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The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and Cu nanoparticles with chromosomal aberration (CA), micronucleus (MN), and comet assays on the bone marrow of male BALB/c mice. Three doses of Al2O3, Fe2O3 (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg), or Cu (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) nanoparticles were administered to mice through intraperitoneal injection once a day for 14 days and compared with negative control (distilled water) and positive control (mitomycin C and methyl methanesulphonate). Al2O3 and Fe2O3 did not show genotoxic effects, but Cu nanoparticles induced significant (P, Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ocijeniti genotoksično djelovanje nanočestica Al2O3, Fe2O3 i Cu pomoću citogenetičkih testova kromosomskih aberacija, mikronukleus- i komet-testa u stanicama koštane srži muških BALB/c miševa. Miševi su intraperitonalnom injekcijom 14 dana primali jednu od triju doza Al2O3 ili Fe2O3 (75, 150 ili 300 mg/kg) odnosno Cu (5,10 ili 15 mg/kg) nanočestica jednom na dan, dok je negativna kontrolna skupina primala destiliranu vodu a pozitivna mitomicin C i metil-metansulfonat. Nanočestice Al2O3 i Fe2O3 nisu iskazale genotoksično djelovanje, ali je zato bakarpotaknuo značajnu (P

Cigarette contains toxic chemical compounds that trigger DNA instability. Initial genotoxic oral cavity characterized by the appearance of micronucleus (MN) in the buccal mucosa. Folate is needed in maintaining DNA stability. This study aimed to compare the effects of folic acid usual doses (400 mcg and 1.000 mcg) on the MN frequency of buccal mucosa in active smokers. It is a clinical trial conducted in November 2018 in the Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung of 53 active smokers who divided into two treatment groups. Group A was administered by 400 mcg and group B 1,000 mcg folic acid supplementation within three weeks. The buccal mucosa smear stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and observed through a light microscope with 100× and 400× magnification. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon test statistically. The results showed that there was a significant decrease (p=0.00) in MN frequency in folic acid supplementation for three weeks, namely group A=6.39±3.92 and group B=6.93±5.82 in pre-supplementation, and group A=3.80±2.66 and group B=3.31±2.71 post-supplementation of folic acid. Giving a dose of 400 mcg and 1,000 mcg for three weeks did not provide significant results (p=0.94) with Kruskal-Wallis test. In conclusion, administration of folic acid at usual dose give results to a decrease in the buccal mucosa MN frequency in active smokers. ASAM FOLAT DOSIS LAZIM MENURUNKAN FREKUENSI MIKRONUKLEUS MUKOSA BUKAL PADA PEROKOKAsap rokok mengandung senyawa kimia toksik yang memicu ketidakstabilan DNA. Deteksi genotoksik awal rongga mulut ditandai dengan kemunculan mikronukleus (MN) pada mukosa bukal. Folat diperlukan dalam menjaga kestabilan DNA. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek asam folat dosis lazim (400 mcg dan 1.000 mcg) terhadap frekuensi MN mukosa bukal pada perokok aktif. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis yang dilakukan pada bulan November 2018 di Laboratorium Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Islam Bandung terhadap 53 perokok aktif yang dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok A mendapatkan suplementasi asam folat 400 mcg dan kelompok B mendapatkan suplementasi asam folat 1.000 mcg selama tiga pekan. Apus mukosa bukal diwarnai dengan hematoxylin-eosin (HE) dan diamati melalui mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 100× dan 400x. Data dianalisis dengan uji Wilcoxon secara statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan frekuensi MN yang signifikan (p=0.00) terhadap suplementasi asam folat selama tiga minggu, yaitu kelompok A=3,80±2,66 dan kelompok B=3,31±2,71 pada pre-suplementasi, serta kelompok A=6,39±3,92 dan kelompok B=6,93±5,82 pascasuplementasi asam folat. Pemberian dosis 400 mcg dan 1.000 mcg selama tiga minggu tidak memberikan hasil yang bermakna (p=0,94) berdasar atas Uji Kruskal-Wallis. Simpulan, pemberian asam folat dosis lazim memberikan hasil baik terhadap penurunan frekuensi MN mukosa bukal pada perokok aktif.

