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Background: Pre-eclampsia contributes significantly to both maternal and perinatal morbidities and mortalities. One of the identified pathophysiologies of pre-eclampsia is the deranged serum lipid profile of which some components have been found to be elevated early in pregnancy in women destined to develop pre-eclampsia. Objective: To compare the serum fasting lipid profiles of pre-eclamptic primigravidas with normal primigravidas at week 20, 28, and 34. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife between November 2016 and April 2018. A cohort of 290 primigravidas was recruited at week 20 and followed up until delivery. Serum fasting lipid profiles were quantified at weeks 20, 28 and 34 for all participants. Twenty four women that developed pre-eclampsia were compared with 48 women that had a normal pregnancy. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22. We used a linear mixed-effect regression model with random intercept and slope. Significance was established using p Results: Serum lipid profiles showed an average weekly increase in both groups. Primigravidas that developed pre-eclampsia had a weekly increase of 0.2(SE0.14) mmol/l in serum total cholesterol more than those with normal pregnancies. (p Conclusion: The average weekly increase in serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein were higher significantly in primigravidas that developed pre-eclampsia when compared to the control group. These findings depicted an association between serum lipid profile and pre-eclampsia among the primigravidas.

To investigate fetal pulmonary hemodynamics in normal pregnancy using pulsed and color Doppler ultrasonography and to define Doppler reference ranges values in the whole fetal pulmonary circulation during different gestational ages.A prospective observational study was conducted to evaluate 190 healthy singleton pregnancies between 20 and 38 weeks of gestation, including 10 cases for each gestational age. The main pulmonary artery, right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and pulmonary veins waveforms were evaluated. The waveform profile was studied for each pulmonary vessel investigated. We calculated the normal distribution of data of 12 Doppler parameters, their values were expressed as 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th centile.We report several pulmonary hemodynamic changes with the progression of pregnancy. We focused on the hemodynamic values of the parameters most useful in clinical practice and that would better describe the hemodynamic events of this vascular district.This study reports a complete description of the fetal pulmonary hemodynamics at different gestational ages. Many hemodynamic parameters show a typical change during gestation. The reference ranges described in this study may help in situations where is indicated to evaluate the pulmonary hemodynamics and to identify healthy fetuses from those affected by pathological conditions related mainly to fetal cardiovascular anomalies and/or feto-maternal pathologic conditions.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER1) levels in non-pregnant and pregnant with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods The study comprised 40 pregnant women with (n=20) and without GDM (n=20) and 20 healthy non-pregnant women. Data as maternal age, gestational age, and body mass index (BMI) of participants were recorded and serum samples were collected. Serum GPER1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Serum GPER1 level was significantly higher in GDM (p=0.03) and non-pregnant women (p=0.005) than those of normal pregnancy. There was no significant correlation between the serum GPER1 levels age (r=0.18, p=0.34), gestational age (r=−0.22, p=0.47), and BMI (r=0.004, p=0.975). Conclusions Our results suggest that changes in serum GPER1 levels in pregnancy and GDM may be associated with estrogen. More detailed studies should be conducted to monitor the changes and their interactions in serum sex hormones and serum GPER1 levels during GDM.

Objective: The purpose of this present study to investigate the lipid profile levels and basal body mass index in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy in Bangladeshi women. Material and methods: This case-control study was conducted at Sheba Hospital Kaligonj Bangladesh with 70 participants among 35 normal pregnancy (control) and 35 preeclampsia women (case) were enrolled from August 2018 to July 2019. Blood samples were obtained for analysis of total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein by enzymatic assays and low-density lipoprotein by using Fried Ewald’s formula in between 22-36 weeks of gestation. Results: This study found the mean age of preeclampsia and normal pregnancy women were 24.71±2.56 and 23.09±2.1 respectively with significant (P= 0.005). Basal body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein significantly higher (P=0.002), (P= 0.000), (P= 0.022) and (P=0.000) in preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancy respectively. While high-density lipoprotein comparatively lower in preeclampsia than normal pregnancy and consider significant as (P=0.037). Conclusion: Abnormal lipid profile and increased body mass index is contributed to the development of preeclampsia. The frequent antenatal monitoring of lipid profiles provides the status which helps to require management and reduces the preeclampsia which enhances maternal and fetal wellbeing and fetal outcome. Keywords: Preeclampsia; normal pregnancy; lipid profile; basal body mass index.

