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In the US economy, Black men, on average, receive lower wages than White men, and the difference increases over the working life. The employment rate and the number of hours worked are also lower for Blacks, but the gap is nearly constant. Together these facts suggest that on-the-job human capital accumulation might explain the diverging wages. However, the wage gap and its evolution over the lifecycle cannot be explained by differences in accumulated experience or educational attainment for the cohort we analyze. Instead, the combination of experience and test scores measured at ages 17-22 accounts for the wage gap and its growth. We propose an on-the-job human capital accumulation model with heterogeneity in the initial human capital endowment and the lifelong ability to accumulate human capital, and endogenous labor supply at the extensive and intensive margins to explain the evolution of the Black-White wage gap over the lifecycle. We discipline the distribution of the ability to accumulate human capital using the power of test scores to predict earnings growth in the data. We find that if the pre-market distributions were the same for Blacks and Whites, the racial gap in hourly earnings would be closed by 84%, with the remaining gap opening throughout life due to higher labor supply amongst White men. That is, the unequal conditions with which men in the two groups enter the labor market are likely to be the key determinant of the differences over the lifecycle.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in robotics, automation, finance, healthcare, etc. However, using AI for decision-making in sustainable product lifecycle operations is still challenging. One major challenge relates to the scarcity and uncertainties of data across the product lifecycle. This paper aims to develop a method that can adopt the most suitable AI techniques to support decision-making for sustainable operations based on the available lifecycle data. It identifies the key lifecycle stages in which AI, especially reinforcement learning (RL), can support decision-making. Then, a generalised procedure of using RL for decision support is proposed based on available lifecycle data, such as operation and maintenance data. The method has been validated in a case study of an international vehicle manufacturer, combined with modelling and simulation. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the method and identifies that RL is the current most appropriate method for maintenance scheduling based on limited available lifecycle data. This paper contributes to knowledge by demonstrating an empirically grounded industrial case using RL to optimise decision-making for improved product lifecycle sustainability by effectively prolonging the product lifetime and reducing environmental impact. Funding Agencies|VinnovaVinnova [2017-01649]

Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has been an enormous shock to mortality, economies, and daily life. But what has received insufficient attention is the impact of the pandemic on the accumulation of human capital—the health, education, and skills—of young people. How large was the setback, and how far are we still from a recovery? Collapse and Recovery estimates the impacts of the pandemic on the human capital of young children, school-age children, and youth and discusses the urgent actions needed to reverse the damage. It shows that there was a collapse of human capital and that, unless that collapse is remedied, it is a time bomb for countries. Specifically, the report documents alarming declines in cognitive and social-emotional development among young children, which could translate into a 25 percent reduction in their earnings as adults. It finds that 1 billion children in low- and middle-income countries missed at least one year of in-person schooling. And despite enormous efforts in remote learning, children did not learn during the unprecedentedly long school closures, which could reduce future lifetime earnings around the world by US$21 trillion. The report quantifies the dramatic drops in employment and skills among youth that resulted from the pandemic as well as the substantial increase in the number of youth neither employed nor enrolled in education or training. In all of these age groups, the impacts of the pandemic were consistently worse for children from poorer backgrounds. These losses call for immediate action. The good news is that evidence-based policies can recover these losses. Collapse and Recovery reviews governments’ responses to the pandemic, assessing why there was a collapse in human capital accumulation, what was missing in the policy architecture to protect human capital during the crisis, and how governments can better prepare to withstand future shocks. It offers concrete policy recommendations to recover losses in human capital—programs that will end up paying for themselves in the long term. To better prepare for future shocks such as climate change and wars, the report emphasizes the need for solutions that bring health, education, and social protection programs together in an integrated human development system. If countries fail to act, the losses in human capital documented in this report will become permanent and last for multiple generations. The time to act is now.

Flexible pavements are prone to premature deterioration, and researchers are unresolved regarding the importance of the underlying causes resulting in inappropriately selected modeling parameters and increased uncertainty in predicting subsequent behavior and performance. A windshield survey, literature survey, and fuzzy Delphi study were undertaken as complementary approaches to costly conventional investigations to identify reasons for flexible pavement deterioration in the design, construction, and life span phases. Overall, the results revealed that the life span phase consists of the most contributors to pavement deterioration, which is approximately twice as much as the design and construction phases. However, the findings suggest that most causes of deterioration in the life span phase can be attributed to deficiencies in the preceding phases. Experts believe that structural and traffic are the most significant contributors to pavement deterioration, more so than construction, environment, and maintenance factors. Additionally, the surface and subgrade layers were deemed to be the most problematic. Applying the fuzzy Delphi method minimizes the ambiguities associated with the causes of pavement deterioration identified in the literature and is advantageous for limited data. This study proposes measures for improving the design and construction of more sustainable tropical pavements. Improved knowledge of the causes of deterioration is vital for selecting the appropriate design, construction, and maintenance strategies.

