Search

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The nighttime is undergoing unprecedented change across much of the world, with natural light cycles altered by the introduction of artificial light emissions. Here we review the extent and dynamics of artificial light at night (ALAN), the benefits that ALAN provides, the environmental costs ALAN creates, approaches to mitigating these negative effects, and how costs are likely to change in the future. We particularly highlight the consequences of the increasingly widespread use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology for new lighting installations and to retrofit pre-existing ones. Although this has been characterized as a technological lighting revolution, it also constitutes a revolution in the environmental costs and impacts of ALAN, particularly because the LEDs commonly used for outdoor lighting have significant emissions at the blue wavelengths to which many biological responses are particularly sensitive. It is clear that a very different approach to the use of artificial lighting is required. © 2022 by Annual Reviews., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

L’évolution de la population accueillie dans les établissements pour personnes âgées, à savoir un nombre grandissant de personnes atteintes de troubles cognitifs vient remettre en cause la séparation traditionnelle du jour et de la nuit. La nuit est désormais présente dans les plans d’action gérontologique en France (Plan Solidarité Grand Age, Plan Alzheimer…). En réponse à ces incitations, des professionnels s’engagent dans des pratiques innovantes pour répondre aux besoins des personnes qui confondent jour et nuit : Ne peut-on dormir que dans sa chambre? Ne manger qu’aux heures des repas? N’avoir d’activités que dans la journée? De telles questions obligent à réorganiser l’espacetemps, à repenser les rythmes nocturnes et diurnes avec le risque que les pratiques gestionnaires du jour n’imposent leur technicité à la nuit. Les pratiques de nuit porteuses de changements visent à améliorer le respect des choix et habitudes de vie des personnes accueillies. En produisant des modèles d’innovation pour des lieux de vie inclusifs et stimulants, elles ont des incidences sur les repères identitaires, le sentiment de contrôle sur l’environnement, la préservation de l’autonomie., The evolution of the population living in establishments for the elderly, that is to say the increasing number of people suffering from cognitive disorders, challenges the traditional division of day and night. Night-time is henceforth part of gerontology action plans (Plan Solidarité Grand Age, Plan Alzheimer…). In answer to those inducements, innovative processes are set by professionals in order to meet the needs of people confusing day with night: Is the bedroom the only place one can sleep in? Does one have to eat at meal times only? And practice activities only during the day? Such questions force the rearrangement of the concept of space-time, and force to rethink day and night rhythms. The aim of innovative night-time practices is to improve the respect of self choices and habits by producing stimulating and inclusive new models for social institutions that affect identity markers and the feeling of control on one’s environment.

The emergence of a field called “Night Studies” over the last 15 years brought to light a much-needed approach to how urban governance is applied to the 24-hour cycle. The urban night is a complex ecosystem encompassing policies and data related to mobility, healthcare, media, culture, entertainment, service industries, and much more. The closing down of the nighttime economy was one of the first and most dramatic social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic’s arrival in the West, following a decade in which the night of cities was a significant focus of interest from several quarters. These included city administrators and urban planners, data activists, institutions in the cultural field, and scholars engaged in measuring, understanding, and evaluating the night. Even if the increasing datafication of urban spaces has impacted the city after dark, this aspect of urban life is rarely addressed by the overlapping debate of data and policy beyond public lighting and surveillance in smart cities. While certain cities rely heavily on big data to understand and manage their territories in real-time, the lack of open data to comprehend the night is still an issue. For years, discussions of the night have happened in isolation from discussions of data policy and various forms of urban intelligence. The lack of data focusing specifically on the nighttime economy, and broader analyses of the impact of a smart city agenda beyond daylight, leave stakeholders – municipal governments, small business owners, neighbourhood associations, night-shifters, advocates, and communities – navigating challenging circumstances without essential information. It is worth highlighting that the night is also a space for various marginalized communities whose exposure through open datasets and thoughtless policies might cause harm to its members, notably unhoused people, sex workers, queer communities, and undocumented immigrants. Keeping in mind the ethical issues that arise when using data – and considering the possibilities of self-determination to build trust between different stakeholders while incorporating civic engagement into this agenda – this paper presents an applied approach to urban data policies for the 24-hour city. The three main questions are 1) How does the lack of access to consistent data about the nighttime ecosystem affect policymaking, urban governance, and citizen-centred data interactions?; 2) What are the harmful practices in data collection, publishing and assessment concerning digital rights and who are they harming?; 3) How would an agenda for responsible, trustful and ethical engagement with policy data interactions for the night look like? This paper is based on both a three-year applied research project that aimed to understand responsible data science practices for the night in Montreal (Canada) and two years of experience as a member of the MTL 24/24 Night Council in the same city.

This paper discusses the night, this other face of the city. When we interrelate night and city, the definition of night opens to a diversity of values, interpretations, and questions. The signs of the nocturnal sky translated into language forms demonstrate how the relationships between heaven and Earth were part of our cultural construction, but today these relationships are distant from contemporary urban society, as if the night was forgotten, invisible or even residual. The landscape at night is also home for a nocturnal nature, often invisible to our eyes, either because of its own characteristics, but also because of our lack of understanding and knowledge. This is reflected in the absence of this dynamic in the planning and design of the cities, demonstrating gaps that need to be discussed considering the changes in environmental values ​​and the environmental issue itself that imposes as a challenge for the metropolis. Thus, this paper aims to clarify - among the multiple facets of the nocturnal city - the environmental dimension that night contains, as a way of promoting a critical debate about these discussions in the contemporary city. By deviating from a predominantly anthropocentric look towards the night of cities, we look for ways to approach the nocturnal city that can align the dynamics of urban nocturnal biodiversity. Este artículo se dedicada al estudio de la noche, esta otra faceta de la ciudad. Cuando interrelacionamos noche y ciudad, la definición de la noche se abre a una diversidad de valores, interpretaciones y cuestiones. Los signos del cielo nocturno traducidos a formas lingüísticas demuestran cómo las relaciones entre cielo y tierra formaban parte de nuestra construcción cultural, pero hoy estas relaciones se alejan de la sociedad urbana contemporánea, como si la noche fuera un paisaje olvidado, invisible o incluso residual. El paisaje al atardecer también alberga una naturaleza nocturna, muchas veces invisible a nuestros ojos, ya sea por sus propias características, pero también por nuestra falta de comprensión y conocimiento. Esto se refleja en la ausencia de esta dinámica en la planificación y diseño de las ciudades, evidenciando brechas que deben ser discutidas a la luz de los cambios en los valores ambientales y la propia problemática ambiental que se impone como un desafío para la metrópoli. Así, este artículo pretende explicitar - entre las múltiples facetas de la ciudad nocturna - la dimensión ambiental que tiene la noche, como una forma de promover un debate crítico sobre estas discusiones en la ciudad contemporánea. Al desviarnos de una mirada predominantemente antropocéntrica hacia la noche de las ciudades, buscamos formas de acercarnos a la ciudad nocturna que puedan alinear la dinámica de la biodiversidad nocturna urbana. Este artigo se dedica ao estudo da noite, esta outra face da cidade. Quando inter-relacionamos noite e cidade, a definição do noturno se abre em uma diversidade de valores, interpretações e questões. Os sinais do céu noturno traduzidos em formas de linguagem, demonstram como as relações entre o céu e a Terra fizeram parte da nossa construção cultural, mas hoje estas relações são distantes da sociedade contemporânea urbana, como se a noite fosse uma paisagem esquecida, invisibilizada ou até residual. A paisagem ao anoitecer também abriga uma natureza noturna, muitas vezes invisível aos nossos olhos, seja pelas suas próprias características, mas também por nossa falta de compreensão e conhecimento. Isto se reflete na ausência desta dinâmica no planejamento e projeto das cidades, demonstrando lacunas que precisam ser discutidas frente às transformações de valores ambientais e à própria questão ambiental que se impõem como um desafio da metrópole. Desta forma, este artigo visa explicitar - dentre as múltiplas facetas da cidade noturna - a dimensão ambiental que a noite contém, como forma de impulsionar um debate crítico sobre estas discussões na cidade contemporânea. Ao desviar de um olhar predominantemente antropocêntrico para a noite das cidades, buscamos formas de abordagem da cidade noturna, que possam alinhar as dinâmicas da biodiversidade noturna urbana.