Mortality and morbidity of pregnant and maternity women is a big problem in developing countries like Indonesia. The support of husbands, parents, and midwives in taking care of pregnant women is important for the health of mother and baby fetus. One of a problem in taking care of pregnant women, is maintaining the emotional stability and behavior of pregnant women. The strategy to optimize support for pregnant women is to provide Maternity Waiting Homes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the support of husbands, parents and midwives in optimizing the function of Maternity Waiting Homes. This research is qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques with in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and Focus Group Discussion. The core informants consist of midwives who managed the Maternity Waiting Homes and doctors, main informants consist of pregnant women, husbands, parents, and midwives, supporting informants consist of public health center nurses and sub-district stakeholders. This research located in Wonogiri Regency (kabupaten), Central Java Province in Indonesia. Based on the results of the study, husband’s, parents and midwives support in the normal pregnancy has a positive impact on the physical and psychological aspects of pregnant women until delivery. While husbands, parents and midwives support in unwanted pregnancies did not have positive impact on pregnant women. The existence of Maternity Waiting Homes has not functioned optimally in supporting the amenities of mothers and babies. Thus, social support (husband, parents and midwife) is a determinant factor of emotional stability and the behavior of pregnant women.

Background: The severe form of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) that if left untreated may lead to significant maternal morbidity and adverse birth outcomes. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a prevalent gram-negative flagellated spiral bacterium that colonizes the stomach of half of the world’s population. Researchers have hypothesized that maternal hormonal and immunological changes during pregnancy that prevent allogenic rejection of fetus reactivates the bacterium. Aim of the work is to compare between patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and normal pregnancy regarding presence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies for proper management. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was carried out on ninety pregnant women at 5-15 weeks of gestation, thirty pregnant females with single living fetus complaining of HG (Group A), Thirty pregnant females who were multiple pregnancy and/or trophoblastic disorders complaining of HG (Group B) and Thirty pregnant females with normal pregnancy (Group C). Serum test for H. pylori IgG antibody titer was done for all patients and controls using enzyme immunoassay-based kit. Results: H. pylori were noted in 32 hyperemetic cases and 6 control subjects. The presence of H. pylori increased the risk of HG more than two fold (OR = 2.923, 95% CI: 1.326-6.446, P < 0.05). Conclusion: There is powerful correlation between H. pylori and hyperemesis gravidarum which proved in single, multiple pregnancy and/or trophoblastic disorders.

Previous studies have demonstrated that sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) increases during orthostatic stress in humans. We recently showed that dietary salt intake affects sympathetic neural control in healthy premenopausal women. This study aimed to determine whether salt loading versus salt reduction would impact sympathetic BRS during orthostasis in premenopausal women with a history of normal pregnancy. Nine healthy women [42 ± 3 (SD) yr] were given a standardized isocaloric high-salt (250 mEq sodium/day) or low-salt (50 mEq sodium/day) diet for 1 wk each (∼2 mo apart with the order randomized), whereas water intake was ad libitum. Laboratory testing was performed following each high- and low-salt period in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Hemodynamics and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured at baseline (supine; 2 min) and during a graded head-up tilt (30° for 5 min and 60° for 20 min). Sympathetic BRS was assessed during baseline and head-up tilt. Hemodynamics were not different between salt conditions during baseline or tilt. Both supine and upright MSNA indices were lower in high salt than low salt (all P < 0.05), however, there was no interaction effect ( P = 0.507–0.996). On moving from supine to upright, sympathetic BRS remained unchanged in high salt but increased in low salt ( P = 0.028 for interaction). Thus, salt loading diminishes the responsiveness of sympathetic BRS during orthostasis compared with salt reduction in healthy premenopausal women with prior normal pregnancy. Whether this is one underlying mechanism for salt-induced development of hypertension during ambulation remains to be determined.

Background: Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been found to have important roles in vascular pathology and may be involved in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. In this study, the serum levels of MMP-2, -7, -9 in normal pregnant women and pre-eclampsia patients were analyzed to assess their predictive value. Methods: A total of 1563 pregnant women from Peking University Third Hospital, from February 2021 to October 2021, were enrolled. Serum samples were collected from patients one to three times, during the different trimesters. Among the 102 singleton pre-eclampsia patients, we collected samples from 33 patients in the first trimester (6–13 GW), 33 in the second trimester (14–28 GW), 41 in the third trimester (29–41 GW) and 28 after onset of pre-eclampsia. Samples from each trimester were collected before the onset of pre-eclampsia. Then we selected 35, 37, 43 and 25 samples from 124 healthy pregnant women by matching their age, BMI and gestational weeks, using these as the control groups. Serum levels of MMP-2, -7, -9 were detected by ELISA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate their predictive value. Results: Except for the first trimester, MMP-2 and MMP-7 were significantly higher in the pre-eclampsia group (p < 0.5). Additionally, in the pre-eclampsia group, MMP-9 increased significantly in the first trimester and after the onset of pre-eclampsia but decreased significantly in the second and third trimesters (p < 0.5). The ROC curve indicated that MMP-9, MMP-2 and MMP-7 were the best indicators for predicting pre-eclampsia in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. Conclusion: Increased MMP-2 and MMP-7 levels and a decreased MMP-9 level seem to be related to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and are expected to be potential predictors of pre-eclampsia.