Background In recent decades, cities worldwide are increasingly adopting vehicle access policies and technologies to alleviate the negative externalities related to high car use in the urban built environments. As such, car-oriented infrastructures and mobility policies implemented post-World War II are giving way to sustainable mobility strategies that aim to make cities healthier, more livable and more inclusive for all. Purpose Most of these strategies are considered as stand-alone cases related to a specific environmental, political and social urban context. However, similarities and patterns between different strategies can provide information on the replicability of mobility strategies in other urban contexts. Methods Through a literature review, this paper illustrates the wide range of urban vehicle access regulations (UVAR) applied within sustainable mobility strategies. In addition, we critically examine the process from ideation over design and implementation to operation phase for 12 West-European cities and define what measures are combined to end up with a sustainable mobility strategy. Results This results in a taxonomy of UVAR interventions, subdivided in three categories: spatial interventions, pricing aspects and regulatory measures. We also highlight a number of complementary supportive measures implemented to counter the often restrictive nature of UVAR. Results The paper shows that the strategies highlighted in the case studies are an amalgam of different UVAR and supportive measures. As such, deconstructing various sustainable mobility strategies enables us to shed light on the available UVAR options cities can combine to define consistent and robust sustainable mobility strategies.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o comportamento da capacidade de transferência tecnológica ao longo do tempo em instituições públicas brasileiras de ensino superior. Método: adotou-se o método de caso estendido em duas instituições nacionais de referência em gestão da transferência tecnológica. Entrevistas, observações e análise de documentos foram as principais técnicas para a coleta de dados. A análise também ocorreu por meio das técnicas do método de caso estendido. Resultados: evidenciou-se que o comportamento de uma capacidade, durante a sua existência, pode não obedecer a uma curva linear, mas sim variar ao longo de estágios distintos e sofrer diferentes mutações. Conclusões: conclui-se que o ciclo de vida de uma capacidade não seria exatamente equivalente ou limitado à heurística de um ciclo de vida biológico dotado de previsível entropia até o total colapso. Diferente disso, considerando o ambiente e a conjuntura, uma capacidade pode voltar a existir desde que se entenda isso como oportuno e exequível. Os achados avançam na compreensão do processo de transferência tecnológica que passa a contar com o potencial explicativo das capacidades dinâmicas. ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the behavior of technology transfer capability over time in Brazilian public institutions of higher education. Method: the extended case method was adopted in two national institutions of reference in technology transfer management. Interviews, observations, and document analysis were the main techniques for data collection. The analysis was performed using also the techniques of the extended case method. Results: became evident that the behavior of a capacity, during its existence, may not obey a linear curve, but vary over different stages and undergo different mutations. Conclusions: it was concluded that the lifecycle of a capability would not be exactly equivalent or limited to the heuristic of a biological lifecycle with predictable entropy until the total collapse. Unlike this, considering the environment and the conjuncture, a capability can come back to exist as long as it is understood as opportune and feasible. The findings advance the understanding of the technology transfer process that now has the explanatory potential of dynamic capabilities.

Power transformers are an important asset of power companies. To improve the economic benefits of power companies, it is of great significance to accurately predict the lifecycle cost of each power transformer. Based on the historical operating data on 83 110 kV power transformers, this paper estimates the lifecycle costs of different transformers, and then creates a dataset containing the estimated lifecycle costs and multiple features of the transformers, namely, bid price, transformer capacity, no-load loss, load loss, silicon steel cost, copper wire cost, annual failure frequency (AFF) of major repair, and AFF of minor repair. Based on the dataset, a lifecycle cost prediction model was established for power transformers, which couples grey wolf optimization (GWO) with support vector regression (SVR). The GWO-SVR model was simulated on the prepared dataset. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the model was merely 5.20% on the test set. The proposed model provides a new method for power companies to accurately predict and evaluate the lifecycle cost of power transformers.

Electric vehicle (EV) penetration has been increasing globally and is expected to continue its exponential growth over the coming decades. Several countries have already announced plans to achieve total or partial electrification of their vehicle fleets. Such rapid transportation electrification will have a significant impact on society and businesses that support the transportation industry. Additionally, new business opportunities will be available to support this technological evolution. In this paper, the business opportunities emerging from EVs and their supporting infrastructure are reviewed. It has been observed that several businesses, such as sustainable mining and manufacturing, will need to be developed before EV growth as they provide the initial platform required for EV adoption. Other businesses such as fleet optimization, battery management, and recycling can be developed at a later stage. All of these businesses will also have social and technological impacts, which will drive policy decisions. Regional governments play a critical role in ensuring the smooth execution of a transition to transportation electrification through social programs, such as training and education for equitable growth, and legislative decisions, such as technology standardization.

