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe, pp. 5-28 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on page 25, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12358, http://zenodo.org/record/269546, {"references":["Carbayo F, Alvarez-Presas M, Olivares CT, Marques FPL, Froehlich EM, Riutort M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions. Zoologica Scripta 42: 508 - 528.","Ogren RE, Kawakatsu M. 1990. Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae. Bulletin of the Fuji Women's College 28: 79 - 166."]}