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Some argue that climate change-related harms are criminal harms, and that fossil fuel corporations and/or their CEOs are liable. Targeting wrongs perpetrated by fossil fuel industry CEOs individualizes the causes of climate change and presumes that punishing an individual or a group of bad actors will provide part of the solution to climate change. However, the primary driver of climate change is the system of capitalism as a total mode of production. The actions of CEOs are considerably shaped and constrained by this system—they are cogs in its machinery. Realizing the radical changes necessary to tackle the climate crisis requires rigorous examination of how the structure of contemporary capitalism perpetuates environmental degradation.

This article presents a conceptual discussion of telework. For the synthetic treatment of the subject through a general vision, we want to place this innovation in its macroeconomic context, highlighting the logic of production and accumulation of the dominant mode of production, which explains the conditions that allowed its emergence half a century ago. After analyzing the characteristics of this new work process and presenting the opinions of teleworkers and employers who employ them, we will see the main characteristics of the Legislation that has just been approved in Argentina inquiring about the risks to physical and mental health and mental it generates. Due to the scarcity of space, we will not reflect on the impact of the teleworking pandemic.

Fight Club toimi uusliberalistisen yhteiskuntajärjestelmän työhön liittyvää affektituotantoa mallintavana ja tuottavana elokuvallisena koneena. Analyysi perustuu Jonathan Bellerin elokuvallisen tuotantomuodon teoriaan. Elokuvalla katsojat kalibroitiin tekemään huomiotalouden vaatimaa katsomistyötä. Palkaksi he saivat erilaisia viihtymisen muotoja. Gilles Deleuzen ”ajattelun kuva” -käsitteelle rinnasteisena kehitellään ”työn kuva” -käsitettä.Elokuvassa tuotettiin metaelokuvana sekä kuluttamiselle perustuvaa katsojakokemuksen tilaa että yleisempää työn kuvaa. Tuottavana koneena eli metaelokuvana Fight Club koetti paeta työelämän tuottamia vieraannuttavia affekteja marginaalisuuden ”mustiin aukkoihin”. Huomiotalouden spektaakkelina se kuitenkin kietoi katsojansa globaaliin kulttuuriteollisuuden verkostoon muuttaen katsojakokemusta yhteiskuntien sosiaalisella kentällä. Artikkelissa pohditaan, miten Fight Club vaikutti uusliberalistiselle yhteiskuntajärjestelmälle tyypilliseen työn kuvaan.Avainsanat: affekti, metaelokuva, työn kuva, huomiotalous, uusliberalismiRaised by TV. The Meta-Cinematic Image of Work in Fight ClubThe film Fight Club was a cinematic machine, which modelled and produced the affective labor of work in a neoliberal society. The analysis is based on Jonathan Beller’s theory of cinematic mode of production. Spectators were calibrated to do the viewing work required of attention economy. As a reward, they attained different modes of entertainment and enjoyment. In the article, Gilles Deleuze’s concept of “the image of thought” is reformulated and put to use as the concept of “the image of work”.At the metacinematic level, Fight Club is argued to produce an image of spectatorship as consumerism, as well as a generalized image of work. As a producing machine, Fight Club tries to flee the alienating affects of working life to the “black holes” of marginality. As an attention economy spectacle, it simultaneously enfolds the viewers in the web of global culture industry, transforming the viewer experience in the social field of global societies. The article centers on the question of how Fight Club effected the typical image of work in neoliberal societies.Keywords: affect, meta-cinema, image of work, attention economy, neoliberalism

Migration and its resultant remittance have become the two powerful forces of peasant transformation in Eritrea in the last decade. If the former is responsible for uprooting labor from land, the latter is a replacement value to what the labor would have produced from the land. Using qualitative data gathered through an ethnographic fieldwork in the peasant region, this article argues that these two forces—migration and remittance—have resulted in gradual divorce of peasants from their means of production, land, in ways that seemingly appear productive to the peasants, rural–urban migration and a new form of relationship between peasants and state. In general, the outcome of the entire process is the emergence of quasi-peasant society which no more depends on land for survival because remittance has provided them alternative source. Therefore, migration and remittance in Eritrea have not only resulted in massive uprooting of labor from the land, but also heavily reconfigured the peasant mode of production.

The article develops a critical analysis of the work and thought of Moishe Postone. First, I highlight his main contributions to the understanding of the mode of production of capital, the way the ...

The paper examines the history of discussions about the Asian mode of production in the USSR, associated with understanding the nature of socialism. Initial interest in the Asian mode of production was associated with the national liberation movements in China and the Middle East, which were supported by the Comintern in the 1920s. The political and economic structure of these countries was not capitalist, but also not feudal. This required the actualization of Marx's ideas and the development of a political strategy to find allies of the communists. Discussions at this time were between supporters of the Asian mode of production and those who considered it a special version of slavery and feudalism. In the 1970s. there is a turn in the interpretation of the Asian way and understanding of socialism, associated with criticism of totalitarianism (Wittfogel) and the bourgeois top of the communist parties (Djilas, Voslensky). K.–A. Wittfogel was one of the first to transfer the concept of the Asian mode of production to the economies of the USSR and Nazi Germany, substantiating the phenomena of total terror, total submission and total alienation. He views Soviet socialism as an institutional mutant, a totalitarian version of state capitalism that has no future and is based on terror. Subsequently R.M. Nureev draws parallels with the Soviet economy in his work on pre-capitalist formations. An interpretation of socialism arises not as a new, advanced social order, but, on the contrary, as a society with backward, non-market institutions. Terror in this case does not play such an important role. The main thing is bureaucratic, non-economic redistribution of products and incomes. The Asian mode of production is considered by Marxists as a transitional method from a social formation to an economic (exploitative) one, and socialism is also a transitional method (from an economic formation to a social one). The transitional methods are characterized by common features – a mixture of advanced elements with backward ones. As a result, Nureev's research did not evoke such a negative attitude as the work of Wittfogel, Djilas, Voslensky. In the late 1970s – early 1980s the concept of «power – property» is formed, which reinforces this interpretation. The recognition of its truth is a delegitimization of the existing social order, and nevertheless, it is rapidly spreading among historians and political economists who adhere to the Marxist interpretation of social processes. This is a striking characteristic of the cognitive deadlock of the political economy of socialism, which, in fact, denies itself. Subsequently the concept of power – property is used to characterize the development trajectory of post-socialist states. Similar views on institutional evolution appear in the Western mainstream (D. North, D. Acemoglu). However, researchers have a «blind spot»: when applying the concept of power – property to Russia, they ignore the proliferation of oligarchy in rich countries. In this respect, the old Marxist approach continues to be relevant and radical in upholding democratic values