ABSTRAK Kehamilan adalah fertilisasi atau penyatuan dari spermatozoa dan ovum dilanjutkan dengan nidasi atau implantasi. Bisa dihitung dari saat fertilisasi hingga lahirnya bayi, kehamilan normal akan berlangsung dalam waktu 40 minggu. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Gambaran Pengetahuan Remaja Mengenai Bahaya Hamil Usia Dini Di SMA Sei Putih Kecamatan Tapung Kabupaten Kampar Tahun 2021. Menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi dalan penelitian ini yaitu siswi SMA Sei Putih sebanyak 52 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan teknik quota sampling dimana peneliti mengambil sampel sesuai dengan yang ditargetkan atau diinginkan. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner skala Guttman yang terdiri dari 20 pertanyaan. Analisa data menggunakan analisa univariat. Diketahui tingkat pengetahuan pada penelitian ini yaitu cukup dengan jumlah 28 responden (53,84%). Kata Kunci : Kehamilan, Siswi, Bahaya Hamil Usia Dini

OBJECTIVE Endocan is a novel marker of endothelial inflammation. In this study, we aimed to show whether there was a significant difference between the endocan levels of pregnant women with and without preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM and non-PPROM). Also, we aimed to find a relation between endocan levels and the latent period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pregnant women with PPROM between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation and those without PPROM with similar gestational weeks were included in the study. A total of 88 pregnant women, 44 with PROM and 44 healthy pregnancies, were evaluated. Demographic and obstetric features, leukocyte, and endocan levels of the study and control groups were compared. RESULTS The demographic features and obstetric history of both groups were similar. The mean leukocyte and endocan levels of the study group were higher than in the control group (p

The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences and predictive efficacy of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and human suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2) among women with uncomplicated pregnancies and patients with gestational hypertension (GH) or preeclampsia (PE). This study included patients with GH (n = 41), patients with PE (n = 62), and women with uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 148). The cfDNA concentration was determined by qPCR, and the ST2 levels were measured by ELISA. A receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to measure the diagnostic performance of cfDNA and ST2. Our results showed that ST2 but not cfDNA was increased in the middle and third trimesters of normal pregnancy; ST2 and cfDNA were increased in GH and PE patients compared to women with uncomplicated pregnancies. More importantly, plasma cfDNA and ST2 served as diagnostic biomarkers for GH and PE, and the AUCs were 0.883 and 0.734 for GH and 0.838 and 0.816 for PE, respectively. Moreover, their combination significantly elevated the diagnostic efficiency for GH and PE, with AUCs of 0.906 and 0.916, respectively. Plasma cfDNA and ST2 could be used as parameters for GH and PE.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy is associated with high metabolic demand and increased demand for tissue oxygen. Consequently increased production of reactive oxygen species. This leads in increased oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant status during gestational age of normal pregnant women. Aim: Aim of this study was to evaluate the level of oxidant and antioxidant in 1st and 3rd trimester of normal pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study included total 150 cases attended ANC Clinic at the department of Gynae LNMC & J K Hospital was screened for the study. Level of MDA was estimated by Jean et al and SOD was Marklund and Marklund. RESULTS: Findings were, that there was signicantly increase in Malondialdehyde levels (p

The purpose of this review article is to analyze current information on the molecular mechanisms of gestational diabetes and the prospects for their use in the further development of new effective treatments for this common pathology. Decreased ability of insulin to bind to its receptor, decreased IRS-1 expression and GLUT-4 translocation, and increased levels of p85α-PI-3 kinase subunits are involved in the development of insulin resistance during pregnancy. In gestational diabetes, there are not only more significant changes of the above mentioned indicators, but also increased levels of pro-inflammatory factors: TNF-α, IL-6, leptin and decreased insulin-sensitizing factors: adiponectin and PPAR-γ. Therapeutic measures aimed at normalizing the secretion of cytokines and adipokines reduce the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and its complications and require further development