Introduction. New needs and opportunities boost demand for development of urban infrastructure in a contemporary society. The emergence of innovative technologies enables infrastructural elements to better meet the requirements of comfort, sustainability, and safety. Cities are getting “smarter”, as they constantly improve the economic, social and environmental efficiency of their utility, power supply, and transport systems. In the meantime, growing private, industrial and service demands for versatile resources set the trend for bigger environmental footprints in big cities. The mission of this research project is to substantiate the need for and to identify methods of reducing environmental footprints in the course of urban infrastructure management. Materials and methods. The subject of this research project is the correlation between management functions and stages of the life cycle of urban infrastructure. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the influence produced by urban power grids, water supply and sewage networks and urban waste treatment on environmental footprints of big cities. A combination of positivistic and phenomenological philosophies is employed for this purpose; their influence manifests itself in the substantiation of findings, arising out of the opinions expressed by Russian and foreign experts, and statistical data. Results. The findings represent sources of negative influence of infrastructural elements on the scale of environmental footprints and environmental safety levels, as well as suggestions concerning stages and actions contributing to minimization of environmental footprints of developing infrastructural systems with regard for the current stage in the lifecycle of an infrastructural facility. Conclusions. A quantity index, demonstrating the environmental footprint of infrastructural facilities in operation, can be introduced as a summarized criterion for the socio-economic assessment of operation of infrastructural systems in urban economies.

The Red Sea Water is a warm and salty water produced in the Red Sea by evaporation induced by strong solar radiation. This dense water mass exits the Red Sea through the Strait of Bab El Mandeb, and enters the Gulf of Aden as a density current between 400 and 1000 metre depth. In the Gulf of Aden, in situ and satellites observations have shown the impact of the deeply reaching eddies dominating the mesoscale dynamics, on the spreading of the Red Sea Water. In this paper, we study the life cycle of these mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Aden by using a regional primitive equation model at mesoscale resolution, and an eddy-tracking algorithm. The mesoscale anticyclonic eddies are formed at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden, and subsequently drift westward into the gulf. Mesoscale anticyclones are long-lived compared to the cyclones. The cyclones result from the interaction of anticyclones with the coast and the sloping topography. The wind stress, the bathymetry and the surrounding eddy field drive the life cycle of eddies. Finally, Kelvin and internal waves are triggered along the northern and southern coasts.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been produced for a wide range of applications, mostly in open uses, such as metalworking fluids, lubricants, coolants or additives in consumer goods. The production volume is more than one million tonnes requiring control of the lifecycle of these persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. In May 2017, the Stockholm Convention amended its Annex A to list short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) as a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP). Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released to the environment throughout their lifecycle. Therefore, the major objective of this review was to assess and compile information on SCCPs and other CPs regarding their lifecycle in the technosphere to support the Stockholm Convention implementation. A few studies have assessed CP production plants and contamination in the surrounding environments. However, there was no systematic investigation of release routes from production and no assessment of associated landfills, even though these are known major pollution sources at other organochlorine production sites. Some studies have reported that industrial areas, where CPs have likely been used, have elevated levels of CPs in sediments and soil. However, although CPs are largely released when used as metalworking fluids or lubricants, no systematic assessment of releases has been conducted at the thousands of sites where CPs are used in high volumes. Many CPs, mainly medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and SCCPs, are used as additives in the production of consumer goods, resulting in exposure risks. Levels above the European Union regulation for SCCPs of 1500 mg kg−1 and up to approx. 20% are frequently found. The end-of-life management of CP-containing products is difficult since no labelling requirement exists even for products containing SCCPs. The Stockholm Convention prohibits the recycling of SCCP-containing products, which will result in challenges recycling the impacted waste categories. The activities under the Stockholm Convention related to SCCPs, such as the inventory, phase-out, and management of impacted products, provide opportunities to address existing data gaps and challenges. Special attention needs to be given to developing countries with lacking analytical capacity as well as waste management and destruction capacity.