This paper builds on Marxist postdigital literature by first clarifying what a ‘mode of production’ is, what the capitalist mode of production is, and how, why, and on what technological foundations it emerged. This leads into a discussion of these technological foundations and their relationship to production, knowledge, research, and subjectivity, in other words, the ‘general intellect’. At this point, I move from discussing modes of production to social or socio-economic formations, and show why social formations are more helpful for conceptualizing the political and pedagogical struggle in the era of postdigital capitalism (and any capitalism) as well as to insist on the division between capitalism and communism, two distinct modes of production in between which socialism is posited as a transitional social formation. With the postdigital age, collaboration, networked interactions, communication, open-source platforms, and more might be elements of a future mode of production. I end by returning to the question of the marxist political project and propose a postdigital marxist pedagogical approach that might help educators shift the balance of forces in the class struggle based on Althusser’s reading of Capital that brings together two formerly opposed educational forms: counterinterpellation and disinterpellation.

Arocha’s (2021) article provides readers with an insightful perspective on how we can understand human behavior based on the concrete individual with a final cause rather than on aggregate data. The concrete individual, however, is not concrete in itself, but dependent on the concrete meaning of a final cause. But the sources of a final cause cannot be addressed by Arocha’s methods on their own. This makes Arocha’s methods incomplete for the study of the concrete individual he suggests. We propose that this lack of completion results from Arocha’s taken-for-granted concrete individual. The final cause is only concrete in specific historical relations shaped by a Marxist mode of production; the corresponding individual is therefore also only concrete in specific historical relations.

In his article, “In Defense of Resistance,” Ferrell (2019) argues for the importance and centrality of the study of everyday and emergent acts of resistance to unjust power and authority. In my response, I contend that by failing to position contemporary resistance within a coherent theory of the production and reproduction of real life under capitalism, support for free-floating forms of resistance may serve to legitimize and strengthen the status quo, rather than challenge it. Through a Marxist lens, I call for a renewed criminological focus on: (1) the criminogenic nature of capitalism and its structures of exploitation of people and the environment; (2) class struggle and the possibility of a post-capitalist society based on an eco-socialist mode of production; and, (3) the possible consequences of not moving beyond capitalism in the twenty-first century.

This article discusses the challenges of managing conservation areas; in search of new institutional instruments and mechanisms that make effective conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in protected areas. The management of conservation areas in some countries has been made from a growing demand for involvement of stakeholders and communities in decision-making in the process of managing natural resources. There are three issues surrounding the debate on participatory management of conservation areas, namely: the distribution of authority and responsibilities in the decision-making process; distribution of benefits and sustainability (ecological, social and economic). The main reasons that justify the management of these areas with the participation of communities are: the restriction on access to resources can compromise the food security of families living there and; it is a prerequisite for communities to be able to carry out their activities, to set up joint enterprises with them, or other forms of management that make their participation effective. The analytical approach was based on the theory of natural resource management and complemented by recent contributions from research in the areas of political sociology, poverty and the environment on the phenomenon of "participation". The local dimension, although the integrative synthesis between the natural and the human, historically and spatially located, makes essential a participatory management of conservation areas in countries such as Mozambique, because it allows the understanding and transformation of social relations that are carried out from a certain mode of production and organization established in a defined space of protection and conservation.

The article offers a discursive complement to an audiovisual artwork created by the authors for the cultural program Mississippi. An Anthropocene River. It explores philosophical, technological, and political aspects of the modernization process that reshaped the landscape of the Tennessee Valley for the generation of hydroelectric power in the 1930s, laying the groundwork for the region’s integration to the continentalscale Manhattan Project in the following decade. Government management of scientific research and industrial production for military imperatives is identified as the origin of a characteristic Anthropocene mode of production which subsequently spread around the world, contributing decisively to the Great Acceleration of the global economy in the 1950s. Cast in the form of a “field guide” and addressed to a broad audience, the article suggests that sustained attention to anthropogenic patterns in any modernized landscape will reveal parallel developments of this mode of production.

