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For the reason of target multipaths ambiguities, localization for hidden moving target due to lack of line of sight (LOS) path in urban environments is a hard task. To handle this problem we propose a localization algorithm based on the internal connection of these multipaths in this paper. First, we establish an electromagnetic (EM) propagation model based on the characters of the measured signal received by an L-band single-input single-output (SISO) ultra-wideband (UWB) radar. After that, the model-based target localization algorithm is proposed based on a times-of-arrival (TOAs) association method, which is able to match the measured TOAs with the corresponding EM propagation paths correctly. The proposed method can cope with the case while some missing detections of TOAs happen. Simulation and experimental results ultimately validate the robustness and the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed algorithm.

It is quite challenging for through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) to achieve high-resolution ghost-free imaging with limited measurements in an indoor multipath scenario. In this paper, a novel high-resolution TWRI algorithm with the exploitation of the target clustered structure in a hierarchical Bayesian framework is proposed. More specifically, an extended spike-and-slab clustered prior is imposed to statistically encourage the cluster formations in both downrange and crossrange domains of the target region, and a generative model of the proposed approach is provided. Then, a Markov Chain Monte Carol (MCMC) sampler is used to implement the posterior inference. Compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed nonparametric Bayesian algorithm can preserve underlying target clustered properties and effectively suppress these isolated spurious scatterers without any prior information on targets themselves, such as sizes, shapes, and numbers.

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) target detection utilizing multipath plays an important role in anti-terrorism, urban warfare, indoor rescue and intelligent driving. In this paper, an imaging method based on single-channel ultra-wideband (UWB) radar and dual-view observation is proposed for detecting NLOS targets. First, the cause of producing ghosts from a single view in a previous study is analyzed in detail. On this basis, with focusing on dual-view observation, the ghost problem is handled at two levels. From the level of the radar echo, path partition is conducted with the utilization of dual-view observation, solving the problem of uneven energy among multipaths. After that, two images are generated by multipath imaging, respectively, which reduces the accumulation of ghosts. From the level of the image, owing to the distinct distribution of ghosts between the imaging result, the ghosts at different locations are eliminated by image fusion. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with single view and direct multipath imaging, the approach based on dual-view observation successfully eliminates most ghosts while retaining the targets in both single-target and double-targets scenarios, which verifies the effectiveness of the method.

Multipath exploitation with compressive sensing (CS) has been successfully applied in through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) given prior knowledge of the room geometry. However, in most practical applications and critical missions, the geometry of the room is not known. In this paper dynamic wall pursuit algorithm is proposed to simultaneously recover the room geometry and image the scene behind the wall. We demonstrate that moving targets increase the wall reconstruction accuracy. The algorithm exploits the fact that wrong wall positions populate the reconstructed image with false targets. It makes use of the moving targets in the scene to increase the certainty of the detected wall positions. Simulated results show the effectiveness of this method even at low SNR values.

The positioning of indoor electronic devices is an essential part of human–computer interaction, and the accuracy of positioning affects the level of user experience. Most existing methods for RF-based device localization choose to ignore or remove the impact of multipath effects. However, exploiting the multipath effect caused by the complex indoor environment helps to improve the model’s localization accuracy. In response to this question, this paper proposes a multipath-assisted localization (MAL) model based on millimeter-wave radar to achieve the localization of indoor electronic devices. The model fully considers the help of the multipath effect when describing the characteristics of the reflected signal and precisely locates the target position by using the MAL area formed by the reflected signal. At the same time, for the situation where the radar in the traditional Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) mode cannot obtain the 3D spatial position information of the target, the advantage of the MAL model is that the 3D information of the target can be obtained after the mining process of the multipath effect. Furthermore, based on the original hardware, it can achieve a breakthrough in angular resolution. Experiments show that our proposed MAL model enables the millimeter-wave multipath positioning model to achieve a 3D positioning error within 15 cm.

25th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) (2017 : Antalya; Turkey), Designing adaptive detector has gathered remarkable attention for modern radar systems in order to acquire more reliable target detection. Most of the work so far on adaptive detection have modeled multipath returns as clutter. In this work, we study the effects of multipath exploitation on adaptive target detection for point like targets. To that end, we compare performance of various adaptive detectors in terms of probability of detection in different multipath return senarios. We observe that adaptive detectors which exploit multipath returns have better detection performance when there is a significant resolvable multipath returns.

Geometrical maps of the indoor environment are vital to many applications such as indoor localization and robot navigation. In this paper, a method for three-dimensional indoor mapping using multipath delay and direction estimates is developed. Required high-resolution estimates of multipath propagation path parameters are obtained using radio frequency measurements between two antenna arrays at multiple locations. A ray-tracing algorithm is developed for detecting specular propagation paths of radio signals and corresponding reflection points. A novel method is proposed to extract walls and other planar structures from the cloud of reflection points. The empirical results show an improved precision and enhanced geometric information compared to previous experiments.