Щоб досягти найбільшої ефективності управління будь-якою системою, необхідно створити сукупну результативність роботи всіх її складових. Виходячи з того, що антропогенне навантаження на довкілля та величина еколого-економічних витрат і-ої стадії життєвого циклу енергетичного продукту залежить від причинно-наслідкових зв’язків на (і-n) стадіях, то доцільно говорити про еколого-орієнтовану систему управління життєвим циклом енергетичного продукту. Під еколого-орієнтованою системою управління життєвим циклом енергетичного продукту розуміють систему управління, що забезпечує екологічну безпеку на кожній із стадій та етапі шляхом координації виробничих і природоохоронних функцій та процесів енергетичних суб’єктів господарювання. Об’єктивно існуючу взаємодію між суспільством і природою, особливості сучасного суспільного розвитку, причинно-наслідкові зв’язки та еколого-економічні суперечності необхідно враховувати у процесі управління природокористуванням, під яким розуміють процес, пов'язаний із установленням компромісів між соціально-економічними та екологічними потребами суспільства в умовах обмеженості ресурсів. Наприклад, із позиції економічної доцільності це завдання зводиться до такого рівня природоохоронних витрат, які б спричиняли за собою мінімальні еколого-економічні втрати. Ключові слова: життєвий цикл, електрична станція, еколого-орієнтоване управління, декомпозиція. Чтобы достигнуть наибольшей эффективности управления какой-либо системой, необходимо создать совокупную результативность работы всех ее составляющих. Исходя из того, что антропогенное давление на окружающую среду и величина эколого-экономических затрат і-ой стадии жизненного цикла энергетического продукта зависит от причинно-следственных связей на (і-n) стадиях, то правильно говорить про эколого-ориентированную систему управления жизненным циклом энергетического продукта. Эколого-ориентированная система управления жизненного цикла энергетического продукта являет собой систему управления, которая обеспечивает экологическую безопасность на каждой стадии и этапе путем координации производственных и природоохранных функций и процессов энергетических субъектов производства. Объективно существующее взаимодействие между обществом и природой, особенности современного социального общества, причинно-следственные связи и эколого-экономические противоречия необходимо учитывать в процесс управления природопользованием, под которым понимается процесс, устанавливающий компромисс между социально-экономическими и экологическими проблемами общества в условиях ограниченных ресурсов. Например, с позиции экономической целесообразности это задание сводится к вложениям природоохранных затрат до такого уровня, при котором эколого-экономические затраты станут минимальные. Ключевые слова: жизненный цикл, электрическая станция, эколого-ориентированное управление, декомпозиция. To achieve greater management efficiency of any system, it is necessary to create the overall effectiveness of all its components. Taking into account the fact that the anthropogenic load on the environment and the magnitude of environmental and economic costs of the first stage of the lifecycle of the energy product depend on the cause and effect relationships at (i-n) stages, one should mention the ecologically oriented management system of the energy product lifecycle. An ecologically oriented management system of the energy product lifecycle is a management system that ensures environmental safety at each stage by coordinating the production and environmental functions and processes of energy entities. The process of environmental management, which is considered to be a process associated with compromises between socioeconomic and environmental needs of society in terms of limited resources, should include the objectively existing interaction between society and nature, features of modern social development, causation and environmental and economic contradictions [5]. For example, from the standpoint of economic feasibility, this task resolves itself into such a level of environmental costs that would cause minimal environmental and economic losses. Key words: lifecycle, power plant, ecologically oriented management, decomposition.

Digital health and mobile medical apps (MMAs) have shown great promise in transforming health care, but their adoption in clinical care has been unsatisfactory, and regulatory guidance and coverage decisions have been lacking or incomplete. A multidimensional assessment framework for regulatory, policymaking, health technology assessment, and coverage purposes based on the MMA lifecycle is needed. A targeted review of relevant policy documents from international sources was conducted to map current MMA assessment frameworks, to formulate 10 recommendations, subsequently shared amongst an expert panel of key stakeholders. Recommendations go beyond economic dimensions such as cost and economic evaluation and also include MMA development and update, classification and evidentiary requirements, performance and maintenance monitoring, usability testing, clinical evidence requirements, safety and security, equity considerations, organizational assessment, and additional outcome domains (patient empowerment and environmental impact). The COVID-19 pandemic greatly expanded the use of MMAs, but temporary policies governing their use and oversight need consolidation through well-developed frameworks to support decision-makers, producers and introduction into clinical care processes, especially in light of the strong international, cross-border character of MMAs, the new EU medical device and health technology assessment regulations, and the Next Generation EU funding earmarked for health digitalization.