The aim of this study was to assess DNA damage in Turkish coal miners with the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt assay as the least invasive and therefore most practical method that may find wider application in coal miner biomonitoring. Buccal epithelial cell samples were taken from 54 coal miners and 42 controls from Zonguldak, Turkey to establish their micronucleus (MN), binucleus (BN), condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhectic (KHC), karyolytic (KYL), nuclear bud (NBUD), and pyknotic (PYC) frequencies. We also analysed the effects of confounding factors such as age, years of work at the mine, smoking, alcohol drinking, and use of protective equipment on differences in MN frequencies. Two miners had confirmed and three suspect pneumoconiosis, whereas 49 displayed normal chest radiographs. MN, BN, KHC, and NBUD frequencies were significantly higher in coal miners than controls. Years of work at the mine also showed a significant effect on buccal MN frequencies in coal miners, but we found no correlation between MN frequencies and age, smoking, and alcohol consumption. In conclusion, BMCyt assay proved itself an accurate and practical screening method, as it can detect DNA damage much earlier than pneumoconiosis develops., Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio procijeniti oštećenje DNA u turskih rudara primjenom tzv. Cytome inačice mikronukleustesta na bukalnim epitelnim stanicama (engl. buccal micronucleus cytome assay, krat. BMCyt) kao najmanje invazivne i stoga najpraktičnije metode koja bi mogla naći svoju primjenu u biomonitoringu rudara u ugljenokopima. Uzorci bukalnih epitelnih stanica prikupljeni su od 54 rudara i 42 kontrolna ispitanika iz Zonguldaka u Turskoj radi utvrđivanja učestalosti mikronukleusa (MN), binuklearnih stanica (BN), zgusnutoga kromatina (CC), karioreksije (KHC), kariolize (KYL), jezgrinih pupova (NB) i piknoze (PYC). Osim toga, analizirali smo koliko čimbenici poput dobi, godina staža u rudniku, pušenja, pijenja alkohola i uporabe zaštitne opreme utječu na razlike u nalazima učestalosti MN-a. Dva su rudara imala potvrđenu dijagnozu pneumokonioze, u tri je rudara postojala sumnja na nju, a ostalih 49 rudara imalo je uredne rendgenske nalaze. Učestalosti MN-a, BN-a, KHC-a i NB-a bile su značajno više u rudara nego u kontrolnih ispitanika. Godine staža u rudniku također su značajno pridonijele povišenoj učestalosti MN-a u rudara, ali takva korelacija nije utvrđena za dob, pušenje i pijenje alkohola. BMCyt test pokazao se preciznim i praktičnim probirnim testom jer otkriva oštećenje DNA mnogo ranije nego što se pojavi pneumokonioza.

Bu çalışmada, profenofos insektisitinin genotoksik etkileri, Drosophila melanogaster’de somatik mutasyon ve rekombinasyon testi (SMART) ve insan periferal lenfosit hücrelerinde mikronükleus (MN) testi ile araştırılmıştır. Bu maddenin olası genotoksik etkilerinin giderilebilmesi için de kuşburnu (Rosa canina) bitkisine ait su ve etanol ekstreleri kullanılmıştır. SMART için D.melanogaster’in kanat preparatları incelendiği zaman, profenofosun artan konsantrasyonuna (0,025, 0,05, 0,075 ve 0,1ppm) bağlı olarak normal kanat fenotipinde mutasyon frekansının arttığı özellikle en yüksek uygulama grubunda (0,1 ppm) bu artışın pozitif etkili (+) olduğu gözlenmiştir (P < 0,05). Serrat kanat fenotipinde ise mutasyon frekansındaki artış tüm uygulama gruplarında önemsiz etkili (i) bulunmuştur (P > 0,05). Kuşburnu bitkisinin su (RCsu) ve etanol (RCeta) ekstreleri, profenofosun en yüksek konsantrasyonu (0,1 ppm) ile birlikte uygulandığı zaman (profenofos+ RCsu/RCeta) mutasyon frekansındaki artışın azaldığı ve bunun da istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu gözlenmiştir (P < 0,05). Bu çalışmada, farklı konsantrasyonlarda in vitro profenofos uygulaması (0,25, 0,5, 0,75 ve 1ppm) ile insan periferal lenfosit hücrelerinde mikronükleus frekansının arttığı ve nükleer bölünme indeksinin (NBİ) azaldığı da görülmüştür (P < 0,05). Ancak profenofos+RCsu ve RCeta uygulamaları ile mikronükleus frekansı düşerken NBİ değeri de kontrol grubuna yaklaşmıştır (P < 0,05).