There is still controversy regarding the changes of ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) during normal pregnancy. The possible influence of chest shape on VAC during normal pregnancy has never been investigated.Between October 2019 and June 2020, 59 healthy pregnant women (33.7 ± 4.4 years/old) were consecutively included. They underwent obstetric visit, modified Haller index (MHI) assessment, and complete echocardiographic evaluation with blood pressure measurement to assess arterial elastance (Ea), end-systolic elastance (Ees), and Ea/Ees as an index of VAC, at 12-14 weeks and 36-38 weeks gestation, then 6-9 weeks after delivery.VAC progressively increased from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy, then decreased in the postpartum (P 0.0001) in the whole study population. Women with concave-shaped chest wall (MHI2.5, n = 31) but not women with normal chest shape (MHI ≤2.5, n = 28) showed a progressive increase in VAC during normal pregnancy. Women with MHI2.5 showed a significantly less pronounced increase in stroke volume index (SVi) from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy. There was a strong linear correlation between third trimester MHI and VAC (r = 0.93).Anatomical and/or extrinsic mechanical factors rather than impaired arterial elastance or reduced left ventricular contractility may contribute to changes in VAC during normal pregnancy in women with concave-shaped chest wall.

In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic has altered many aspects of promoting normal pregnancy and birth practices. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural, safe, and healthy birth.

There are various physiological and pharmacokinetic changes occur in pregnancy to nurture the developing foetus, avoid toxicities, resistance to infections and prepare the mother for labour and delivery. Some of these changes influence normal biochemical values while others may mimic symptoms of medical disease and alter the kinetic parameters of the drugs. It is important to differentiate between normal physiological changes and disease pathology. This article highlights the important changes that take place during normal pregnancy, development of common conditions and pharmacokinetic variations. This review also will describe basic concepts in pharmacokinetics and their clinical relevance and highlight the variations in pregnancy that may impact the pharmacokinetic properties of medications, different treatment approaches, contraindications and drugs used in pregnancy Key words: Physiological changes in pregnancy, Hypertension, pregnancy disorders.

Hofbauer cells are macrophages residing in the stroma of placental villi and play a number of roles during normal pregnancy, as well as pathological conditions. A morphometric analysis of Hofbauer cells, in particular to investigate the number of cells, their size and shape in samples of normal human placenta from 1st trimester, term and with chorioamnionitis was performed. Tissue samples were immunostained for CD206 antigen and evaluated using ImageJ software. We detected significant changes in number and morphology of HBCs between normal placenta and placenta with chorioamnionitis samples. In chorioamnionitis, the cells were unevenly distributed within the villi, generally present in higher numbers, larger and more elongated than those in normal 1st trimester and term placenta.

Tumors of the ovaries in general and dermoids in particular do not particularly complicate a normal pregnancy, causing the last more or less inconvenience.All ovarian tumors, with the exception of dermoid tumors, differing in relatively large sizes, generally speaking and with the exception of very bulky tumors, lessen the development of pregnancy and especially the course of labor, since these tumors have a tendency to grow upward into the abdominal cavity, thus being removed from small pelvis.

The evaluation of cardiovascular disease in pregnancy is challenging due to overlaps between cardiac and normal pregnancy symptomatology, as well as concerns about the potential impact, if any, of imaging studies on fetal development. We discuss here an approach to the evaluation of the pregnant cardiac patient and review the safety and utility of available diagnostic tests, including labs, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, stress testing, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac catheterization. Importantly, the majority of standard imaging studies can be safely performed in pregnancy, and a high index of suspicion must be maintained when evaluating pregnant patients, especially those with preexisting cardiovascular disease.

Fetal neurodevelopment in utero is profoundly shaped by both systemic maternal immunity and local processes at the maternal–fetal interface. Immune pathways are a critical participant in the normal physiology of pregnancy and perturbations of maternal immunity due to infections during this period have been increasingly linked to a diverse array of poor neurological outcomes, including diseases that manifest much later in postnatal life. While experimental models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have provided groundbreaking characterizations of the maternal pathways underlying pathogenesis, less commonly examined are the immune factors that serve pathogen-independent developmental functions in the embryo and fetus. In this review, we explore what is known about the in vivo role of immune factors in fetal neurodevelopment during normal pregnancy and provide an overview of how MIA perturbs the proper orchestration of this sequence of events. Finally, we discuss how the dysregulation of immune factors may contribute to the manifestation of a variety of neurological disorders.

Objective: Vitamin D levels have shown significant geographical distribution, therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate its relationship to a specific geographic area with a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency to the important maternal manifestation of preeclampsia. This study established the association of vitamin D deficiency to preeclampsia among women of reproductive age. Method: It is a retrospective case-control study done to measure serum vitamin D levels in pregnant women receiving care at the King Fahad Medical City Riyadh with preeclampsia (n=100) and normal pregnancy (controls, n=200) from 2012 to 2014. Odds of developing preeclampsia with vitamin D deficiency were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean serum vitamin D level was 25.35?ng/ml in controls and 15.95?ng/ml in pre-eclampsia women. Comparing to those who had a serum vitamin D level of ?50?ng/ml, the odds ratio of developing preeclampsia in women with vitamin D deficiency was 4.2 (95% CI=1.23-14.35) while adjusting for age, BMI and duration of pregnancy. Conclusion: The risk of developing preeclampsia might increase by up to 4-fold in women with vitamin D deficiency. Since preeclampsia could lead to maternal and neonatal complications, vitamin D could be added during pregnancy to decrease these adverse consequences. Keywords: Vitamin D deficiency; preeclampsia; BMI; hypertension. Continuous...