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Human nature is characterized by continuous adaptation to changes; that is, the ability to deal with events produced by the combination of internal modifications (personality, cognition, among others), in contact with what happens externally. The meaning of one's own existence and personal contribution can only be discovered in relation to and for others; the development of bonds of respect and mutual support, of appreciation, of shared responsibility, of exchange of knowledge, of enjoyment of common spaces and times must be fostered. During old age, daily activities acquire special importance and should be oriented towards goals of functional efficiency; hence, we must scrutinize their design and application in advance with regard to several basic aspects such as time as an object, the valuation of the object in its functional utility, its deepening from a dynamic vision and the estimation of the process from a teleological vision. In short, a constructivist analysis supports the use of appropriate communication styles and roles to support and promote healthy aging with the inclusion of goals such as encouraging the involvement of the elderly person in the social life of their own community as well as promoting knowledge of their own environment as constant becoming. La naturaleza humana se caracteriza por la continua adaptación a los cambios, es decir, la habilidad para enfrentarse con eventos producidos por la combinación de modificaciones internas (personalidad, cognición, entre otras), en contacto con lo que externamente sucede. El sentido de la propia existencia y de la contribución personal únicamente puede ser descubierto en relación con y para los otros; se debe potenciar el desarrollo de vínculos de respeto y apoyo mutuo, de aprecio, de responsabilidad compartida, de intercambio de conocimientos, de disfrute de espacios y tiempos comunes. Durante la vejez, las actividades cotidianas adquieren especial relevancia y deben orientarse hacia metas de eficacia funcional; de ahí que debamos escrutar previamente su diseño y aplicación en varios aspectos básicos como el tiempo como objeto, la valoración del objeto en su utilidad funcional, la profundización desde una visión dinámica y la estimación del proceso desde una visión teleológica. En suma, un análisis constructivista ampara una utilización de estilos y roles de comunicación apropiados para el apoyo y fomento de un envejecimiento saludable con la inclusión de objetivos como favorecer la implicación de la persona mayor en la vida social de su propia comunidad, así como impulsar el conocimiento de su propio entorno como devenir constante.

The study focuses on developing a methodology for calculating an integrated quality index of administrative and engineering solutions that affect the safety of multi-storey residential buildings at each stage of their lifecycle. This method can be used to design a tool for assessing the integrated quality of multi-storey residential buildings at each stage of production. Advanced quality assessment methods were analyzed within the framework of this study. The analysis led to the conclusion that the most relevant problem is the lack of an integrated approach to the quality assessment of multi-storey residential buildings. Having studied an extensive number of research works, the authors identified the main parameters that affect the quality of a construction facility. The aims of the study were to (1) develop an integrated quality index for multi-storey residential buildings (this index is to be applicable as early as at the stage of pre-construction arrangements); (2) develop methods for calculating and evaluating the integrated quality index for high-rise residential buildings at the stage of construction arrangements; (3) improve the efficiency of administrative and engineering solutions; and (4) devise a mathematical model that will identify the numerical value of the proposed multi-factor criteria. The research results show the feasibility and expediency of introducing this methodology in residential construction as it allows for a comprehensive measurement and quality assessment of high-rise residential buildings.

An important element of the explanation why an entrepreneur carries out high-risk transactions is the evaluation and analysis of her or his inner qualities. Thus, there is a need to identify the connection between entrepreneurial risk and capital. At the regional level, there is an ongoing academic discussion as to who the carrier of entrepreneurial capital is and how this capital can be measured and evaluated in view of its direct influence on the business environment and economic growth opportunities of a certain territory. This article presents the findings of a study into the complex structure of the concept of regional entrepreneurial capital and establishes how this concept is connected with such categories as entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial substance, and entrepreneurial ability. Using an estimate of the number of economic entities (individual entrepreneurs and farmers; small, medium, and large enterprises) per 1,000 population, the study demonstrates cross-regional differences in entrepreneurial activity as a manifestation of entrepreneurial capital, including those in the Northwestern Federal District.

White lupin (Lupinus albus) represents an important legume crop in Europe and other parts of the world due to its high protein content and potential for low-input agriculture. However, most cultivars are susceptible to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lupini, a seed- and air-borne fungal pathogen that causes severe yield losses. The aim of this work was to develop a C. lupini-specific quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR assay that allows for quick and reliable detection and quantification of the pathogen in infected seed and plant material. Quantification of C. lupini DNA in dry seeds allowed us to distinguish infected and certified (non-infected) seed batches with DNA loads corresponding to the disease score index and yield of the mother plants. Additionally, C. lupini DNA could be detected in infected lupin shoots and close to the infection site, thereby allowing us to study the disease cycle of this hemibiotrophic pathogen. This qPCR assay provides a useful diagnostic tool to determine anthracnose infection levels of white lupin seeds and will facilitate the use of seed health assessments as a strategy to reduce the primary infection source and spread of this disease.