Ozet. Bu calismada, Fenpiroksimat akarisitinin Swiss albino farelerde olusturdugu fizyolojik ve genotoksik etkiler ile bu etkilere karsi findigin koruyucu rolu arastirilmistir. Fareler rastgele bir (1) kontrol ve bes (5) uygulama olmak uzere toplam alti (6) gruba ayrilmistir. Fizyolojik etkiler canli agirlik, karaciger ve bobrek agirliklarinin olculmesiyle, genotoksik etkiler ise mikronukleus (MN) ve kromozomal hasar sayilarinin belirlenmesiyle tespit edilmistir. Sonucta Fenpiroksimat uygulamasinin kontrol grubuna gore canli ve organ agirliklarinda azalisa, MN ve kromozomal anormallik sayilarinda bir artisa sebep oldugu gozlenmistir. Findik ile besleme Fenpiroksimat’in soz konusu olumsuz etkilerini iyilestirerek, kontrol grubu kadar olmasa da soz konusu parametrelerde tekrar bir iyilesmeye sebep olmustur. Sonuc olarak, findik pestisitler gibi kimyasal ajanlarin sebep oldugu toksisitenin azaltilmasinda “toksisite sinirlayici” bir antioksidan urun olarak kullanilabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fenpiroksimat, kromozomal anormallikler, mikronukleus, Fizyoloji Swiss albino fare. Abstract. In this study, the physiological and genotoxic effects of Fenpyroximate acaricide on Swiss albino mice, and the protective role of nut against these effects were investigated. Mice were randomly divided into six (6) groups, consisting of one (1) control and five (5) experimental groups. Physiological effects were determined by measuring the weight of body, liver and kidneys, and genotoxic effects were determined with identification of micronucleus (MN) frequency and the number of chromosomal damage. Compared to the control group, it was observed a decrease in organ and body weight, and an increase in the frequency of MN and the number of chromosomal abnormalities in Fenpyroximate experiment group. Feed with nut improved negative effects of Fenpyroximate, although not as much control group has led to an improvement in these parameters again. As a result, nut can be used to reduce toxicity stimulated by chemical agents such as pesticides and used as “toxicity restrictive” an antioxidants product. Keyword: Fenpyroximate, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus, physiology, Swiss albino mice.

Organik bir insektisit olan Fipronil, pestisitlerin fenil pirazoller veya fiproller olarak bilinen daha yeni ve küçük bir grubuna dahildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ticari Fipronil’in olası akut ve kronik genotoksik etkilerinin civciv perifer kan hücrelerinde mikronukleus test sisteminde belirlenmesiydi. Bu amaçla farklı dozlardaki Fipronil (6.25, 25, 50 ve 100 mg/kg) civcivlere intraperitonal yolla verilmiştir. Negatif kontrol amacıyla çözücü (distile su), pozitif kontrol grubu amacıyla da siklofosfamid kullanılmıştır. Uygulamalardan sonra perifer kan örnekleri alınarak frotiler hazırlanmış ve modifiye May Grünwald–Giemsa yöntemiyle boyanmıştır. Bu preparatlarda alyuvarlardaki mikronukleus ve anormal nukleus oranları ışık mikroskobuyla tespit edilmiştir. Negatif kontrol grubuna kıyasla, Fipronil uygulanan grupların mikronukleus ve anormal nukleus oranlarında istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde bir artış gözlenmemiştir (p>0.05). Bu sonuçlar ışığında Fipronil’in ticari formülasyonunun test edilen dozlarda civcivler için genotoksik olmadığı düşünülebilir., Fipronil, an organic insecticide, is a member of relatively new and small class of pesticides, the phenyl pyrazoles or fiproles group of chemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the possible acute and chronic genotoxic effects of commercial formulations of Fipronil in micronucleus test in peripheral blood erythrocytes of the chick. For this purpose, different doses of Fipronil (6.25, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were given to chicks intraperitoneally. Distilled water and cyclophosphamide were also used as negative and positive controls, respectively. After treatments, blood smears were prepared and stained with modified May Grünwald–Giemsa. In this smears, frequencies of micronucleus and nuclear abnormality were examined in erythrocytes under light microscope. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus and nuclear abnormality of groups treated with Fipronil could not be observed compared to negative control (p>0.05). These results indicate that commercial formulations of Fipronil at doses tested may be considered as a non–genotoxic compound for chicks.