This article examines the institutionalization of organic agriculture in Finland's agricultural policy. Organic agriculture is one of the main alternatives for conventional food production, promoting values that go beyond the focus on productivity and profit. Yet, numerous studies have raised concerns over the changes institutionalization has produced in its transformative capacity. It has been claimed that institutionalization results in the economization of organic agriculture, whereby the goals of this alternative mode of production are displaced by market coordination and profit maximization. However, studies have also called for more detailed analyses, which would account for e.g. national variations in the development of organic agriculture. To further this discussion, we apply conventions theory to analyze how policy documents, strategy papers, and studies have justified the institutionalization of organic agriculture in official policy in Finland. Conventions theory has the benefit of examining both the moral arguments and the knowledge production related to this. From this perspective, we investigate how organic values have been shaped and how policies have attempted to resolve tensions between conflicting justifications. The results show that compromises between organic values and economic rationales have been used to promote organic agriculture, which has also promoted economization. However, the results also indicate that in addition to economization, organic values have faced other challenges. The value of organic agriculture has been questioned based on, for example, scientific measurements of organic products, and by comparisons to Finnish conventional production. Both challenges have questioned the significance of organic agriculture in terms of its health and ecological benefits. The results therefore indicate that more contextualized analytical models are needed when examining the institutionalization of organic agriculture.

The article discusses Lebanese Marxist philosopher Mahdi Amel’s formulation of the concept of “colonial mode of production” as a differential mode from capitalism that is linked to it throu...

The Ukamau group has a long history that spans more than sixty years. The oral accounts acknowledge that women participated in all the different phases of the group, undertaking instrumental roles in front of and behind the camera. However, they have been overshadowed and erased from the official history due to the auteurist and formalist scholarly approaches that, to date, have been commonly used to study Ukamau films. This article proposes the use of a feminist methodology and a focus on production processes in order to recover and highlight the contribution of those remarkable participants. Accordingly, it suggests a change in the value ascribed to creative and non-creative labour in Bolivian third cinema practices and calls for the further consideration of personal relationships as fundamental aspects of this artisanal mode of production. Moreover, it analyses the participation of subaltern Bolivian women in the filmmaking process and also as active members of the public.

This article seeks to frame neoliberalism’s relation to the welfare state. At issue are competing views regarding the size and organization of the welfare state. The article presents a new theoreti...

The validity and implication of the Asiatic mode of production [AMP] has become one of the most controversial issues in Marxist theory since Marx mentioned this concept. A huge space for understand...

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que a transformação do “socialismo de mercado” em uma Nova Formação Econômico-Social (NFES) vai além de um fenômeno localizado na China. Trata de uma nova economia que o processo histórico está desenhando em meio, e a partir, do processo de financeirização, agressividade imperialista, do surgimento/espraiamento de novos paradigmas produtivos e tecnológicos e das novas e superiores formas de planificação sendo gestadas e executadas em larga escala na China. A esta nova economia – que se desenvolve na esteira do processo de transição e mudança do modo de produção (MP) dominante – nomeamos de “Nova Economia do Projetamento”, inspirada na Economia do Projetamento elaborada por Ignacio Rangel no final dos anos de 1950. O ponto de partida é o materialismo histórico de Marx e Engels acrescido de todo acervo teórico já existente elaborado ao longo do tempo pelo campo da heterodoxia econômica. Trata-se de uma exigência que a história coloca aos economistas, pois a própria ciência econômica muda e varia com o MP que, por seu turno, está em constante transformação.

Classical social evolutionists generally assumed that the transformation of human societies from one particular mode of production to another is an evolutionary progression. It is a passage from hunting–gathering to herding and cultivation as alternative strategies to exploit a ‘given’ environment. This article portrays the strategies adopted by the Shompen to expand and ensure optimal diet throughout the year. The local environmental conditions and the state of technology the community has achieved had its bearing upon determining the nature of adaptive strategy evolved. The Shompen unlike their counterparts in the Andaman Islands have developed a multipronged strategy to survive at a distant, remote and inaccessible habitat in a largely isolated island that too through independent innovation of certain technologies. In this article, an attempt has been made to establish that the progression of societies was not always linear as assumed by the classical social evolutionists.

Introduction. The category of "capitalization" throughout the period of development of the system of economic relations is the basic category of any mode of production. The peculiarity of modern production is based on a set of neo-industrial factors, on which new priorities of capital structure and processes of its accumulation were formed. All this necessitates the development of economic theory in the direction of the study of patterns that arise in the process of capital formation. In modern science, there is a considerable diversity of thought about the essence of capitalization, but the lack of generalization and systematization forms an idea of the separation of concepts of capitalization from the economic essence of the category "capitalization". Methods. The following methods were used to achieve the goal of the study: generalization – to analyze and group existing scientific approaches to understanding the essence of the category “capitalization”; decomposition – to distribute value added, to clarify the essence of the process of capitalization of profits in the cycle of capital circulation, to visualize the process of capitalization in the production enterprise; synthesis – to systematize modern approaches to the formation of the concepts of capitalization on a set of isolated features; logical analysis – to form the structure of the material in the article, to formulate conclusions. Results. On the basis of the study of the essence of the category "capitalization" the lack of clarity of its formulation, which is formed by the classics of economic theory, is revealed. Today, capitalization is interpreted as the accumulation of capital, the transformation of value added into capital, the resultant indicator of activity, the sum of all resources, etc. The emergence of new factors of capital development has led to the emergence of new concepts of capitalization, in particular: the capitalization of knowledge, the capitalization of intellectual capital. The complications of economic relations have led to the use of the concepts of capitalization in banking and accounting. Two fundamental approaches to understanding capitalization have been identified on the basis of the generalization of existing concepts of capitalization and their correspondence to the essence of this category: a) as an indicator of the value of capital that creates value added, and b) as a process of increasing and transforming capital (value) from one form to another. The paper generalizes modern approaches to the formation of the concepts of capitalization on the basis of the formed set of traits. Discussion. The conducted research lays the fundamental foundations for the development of economic theory in terms of expanding the classification features of the concepts of capitalization, the study of capitalization processes in new types of economic activity. Keywords: capitalization, capital, advanced capital, added value, profit, market capitalization.