BackgroundThe blood feeding poultry red mite (PRM),Dermanyssus gallinae, causes substantial economic damage to the egg laying industry worldwide, and is a serious welfare concern for laying hens and poultry house workers. In this study we have investigated the temporal gene expression across the 6 stages/sexes (egg, larvae, protonymph and deutonymph, adult male and adult female) of this neglected parasite in order to understand the temporal expression associated with development, parasitic lifestyle, reproduction and allergen expression.ResultsRNA-seq transcript data for the 6 stages were mapped to the PRM genome creating a publicly available gene expression atlas (on the OrcAE platform in conjunction with the PRM genome). Network analysis and clustering of stage-enriched gene expression in PRM resulted in 17 superclusters with stage-specific or multi-stage expression profiles. The 6 stage specific superclusters were clearly demarked from each other and the adult female supercluster contained the most stage specific transcripts (2725), whilst the protonymph supercluster the fewest (165). Fifteen pairwise comparisons performed between the different stages resulted in a total of 6025 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (P > 0.99). These data were evaluated alongside a Venn/Euler analysis of the top 100 most abundant genes in each stage. An expanded set of cuticle proteins and enzymes (chitinase and metallocarboxypeptidases) were identified in larvae and underpin cuticle formation and ecdysis to the protonymph stage. Two mucin/peritrophic-A salivary proteins (DEGAL6771g00070, DEGAL6824g00220) were highly expressed in the blood-feeding stages, indicating peritrophic membrane formation during feeding. Reproduction-associated vitellogenins were the most abundant transcripts in adult females whilst, in adult males, an expanded set of serine and cysteine proteinases and an epididymal protein (DEGAL6668g00010) were highly abundant. Assessment of the expression patterns of putative homologues of 32 allergen groups from house dust mites indicated a bias in their expression towards the non-feeding larval stage of PRM.ConclusionsThis study is the first evaluation of temporal gene expression across all stages of PRM and has provided insight into developmental, feeding, reproduction and survival strategies employed by this mite. The publicly available PRM resource on OrcAE offers a valuable tool for researchers investigating the biology and novel interventions of this parasite.

Both temporary forms of organizing (TO) and artificial intelligence have recently received increased practical and scholarly attention [HW19],[Zh19]. Their combination has not yet been subject of research or research application, nor is there a roadmap to the development of TOspecific AI applications. In relation to permanent organizations, TOs devote more time to organizing, planning, and adapting to change, but supporting organizing as a task is not yet in the scope of AI research. This article creates new links between the domains computer science and organizational theory. It reviews TOs as special vehicles for organizing endeavors, proposes relevant properties, reviews recent AI research advances, and synthesizes challenges for researching into AIassisted organizing in TOs. A table of use cases along with proposed AI methods and required data proposes future research activities and is basis for a call for data sets, data challenges and metrics for assessing AI-assisted organizing, especially in temporary contexts.

В статье классифицированы подходы, связанные с применением живых организмов на разных этапах жизненного цикла, в области архитектурного материаловедения. Предложены два типа классификаций биотехнологий в архитектурном материаловедении., Approaches related to the use of living organisms at different stages of the life cycle in the field of architectural materials science are classified in the article. Two types of biotechnology classifications in architectural materials science are proposed.

Background Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, a fatal disease emerged from Wuhan, a large city in the Chinese province of Hubei in December 2019. Main body of abstract The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic due to its spread to other countries inside and outside Asia. Initial confirmation of the pandemic shows patient exposure to the Huanan seafood market. Bats might be a significant host for the spread of coronaviruses via an unknown intermediate host. The human-to-human transfer has become a significant concern due to one of the significant reasons that is asymptomatic carriers or silent spreaders. No data is obtained regarding prophylactic treatment for COVID-19, although many clinical trials are underway. Conclusion The most effective weapon is prevention and precaution to avoid the spread of the pandemic. In this current review, we outline pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, ongoing clinical trials, prevention, and precautions. We have also highlighted the impact of pandemic worldwide and challenges that can help to overcome the fatal disease in the future.

Decisions made in the development stage of a new products will affect the whole lifecycle of the product. Manufacturing costs, product performance, maintainability and customer satisfaction in the use phase are parameters the engineers need to consider. In a sustainability perspective can durability and a potential long lifetime with less breakdowns be regarded as positive. Additionally, in a circular economy perspective the potentials for easy disassembly, recyclability and remanufacturing or reuse at the end of life are important. The selection of precision levels and tolerance limits on geometry and material properties in the design phase of mechanical components are decisive for these aspects. While tolerance selections traditionally focused most on meeting customer requirements and interchangeability of parts for assembly, the product development engineers are now facing several “Design for X”—challenges where tolerance selections and distributions are one of the key issues. This paper describes a Closed Loop Tolerance Engineering (CLTE) model describing information flow for tolerance engineering throughout the product lifecycle. The model includes feed forward and feedback of data and information between functional requirements description, tolerance synthesis and analysis, manufacturing process capabilities, measured product performance and end-of-life considerations.