Avian migration is recorded over long distances, but some species winter much closer to their breeding sites or do not migrate at all. Specifically, the family of gulls Laridae shows great within and among species variation in migration. However, the migration ecology of many gull species is still unknown, even for abundant and widespread species such as the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus. Here, we aimed to map the migration of Black-headed Gulls using GPS-tracking data from eight birds from a declining colony at Griend in the Dutch Wadden Sea to study migration routes and timing as well as wintering habitat of these birds. Furthermore, we used this GPS-data and 199 colour-ring resightings of adult birds from the same colony to study their wintering locations and habitat. The GPS-tagged birds migrated away from the Dutch Wadden Sea between mid-September and late November. All migrated in western to south-western directions to wintering areas at 130 to 560 km from the breeding colony. The GPS-tagged individuals wintered in The Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom and migrated towards these wintering sites both diurnally and nocturnally. The data indicate that most movements over the North Sea were nocturnal, whereas most migratory movements over land were during the day. Colour-ring data showed that females wintered significantly further away than males. We found no indications for differences in timing of migration between males and females and also no sex-specific preference for nocturnal or diurnal migration. We argue that the hitherto undocumented prevalence of nocturnal sea crossings calls for a better assessment of the potential risks of offshore wind energy developments in the North Sea. As such, this and new GPS-tracking data of Black-headed Gulls can aid in the conservation of this common and widespread species by providing novel insights in migration behaviour and the connectivity between breeding and wintering grounds.

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 European Sleep Research Society We analysed (A) the association of short-term as well as long-term cumulative exposure to natural light, and (B) the association of detailed temporal patterns of natural light exposure history with three indicators of sleep: sleep duration, sleep problems, and diurnal preference. Data (N = 1,962; 55% women; mean age 41.4 years) were from the prospective Young Finns Study, which we linked to daily meteorological data on each participant’s neighbourhood natural light exposure using residential postal codes. Sleep outcomes were self-reported in 2011. We first examined associations of the sleep outcomes with cumulative light exposure of 5-year, 2-year, 1-year, and 2-month periods prior to the sleep assessment using linear and Poisson regression models adjusting for potential confounders. We then used a data-driven time series approach to detect clusters of participants with different light exposure histories and assessed the associations of these clusters with the sleep outcomes using linear and Poisson regression analyses. A greater cumulative light exposure over ≥1 year was associated with a shorter sleep duration (β = −0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.15 to −0.04), more sleep problems (incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.0–1.07) and diurnal preference towards eveningness (β = −0.09, 95% CI −0.14 to −0.03). The data-driven exposure pattern of “slowly increasing” light exposure was associated with fewer overall sleep problems (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88–0.98) compared to a “recently declining” light exposure group representing the “average-exposure” group. These findings suggest that living in an area with relatively more intense light exposure for a longer period of time influences sleep.

Sleepy drivers have problems with keeping the vehicle within the lines, and might often need to apply a sudden or hard corrective steering wheel movement. Such movements, if they occur while driving on a slippery road, might increase the risk of ending off road due to the unforgiving nature of slippery roads. We tested this hypothesis. Twelve young men participated in a driving simulator experiment with two counterbalanced conditions; dry versus slippery road x day (alert) versus night (sleepy) driving. The participants drove 52.5 km on a monotonous two-lane highway and rated their sleepiness seven times using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Blink durations were extracted from an electrooculogram. The standard deviation of lateral position and the smoothness of steering events were measures of driving performance. Each outcome variable was analysed with mixed-effect models with road condition, time-of-day and time-on-task as predictors. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale increased with time-on-task (p < 0.001) and was higher during night drives (p < 0.001), with a three-way interaction suggesting a small increased sleepiness with driving time at night with slippery road conditions (p = 0.012). Blink durations increased with time-on-task (p < 0.01) with an interaction between time-of-day and road condition (p = 0.040) such that physiological sleepiness was lower for sleep-deprived participants in demanding road conditions. The standard deviation of lateral position increased with time-on-task (p = 0.026); however, during night driving it was lower on a slippery road (p = 0.025). The results indicate that driving in demanding road condition (i.e. slippery road) might further exhaust already sleepy drivers, although this is not clearly reflected in driving performance.

El Croquis is one of the most prestigious architectural magazines in the world. Founded in 1982 by Richard Levene and Fernando Marquez, it publishes five monographs every year. The volumes dedicated to established Pritzker Prize names like OMA Rem Koolhaas, SANAA Sejima & Nishizawa, Herzog & de Meuron, Alvaro Siza or Rafael Moneo, are considered their respective oeuvre complète. The journal almost never publishes nocturnal photographs of interior spaces. The same goes for other major architecture magazines. In February 2020, HEAD – Genève invited Richard Levene to create a night edition of El Croquis. The workshop focused on the idea that night is a forgotten paradigm in the construction of modern and contemporary architectural discourse.

Birth, conception and gestation, cosmic egg, eternal wheel, night, chaos and abyssal darkness are some of the images that Friedrich Schelling assumes in order to reconceptualize speculation and, in particular, to unfound and overcome the phalogocentric paradigm of the transcendent, perfect and pure luminous Act. The Schellingian proposal of an immanent and material ground, purely indeterminate and infinite potency, implies a re-sexualization of the philosophical discourse that I will try to explain in the following lines. Nacimiento, concepción y gestación, huevo cósmico, rueda eterna, noche, caos y oscuridad abisal son algunas de las imágenes que Friedrich Schelling asume a los efectos de reconceptualizar la especulación y, en concreto, de desfundar y superar el paradigma falogocéntrico del Acto trascendente, perfecto y pura luz. La propuesta schellingiana de un fundamento inmanente y material, pura potencia indeterminada e infinita, supone una re-sexualización del discurso filosófico que intentaremos mostrar en estas líneas. &nbsp

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Nighttime images taken with DSLR cameras from the International Space Station (ISS) can provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variation of artificial nighttime lighting on Earth. In particular, this is the only source of historical and current visible multispectral data across the world (DMSP/OLS and SNPP/VIIRS-DNB data are panchromatic and multispectral in the infrared but not at visible wavelengths). The ISS images require substantial processing and proper calibration to exploit intensities and ratios from the RGB channels. Here we describe the different calibration steps, addressing in turn Decodification, Linearity correction (ISO dependent), Flat field/Vignetting, Spectral characterization of the channels, Astrometric calibration/georeferencing, Photometric calibration (stars)/Radiometric correction (settings correction - by exposure time, ISO, lens transmittance, etc) and Transmittance correction (window transmittance, atmospheric correction). We provide an example of the application of this processing method to an image of Spain. © 2021 The Author(s)., This work was supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1), Fonds de Recherche du Québec: Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action ES1204 LoNNe (Loss of the Night Network), the ORISON project (H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2), the Cities at Night project, FPU grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia and F. Sánchez de Miguel. Cameras were tested at Laboratorio de Investigaciónn Científica Avanzada (LICA), a facility of UCM-UPM funded by the Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Network for Light Pollution Studies (MINECO AYA2011-15808-E) and also from STARS4ALL, a project funded by the European Union H2020-ICT-2015-688135. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish MICINN, (AyA2018-RTI-096188-B-I00), and by the Madrid Regional Government through the TEC2SPACE-CM Project (P2018/NMT-4291), Miniesterio de Ciencia y Tecnología (H2020)., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Ночь, мифологема ночи является в настоящий момент одной из самых востребованных тем искусства, выходя далеко за рамки тривиального тематического ряда. Спектр коннотаций, которые обретает ночь на языке культуры, варьируется чрезвычайно широко. Являясь одним из онтологических оснований антропогенеза, она занимает важное место среди универсальных ценностей человеческого бытия. В статье рассматривается эволюция данного феномена, метаморфозы, которые обретает ночь на языке культуры в различные периоды европейской истории. Феномен ночи, чрезвычайно богатый по своему семантическому разнообразию, традиционно был связан с сакральными религиозными практиками, с магией и колдовством, с таинственным эзотерическим знанием, недоступным рациональным логическим процедурам. В Новое время ночь создаёт собственное культурное пространство – ночную жизнь с её особыми ритуалами, символами, представлениями. Специфика восприятия «ночного» позволяет говорить о нём как о преимущественно эмоциональном, творческом явлении. В эстетическом плане ночь традиционно рефлектировалась как пейзажный либо символический феномен: она была связана с конкретно-чувственным восприятием природы, с переживанием лирических эмоций, либо воспринималась как символ вечности, трансцендентного бытия. Феномен ночи становится также феноменом интеллектуального плана: многообразие метафорических смыслов, богатство ассоциативно-семантического ряда обусловили интерес к «ночному» со стороны не только искусства, литературы, но и философии, психологии., The Night, the mythologeme of the Night is currently one of the most popular themes of art, going far beyond the trivial thematic series. The range of connotations that Night acquires in the language of culture varies extremely widely. Being one of the ontological foundations of anthropogenesis, it occupies an important place among the universal values of human existence. The article examines the evolution of this phenomenon, the metamorphoses that Night acquires in the language of culture in various periods of European history. The phenomenon of Night, extremely rich in its semantic diversity, has traditionally been associated with sacred religious practices, with magic and witchcraft, with mysterious esoteric knowledge inaccessible to rational logical procedures. In modern times, the Night creates its own cultural space – nightlife with its special rituals, symbols, representations. The specificity of the perception of the Night allows us to talk about it as a predominantly emotional, creative phenomenon. Aesthetically, the Night was traditionally reflected as a landscape or symbolic phenomenon: it was associated with a concrete sensory perception of nature, with the experience of lyrical emotions, or was perceived as a symbol of Eternity, transcendent being. The phenomenon of Night also becomes a phenomenon of the intellectual plane: the variety of metaphorical meanings, the richness of the associative-semantic series led to interest in the Night from not only art, literature, but also philosophy, psychology.