This article reviews changes in knowledge and thinking about labour and employment issues in India, on the basis of the author’s experience over the last 50 years. It examines six issues: employment deficits; the mode of production; labour institutions and labour market segmentation; wages; the quality of work; and poverty and inequality. In each case there is a brief overview of the history of research into and perceptions of these issues, followed by comments on some key outstanding questions today. The article then draws on the views of some leading participants in the Indian Society of Labour Economics to identify the highest priorities for research and policy in the coming years, concluding that the central issue is the quantity and quality of employment, and the social and economic processes that drive employment patterns, but that new approaches need to be developed if India’s employment problems are to be adequately addressed.

This paper investigates how the global class of organic intellectuals will emerge. It thus updates Marx view on class struggle dynamics of the 19th century by taking the quantum leap of productive forces during the last 200 years serious. The most striking new element is the tremendous increase of the force of information power brought about by ICT. The emergence of Fascism and Stalinism in the first half of the 20th century was just a frightening first symptom of the coming age of alienation. Today, basing class membership – including the emergence of class consciousness – only on the (physical) local position in industrial production units is insufficient, even misleading. Global production is by its inbuilt complexity blurring the visibility of a specific worker’s exploitation status. There is necessary alienation, but then class struggle managed disinformation and manipulation is added. For the progressive classes this implies that they are split along the lines of their respective education status – how far the fog can be dissolved. This is where the concept of the global class of organic intellectuals, of an avantgarde, enters. The paper shows that already in the emergence of this new socialist agent the structures, in particular the information structures, of the next mode of production have to be present. It turns out that features, which are evil for capitalist thought are often the most important ingredients for the constitution of the forerunners of a socialist global society: persistent contradictions and diversity, exploding oscillations, deep and time-consuming dialogues, irrational solidarity, aesthetic stubbornness. The new intellectuals can remain rooted in local circumstances, can be organic, because they share many of these features with the exploited classes within which they act as catalyst, as avantgarde. In the end global socialism, organised by a revolving class of organic intellectuals, has to master alienation. This is the challenge.

The food market follows a trend towards the sophistication of supply, which is changing the way to address the creation of value around agricultural production. Nowadays, the concept of quality involves other kinds of variables because the consumer demands products with a certification seal for sustainability, animal welfare, local identity, etc. In this sense, the how and/or where it was produced and/or who generated the product become relevant aspects since they provide background and immerse the product into a story to be told through its consumption, especially in the framework of a territorial vision of rural development. Therefore, local culture, history and prestige become economic assets, capable of generating productive synergies. This review aims to explore the constitutive elements of value which, although hidden, may constitute a story (so far wasted) for a traditional livestock product from southern Chile: the Osorno Steer. The historiography background review allows us to conclude that this product has a unique history that is associated with a clearly distinguishable territory located in the regions of Los Rios and Los Lagos, a limited genetic origin, a relatively specific mode of production, recognizable quality criteria, and a prestigious name with an identity character. All of this would allow this food to be valued based on its origin, as long as the relationships of said value are specified through a production feasibility protocol.

In vielen Ländern des Globalen Südens findet die soziale Reproduktion eines großen Teils der Bevölkerung in hohem Maße außerhalb des kapitalistischen Sektors statt. Dies hat Folgen für die dort verbreiteten gesellschaftlichen Natur- und Klassenverhältnisse sowie für die zentralen Konfliktdynamiken in diesen Gesellschaften. Dieser Artikel fragt danach, wie wir diese Gesellschaften des Globalen Südens kapitalismustheoretisch verstehen können, ohne ihnen die Kategorien der Zentrumsländer überzustülpen. Dafür wird das analytische Konzept der strukturellen Heterogenität sowie der empirische Begriff des bedarfsökonomischen Sektors vorgeschlagen. Diese führen kapitalismustheoretisch deutlich über ein rein ökonomisches Verständnis struktureller Heterogenitäten hinaus und ermöglichen die Analyse aktueller sozial-ökologischer Verteilungskonflikte. Dafür, so wird abschließend deutlich, sind eigene Begrifflichkeiten nötig, die sich von denjenigen unterscheiden, die klassischerweise für die Analyse des Kapitalismus in den frühindustrialisierten Zentrumsländern entwickelt wurden. In many countries of the Global South, the social reproduction of the majority of the population to a large extent takes place outside the capitalist sector. This leads to particular class relations, social relations to nature, and dynamics of conflict. This article asks how we can understand societies in the Global South in terms of a critical theory of capitalism without imposing the categories of the centre economies on them. For this purpose, the analytical concept of structural heterogeneity is proposed, as well as the empirical concept of the need economy. These terms encourage an understanding of structural heterogeneities that goes beyond economics and enables the analysis of current socioecological distribution conflicts. In conclusion, I argue that to understand societies in the Global South, concepts other than those that were developed for the analysis of capitalism in the early industrialised centre economies are needed.