Sami reindeer herders have considerable traditional knowledge about a neurological reindeer disease resembling elaphostrongylosis, but the causative agent was not identified prior to the description of the brainworm Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in Russia in 1958. Elaphostrongylosis was quickly recognised as a serious cause of reindeer morbidity and mortality. The ecology, epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease were studied in Sweden and Norway during the 1960s and in particular the 1970s to 1990s. In Finland, elaphostrongylosis was not recognised as an important disease for Finnish reindeer husbandry, even though the presence of brainworm infection has been documented. Brainworm has an indirect lifecycle with snail and slug intermediate hosts. The free-living L1 larvae have extremely good freeze tolerance and can survive > 360 days at − 80 °C in water (solid ice). Even though reindeer brainworm is clearly well adapted to the Arctic chill, the lifecycle stages outside the reindeer final host are sped up at warmer environmental temperatures. Arctic summer temperatures are close to the developmental threshold of the parasite in the intermediate gastropod hosts (8–10 °C), and the parasite has typically had a 2-year life cycle. Disease outbreaks generally occur during the winter following the infection of reindeer with infected snails and slugs during the summer and autumn. Warmer summers result in faster development of brainworm larvae in the intermediate hosts. Clinical symptoms have been seen reported as early as August, such as in the outbreak in Trøndelag, Norway in 2018. The reindeer brainworm is also a cause of conflict between reindeer herders and small ruminant farmers, because it can cause severe disease in goats and sheep, which share pasture with reindeer. Many knowledge gaps remain if we wish to successfully predict and mitigate for large-scale outbreaks in a future with a predicted warmer, wetter and wilder climate.

Flowering in bamboo is an unusual event. Documenting flowering individuals or populations provides valuable information about bamboo life cycles. Guadua trinii is endemic to northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. We here report theflowering of this species in native and cultivated stands in Argentina and confirm its flowering cycle to be of 30-33 years. Floração em bambu é um evento incomum. A documentação de indivíduos ou populações em florescimento fornece informações importantes sobre os ciclos de vida do bambu. Guadua trinii é endêmica do nordeste da Argentina, sul do Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai. Aqui relatamos o florescimento dessa espécie em agregados nativos e cultivados na Argentina, além da confirmação de seu ciclo de floração por 30-33 anos. Fil: Guerreiro, Carolina Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Peichoto, Myriam Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Vega, Andrea Susana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Botánica General; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; Argentina

El artículo sintetiza en las llamadas «12 piedras en el zapato» las principales brechas de género en educación y trabajo a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida, desde la niñez hasta la vejez, indicando las políticas públicas necesarias para alcanzar la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Al mismo tiempo, reseña la oportunidad que en esta materia significa el actual proceso constituyente que está viviendo en Chile. Palabras calve: mujeres, igualdad de género, brechas de género, ciclo de vida, género, educación y trabajo, informe GET, políticas públicas, proceso constituyente, Chile. Cultural Policies to Gender Equality Abstract: The article synthesizes in the so-called “12 stones in the shoe”, the maingender gaps in Education and Labor throughout the entire life cycle, from childhood to oldage, indicating the public policies necessary to achieve equality between men and women. At the same time, the articlere views the opportunity that the current constitutional process in Chile represents in this matter. Keywords: women, gender equality, gender gaps, Lifecycle, gender, education and labor, GET report, public policies,constitutional process, Chile. Artículo recibido: 20/10/2020 / Artículo aceptado: 03/11/2020

RESUMEN: El desarrollo de esta tesis se enmarca entre los años 2015 y 2020, cuando algunas centrales nucleares españolas están llegando al final de su vida útil y se plantea su desmantelamiento, un proceso complejo en el que el nuevo método de trabajo BIM (Building Information Modelling), con diferentes niveles de madurez en otros sectores constructivos, no se ha implantado aún. Esta tesis desarrolla una metodología que asegura la correcta gestión BIM en la última fase de vida de las centrales nucleares, el desmantelamiento, aportando eficacia y valor al proceso, reduciendo tiempos y costes a la vez que se mejora la seguridad. Esta metodología ha sido validada mediante su aplicación en el desmantelamiento de una central nuclear real y los resultados obtenidos han permitido resaltar los grandes beneficios alcanzados e identificar las necesidades específicas, lo que ha derivado además en la creación de un software para la gestión digital de proyectos. ABSTRACT: This thesis was developed between years 2015 and 2020, during this period several Spanish nuclear power plants were reaching the end of their lifecycles and their dismantling was considered. A Nuclear Power Plant decommissioning is a complex process in which BIM, (Building information modelling) a methodology with different levels of maturity in other construction sectors, has not yet been implemented. IN this thesis a methodology for the correct BIM management of a NPP lifecycle´s last stage, the decommissioning process, has been proposed. This methodology adds efficiency and value to the process, leading to time and cost savings while improving safety. This methodology has been validated through its application to a real case study, the decommissioning process of a real nuclear power plant. Results obtained highlight the important benefits achieved through its application and also identify specific requirements of the methodology that leaded to the production of a digital project management software.