El embarazo y parto son procesos fisiológicos y sociales que han sufrido múltiples transformaciones a lo largo de los siglos. El presente trabajo estudia la atención al embarazo normal y parto de bajo riesgo desde la perspectiva de madres primerizas atendidas en el Hospital Universitario de Navarra (Pamplona). Para ello, se ha utilizado la técnica cualitativa de entrevistas semiestructuras, realizadas a tres madres, una matrona trabajadora del hospital y una doula que desarrolla su actividad profesional en Navarra. El análisis del discurso identifica las necesidades, problemas, conflictos asistenciales y recoge los aspectos de mejora identificados por las madres. Además, se incluye la visión externa de las profesionales respecto a las experiencias de las mujeres embarazadas y parturientas, los límites percibidos en su trabajo, así como los déficits y progresos que se detectan en el Hospital Universitario de Navarra. Pregnancy and childbirth are physiological and social processes that have undergone multiple transformations over the centuries. This essay investigates the healthcare provided to normal pregnancy and low-risk childbirth from the perspective of first-time mothers attending the Hospital Universitario de Navarra (Pamplona). For this purpose, the qualitative technique of semi-structured interviews has been used, carried out with three mothers, a midwife working at the hospital, and a doula who carries out her professional activity in Navarre. The discourse analysis identifies the needs, problems, issues, healthcare conflicts and collects the aspects for improvement identified by the mothers. It also includes the external view of the professionals with regard to the experiences of pregnant women and women in labour, the limitations perceived in their work, as well as the deficits and progress detected at the Hospital Universitario de Navarra. Graduado o Graduada en Sociología Aplicada por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Soziologia Aplikatuan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

Introduction: Ultrasound elastography is a technique used to quantify biomechanical changes that occur in parenchymal tissue with disease. Recent research has applied the technique to the placenta in order to investigate changes associated with uteroplacental dysfunction. We performed a literature review to summarise the current available information regarding this novel technique. Methods: Pubmed, CINAHL and Embase were searched using the terms “placenta”, “ultrasound” and “elastography”. Only full text studies written in English and limited to placental sonoelastography were included. Results: Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Publications were divided into in vivo and ex vivo groups, and further categorised into four subgroups: normal pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and other pregnancy complications. Conclusion: Ultrasound elastography can quantitatively assess biomechanical properties of the placenta in conditions where placental function is compromised.

Normal pregnancy is a complex and dynamic process that requires significant adaptation from the maternal system. Failure of this adaptive process in pregnancy contributes to many pregnancy related disorders, including the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This article discusses placental development and how abnormalities in the process of vascular remodeling contribute to the multisystem maternal and fetal disease that is preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. We review some of the consequences of this condition on the mother and fetus, aspects of the clinical management of preeclampsia and how it can influence both mother and infant in the postnatal period and beyond.

BACKGROUND Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), presenting as one of the difficult clinical diseases, has a high incidence rate among women of reproductive age, with a rising trend in recent years. OBJECTIVES To confirm a target relationship between miR-24 and CDX1. This study aimed to explore miR-24 expression in decidual tissue under recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and its mechanism of regulating downstream gene CDX1. MATERIAL AND METHODS Female CBA/J mice were mated with male BALB/C mice to establish normal pregnancy models, and mated with male DBA/2 mice to establish RSA models. Recurrent spontaneous abortion model mice were randomized into 5 groups: a model group, a NC group, a miR-24 mimic group, a CDX1 vector group, and a miR-24 mimic+CDX1 vector group. Expressions of miR-24, CDX1, VEGF, cleaved caspase-3, Fas, and FasL, as well as apoptosis in decidual tissues, embryonic development and embryo loss rate were compared. RESULTS Compared with the normal group, the embryo loss rate, apoptosis rate, and the expressions of cleaved caspase-3, Fas and CDX1 in decidual tissue in other groups were significantly increased, and the expressions of miR-24, VEGF, and FasL were significantly decreased (all p < 0.05). The miR-24 mimic group showed the opposite changes when compared with the model group (all p < 0.05). However, CDX1 overexpression can significantly block the protective effect of miR-24 overexpression on embryonic development (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MiR-24 can inhibit CDX1 expression in decidual tissue of RSA mice, thus improving the embryonic development of the mice and reducing the RSA risk.