Se analizará, en primer lugar, los vocablos relacionados con el “sueño”, para construir una idea sobre posibles relaciones o sinónimos recopilados en la colonia. Posteriormente se realizará una breve introducción al concepto de sueño y su apreciación en el antiguo Perú, para verificar nuestro planteamiento en el cual explicamos que el “sueño” fue una “actividad”, en todas sus dimensiones, en otro espacio- tiempo; terminamos analizando uno de los conductores del sueño: los “hechiceros” o las “hechiceras”: métodos, “llamadas”, etc. First, the words related to the "dream" will be analyzed to build an idea about possible relationships or synonyms collected in the neighborhood. Subsequently, a brief introduction to the concept of dream and its appreciation in ancient Peru will be made, to verify our approach in which we explain that the “dream” was an “activity”, in all its dimensions, in another space-time; We end by analyzing one of the drivers of the dream: the "sorcerers" or the "sorceresses": methods, "calls", and so on.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.--This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Pollution Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data., ’Lockdown’ periods in response to COVID-19 have provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of economic activity on environmental pollution (e.g., NO2, aerosols, noise, light). The effects on NO2 and aerosols have been very noticeable and readily demonstrated, but that on light pollution has proven challenging to determine. The main reason for this difficulty is that the primary source of nighttime satellite imagery of the earth is the SNPP-VIIRS/DNB instrument, which acquires data late at night after most human nocturnal activity has already occurred and much associated lighting has been turned off. Here, to analyze the effect of lockdown on urban light emissions, we use ground and satellite data for Granada, Spain, during the COVID-19 induced confinement of the city’s population from 14 March until 31 May 2020. We find a clear decrease in light pollution due both to a decrease in light emissions from the city and to a decrease in anthropogenic aerosol content in the atmosphere which resulted in less light being scattered. A clear correlation between the abundance of PM10 particles and sky brightness is observed, such that the more polluted the atmosphere the brighter the urban night sky. An empirical expression is determined that relates PM10 particle abundance and sky brightness at three different wavelength bands. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., Funding from Spanish project AYA2017-89637-R, and from FEDER, is acknowledged. We also acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). This work was supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1).

Les notions « nuit », « jour », « couchant », « levant », « aube », « crépuscule » possèdent des significations qui ne sont pas indépendantes, car elles font partie de schèmes structurés par une quasi-topologie. Cette dernière est une extension de la topologie générale. À un lieu, la quasi-topologie associe son intérieur et son intérieur strict, sa fermeture et sa fermeture large, ses frontières interne et externe, sa simple frontière et sa frontière large… Pour analyser la notion de « la nuit », nous considérons deux modèles quasi topologiques interprétatifs. Le premier modèle s’organise autour des deux lieux opposés, la nuit et le jour, le couchant et le levant étant les frontières qui séparent ces deux lieux. Le second modèle s’organise autour des deux lieux du couchant (descente et disparition du soleil) et du levant (apparition et ascension du soleil), la nuit étant une frontière large (non ponctuelle) quasi topologique, où se produisent diverses inversions. Ce deuxième modèle permet de structurer les inversions d’activités nocturnes rencontrées dans certaines cultures (en particulier dans les cultures méso-américaines). The notions “night”, “day”, “sunset”, “sunrise”, “dawn” and “dusk” have meanings that are not independent, since they are part of frameworks structured by a quasi-topology, which is an extension of the general topology. To a place, the quasi-topology links its interior and strict interior, its closure and large closure, its internal and external boundaries, its simple boundary and large boundary... To analyse the notion of “night”, I consider two interpretive quasi-topological models. The first model is organised around two opposite places, night and day—sunset and sunrise being the boundaries that separate these two places. The second model is organised around the two places that are sunset (descent and disappearance of the sun) and sunrise (appearance and ascent of the sun), night being a quasi-topological large (non-punctual) boundary, where various inversions take place. This second model makes it possible to structure the inversions of nocturnal activities encountered in certain cultures (particularly in Mesoamerican cultures).

Knight of Cups (2015) fait partie d’une trilogie contemporaine et expérimentale composée avec À la merveille (To the Wonder, 2012) et Song to Song (2017). À sa sortie, le film paraît déstabiliser le public et la critique en raison de son humeur sinueuse et mélancolique. On souhaite reconsidérer ces réactions en mettant au jour un motif : la « nuit ». Puisant dans les traditions platonico-chrétienne et romantique, Terrence Malick semble reprendre ce motif pour porter à l’écran une réflexion sur le désespoir et la fragmentation de la vie moderne. Tout en indiquant les principales sources d’inspiration du film, on s’attache à faire ressortir sa recherche esthétique et son originalité. Knight of Cups (2015) is part of a contemporary and experimental trilogy made up with To the Wonder (2012) and Song to Song (2017). On its release, the film seems to put off both the audience and reviewers by its meandering moodiness. This article wishes to reconsider such responses by shedding light on a particular motif: the “night”. Drawing from a Platonic, Christian and Romantic tradition, Terrence Malick seems to take up this motif to bring to the screen a reflection on despair and modern life. While indicating the film’s main sources of inspiration, this article aims to highlight its aesthetical research and originality.

Anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibits a rhythmic oscillation pattern in some plants. To investigate the correlation between the oscillatory regulatory network and anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear, the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression patterns of anthocyanin late biosynthetic genes (ALBGs) were investigated in fruit skin of ‘Red Zaosu’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). The anthocyanin accumulated mainly during the night over three continuous days in the fruit skin, and the ALBGs’ expression patterns in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin were oscillatory. However, the expression levels of typical anthocyanin-related transcription factors did not follow this pattern. Here, we found that the expression patterns of four PbREVEILLEs (PbRVEs), members of a class of atypical anthocyanin-regulated MYBs, were consistent with those of ALBGs in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin over three continuous days. Additionally, transient expression assays indicated that the four PbRVEs promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in red pear fruit skin, which was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRVE1a, 1b and 7 directly bound to PbDFR and PbANS promoters. Thus, PbRVEs promote anthocyanin accumulation at night by up-regulating the expression levels of PbDFR and PbANS in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin.

Bin-Bin Jin,1,* Yi-Zhen Gong,2,* Yan Ma,1 Zhong-Hui He3 1Department of Ultrasonography, 2Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, 3Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Ultrasonography, the preferred adjunct examination method and the differential diagnostic tool for gynecologic emergency, can reflect the change pattern of gynecological diseases in daytime and at night. The purpose of this study was to analyze the diseases through gynecological emergency ultrasound in daytime and at night and to evaluate the day–night difference in the accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis.Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the 2016 clinical data of the patients who had undergone gynecological emergency ultrasound at The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, and the results of the ultrasound diagnosis were compared with the clinical diagnosis.Results: The following categories of gynecologic emergency diseases during the daytime and at night have significant statistical differences in the constituent ratio (P0.05). The overall coincidence rate of ultrasound diagnosis was 96.3% (daytime, 97.9%; night, 86.4%). The coincidence rates of ectopic pregnancy ultrasonography diagnosis in daytime and at night were 96.4 and 75.4%, respectively; the difference was statistically significant (P

This article discusses the statutory offences which regulated the unlawful conduct of housebreaking and intrusion in association with the common-law crime of housebreaking, taking account of antecedent and analogous provisions in the English law, as well as the developments in respect of these offences, prior to their repeal. The utility of these offences is thus considered, prior to an assessment of the reasons for their repeal.