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a história da produção dos queijos (manteiga e creme) do Marajó/PA, Brasil. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, utilizou como ferramentas e metodologias: entrevista semiestruturada e história oral temática. Buscou-se realizar resgate histórico da produção dos queijos; analisar as formas de transmissão do conhecimento e do modo de produção; e iniciar debate sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas para a preservação dessas práticas frente às exigências da regularização sanitária dos órgãos fiscalizadores. Como resultado, observou-se a importância socioeconômica, histórica, social e cultural da produção local de queijo para as famílias envolvidas; a adaptação da produção como forma de resistência e manutenção da artesanalidade da produção; o envelhecimento dos profissionais do queijo marajoara e a diminuição do número de pessoas interessadas em desenvolver a atividade. Esta pesquisa aponta para o grau de fragilidade desse modo de produção e a necessidade de elaboração de políticas públicas que incentivem, preservem e fomentem o conhecimento tradicional e a produção artesanal dos queijos do Marajó. Palavras-chave: Sucessão familiar; Territorialidade; Produção Familiar; Queijo artesanal.

Purpose In the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China’s economic studies have been constantly centered on major issues such as national modernization, social economic development and the establishment, reform and improvement of socialist economic system. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach It has experienced a process of transition from the establishment of traditional Soviet’s paradigm of political economics to that of modern economics, during which drastic changes have been observed in various aspects of China’s economics, including research content, scope and methods. Findings Based on that, a discipline system of economics in line with international economics has been initially established. Currently, under the guidance of Marxism, scholars in China’s economics actively draw on the beneficial knowledge system and analytical methods from modern economics, emancipate their minds, seek truth from facts and constantly fortify confidence in the socialist path, theory, system and culture, continuously enhance the discourse power of China’s economics in global economic governance system, so as to push forward to the building of a theoretical system of socialist economics with Chinese Characteristics in the new era. Originality/value Economics is a discipline that studies resource allocation and human’s behavior of making a choice based on rationality. Emerged in the industrial revolution and developed in the exploration of a large-scale socialized mode of production and resource allocation system, this discipline has gradually become a broadly explanatory force in social sciences which profoundly affects the economic decision-making behaviors of the government and various economic entities.

This article argues that bush people deserve greater attention in revolutionary thought and action, both for the strategic value of their struggles against extraction at capital’s periphery and the...

This essay argues that the primary socio-economic formations of premodern Japan were formed in the Bronze Age via processes of ancient globalisation across Eurasia. Multi-crop cereal agriculture combining rice, millet, wheat and barley with a minor contribution from domesticated animals spread from Bronze Age Korea to Japan at the beginning of the first millennium BC. This agricultural system gradually expanded through the archipelago while engendering new economic niches centred on trade, raiding and specialised fishing. From the fifth century AD the horse became widely used for warfare, transport and overseas trade. While alluvial rice farming provided staple finance for the early state, it is argued here that the concept of the ‘maritime mode of production’ better explains economic processes in the nonstate spaces of Japan until the early seventeenth century. Despite this diversity in socio-economic formations, the post-Bronze Age globalisation of food in Japan appears to have been delayed compared to many other regions of Eurasia and to have been less impacted by elite consumption. Further research is required to confirm this suggestion and the essay outlines several areas where archaeological research could contribute to debates over the ‘Great Divergence’ and the economic development of the modern world.

This study seeks to understanding the historical context of the construction and position of of Santri’s community in Javanese society. Evidences from case study in an agrarian village in East Java proved that political change had potentially eroded the patrimonial system which embedded in this community. The analysis drawn from research findings which scattering the complexity of indigenous factors covering historical background, institutional change, cultural form and economical mode of production within society. Using morphogenetics approach coupled with ethnographical methods, this research found that patrimonial system in santri’s community as traditional Islam backbone has shifted. From being a closed patron-cliental relationship, now it becomes more open and diverse. This study contributes to explain political legitimacy in Islamic-based organization in Indonesian politics after the authoritarian New Order regime. Particularly to capture what happens in the micro-level political phenomenon. This study also reveals the neglected and critical phase in Indonesia democratic transition from below.

Cameroon's autocrat, Paul Biya, declared war on Boko Haram in 2014. Using a variety of ethnographic materials, this article examines the politics of rumours and conspiracy theories that have defined the popular response to this war in Cameroon. It underlines the mobilising force of these rumours on intra-elite struggles within the national context as well as on international relations, particularly on French–Cameroon relations. I argue that rumour-mongering is a central mode of production of suspicion in times of war and social crisis. Yet, the current rumours in the wake of the war against Boko Haram in Cameroon are inscribed within a historical framework of a state-directed politics of paranoia that seeks to define ‘enemies of destabilisation’. In the end, this politics of suspicion also works to bring otherwise disaffected Cameroonians to support the autocratic Paul Biya as a victim of foreign plots for regime change in Cameroon.

This article reexamines Marx's early conception of history by returning to his 1845–6 manuscripts, long known as The German Ideology. On conventional interpretations of these manuscripts, Marx sought to explain the entire historical process through a theory of the systematic development of productive forces. This article reveals that concern to be an artifact of subsequent editorial practices and argues that a different concern animated the manuscripts for Marx himself—namely to grasp the nature of individual epochs, particularly the present one, which he doubted that a generalized theory of history could help him to do. In “Saint Max,” perhaps the most neglected of these early manuscripts, Marx developed the concept of a “mode of production” into a historical lens, one that could aid the work of social critique by bringing into focus how the present is made and might be made anew.

This paper briefly examines the concept of the ancient mode of production as expressed in Karl Marx’s Formations. It looks at how twentieth-century Marxist historiography picks up this concept in its characterisation of the Greco-Roman city-state. It explores the feasibility of the use of the concept in relation to the advancement of knowledge of the city-state, especially through the development of archaeology. It examines how social classes are structured and relations of exploitation are presented. And it analyses the need for politics in the organisation of this socio-economic form in terms of how it is joined up with the social relations of production.