An affordable and reliable indoor positioning is a highly needed service. Moreover, maps of the indoor environment are vital to many applications. In this paper, a method for joint localization and mapping using multipath delay estimates is developed. Required high-resolution estimates of multipath delays may be obtained using radio frequency or acoustic measurements among a set of nodes in a network. In this paper, the problem is modeled in two-dimensional space with arbitrary node configuration and assuming a convex polygonal room shape. Joint localization and mapping is formulated as an optimization problem. It is subdivided and relaxed into two convex subproblems, which can be solved in an alternating manner. A method for data association and a low-complexity mapping algorithm stemming from Hough transform are proposed. Both the estimation performance and identifiability of the indoor localization problem are improved. Moreover, a basic map of the propagation environment is produced.

Designing adaptive detector has gathered remarkable attention for modern radar systems in order to acquire more reliable target detection. Most of the work so far on adaptive detection have modeled multipath returns as clutter. In this work, we study the effects of multipath exploitation on adaptive target detection for point like targets. To that end, we compare performance of various adaptive detectors in terms of probability of detection in different multipath return senarios. We observe that adaptive detectors which exploit multipath returns have better detection performance when there is a significant resolvable multipath returns.

The problem of detecting point like targets over a glistening surface is investigated in this manuscript, and the design of an optimal waveform through a two-step process for a multipath exploitation radar is proposed. In the first step, a non-adaptive waveform is transmitted and a constrained Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detector is deduced at reception which exploits multipath returns in the range cell under test by modelling the target echo as a superposition of the direct plus the multipath returns. Under the hypothesis of heterogeneous environments, thus by assuming a compound-Gaussian distribution for the clutter return, this latter is estimated in the range cell under test through the secondary data, which are collected from the out-of-bin cells. The Fixed Point Estimate (FPE) algorithm is applied in the clutter estimation, then used to design the adaptive waveform for transmission in the second step of the algorithm, in order to suppress the clutter coming from the adjacent cells. The proposed GLRT is also used at the end of the second transmission for the final decision. Extensive performance evaluation of the proposed detector and adaptive waveform for various multipath scenarios is presented. The performance analysis prove that the proposed method improves the Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR) of the received signal, and the detection performance with multipath exploitation.

Nokta benzeri hedeflerin uyarlamalı sezimiyle ilgili şimdiye kadar çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların çoğunda hedeften yansıyan sinyalin radara geliş doğrultusunun bilindiği varsayılmaktadır. Bu varsayım, sinyalin yalnızca görüş hattı bileşenine sahip olduğu durumlarda doğru kabul edilebilir. Ancak, hedeften geri saçılan sinyal ortamla etkileşime girerek çoklu-yol bileşenlerine de sahip olmaktadır. Hedef sinyali çoklu-yol bileşenleri içerdiğinde, sinyalin geliş doğrultusunun bilindiği varsayılarak geliştirilen geleneksel uyarlamalı hedef sezimi algoritmaları ile hedef tespiti düzgün bir şekilde yapılamamaktadır. Hedef sinyalinin modellenmesi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların yanı sıra, gürültü sinyalinin modellenmesi üzerine de şimdiye kadar çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Uyarlamalı hedef sezimi algoritmalarında gürültünün olasılık yoğunluk fonksiyonu olarak Gauss dağılımının kullanıldığı homojen ortam modeli yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır; fakat yapılan teorik çalışmalar ve yüksek çözünürlüklü radarlar kullanıldığında elde edilen ölçümler gürültünün olasılık yoğunluk fonksiyonunun Gauss dağılımından saptığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, nokta benzeri hedeflerin uyarlamalı sezimi çoklu-yol etkisi altında kısmi-homojen ve heterojen ortam modelleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Kısmi-homojen ortamlarda çalışacak uyarlamalı dedektörün tasarımında, test hücresine ait gürültü sinyalinin kovaryans matrisi ile ikincil veri kullanılarak kestirimi yapılan kovaryans matris arasındaki uyuşmazlığı temsil eden bilinmeyen bir gürültü ölçeklendirme faktörü kullanılmaktadır. Bu senaryoda, ikincil veri hücrelerinin her birinin aynı spektral özelliklere sahip olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Heterojen ortamlarda çalışacak uyarlamalı dedektörün tasarımında ise, test altındaki hücrenin kovaryans matrisinin kestirimi ikincil veri setine ait her elemanın gürültü ölçeklendirme faktörünün birbirinden farklı olduğu varsayılarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, hedef sinyali görüş-hattı ve çok-yol bileşenlerinin üstdüşümü olarak modellenmektedir. Ayrıca, çoklu-yol bileşenlerinin pürüzlü bir yüzeye çarparak bir çok farklı yönde saçılan sinyaller olduğu varsayılarak tez kapsamında çoklu-yol sinyalleri Gauss dağılımlı rastgele vektör olarak ifade edilmektedir. Hedef tespit algoritması, bilinmeyen parametrelerin en yüksek olabilirlik kestirimi değerlerini bulmaya yönelik olan GLRT yöntemi kullanılarak oluşturulmaktadır. Algoritma oluşurulurken test altındaki hücrenin kovaryans matrisinin referans hücrelerden elde edilen kovaryans matrise gürültü ölçeklendirme faktörü ve çoklu-yol miktarı ile orantılı olarak benzediği varsayılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucu elde edilen sonuçlar, tasarlanan dedektörlerin homojen olmayan ortamlarda ve çoklu-yol etkisi altında geleneksel dedektörlerden daha iyi performans gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır., Adaptive detection of point like targets have been studied in detail during last decades. Most of these studies assume that the target steering vector is perfectly known. This assumption may be acceptable when the signal reflected from a target has only line of sight component. However, interactions between the signal backscattered from the target and the environment causes the signal to have multipath components. In this case, the conventional adaptive detectors which assume that the target steering vector is perfectly known may not be able to detect the target properly. In addition to the studies about target signal modelling, various studies have been carried out so far about modeling the noise signal. In this respect, homogeneous model is widely used in adaptive target detection algorithms where Gaussian distribution is used as the probability density function of noise. However, the theoretical studies and the measurements with high-resolution radars show that the probability density function of the noise deviates from the Gaussian distribution. In this thesis, adaptive detection of point-like targets is considered in the presence of multipath effect under the assumption of partially homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Therefore, in the design of an adaptive detector to operate in partially homogeneous environments, an unknown scaling factor is used to represent the mismatch between the noise covariance matrices of test and training signals. In this scenario, it is assumed that each member of the secondary data set have the same spectral properties. On the other hand, in the design of an adaptive detector to operate in heterogeneous environments, the estimation of the covariance matrix in the cell under test carried out assuming that every individual member of the secondary data set have different noise scaling factors. Besides, the target echo is modelled as the superposition of direct and multipath components where multipath echoes are thought of as scattered signals from a glistening surface. Hence, the total multipath return is represented as a Gaussian distributed random vector. Target detection algorithm is constructed with GLRT method which is used for finding the maximum likelihood estimates of unknown parameters. The algorithm assumes that the total primary data covariance structure, in the target present case, resembles to the covariance matrix obtained from secondary data up to a degree (related to noise scaling factor and multipath contribution). The results highlight that the new detectors copes well with severe multipath conditions in the presence of non-homogeneous environments.