Simple Summary Imaging and photometric techniques are used to characterize the brightness of nighttime conditions in protected areas in support of conservation efforts. Abstract Since the introduction of electric lighting over a century ago, and particularly in the decades following the Second World War, indications of artificial light on the nighttime Earth as seen from Earth orbit have increased at a rate exceeding that of world population growth during the same period. Modification of the natural photic environment at night is a clear and imminent consequence of the proliferation of anthropogenic light at night into outdoor spaces, and with this unprecedented change comes a host of known and suspected ecological consequences. In the past two decades, the conservation community has gradually come to view light pollution as a threat requiring the development of best management practices. Establishing those practices demands a means of quantifying the problem, identifying polluting sources, and monitoring the evolution of their impacts through time. The proliferation of solid-state lighting and the changes to source spectral power distribution it has brought relative to legacy lighting technologies add the complication of color to the overall situation. In this paper, I describe the challenge of quantifying light pollution threats to ecologically-sensitive sites in the context of efforts to conserve natural nighttime darkness, assess the current state of the art in detection and imaging technology as applied to this realm, review some recent innovations, and consider future prospects for imaging approaches to provide substantial support for darkness conservation initiatives around the world.

Die Eroberung der Stadtnacht ist an die Verfügbarkeit der künstlichen Beleuchtung gebunden und erfolgte daher menschheitsgeschichtlich sehr spät. Stadtnacht wird trotz aller Erschließung - die allerdings weit von 24/7 entfernt ist - weiterhin als "anderer" Zeit-Raum wahrgenommen. Zum einen ist Dunkelheit nach wie vor mit negativen Assoziationen behaftet, zum anderen scheint Nacht als Kapazitätsreserve, als Raum für Freiheit, Kreativität und Experiment, der andere Möglichkeiten als der Tag eröffnet. Gleichzeitig steigen durch die zeitliche Ausdehnung von Aktivitäten in die Nacht hinein auch ökonomische Potenziale der Nachtnutzung, Nacht gewinnt als Wirtschaftsfaktor an Bedeutung. Damit sind in besonderem Maße unterschiedliche Vorstellungen, Normen und Ansprüche zur wünschenswerten, zulässigen, akzeptablen Nutzung der Stadtnacht verbunden, mit der Folge hoher Konfliktpotenziale und Konfliktintensität, die Fragen der Zeitgerechtigkeit in der Stadtnacht aufwerfen. Wer sind die Akteure der Kolonisierung der Stadtnacht? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich und wie sind die Folgen räumlich, zeitlich und sozial verteilt? Wenn es um die freiwillige Nutzung der Stadtnacht geht, ergeben sich darüber hinaus Fragen, ob die Erschließung der Stadtnacht für alle gleichermaßen erfolgt oder ob es spezifische raumzeitliche Selektivitäten gibt. Gerade im Zusammenhang mit dem Wachstum der nächtlichen Vergnügungswirtschaft und der nächtlichen Erschließung durch den öffentlichen Nahverkehr rücken Konflikte zunehmend auch ins öffentliche Bewusstsein, werden Teil einer öffentlichen Debatte um Stadtnacht. Diese Konflikte und der Umgang mit planerischen Steuerungs- und Interventionsmöglichkeiten spielen eine zentrale Rolle für die Auseinandersetzung mit Fragen der raumzeitlichen Gerechtigkeit in der Stadtnacht und stehen daher im Zentrum dieses Beitrages. Since the availability of artificial light, it has been possible to observe a stepwise conquest of the urban night through the temporal expansion of activities and offerings. The extension of production hours and the increasing flexibility of working hours, the growing proportion of night work and corresponding changes in the availability of services, infrastructure and public transport, in addition to growth in the night-time entertainment industry have led to the colonisation of urban evenings and nights. Alongside critical investigations of, for instance, the adverse health effects of night work, the positive connotations of the "city that never sleeps" are increasingly prominent. The urban night is gaining significance as an economic factor due to the potential it offers for an expansion of economic activities. Furthermore, in the context of neoliberal competition between cities, a lively urban nightlife is increasingly viewed as an important competitive factor for the attraction and long-term retention of visitors, inhabitants and firms. The opening up of the urban night is not a uniform process but one that is spatially selective. It is therefore not possible to define one urban night, but must rather be assumed that there are different, sometimes individually experienced levels of the urban night - in different cities but also within one city. This results in the emergence of a diverse nocturnal structure of use in which different imaginations, standards, expectations and demands concerning the desired, permissible and acceptable use of the urban night exist. The consequence, particularly in dense and mixed-use districts, is the emergence of a great potential for conflict and a growing number of disputes about the urban night, which raise questions of temporal justice. In addition to concrete conflicts about night work, noise, rubbish, alcohol, drugs, criminality, safety, displacement, control and surveillance, the issue of access to the urban night is of significance - both in terms of possible access to its present features and in terms of access to opportunities to participate in the negotiation and design of the nocturnal city and its (public) spaces. This paper therefore argues that the urban night requires a continuous, situational balancing of the differing, often subjective perceptions of conflict situations and ideal concepts of use, with the aim of identifying inequalities, offering trade-offs and balancing consequences so as to move towards a fair situation.

Sensors on remote sensing satellites have provided useful tools for evaluation of the environmental impacts of nighttime artificial light pollution. However, due to their panchromatic nature, the data available from these sensors (VIIRS/DNB and DMSP/OLS) has a limited capacity accurately to assess this impact. Moreover, in some cases, recorded variations can be misleading. Until new satellite platforms and sensors are available, only nighttime images taken with DSLR cameras from the International Space Station (ISS), airplanes, balloons or other such platforms can provide the required information. Here we describe a theoretical approach using colour-colour diagrams to analyse images taken by astronauts on the ISS to estimate spatial and temporal variation in the spectrum of artificial lighting emissions. We then evaluate how this information can be used to determine effects on some key environmental indices: photopic vision, the Melatonin Suppression Index, the Star Light Index, the Induced Photosynthesis Index, production of NO 2 -NO radicals, energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions, and Correlated Colour Temperature. Finally, we use the city of Milan as a worked example of the approach. © 2019 The Authors, This work was supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1), Fond Quebecois pour la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologie (FQRNT), COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action ES1204 LoNNe (Loss of the Night Network), the ORISON project (H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2), the Cities at Night project, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 689443 via project GEOEssential, FPU grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia and F. Sanchez de Miguel. Cameras were tested at Laboratorio de Investigacion Cientifica Avanzada (LICA), a facility of UCM-UPM funded by the Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Network for Light Pollution Studies (MINECO AYA2011-15808-E) and also from STARS4ALL, a project funded by the European Union H2020-ICT-2015-688135. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish MICINN, (AYA2016-75808-R), and by the Madrid Regional Government through the TEC2SPACE-CM Project (P2018/NMT-4291).

Purpose: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria (NP) and to define new cutoff values according to age and sex for both conditions. Methods: Data from a population-based prevalence survey conducted among a random sample of 2,128 adults were analyzed in this study. Participants were requested to fill out a questionnaire including the International Continence Society (ICS) definitions of lower urinary tract symptoms and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form. Additionally, a 1-day bladder diary was given to each individual. The participants were divided into 5 age groups. The prevalence of nocturia was calculated based on definitions of nocturia as ?1 voiding episodes, ?2 episodes, and ?3 episodes. NP was evaluated according to the ICS definition. The mean±standard errors and 95th percentile values were calculated in each group as new cutoff values for NP. Results: The prevalence of nocturia was estimated as 28.4%, 17.6%, and 8.9% for ?1, ?2, and ?3 voiding episodes each night, respectively. When nocturia was defined as 2 or more voiding episodes at night, the prevalence decreased significantly. The mean NP index was 29.4%±15.0% in men and 23.1%±11.8% in women. For the age groups of < 50 years, 50-59 years, and ?60 years, the new cutoff values for the diagnosis of NP were calculated as 48%, 69%, and 59% for men and 41%, 50%, and 42% for women, respectively. Conclusions: We found that the definition of nocturia was still controversial and that waking up once for voiding might be within the normal spectrum of behavior. The definition of NP should be modified, and new cutoff values should be defined using the data presented in our study and in other forthcoming studies. © 2016 Korean Continence Society.