Soluble Fms like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) is one of the markers that play a role in the pathogenesis of pregnancy induced hypertension. The aims of the research were to determine the relationship beteween sFlt-1 level and birth weight. The samples were preeclampsia inpartu consisting of 22 peopole,, and normal pregnancy women consisting of 18 people. Analytic observational study with cross sectional was conducted. The level of sFlt-1 was examined using ELISA. Statistic analysis used Kruskal Wallis test, One way Anova test and Pearson correlation test.The result indicate that the characteristics of research subject in preeclampsia group and control group do not have a significant difference (p>0.05).The negative linear relationship occured between sFlt-1 level with birth weight in preeclampsia (p=0,015). While, in the group of normal pregnancy was not available of the relationship either sFlt-1 level with birth weight (p>0.05).

During pregnancy Nitric oxide is one of the most important relaxing factors for myometrium and also in the control of blood flow in uterus and placenta. Nitric oxide is generated by endothelial type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and acts as a vasodilator. Objective:To investigate the level of nitric oxide (NO) production in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and in normal pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A case control study was undertaken in Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), from january to july 2014. The study population was pregnant women having preeclampsia and normal pregnancy who attended the OPD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in BSMMU between 29 to 40 weeks of gestation. As because of transient and volatile nature of nitric oxide, it was unsuitable to measure the nitric oxide level by conventional method. However, two stable break down product, nitrate (NO3 -) and nitrate (NO2 -) could be easily detected by sprectophototric means. Nitrate (NO2 -) was first converted to Nitrite (NO3 -) by reduction process using cadmium. Then concentration was measured by using Griess reagent in UV sprectophototric machine. This procedure was done in the Biochemistry Department, Dhaka University. Results: The mean nitrite level was found 18.37}3.64 mol/L in case group and 25.57}2.11mol/ L in control group, which was significantly (p

This state-of-the art manuscript highlights our current understanding of maternal immunization-the practice of vaccinating pregnant women to confer protection on them as well as on their young infants, and thereby reduce vaccine-preventable morbidity and mortality. Advances in our understanding of the immunologic processes that undergird a normal pregnancy, studies from vaccines currently available and recommended for pregnant women, and vaccines for administration in special situations are beginning to build the case for safe scale-up of maternal immunization. In addition to well-known diseases, new diseases are emerging which pose threats. Several new vaccines are currently under development and increasingly include pregnant women. In this manuscript, targeted at clinicians, vaccinologists, scientists, public health practitioners, and policymakers, we also outline key considerations around maternal immunization introduction and delivery, discuss noninfectious horizons for maternal immunization, and provide a framework for the clinician faced with immunizing a pregnant woman.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized, membranous vesicles released by almost all types of cells. Extracellular vesicles can be classified into distinct subtypes according to their sizes, origins and functions. Extracellular vesicles play important roles in intercellular communication through the transfer of a wide spectrum of bioactive molecules, contributing to the regulation of diverse physiological and pathological processes. Recently, it has been established that EVs mediate foetal‐maternal communication across gestation. Abnormal changes in EVs have been reported to be critically involved in pregnancy‐related diseases. Moreover, EVs have shown great potential to serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of pregnancy‐related diseases. In this review, we discussed about the roles of EVs in normal pregnancy and how changes in EVs led to complicated pregnancy with an emphasis on their values in predicting and monitoring of pregnancy‐related diseases.

Aim: The objective of the study is to evaluate the normal physiological changes in values of major hematological parameters occur during the normal pregnancy Method: Blood samples (5ml EDTA) were taken voluntarily after consent obtained from from 50 healthy pregnant women from 20 to 40 years old who presented themselves at Khartoum teaching during their regularly follow-up. Questionnaires and direct interview were used to collect demographic and clinical data. CBC and part differential (WBC, RBC, Hb, PCV, and platelets), were measured by Sysmex and the plasma clotting time PT and PTT were measured by coagulometer. Results: W'BCs mean value was 7.580 cell/mm3, RBCs mean value was 4.1 x l012/L, Hb mean value was 11.79 g/dL, Platelets mean value was 256 x109/L, PT mean value of the study group was 13.40 seconds and PTT mean value was 36.20 seconds. Conclusion: It can be concluded that no statistical significance in RBCs, HB, platelets. PT and PTT between pregnant women in the three different trimesters while white WBCs count showed different decreased but not statistical significant among the three groups, the highest value was round in the second group followed by the third group and the lowest value found in the first group. Keywords: Normal pregnancy, Hematological Changes, Pregnancy trimesters

Recurrent molar pregnancy is very rare. In this case report, we highlight a case of a patient who experienced five recurrent molar pregnancies without an intervening normal pregnancy. A 22-year-old patient was admitted to our labour room with a fifth consecutive molar pregnancy. The patient underwent suction and evacuation and was followed up with serial serum human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) estimation. The patient did not require chemotherapy. Karyotype of the patient and her husband was normal. Nonetheless, the couple was counselled for adoption.