Intelligent manufacturing is the future development direction of manufacturing industry. There are still some problems lurk in the traditional mode of production, such as “information island” and “network security”, which result in low productivity but high-cost production, and information leakage. With application of the new generation information technology in manufacturing field is expanded, the deep integration of information technology and manufacturing industry promotes the development of production towards intellectualization, networking, and service. Single mode of production is gradually replaced by the way of large-scale collaborative production, so the traditional industrial internet of things (IoT) and manufacturing architecture are not suitable for the needs of actual production any more. For instance, the great challenges of compatibility and coordination of interface protocols, huge data, cost, and safety. In order to solve these problems, a new model of industrial IoT with security mechanism used in intelligent workshop is proposed. Firstly, this article analyzes the current situation of manufacturing industry and information technology, a secure transmission model of industrial IoT was designed based on the new generation information technology. Secondly, combined with the structure of the IoT and the real production demands, a six-tier industrial IoT architecture based on the new generation information technology is proposed. Finally, the three dimensions of the intelligent manufacturing model are expanded according to the architecture of the IoT. Not only a six-tier intelligent manufacturing system framework based on the new generation of information technology is obtained, but also the network security mechanism is introduced. On one hand, it realizes the coordinated operation of industrial chain, supply chain, and value chain of production process, on the other hand, it also improves the networking, intellectualization, and service level of industrial production. What is more the system can also provide the reference model for the various application of IoT.

‘Badfilm’ as a reception genre dates from a specific mode of production, exhibition and circulation, built on a canon of genre pics issued from the margins of the American film industry at ...

Although rooted in tasks of manual labour, craft production is increasingly cast as part of the creative industries through a shared mode of production that emphasizes the aesthetic, design and cultural features of the final product, as well as a common experience of precariousness among workers. This paper highlights an emerging connection between craft production and the creative industries based on the glamourization of work, a characteristic that has been noted in the creative industries but that has received less attention in craft-based sectors. Focusing on the case of the craft brewing sector in Portland, Oregon, the paper documents the newfound cachet attached to craft brewing work and contrasts it against the everyday experiences of work in the sector. In doing so, the paper develops the argument that, while the recent glamourization of craft brewing as an occupation has allowed craft brewers in Portland to assume a quasi-celebrity status and has appeared to bring craft brewing in closer alignment with other forms of creative work, it has not resulted in improved working conditions or enhanced prospects for creativity. Rather, the glamourization of craft brewing work has exacerbated precarious working conditions in the sector by creating an oversupply of potential workers, which has raised entry barriers, while simultaneously keeping wages low.

In this chapter, we stress the fact that households’ incomes were complex and came together by a mix of activities. To fully understand how households managed their livelihoods, activities other than fishing, hunting, and reindeer herding also need to be considered. Diversification was an active and systematic choice for these households, not something they did occasionally. Some of these activities were for subsistence, some for exchange. What households could produce was to a large extent determined by their main mode of production, which in turn was linked to rights or access to resources. The more engaged users were in reindeer pastoralism, the less time they had to spend on other activities, and the more they traded.

Summary Motivation The Solidarity Economy movement emerged in Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s as an alternative mode of production led by mutual principles such as co-operative work, self-management, and consensual distribution of economic gains. Much has been developed on its potential to include groups marginalized by capitalism in new development schemes, but to date there has been no work regarding immigrants? participation specifically. This research aims to fill this gap. Purpose The article investigates the importance of the partnership between institutions in the host country and immigrants to their insertion in the Solidarity Economy Fairs in Florianopolis. It questions to what extent it has furthered income generation, the formation of social identity, and the construction of community ties. Methods and approach The approach is anchored in intervention?research, proposing a socio-analytical intervention (Aguiar & Rocha, 2007). To pursue qualitative research, an online form was distributed to participants at the Immigrant Fair. The form comprised semi-structured interviews, with the possibility of giving free answers. Findings The data analysis reveals the nuances of the life trajectory of recent immigrants in Brazil: people, mostly of Latin American origin, over 30 years of age, seeking economic insertion in another country. For them, the Solidarity Economy has offered a possibility for social and economic insertion in Brazil. The opportunity for marginalized populations to engage with the Solidarity Economy offers an effective tool against systemic competition. The Fair operates as an alternative to the insertion into the capitalist market for outsider groups, enabling new ways to conduct economic life within the capitalist economy. Policy implications Our findings suggest that the Fair has provided immigrants both the means to obtain a weekly (although unstable) financial income and their social integration?it requires interaction with other immigrants, state agents, tourists, and the local community. The social isolation resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has jeopardized both outcomes. In order to consolidate solidarity ventures and immigrants? enterprises, there is an urgent need to implement a public policy regarding immigrants? social and economic rights in Santa Catarina State.

The Greek Revolution took place in the midst of an extraordinary wave of revolutions that swept across the Western world. Americans and Britons were still at war in the early 1780s when revolutionary activity began in the Netherlands, and scarcely six years after the achievement of American independence, the convocation of the Estates General at Versailles in 1789 set off the immense explosion of the French Revolution. The study of revolutionary contagion above all involves intellectual and cultural history – and also, in the case of revolutionary actors, biography. The study of revolutionary disruption is, by its nature, more varied, and more focused on contingent events. Karl Marx, and the long historiographical tradition he inspired, saw changes in the economic mode of production as the key shared structural change behind the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries – and especially the French Revolution of 1789.