International audience; The present study mainly aimed to assess whether and how sleepiness due to sleep deprivation interacts with Time on Task (ToT) effects both on electroencephalography (EEG) measures and driving performance in real driving conditions. Healthy participants performed a one hour on-the-road monotonous highway driving task while EEG was recorded continuously after one night of normal sleep and after one night of total sleep deprivation. The main outcome parameter in the highway driving test was the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP). SDLP and EEG indices (i.e alpha and theta power spectra) increased after sleep deprivation and varied with ToT. The latter was more pronounced after sleep deprivation. Beta power spectra did not differ between conditions but increased with ToT. Changes in SDLP and EEG did not correlate significantly. We conclude that driving performance as well as fatigue and sleepiness fluctuations with ToT were more evident after sleep deprivation as compared to normal sleep.

Sleep disruption and shift work have been associated with cancer risk, but epidemiologic evidence for prostate cancer remains limited. We aimed to prospectively investigate the association between midlife sleep- and circadian-related parameters and later prostate cancer risk and mortality in a population-based cohort of Finnish twins. Data were drawn from the Older Finnish Twin Cohort and included 11,370 twins followed from 1981 to 2012. Over the study period, 602 incident cases of prostate cancer and 110 deaths from prostate cancer occurred. Cox regression was used to evaluate associations between midlife sleep duration, sleep quality, chronotype, and shift work with prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Within-pair co-twin analyses were employed to account for potential familial confounding. Compared to "definite morning" types, "somewhat evening" types had a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (HR 1.3; 95 % CI 1.1, 1.6). Chronotype significantly modified the relationship between shift work and prostate cancer risk (p-interaction

El artículo explora la manera en que el cine se estableció en Bogotá en las primeras décadas del siglo XX como un espectáculo cultural y evento social donde confluyeron la participación de tres actores principales: los empresarios que hicieron del cine un negocio, las instituciones oficiales que vieron en el cine una actividad a ser regulada y el público que activamente planteó una relación dinámica durante las funciones. Se introducirá el concepto de experiencia de cine para recoger los elementos que dotaban de sentido “ver cine”, y templos del entretenimiento para señalar cómo los lugares donde se comenzó a proyectar cine de manera permanente, se esforzaron por hacer de la experiencia un completo festín del ocio. The article explores the way cinema established itself in Bogota in the early decades of the twentieth century, as a cultural show and relevant social event where the participation of three main actors converged: entrepreneurs that made the cinema a business, official institutions who saw in the cinema an activity to be regulated and the public who actively established a dynamic relationship during the performances. The concept of cinema experience will be introduced to collect the items that gave meaning to “watch movies”, and entertainment temples to point out how the places where film started an ongoing project strove to make the experience a complete feast of leisure.

Anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibits a rhythmic oscillation pattern in some plants. To investigate the correlation between the oscillatory regulatory network and anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear, the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression patterns of anthocyanin late biosynthetic genes (ALBGs) were investigated in fruit skin of &lsquo, Red Zaosu&rsquo, (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). The anthocyanin accumulated mainly during the night over three continuous days in the fruit skin, and the ALBGs&rsquo, expression patterns in &lsquo, fruit skin were oscillatory. However, the expression levels of typical anthocyanin-related transcription factors did not follow this pattern. Here, we found that the expression patterns of four PbREVEILLEs (PbRVEs), members of a class of atypical anthocyanin-regulated MYBs, were consistent with those of ALBGs in &lsquo, fruit skin over three continuous days. Additionally, transient expression assays indicated that the four PbRVEs promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in red pear fruit skin, which was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRVE1a, 1b and 7 directly bound to PbDFR and PbANS promoters. Thus, PbRVEs promote anthocyanin accumulation at night by up-regulating the expression levels of PbDFR and PbANS in &lsquo, fruit skin.

Jarrett used a piece of 11 x 8.5 graph paper which he ended up cutting to make even weight because the paper had holes and plastic reinforcement on one side. (see attached picture).

I am in bed sleeping and about one or two o’clock in the morning I thought I heard something down the hallway. Right sleeping I could look down our hallway clear to the kitchen and...so i raise up and I look over and I can see something walking down the hallway. At me. And then I thought I was dreaming. You know how you think you’re dreaming? I rubbed my eyes and I’m looking and I did that and it was at the foot of my bed. And it was like...it was doing something weird. With its head? Yeah. Moving back and forth or something? Yeah real slow like[demonstrates bobbing head] I don’t know. So our water bed took up like our whole bedroom so I was trying to get the door to shut but I couldn’t because it was hitting the edge of the bed. So I ripped it off the hinges and shut my door. And called my mom. I think I called my mom. And then--when did you talk to Rob? Oh no that was the time I called Rob! I called him immediately, told him what was happening. He said while I was telling him that story his bathwater came on full blast. So then like a week laters when um Robert and um--oh what’s her name--his wife were down and she came out of the bathroom-- They spent the night at your house? Yeah and she said something grabbed her shoulders--she thought Rob walked in there or something. While she was taking a shower? Yeah she turned around and no one was there. Ew. Here’s the thing, we got out of that place.

Objective Knowing the purpose of a clinical study may provoke expectancies among subjects that may influence the study outcome. For example, expectancies about a drug effect may cause subjects to put in more effort to counteract these effects on performance tasks, or cause stress or other mood alterations in anticipation of expected adverse effects. The objective of this study was to investigate to what extent expectancy effects will influence the magnitude of cognitive performance decrement in the alcohol hangover state. Results Forty subjects with a mean (SD) age of 24.0 (7.4) years old participated in a naturalistic study to examine the alcohol hangover effects on cognitive performance. Subjects in the expectancy group were informed of the purpose of the study. In the control group subjects were told that the purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of time of day on cognitive performance. Subjects consumed a mean (SD) of 12.9 (10.0) alcoholic drinks the night before testing. Cognitive tests included the Stroop test, Eriksen’s flanker test, a divided attention test, intra-extra dimensional set shifting test, spatial working memory test, and free word recall test. Expectancy effects did not differentially affect cognitive performance in the alcohol hangover state.

Increased urbanisation is leading to a rise in light pollution. Light pollution can disrupt the behaviour and physiology of animals resulting in increased mortality. However, animals may also benefit from artificial light sources, as these may aggregate prey or signal suitable environments. For example, spiders are commonly seen congregating around artificial light sources. Changes in selective pressures engendered by urban environments are driving changes in urban organisms, driving better adaptation to these environments. Here, we ask whether urban populations of the synanthropic spider Steatoda triangulosa show different responses to light compared to rural populations. Egg-sacs from urban and rural populations were collected and incubated in a common garden setting, and the emerging spiderlings tested for light preference. While rural spiderlings avoided light (37% built webs in the light), urban spiderlings were indifferent to it (49% built webs in the light). Reduced light avoidance may benefit spiders through increased prey capture, increased movement into suitable habitats, or due to a release from selection pressure from visually hunting predators which do not enter buildings.

Multi-tiered aviaries for laying hens are designed to provide resources, such as perches, that allow birds to perform natural behaviors, thus improving their welfare. This research examined nighttime roosting heights and substrates used by laying hens of 4 genetic strains (Dekalb White: W1, Hy-Line W36: W2, Hy-Line Brown: B1, Bovans Brown: B2), in multitier aviaries (144 hens/unit, 4 units/strain) at 25 to 28 wk of age (peak lay). Influence of litter provision on roosting patterns of the strains was also tested. Direct observations of hens’ nighttime roosting patterns on wire floors, ledges and perches across tiers were conducted before (PRE), immediately after (IMM), and 3 wk after (ACC) hens gained access to litter. During all periods, more W1 and W2 hens roosted on middle and upper ledges than B1 and B2 hens (all P≤0.05), while more B1 and B2 hens used perches throughout the aviary than W1 and W2 hens (all P≤0.05). W1 (15±1.9, 14±3.36) and W2 (19±2.1, 18±2.6) hens occupied perches in the upper tier in greater numbers than B1 (7±3.2, 3±4.6) and B2 (11±2.1, 5±3.36) hens during PRE (P = 0.01) and ACC (P = 0.02) periods, respectively. B1 and B2 hens occupied wire floors in larger numbers than W1 and W2 hens during PRE (P = 0.02) and IMM (P = 0.03) periods, though this difference disappeared in the ACC period. During the IMM period, more W1 and W2 roosted in the lower tier, while more B1 and B2 hens were observed in the middle and upper tiers (all P ≤ 0.05). These findings demonstrate the importance of perches for B1 and B2 hens and space to roost higher in aviary units for W1 and W2 hens during the night, and underscore the need to consider aviary design, management practices, and preferences of different hen strains to ensure good hen welfare in aviaries.