Background: The expression of 8-oxo-dG is defined as one form of damaged DNA occuring as the result of oxidation reaction due to X ray exposure. Panoramic radiography exposure has been widely known to be able to increase micronucleus which are signing the early stage and as biomarker in carsinogenesis mechanism. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the correlation between micronucleus number and 8-oxo-dG expression as a result of panoramic radiography exposure. Methods: Twelve New Zealand male rabbits aging 6 months were divided into 4 groups. Group I were rabbits that represented 0 day, group II represented 3th day, group III represented 6th day, and group IV represented 9th day after the panoramic radiography exposure. Respectively samples were swabbed at mandibular anterior gingival mucosa before and after the panoramic radiography exposure. The swabbed samples were coloured by using Feulgen-Rossenbeck modified staining for calculating the amount of micronucleus formation. Expression of 8-oxodG was detected using immunohistochemical of rabbit’s gingival mucosa epithelium. Statistical analysis were carried out on pearson correlation. Results: There was a highest increasing of micronucleus on the 9th day after panoramic radiography exposure. Meanwhile, there was significant correlation (p=0,049) of the increasing amount of micronucleus and 8-oxo-dG expression in negatively correlation (r = -0,578). The increasing of micronucleus formation on the 9th day after panoramic radiography exposure was accordance with some previous studies. The expression score of 8-oxo-dG decreases as the day goes by. Conclusion: There was a correlation between the number of micronucleus and expression score of 8-oxo-dG.Latar belakang: Ekspresi 8-oxo-dG adalah suatu bentuk kerusakan DNA yang terjadi akibat reaksi oksidatif dari paparan sinar X. Paparan radiografi panoramik telah diketahui menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus yang merupakan biomarker tahap dini mekanisme karsinogenesis. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti korelasi antara jumlah mikronukleus dan ekspresi 8-oxo-dG akibat paparan radiografi panoramik. Metode: Sebanyak 12 ekor kelinci New Zealand jantan usia 6 bulan dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok I merupakan kelinci untuk mewakili hari ke-0, kelompok II untuk mewakili hari ke-3, kelompok III untuk mewakili hari ke-6, dan kelompok IV untuk mewakili hari ke-9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Terhadap seluruh kelinci dilakukan usapan pada mukosa gingiva anterior rahang bawah sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan paparan radiografi. Selanjutnya terhadap sampel usapan itu dilakukan pewarnaan menggunakan teknik pewarnaan modifikasi Feulgen-Rossenbeck untuk menghitung jumlah mikronukleus. Ekspresi 8-oxo-dG dinilai dari pemeriksaan imunohistokimia pada sel epitel mukosa gingiva kelinci. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil: Peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus paling tinggi terjadi pada hari ke-9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Sementara itu, terdapat korelasi yang signifikan (p=0,049) antara peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus dan ekspresi 8-oxo-dG dengan arah korelasi yang negatif (r=-0,578). Peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus yang terjadi pada hari ke-9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik ini sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnya. Dengan bertambahnya hari skor ekspresi 8-oxo-dG semakin menurun. Simpulan: Terdapat korelasi antara jumlah mikronukleus dan skor ekspresi 8-oxo-dG.

The hematological micronucleus test is regarded as an indicator of the clastogenic effect of chemicals and acute cytogenetic damage. The test can be carried out in red blood cells of the bone marrow and of the spleen, as well as in peripheral erythrocytes. We have determined the precise background values of micronucleated red blood cells for the peripheral blood of BALB/c, DBA/2, and NMRI mice. Bleeding, phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis, and splenectomy generated an increase of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of mice. Our data thus demonstrate that such factors should be taken into consideration when the micronucleus test is used for screening the genotoxic potential of chemicals. Furthermore, the micronucleus-inducing effect of cyclophosphamide was studied in normal and splenectomized mice and, in addition, a comparison of the sensitivity of the micronucleus test was carried out in peripheral blood and bone marrow after cyclophosphamide treatment. Our data demonstrate that the kinetics of micronucleus formation were similar in normal and in splenectomized mice in which the micronucleus levels had returned to normal. The comparison of micronucleus formation in bone marrow and peripheral blood after cyclophosphamide treatment revealed the generation of similar quantities of micronucleated red blood cells in both tissues. The physiological mechanisms of micronucleus formation and removal and the potential role of chemically induced spleen damage during this process are discussed; the usefulness of the peripheral micronucleus test as a simple, rapid, and animal-saving modification of the standard bone marrow test is evaluated.