In the context of globalization, with the emergence of artificial intelligence, people's mode of production and way of life have undergone unprecedented changes. People have never been so immersed in the enjoyment of rich material wealth. At the same time, the ecological crisis is worsening. People do not have to ask, what is the culprit of the ecological crisis? Under the guidance of artificial intelligence, it is of great theoretical, historical and practical significance to explore how to change the relationship between man and nature.

The circular industry is increasingly at the heart of today’s preoccupations, both through savings in raw materials and the development of a different production method. This mode of production, which is more respectful of the environment, questions us in ergonomics area. Remanufacturing is one of these production methods, by its specificity of producing new products guaranteed as «like-new condition» from used products. From an organizational point of view, this activity takes root from a product in a variable state of wear and having already lived a first life, before its reuse and its (re)valorization in a second life. In order to understand this activity, the -industrial- request was oriented around the question of mobilized skills by operators, treated here on the basis of individual and collective operative regulations. This communication presents the results of an intervention lasting several months on the skills mobilized by operators during the appraisal -expertise- phases of the specific industrial remanufacturing process. Our results show a plurality of sensory skills, developed through experience and knowledge around the “potential” of each part and/or product. Based on these results, a debate on the means proposed by the Industry of the Future is proposed in order to consider the remanufacturing of tomorrow.

Soy is one of the world's most important crops by area, volume, and value. It is especially distinctive for serving as key nexus between food, livestock feed, fuel, and myriad industrial products. Its rapidly multiplying uses provide a powerful touchstone for analysis of how resources are not only created, but also constantly recreated and redesigned. In turn, these transformations reflect the shifting political ecological foundations that undergird resource creation—above all the territorial expansion of an extractive mode of production intimately associated with colonialism—and illustrate how resource-making processes generate new socio-ecological relations in their own image. This chapter begins with the historical interdependence of agriculture and colonialism, framing the domestication of plants as the archetype of resource-making. It then traces the cultivation of soybeans from its domestication and dispersal throughout present-day China through Han colonial expansion; through its early industrialization at the hands of Japanese colonizers of Korea and “Manchuria,” followed by US industrialists; to its key role in the contemporary colonization of South American hinterlands and its projected neocolonial expansion across Africa and Asia. Finally, I critique the neo-natures created by transnational soy agribusiness through biotechnology and the neocolonial expansion of “Western” diets worldwide.

The orthodox way in which economics is studied and implemented follows a primarily European concept of the functioning of economies that is then applied to the various different traditions and cultures that exist all around the world. This paper explores alternative economies and alternative ways of theorizing the economy in order to destabilize the western, orthodox conception of economics. In order to accomplish this, this paper explores Cuban Urban Agriculture, a system where unused land in urban areas is re-appropriated to grow a variety of crops for the local community. Specifically, it explores the ways in which this system views its economic actors, to what extent it applies an abstracted mode of production over various contexts, and how it incorporates culture and the non-economic as key elements. By examining these facets of the Cuban urban agricultural system, this paper sheds light on the hybridity of this system, in viewing workers as both rational profit maximizers and complex subjects with ambivalent desires, in imposing a decontextualized set of objectives for agriculture across Cuba, while leaving space for adaptation to the context within this narrow set, and in embedding this economic system in the local community. Thus, the paper demonstrates, in showing that the Cuban urban agricultural system is only able to partially separate itself from the orthodox western discourse of economics, that while it is possible to find alternatives to this system of economics, even these alternatives tend to adhere to at least some of its principles.

McCabe and Turner raise a number of perceptive points concerning my treatment of John Stuart Mill's political economy of progress and its relation to socialism. In giving context to their points this article first tries to clarify Mill's understanding of socialism as anchored in his positive classical economics. Mill the utilitarian philosopher endorses socialism, but he anticipates its arrival based on his materialist understanding of history. In this materialist context, the article argues that Mill expects the economy of worker cooperatives to advance from one focused on relational equality to one focused on luck egalitarianism. This shift is again supported by Mill's own utilitarian principles, but it is ultimately the product of what he anticipates will be the political economy of the cooperative mode of production.

Like Robinson, Sklair is critical of Amin's state-centrism, and he sees the international system of hierarchical states: “The power of capitalist hegemony today is so overwhelming (allied as it is with the military and police powers of states) that the only viable strategy for change is by a process of negating, avoiding, and eventually consigning capitalism and the state to the dustbin of history.” He argues that, “Putting all our energies into world socialist revolution” (as Amin argues) “seems increasingly like a self-defeating strategy.” For Sklair, “[t]he only way out of this mess, the only chance of having a liveable planet for the generations to come …is to organise for small-scale socialist communities to create new forms of less destructive and hierarchical economy and society.” He envisions a project of locally-grounded “anarching,” where autonomous producer-consumer cooperatives (P-CCs) advance a “double strategy” that serves to “slow down capitalism” and to “bring into existence a new mode of production based on the different principles and [new] mentalities.” “[A] reconstructed political community could create more genuinely democratizing forms of economic, social, and political organization to encourage and facilitate networks of P-CCs [and…t]he transition from the present capitalist-statist hegemony to the new form of society.