En: Constelaciones. ISSN. 2340-177X. n. 6, 2018, pp 111-128 El discurso de ‘lo moderno’ en la arquitectura española de posguerra fue acompañado simultáneamente por el relato visual de las obras, en el que la imagen nocturna tiene un papel fundamental. Se propone una investigación basada en el reconocimiento de la influencia norteamericana en la arquitectura moderna española de posguerra, comparando las fotografías nocturnas de dos de esas obras pioneras: la Casa Catasús de Coderch y la sucursal del Banco Popular de Ortiz- Echagüe y Echaide con sus homólogas estadounidenses: la Casa Kaufmann de Neutra y el Banco Manufacturers Hanover Trust de los SOM. Se pretende así comprobar, no solo la fidelidad al modelo foráneo, sino también la originalidad de esa emergente modernidad surgida en la segunda mitad de los años cincuenta en España. The discourse of modernity in Spanish post-war architecture was simultaneously followed by the visual record of the architectural works in which the night image plays an essential role. The research is based upon the acknowledgement of the American influence on Spanish post-war modern architecture, and through a deep comparison between night photographs of two of these pioneering works: Catasús House by Coderch, and Banco Popular Branch Office by Ortiz-Echagüe and Echaide, versus their equivalent ones in the United States, the Kaufmann House by Neutra and the Manufacturers Hanover Trust Bank by SOM. Thus, it may be probed, not only the fidelity to foreign model but also, the originality of the emerging Modernism appeared in the second half of the fifties in Spain.

Even though a number of studies have probed the concept of time in the Hebrew Bible, very little has been said about night as a unit of time. This article investigates the conceptions and theology of night in Isaiah and in the Book of the Twelve (Minor Prophets). Whereas strong existential correspondence between day and night is found throughout Isaiah which describes certain negative and positive activities that occur in the night, not all the books in the Book of the Twelve mention the word night. It is argued that the conceptions of night as depicted through the night-time activities and actors (which include God, prophets, watchers, the people of Israel, etc.) have implications for the theology and the worldviews expressed in these prophetic books. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n3a18

In Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems, solar radiation allows to keep the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) at the design temperature (250-400 °C using thermal oil) during daylight. During night, the thermal losses of the receiver tubes lead to a fast reduction of this temperature. The very first hours of daily solar irradiance are used to warm-up the Solar Field to the nominal temperature. This work focuses on a detailed analysis of the thermal losses of a 8,400 m 2 Solar Field based on Linear Fresnel Collectors (LFC) using thermal oil as Heat Transfer Fluid. The proposed simulation model evaluates the performance of the Solar Field as a function of solar radiation, solar position, ambient temperature and wind speed for given values of the main geometrical and technical characteristics of the SF components (insulated piping and solar receivers), as well as for assigned thermodynamic properties of the Heat Transfer Fluid. The time-step considered (1 second) and the dense spatial discretization chosen allow the energy-balance-equation-based model to be suited to simulate night, warm-up and full-operation phases.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that sleep deprivation associated with night-time working may adversely affect performance resulting in a reduction in the safety of surgery and anaesthesia. OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to evaluate an association between nonelective night-time surgery and in-hospital mortality. We hypothesised that urgent surgery performed during the night was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and also an increase in the duration of hospital stay and the number of admissions to critical care. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. This is a secondary analysis of a large database related to perioperative care and outcome (European Surgical Outcome Study). SETTING: Four hundred and ninety-eight hospitals in 28 European countries. PATIENTS: Men and women older than 16 years who underwent nonelective, noncardiac surgery were included according to time of the procedure. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; the secondary outcome was the duration of hospital stay and critical care admission. RESULTS: Eleven thousand two hundred and ninety patients undergoing urgent surgery were included in the analysis with 636 in-hospital deaths (5.6%). Crude mortality odds ratios (ORs) increased sequentially from daytime [426 deaths (5.3%)] to evening [150 deaths (6.0%), OR 1.14; 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.38] to night-time [60 deaths (8.3%), OR 1.62; 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 2.14]. Following adjustment for confounding factors, surgery during the evening (OR 1.09; 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.31) and night (OR 1.20; 95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.6) was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative death. Admittance rate to an ICU increased sequentially from daytime [891 (11.1%)], to evening [347 (13.8%)] to night time [149 (20.6%)]. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing nonelective urgent noncardiac surgery, in-hospital mortality was associated with well known risk factors related to patients and surgery, but we did not identify any relationship with the time of day at which the procedure was performed., BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that sleep deprivation associated with night-time working may adversely affect performance resulting in a reduction in the safety of surgery and anaesthesia. OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to evaluate an association between nonelective night-time surgery and in-hospital mortality. We hypothesised that urgent surgery performed during the night was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and also an increase in the duration of hospital stay and the number of admissions to critical care. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. This is a secondary analysis of a large database related to perioperative care and outcome (European Surgical Outcome Study). SETTING: Four hundred and ninety-eight hospitals in 28 European countries. PATIENTS: Men and women older than 16 years who underwent nonelective, noncardiac surgery were included according to time of the procedure. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; the secondary outcome was the duration of hospital stay and critical care admission. RESULTS: Eleven thousand two hundred and ninety patients undergoing urgent surgery were included in the analysis with 636 in-hospital deaths (5.6%). Crude mortality odds ratios (ORs) increased sequentially from daytime [426 deaths (5.3%)] to evening [150 deaths (6.0%), OR 1.14; 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.38] to night-time [60 deaths (8.3%), OR 1.62; 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 2.14]. Following adjustment for confounding factors, surgery during the evening (OR 1.09; 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.31) and night (OR 1.20; 95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.6) was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative death. Admittance rate to an ICU increased sequentially from daytime [891 (11.1%)], to evening [347 (13.8%)] to night time [149 (20.6%)]. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing nonelective urgent noncardiac surgery, in-hospital mortality was associated with well known risk factors related to patients and surgery, but we did not identify any relationship with the time of day at which the procedure was performed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01203605.

A textual analysis of the book of Job and of the Psalter shows an existential correlation between night and darkness that is naturally characterized by terror, horror, agony, oppression, pain, evil and wicked activities. However, the night, a symbol of uncertainty and fear is also portrayed as a time of revelation, of fellowship, and of divine activities, which neutralizes in a sense the seeming polarity and tension between night and day, between nocturnality and diurnality. The theological analysis of the night in both the book of Job and the Psalter shows Yahweh as absolutely in control of the temporal order and it is argued that this has strong implication for wisdom theology in particular and for the theology of the Hebrew Bible as a whole.