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia with complications. Method This research was a cross-sectional study; the sample was 86 third-trimester pregnant women consisting of 44 normal pregnant mothers, 30 severe preeclampsia and 12 people severe preeclampsia with complications. The diagnosis based on obstetrics and gynecology physicians who served at the research hospital. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are measured using VD (vitamin D) human Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit. Results Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D showed that there were statistically significant differences in the normal pregnancy group, severe preeclampsia group, and severe preeclampsia group with complications. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were severe in severe preeclampsia, while the highest 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels were in complicated severe preeclampsia. Observation on medical records that the majority of severe preeclampsia has received treatment that increases serum levels 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Conclusion Our study found that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels will decrease as preeclampsia worsens and will increase again after receiving treatment. Earlier treatment in the early period of preeclampsia will be better than if there had been severe preeclampsia.

This study presents the analysis and classification of maternal status during healthy pregnancy and postpartum using bispectral features of heart rate variability (HRV). Bispectral analysis is appl...

Hypothesis/aims of study. It is assumed that intestinal dysbiosis, as well as bacterial vaginosis, may be one of the risk factors, and in some cases, the direct cause of pregnancy complications. This study was aimed to assess the intestinal and vaginal microbiocenosis composition in women with threatened miscarriage and normal pregnancy. Study design, materials and methods. The study involved 68 women aged 18 to 35 years (mean age 27.6 0.7 years) in pregnancy from 6 to 18 weeks. The main group consisted of 38 women with threatened miscarriage. The control group included women (n = 30) with normal pregnancy. Patients of the main and control groups were examined in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Health order No. 572n. In addition, a qualitative and quantitative microbiological analysis of vaginal discharge and feces was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results. Vaginal dysbiosis was detected in 60.5% of pregnant women of the main group and only 13.3% of women of the control group. In the main group, grade II dysbiosis was found in 23.7% of cases, and grade I dysbiosis in 36.8% of cases, while in the control group, these grades were found only in 3.3% and 10% of cases, respectively. Intestinal dysbiosis was diagnosed in 100% of the examined pregnant women. In patients of the main group, intestinal dysbiosis was detected as follows: grade I in 29% of cases, grade II in 52.6% of cases, and grade III in 18.4% of cases. In patients of the control group, the disorders corresponded mainly to grade I (83.4%) and, to a lesser extent, grade II (16.6%) dysbiosis, there being no cases of severe dysbiosis revealed. Conclusion. Women with threatened miscarriage had the most pronounced dysbiotic changes in vaginal and intestinal microflora compared to the control group. Vaginal dysbiosis was combined with intestinal dysbiosis in 100% of cases in patients of the main and control groups, and the degree of dysbiotic changes in the vaginal microflora was directly proportional to the degree of intestinal dysbiosis.

We studied the intensity of respiratory burst of neutrophils in the venous blood of women at different stages of reproduction using the chemiluminescent method (BHL-07). The analysis of the of luminol-dependent latex-induced luminescence parameters demonstrated that the neutrophils of pregnant women are in the primed state and equally respond to latex-mediated induction during both normal pregnancy and in case of threatened miscarriage or premature birth. However, childbirth leads to the deactivation of neutrophils, while the intensity of active radical generation does not significantly differ from that in non-pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE The aim: To find out typical pathomorphological differences in placenta of women with early and late preeclampsia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: Investigation includes 40 placentas from deliveries in women with preeclampsia (main group) and 40 placentas from physiological delivery in somatically healthy women, who had no complications during pregnancy (control group). Placentas in the main group were devided into two sub-groups (20 in each) - with early and late preeclampsia. Specialties of the blood vessels in normal pregnancy were investigated, and their structural transformation with the developement of preeclampsia, according to the appearence of perinatal pathology. Morphometrical data of the blood stream was investigated with the help of eyepiece and program Image Tools 3,6. RESULTS Results: Significant decrease of weight (p