This article attempts to provide a breakthrough which I call mode of production theory. This theory will be employed to analyze the contemporary phenomenon of radical Islamism. The mode of production theory is meant to bridge the two clashing theoretical paradigms in social sciences and humanities, i.e., Weberian and Marxian. Despite its bridging nature, the paper argues that the two cannot be merged within one single thread. This is because each paradigm has its own epistemological basis which is irreconcilable to one another. Mostly adapted from Marx’s theory, the current theory of the mode of production covers five interrelated aspects, namely social, political, economic, cultural, and symbolic structures. If Marx’s mode of production theory heavily relies on a material and economic basis, the theory used in this paper accommodates cultural and symbolic structures that are Weberian in nature. Although the two paradigms can operate together, the strength of structure (Marxian) overpowers the strength of culture (Weberian). This paper further argues that such cultural-based aspects as ideology, norms, and values play as mobilizing factors under a big schematic dominant structure in the rise and development of the radical Islamist groups.

Archaeological research on food-production systems has focused heavily on the origins of agriculture and animal domestication; the agricultural practices of early states are comparatively less well understood. This article explores archaeological evidence for crop cultivation, field-management practices and the use of farming implements at the Western Han (202 BC–AD 8) village of Sanyangzhuang in Henan Province, China. The authors analyse the implications of these practices for the newly developed smallholder mode of production. By combining diverse strands of evidence, this investigation provides new insights into the status of agricultural production in the Central Plains during the Western Han Dynasty.

Although there is little question that societal scale and mode of production from foraging to farming correlate with increases in economic inequality, there is no consensus over the relative importance of those factors or the role of institutions in the variance of inequality across time and space. To better understand the dynamics of economic inequality, it is necessary to expand our analytical horizon beyond the present into the deeper past. However, an analytical protocol especially oriented towards the systematic study of economic inequality with archaeological data is lacking. Here we propose the utility of grave size as a reliable proxy for estimating prehistoric social inequality and provide a methodological framework for analyzing this type of data. Our case studies using grave-size data from two Neolithic settlements in North and East China suggest that the asymmetric double Pareto distribution can be used as an alternative model to fit to the size distribution of grave wealth usually skewed and long-tailed. Based on the analytical connection between the probability density function and the Lorenz curve, a parsimonious algebraic expression of the Gini coefficient was derived. This analytical protocol also can serve as a convenient tool for quantifying economic inequality in prehistoric societies using other types of archaeological data such as land and house areas.

El presente trabajo discute esenciales fundamentos históricos, antropológicos, económicos e ideológicos del modo de producción de conocimiento a partir del modo de producción de vida general del ser humano, a fin de cuestionar las matrices de la hegemonía epistemológica racionalista de la modernidad capitalista, que ancla su razón de ser en una estructura económico-política dominante que destruye material e intelectualmente al Otro para construirlo como objeto dominado y de conocimiento, lo cual se traduce en el posicionamiento centenario de una dicotomía jerárquica conocimiento/”saberes ancestrales”, y realiza, finalmente, algunas sugerencias respecto de la incorporación de los denominados saberes ancestrales en la educación ordinaria. Con base en las premisas críticas del materialismo histórico de Karl Marx y la filosofía y la ética de la liberación de Enrique Dussel, entre otros, se apunta brevemente la necesidad de replantear el problema de la validación de todo saber o conocimiento en la vida, lo cual implica subvertir las bases epistemológicas de las diversas disciplinas con base en un diálogo teórico-práctico intercultural en equidad, y los fundamentos económicos, éticos, políticos e ideológicos que nutren tales bases y que destruyen, invisibilizan, discriminan e instrumentalizan las producciones materiales e intelectuales contrarias o contradictorias al statu quo del capital. AbstractThis paper discusses essential historical, anthropological, economic and ideological foundations of the mode of production of knowledge from the general mode of production of life of the human being, in order to question the matrices of the epistemological rationalist hegemony of capitalist modernity, which anchors its raison d'être in a dominant economic-political structure that materially and intellectually destroys the other in order to construct it as a dominated and knowledge object, which translates into the centenary positioning of a hierarchical knowledge/"ancestral knowledge" dichotomy, and finally makes some suggestions regarding the incorporation of so-called ancestral knowledge into ordinary education. Based on the critical premises of Karl Marx's historical materialism and Enrique Dussel's philosophy and ethics of liberation, among others, the need to rethink the problem of the validation of all knowledge or knowledge in life is briefly pointed out, which implies subverting the epistemological bases of the diverse disciplines based on an intercultural theoretical-practical dialogue in equity, and the economic, ethical, political and ideological foundations that nourish such bases and that destroy, invisibilize, discriminate and instrumentalize the material and intellectual productions contrary or contradictory to the status quo of capital.

One of the controversial debates in environmental economics, which began in the 1980s, is the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth. The study investigated the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product per capita in 63 countries over 51 years during 1960 to 2010. Using a graphical analysis approach, the results of this study showed that the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product per capita amongst the sample data followed a sigmoid curve indicating that the per capita carbon dioxide emissions of a country increased when its economy transitioned from a labor-intensive technology to a capital-intensive one caused by an increase in the rate of economic growth. The results also showed that the amount of relative emissions varied amongst the countries. The variability could be imputed to the following reasons: (i) the heterogeneity in the structure of the economies, and (ii) the disparity in the mode of production used in the countries’ manufacturing processes.

The rise of Eucla in the late nineteenth-century as a border telegraph station, located on Western Australia’s southern maritime border with South Australia, has been celebrated by Moyal (1984) for the cohesion and resilience of its skilled workforce. This article further explores the Eucla story, offering a vivid snapshot of the community’s preoccupations and challenges at the end of the 19th century through the pages of its monthly newspaper, the Eucla Recorder (1898 – 1900). Little if any attention has been paid to its community journalism, despite the Eucla Recorder’s unusual setting and distinctive mode of production. The following case study documents the life of the Eucla Recorder, extending its scope to the social and political attitudes of the telegraph staff which produced it.