Orientadores: Everardo Magalhães Carneiro, Elaine Cristina Vieira Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: O aumento crescente da prevalência da obesidade no mundo coincide com o crescente uso de luz artificial a noite (LAN). Estudos recentes tem demonstrado que a exposição à LAN, leva a dessincronização do relógio biológico e predispõe ao desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas. A restrição de proteínas durante o período gestacional ou após o desmame leva a alterações no relógio biológico, sendo já demonstrado que a redução desse nutriente, in utero, leva ao desenvolvimento de alterações metabólicas mais acentuadas induzidas pela dieta hiperlipídica (HFD). Contudo, ainda não é conhecido os mecanismos pelos quais a exposição à LAN leva a alterações no metabolismo energético, e também se a restrição de proteína concomitante a exposição à LAN poderia contribuir para a indução de alterações metabólicas mais acentuadas favorecendo o desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas. Nós observamos em nosso trabalho que camundongos expostos à LAN (LL) por 8 semanas exibiram maior peso corpóreo e resistência à insulina. Além disso, esses camundongos desenvolveram esteatose hepática, fato que poderia ser atribuído a redução da expressão do gene Rev-erbalfa e aumento da expressão dos seu alvos lipogênicos. Ainda, camundongos LL apresentaram no fígado aumento da expressão de microRNAs (miRNAs) que tem como alvo o gene Rev-erbalfa tais como miR-140-5p, 185-5p, 326-5p and 328-5p. Em cultura primária de hepatócitos a superexpressão desses 4 miRNAs levou a redução gênica e proteica de Rev-erbalfa. Contudo, apenas os miR-140-5p, 185-5p apresentaram ação direta na região 3¿UTR do gene Rev-erbalfa. Assim, nós concluímos que a exposição à LAN poderia levar ao desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática devido ao aumento da expressão de miRNAs que modulam a expressão de Rev-erb?. Em seguida nós observamos que camundongos alimentados com dieta hipoproteica (LP), por 14 semanas e expostos à LAN durante as 8 últimas semanas apresentaram alterações semelhantes as exibidas no grupo alimentado com dieta normoproteica (NP), as quais incluem: aumento do peso corpóreo e da glicemia de jejum e alimentado, intolerância à glicose, e maior expressão da Pck1 no fígado durante o subjetivo dia. Contudo, camundongos LP/LL também exibiram algumas diferenças as quais foram dependentes do teor de proteínas como: resistência à insulina no subjetivo dia e perda da variação diária da expressão da Pck1. Além disso, camundongos LP/LL não apresentaram mudança no período do consumo alimentar. Assim nós concluímos que a restrição de proteínas modifica algumas das alterações induzidas pela exposição à LAN ao invés de suscetibilizar o desenvolvimento dos efeitos deletérios promovidos por essa condição Abstract: The use of electric light, as well as, the exposure to irregular light schedules has become common over the 20th century and coincides with increased global prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases. Several studies have reported that exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) leads to disruption of circadian rhythm and predispose to obesity and metabolic disorders. Dietary protein restriction, in utero and at early life, leads to altered circadian system. Furthermore, reduced protein on diet at gestation exacerbates the metabolic changes induced by HFD and predisposes to obesity and metabolic syndrome at adulthood. However, remains unclear which mechanisms underlie the metabolic changes induced by exposure to ALAN and, whether protein restriction, after weaning, could exacerbates the deleterious effects induced by nighttime light exposure, and predispose to obesity and metabolic disorders. First we found that mice exposed to ALAN, during 8 weeks, exhibited increased body and fat pad weights, as well as peripheral insulin resistance. Furthermore, these mice developed hepatic steatosis, which could be explained by decreasing expression of the clock gene Rev-erbalpha and consequent up-regulation of it lipogenic targets ACL and FAS. Mice exposed to ALAN also exhibited increased expression of Rev-erbalpha-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-140-5p, 185-5p, 326-5p and 328-5p, in liver. Besides, in primary hepatocyte culture, the exogenous expression of these miRNAs down-regulated the expression of Rev-erbalpha at gene and protein level. However only the miR-140-5p and miR-185-5p directly bind in the Rev-erbalpha 3¿UTR region. Taken together, these evidences indicate that exposure to ALAN could leads to hepatic steatosis through increasing the expression of miRNAs, which coordinate the down-regulation of Rev-erbalpha expression. Next we observed that mice fed to low-protein (LP) diet during 14 weeks and exposed to ALAN (LL) during the last 8 weeks, exhibited some metabolic changes similar than mice fed to normal protein (NP) diet including, increased body weight, as well as increased fasting and fed glycemia, which was followed by glucose intolerance and up-regulation of Pck1 at subjective day. On the other hand LP/LL group also showed specific metabolic changes, as reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity at subjective day and lost of daily variation in Pck1 expression. Also, these mice did not exhibit altered timing of energy intake toward the subjective day. Thus, our results suggest that protein restriction modify some of the metabolic alteration promoted by nighttime light exposure instead of exacerbates the deleterious effects induced by this condition Doutorado Fisiologia Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural FAPESP 2013/26740-0 CNPQ CAPES

This article investigates the conceptions of night in the books of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs in the light of the theology of night in the book of Job and the Psalter. It is noted that though some levels of correspondence are observable in the understandings of night in Proverbs-Ecclesiastes-Song of Songs and in Job-Psalter, the points of divergence are stronger. Whereas a strong feminist case can be made regarding the depictions of night especially in Proverbs and Song of Songs, evidence from Job-Psalter differs. In contrast, the unmistakable focus on God in the Job-Psalter conceptions of the night is completely absent in Proverbs-Ecclesiastes-Song of Songs.

Introduction The quality of primary medical care for children in Poland is unsatisfactory. In the ranking known as ‘the European Health Consumer Index’, Poland (taking the patient point of view on healthcare quality) is classified on the 27th position out of the 33 possible. The unsolved problems concern inter alia the quality and availability of night paediatric urgent care. Objective The aim was assessing the quality as well as the level of satisfaction with the night paediatric urgent care in the Lublin Province of eastern Poland. Material and Methods The materials for this study consisted of 540 parents of children aged 6–16 years benefiting from night paediatric urgent medical assistance in Lublin Province. The survey was conducted using the Original Survey Questionnaire. Results Inhabitants of the Lublin Province (regardless of place of residence) generally assessed the quality and accessibility of night paediatric urgent care facilities as only satisfactory. Inhabitants living in rural areas have worse access to night paediatric urgent care facilities because of having to travel greater distances, and receive less comprehensive medical assistance than inhabitants living in more urbanized areas, and they are more often referred to hospital emergency departments. During the past five years, both the availability and quality of night paediatric urgent care did not change significantly. Conclusions Inhabitants of the Lublin Province (regardless of place of residence) generally assessed the quality as well as accessibility of night paediatric urgent care facilities as only satisfactory. Rural residents have more reasons for dissatisfaction than urban dwellers. Both the quality and availability of such medical care needs to be improved.

International audience; This article analyses the significance of Jakarta’s night venues, defined in a narrow way (bars, clubs and prostitution complexes). They represent not only forms of modernisation and their acceptance in a city from the developing world, but they show how usual means of controlling the night have different understandings and produce different types of arrangements, regarding where one is located. We show how informal agreements are central to ordering the night and to governance processes, and how they produce different types of territories within an Indonesian context. The first part draws a topography of the night-time economy in Jakarta, showing how the evolution of the venues reflects both the growth of the metropolis and Indonesia’s different political regimes. Then the paper analyses the inner (dis)organisation of the venues and neighbourhoods in which they are concentrated, before assessing the meaning of the policies aimed at creating order in the city at night, showing how appearances of order take precedence over the effective planning of the metropolis.

Setting exposure standards for environmental pollutants may consider the aged as a susceptible population but the few published studies assessing susceptibility of the aged to air pollutants are inconsistent. Episodic ozone (O-3) is more reflective of potential exposures occurring in human populations and could be more harmful to the aged. This study used radiotelemetry to monitor heart rate (HR), core temperature (T-c) and motor activity (MA) in adult (9-12 months) and senescent (20-24 months) male, Brown Norway rats exposed to episodic O-3 (6 h/day of 1 ppm O-3 for 2 consecutive days/week for 13 weeks). Acute O-3 initially led to marked drops in HR and T-c. As exposures progressed each week, there was diminution in the hypothermic and bradycardic effects of O-3. Senescent rats were less affected than adults. Acute responses were exacerbated on the second day of O-3 exposure with adults exhibiting greater sensitivity. During recovery following 2 d of O-3, adult and senescent rats exhibited an elevated Tc and HR during the day but not at night, an effect that persisted for at least 48 h after O-3 exposure. MA was elevated in adults but not senescent rats during recovery from O-3. Overall, acute effects of O-3, including reductions in HR and T-c, were attenuated in senescent rats. Autonomic responses during recovery, included an elevation in T-c with a pattern akin to that of a fever and rise in HR that were independent of age. An attenuated inflammatory response to O-3 in senescent rats may explain the relatively heightened physiological response to O-3 in younger rats.