Radar, elektromanyetik dalgayı ilgilenen hedefe veya bölgeye gönderen ve hedeflerden yansıyan elektromanyetik dalgaları alarak hedef ve bölge hakkında tespit, takip, görüntüleme gibi fonksiyonları gerçekleştiren bir sistemdir. Radar bir çok elemandan oluşur ve içerisinde bulunan bu elemanlardan biri de algılayıcıdır. Algılayıcı, hedeften yansıyan elektromanyetik dalgaları aldıktan sonra hedef tespiti hakkında karar verir. Ortamda bulunan gürültü biçimine ve istenmeyen dış kaynaklı sinyallerin etkisine göre algılayıcılar hatalı çalışabilir ve ciddi performans kaybı yaşayabilir. Bu yüzden zor şartlarda çalışabilecek uyarlamalı algılayıcı tasarlamak günümüzde elektronik harp sistemlerinde ciddi önem taşımaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, literatürdeki mevcut uyarlamalı algılayıcılardan farklı olarak ortamdaki çok-yol sinyallerini sömürmek için yeni bir yöntem sunulmuş ve çok-yol yansımalarını sömüren, ortamın bilinmeyen gürültü değişkenlerini kestiren ve kendisini buna göre uyarlayan yeni bir algılayıcı tasarlanmıştır. Elde edilen algılayıcının performansı, var olan çeşitli uyarlamalı algılayıcılar ile tespit olasılığı cinsinden karşılaştırılmıştır. Belirgin ve ayırt edilebilir çok-yol yansımalarının olduğu ortamlarda daha iyi tespit performansı sağladığı gösterilmiştir., Radar is a system that performs functions such as detection, tracking and imaging about the target and region by sending electromagnetic waves to the interested target or region and receiving reflecting electromagnetic waves from the target. Radar consists of many elements and one of these elements is the detector. Detector decides on the target detection once it receives the reflected electromagnetic waves from the target. Depending on the effects of unwanted external signals and the noise in the environment, detectors may misoperation and have huge performans loss. Therefore, designing an adaptive detector that can operate under harsh conditions is of great importance in modern electronic warfare systems. In this thesis, unlike existing adaptive detectors in the literature, a new approach to exploit multipath returns for adaptive target detection is proposed and a new detector that exploits multipath returns, estimates the unknown noise parameters of the environment and adjust itself accordingly is designed. The performance of the obtained detector is compared with various existing adaptive detectors in terms of probability of detection. It is shown that better detection performance is achieved when there is a significant resolvable multipath returns.