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN SMOOTH MYOCYTES AND MACROFAGES CD16 IN PULMONARY ARTERY AND AORTA IN FETUSES AND NEWBORNS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTRAUTERINE HYPOXIASorokina I., Markovsky V., Kaluzhyna O., Pliten O., Hol’yeva N. Background. Oxygen deficiency, both acute and chronic, causes a variety of pathological changes in a number of organs and systems of fetuses and newborns. In particular, there are morphological changes in the vessels. Information in the available literature regarding the morphological state of smooth myocytes (SM) and cells expressing CD16 in the pulmonary artery (PA) and aorta of fetuses and newborns under such conditions of pregnancy is various and insufficient. Subjects and methods. The results of complex pathomorphological research of SM and macrophages CD16 of fetuses and newborns PA and aorta in chronic intrauterine hypoxia with the use of histological (staining with hematoxylin and eosin), immunohistochemical (MCA to Anti-Human Smooth Muscle Actin and MCA to CD16), morphometric, statistical methods are presented in the article. The investigation was performed on WAG line rats, observing all ethical norms and rules of handling of laboratory animals. The location of SM and macrophages CD16 in the wall of the PA and aorta in normal pregnancy and under oxygen deficiency, the density of their location in the field of vision (SM – ×1000, CD16 – ×600) was calculated. A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of the studied cells between mentioned vessels was also carried out. Results. The macroscopic examination of the wall of PA and aorta in the group of fetuses and newborns from mothers with physiological pregnancy with a magnifier (×3, 8 diopters) revealed that it was elastic, had a smooth ivorish intima. Smooth muscle cells in PA and aorta during immunohistochemical identification are determined in intima and media, as well as in the adventitial vessels of vessels. With hypoxic effect their number decreased in comparison with control group, and the number of macrophages – increased in both described vessels. Conclusions. The density of smooth myocytes (SM) location in the thickness of the wall of PA and aorta in the fetuses and newborns during the physiological course of pregnancy differs significantly from each other with dominance in the first vessel. Under the influence of experimental chronic intrauterine hypoxia in PA and aorta of fetuses and newborns a significant (p

Management of preeclampsia is limited to blood pressure control and symptom relief in combination with close maternal/ fetal surveillance. Until recently, very little attention has been paid to preeclampsia's psychological consequences, especially maternal anxiety. Anxiety disorders can be identified using questionnaires instrument determining anxiety level, the Taylor Minnesota Anxiety Scale (TMAS) questionnaires is one among them. This study aimed to determine the TMAS maternal anxiety score difference between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design conducted from March-August 2014 in 40 subjects, consisting of 20 women with preeclampsia and 20 women with normal pregnancy who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Anxiety was measured with the TMAS questionnaire. Statistical analysis to determine the TMAS maternal anxiety score difference between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy was t-test. In preeclampsia group, the mean of TMAS maternal anxiety score was 30,45 ± 9,65. While in the normal pregnancy group, the mean of TMAS maternal anxiety score was 18,50 ± 7,62. There was a significant TMAS maternal anxiety score difference between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy (p = 0,000).Keywords: TMAS maternal anxiety score, preeclampsia

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before fetus can survive in the outside world, regardless of the cause. One cause of spontaneous abortion due to maternal nutritional factors, such as folic acid defi-ciency, lead to disruption of cell function and ends with apoptosis as well as continuing with fetal death. The study was conducted to determine differences in the levels of folic acid serum between patients with normal pregnancy and spontaneous abortion in some hospitals in West Sumatra. The study was con-ducted by the method of analytic observational comparative cross-sectional design. This research was carried out on pregnant women who come to the clinic and emergency obstetric Dr.M.Djamil hospital Padang, Batusangkar Hospital, Reksodiwiryo Hospital Padang and examinations conducted in biomed-ical laboratory medical faculty Andalas University the period August-December 2014. The total number of women included in the statistical calculation after the inclusion and exclusion criteria are met is 54 people, statistical analysis was done afterwards. The mean levels of serum folic acid is lower in sponta-neous abortion patients compared with average levels of folic acid in normal. Results of statistical anal-ysis using t-test found significant differences in the mean serum levels of folic acid group of spontaneous abortion patients with normal pregnancy group, it can be seen from p-value 0.001 (p

Metabolomics has begun to revolutionize many fields of biomedicine. Indeed, various disease states can be reflected by changes in metabolite concentrations. Metabolomics allows the simultaneous measurement of a large number of biomolecules on a single biological sample. Metabolomics strategies have been increasingly exploited to understand the metabolic adaptations of the human organism in pregnancy and to characterize deviant behavior caused by prenatal complications. Several types of biomaterial can be collected and investigated. All of them enable the determination of the maternal and fetal state, but their biochemical interactions pose a number of challenges for the obstetric scientific world. The aim of our study was to collect evidences in metabolomics research and prenatal medicine, considering several pathological or physiological aspects of pregnancy. The development of new approaches to find reliable biomarkers is crucial to introduce new knowledge and panels for the diagnosis and classification of different diseases.