Introduction: Sleep disturbance among night-shift workers results in serious adverse effects on their health affecting almost all the systems of the body. Recently, the World Health Organization has also identified night-shift work as being carcinogenic to human. Objective: The main objective is to study the prevalence of sleep disturbance and its effect on work performance of health-care staff working in shifts in a Medical College Hospital of Tripura. Materials and Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2018, among 135 staffs working in shifts, including resident doctors, intern doctors, nursing staffs, security guards, technicians, ward boys, and ward girls of the Tripura Medical College and DR. BRAM Teaching Hospital. Systematic random sampling was used to collect the required samples with a predesigned and pretested interview schedule designed based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data entry and analysis were done in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 16.0 (SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Data were represented in percentages in tables and charts, and the Chi-square test was applied to find out the statistical association. Results: Of the total 135 participants, the majority (28.9%) were interns and nursing staffs and paramedical students (26.7%). The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 54% among the participants, and it was significantly higher among those residing in hostel and quarter as compared to their own home (P = 0.003). Sleep disturbance was also found to be significantly decreasing their performance at work (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed the high prevalence of sleep disturbance among shift workers, which significantly hampered their work performance in this institute. To find the measures to prevent sleep disturbance among staffs having a shifting duty, further research work can be done based on the findings of the study.

This paper focuses on the links between urban policies and the night in Bordeaux. It shows the policy of revitalization of the city-center conducted since 1995 when Alain Juppé was elected as Mayor, and its consequences on spaces and times for the different users. This policy is responsible of a deep change on the areas targeted, morphologically and sociologically, and produces specific temporalities. The approach taken postulated that socio-spatio-temporal changes cause a conflicting sharing of spaces and times, especially between inhabitants, night people and entertainment institutions, which offer has strongly increased since the last few years. Therefore, this paper focuses on the impact of urban projects on the festive dimension of the urban night. These new practices do not seem to be taken as an economic opportunity by the local authorities who try to limit them.; Cet article s'intéresse aux liens entre les politiques urbaines et la temporalité nocturne dans le cadre de la ville de Bordeaux. Il présente la politique de revitalisation du centre-ville menée depuis l'élection en qualité de maire d'Alain Juppé en 1995 et ses conséquences sur les espaces et les temps pour les différents résidents et usagers. Cette politique a pour conséquence une mutation profonde des espaces concernés tant sur les plans morphologiques que sociologiques mais elle est également productrice de temporalités spécifiques. Les rénovations ont entrainé une forte attractivité dans ces quartiers, y compris dans la temporalité nocturne. L'approche choisie postule que les mutations socio-spatio-temporelles induites par les projets urbains sont à l'origine de tensions liées à un partage conflictuel des espaces et des temps, principalement entre les résidents, les sortants nocturnes et les établissements de loisirs dont l'offre s'est fortement développée ces dernières années. De ce fait, le présent article s'intéresse plus particulièrement à l'impact des projets urbains sur la dimension festive de la ville nocturne. Ces nouvelles pratiques ne semblent pas être perçues comme une opportunité de développement économique par la mairie qui tente de les limiter.

Most songbird migrants travel between their breeding areas and wintering grounds by a series of nocturnal flights. The exact nocturnal departure time for these flights varies considerably between individuals even of the same species. Although the basic circannual and circadian rhythms of songbirds, their adaptation to migration, and the factors influencing the birds’ day-to-day departure decision are reasonably well studied, we do not understand how birds time their departures within the night. These decisions are crucial, because the nocturnal departure time defines the potential flight duration of the migratory night. The distances covered during the nocturnal migratory flights in the course of migration in turn directly affect the overall speed of migration. To understand the factors influencing the arrival of the birds in the breeding/wintering areas, we need to investigate the mechanisms that control nocturnal departure time. Here, we provide the first conceptual framework for explaining the variation commonly observed in this migratory trait. The basic schedule of nocturnal departure is likely regulated by both the circannual and circadian rhythms of the innate migration program. We postulate that the endogenously controlled schedule of nocturnal departures is modified by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. So far there is only correlative evidence that birds with a high fuel load or a considerable increase in fuel load and significant wind (flow) assistance towards their migratory goal depart early within the night. In contrast, birds migrating with little fuel and under unfavorable wind conditions show high variation in their nocturnal departure time. The latter may contain an unknown proportion of nocturnal movements not directly related to migratory flights. Excluding such movements is crucial to clearly identify the main drivers of the variation in nocturnal departure time. In general we assume that the observed variation in the nocturnal departure time is explained by individually different reactions norms of the innate migration program to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

El mambeadero est une situation de réunion nocturne dans laquelle les anciens mâchent la coca publiquement devant leur communauté pour réaliser des rituels ou pour être interrogés sur leurs savoirs. Les réunions nocturnes sont historiquement récentes chez les Yucuna puisqu’elles n’apparaissent qu’à la suite des premières réunions diurnes au milieu des années soixante-dix. Comme ces dernières, les réunions nocturnes s’organisent selon les mêmes règles obligeant à partager et à diffuser toutes les informations qui y sont énoncées. Mais dans les mambeaderos, les soigneurs et chamanes prononcent souvent des incantations et des diagnostics qui normalement devraient rester secrets et confidentiels. Par conséquent, les explications et les traductions qui sont fournies en public restent toujours assez superficielles. Un extrait de réunion nocturne transcrit et traduit des dialogues en yucuna et en espagnol est ici présenté et analysé pour examiner justement les décalages. El mambeadero is a nocturnal meeting, a situation where elders chew coca publicly in front of their community to conduct rituals or for being questioned about their knowledge. Nighttime meetings are historically recent among the Yucuna; they became organized after the first daytime meetings in the mid-seventies. Nocturnal meetings follow the same rules as daytime meetings; they require the sharing and dissemination of any information that is stated. But in mambeaderos, medicine men and shamans often pronounce incantations and diagnostics that normally should remain secret and confidential. Therefore, explanations and translations declared in public remain rather superficial. An extract of talk from a nocturnal meeting is transcribed and translated from the Yucuna; Spanish dialogues are presented and analyzed to examine precisely the discrepancies.

Light conditions are known to affect the number of vehicle accidents and fatalities but the relationship between light conditions and vehicle speed is not fully understood. This study examined whether vehicle speed on roads is higher in daylight and under road lighting than in darkness, and determined the combined effects of light conditions, posted speed limit and weather conditions on driving speed. The vehicle speed of passenger cars in different light conditions (daylight, twilight, darkness, artificial light) and different weather conditions (clear weather, rain, snow) was determined using traffic and weather data collected on an hourly basis for approximately 2 years (1 September 2012-31 May 2014) at 25 locations in Sweden (17 with road lighting and eight without). In total, the data included almost 60 million vehicle passes. The data were cleaned by removing June, July, and August, which have different traffic patterns than the rest of the year. Only data from the periods 10: 00 A.M.-04: 00 P.M. and 06: 00 P.M.-10: 00 P.M. were used, to remove traffic during rush hour and at night. Multivariate adaptive regression splines was used to evaluate the overall influence of independent variables on vehicle speed and nonparametric statistical testing was applied to test for speed differences between dark-daylight, dark-twilight, and twilight-daylight, on roads with and without road lighting. The results show that vehicle speed in general depends on several independent variables. Analyses of vehicle speed and speed differences between daylight, twilight and darkness, with and without road lighting, did not reveal any differences attributable to light conditions. However, vehicle speed decreased due to rain or snow and the decrease was higher on roads without road lighting than on roads with lighting. These results suggest that the strong association between traffic accidents and darkness or low light conditions could be explained by drivers failing to adjust their speed to the reduced visibility in dark conditions.

For the demersal fish that inhabit sandy beaches, the variation between day and night periods represents a determinant factor in their behavior, especially for species that live in shallow waters. This research aims at determining whether there are differences in the fish assemblage structure of the sandy beach of São Cristóvão, RN, Brazil, between diurnal and nocturnal periods. Samplings were carried out in 2011, during spring high tide period, with an otter trawl net. Dissimilarity between diurnal and nocturnal fish assemblages was confirmed by PERMANOVA results. No statistical differences were observed for richness and diversity of fish assemblage between day and night periods. The first and third order carnivores were the significantly more representative trophic categories during night and day periods, respectively. Only four species presented significant differences regarding total length of fish between the periods. The demersal fish assemblage of São Cristóvão beach presented variations in the density of individuals between day and night periods. Dissimilarities were also recorded in trophic categories and in total lengths of individuals; however this occurred as a result of the high density of some species. The low depth of the beach may prevent the establishment of larger size adult fish, thus becoming a favourable environment for juveniles and small-sized fish species.