Romania’s membership of the select group of states belonging to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization brings, in addition to the expected security benefits and assurances and commitments and obligations that we have to assume. The participation of politicians, militaries and Romanian experts in the decision-making within the specialized committees of the NATO structures is an extremely important element for the assertion of Romania as a security guarantor in the area, a hypostasis that was only a vision a few years ago. This role of our country must be supported by strong and powerful military capabilities, capabilities that are hard to reach for many of the countries in Eastern Europe. The economically advantageous and technologically viable solution for a period of time is to acquire advanced military technical systems that are equipped with the great economic powers of NATO, systems used and verified by these armies, revitalized and upgraded, a second life goal.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework of the supply chain performance measurement system (SCPMS) lifecycle (highlighting key activities of the design, implementation, use and review phases) and to investigate how the different actors involved in the SCPMS perceive the system and can act to allow for an effective adoption. Design/methodology/approach The SCPMS lifecycle framework is developed grounding on performance measurement and supply chain (SC) management literature. To answer the two theory-building research questions, an in-depth case study involving seven firms across three tiers of the mass retail SC has been conducted. Findings The empirical evidence highlighted potential SCPMS benefits (including operational performance improvement, higher control, lower information overloading and higher SC integration) and criticalities/barriers to an effective adoption (lack of industry standards, lack of trust regarding data reliability, SCPMS as a tool of power, lack of interest in the system and the performance metrics). Several elements characterizing the SCPMS lifecycle could increase its effective adoption: engaging SC partners in the design phase; relying on a rigorous primary data collection and performance measures calculation; and actively exploiting the tool through a systematic discussion on performance and establishing incentive/disincentives plans. Originality/value The paper contributes to the conceptualization of SCPMSs and to clarify how to ensure an effective SCPMS adoption: apart from relationship-specific attributes, SCPMS lifecycle phases are suggested to have a key role.

The paper studies the problem of updating educational programs and content, taking into account changing requirements of standards and employers for qualifications and competencies of specialists. First, we show that the updating process in transition to digital economy is associated with the transition to the convergence model of education providing its sustainability perspective. Furthermore, we propose the technique and develop basic models and methods for updating based on the convergence approach, for assessing the degree of convergence of competency models and educational content. The problems of collecting, consolidating, and extracting information on the required competencies from vacancy advertisements in open sources on the Internet are also considered. The convergence approach to updating educational programs is being introduced and tested in the information and learning environment of Penza State University (Penza, Russia).

Besides traditional occupational risks (TR), industrial processes can generate other risks described by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) as “new and emerging risks” (NER). The basic definition of NER is that of “any occupational risk that is both new and increasing”, existing several studies carried out by the EU-OSHA where the set of the above mentioned risks is identified and analyzed, both general and specific. However, as demonstrated in recent studies, the direct use of this set of NER in risk assessment techniques, generally applied in industrial processes and in particular those characterized by advanced technology, may result in the identification of TR instead of NER, mainly due to the fact that they have been defined without following a risk reference model. In order to solve this problem, a risk model that improves and complements the EU-OSHA’s NER definition has been developed with the abovementioned investigations. However, this model has two limitations. First, the model does not contemplate the possibility of considering independently the new risks (NR) and increasing risks (IR). Second, this model does not allow monitoring NER evolution over time, therefore it is not currently possible to determine, in general, the temporary validity of such risks. Thus, the main objective of this work is to develop a theoretical framework for the modeling of the NER that allows its monitoring through the technology lifecycle (TLC), especially in industrial processes. To develop this framework, first it has been carried out an analysis of the limitations previously mentioned as well as the related literature. In this way, a theoretical context that allows to justify and argue properly the development of three new models for the NER, NR and IR has been set up. These named models allow, on the one hand, characterizing and differentiating the new qualities from the increasing qualities associated to risk. On the other hand, these models allow defining a set of risk typologies. These typologies have been associated with risk evolutionary phases likely to be integrated into the TLC, especially of a given industrial process, allowing monitoring over time of its NER.

An increasing use of inter-organizational collaboration systems can be observed. As multiple organizations often rely on these systems, even for business-critical processes, proper governance of these systems is crucial. This study aims to explain governance of inter-organizational collaboration systems by describing roles in collaborations, governance lifecycles, governance models, and how these roles affect the governance model in the lifecycles. A case study in Port of Rotterdam is described. The port collaboration in Rotterdam has gone through one full governance lifecycle and has entered the second iteration after the set-up of Portbase. During both cycles, the collaboration has maintained its Network Administrative Organization governance model. The case study analysis of Rotterdam’s port community provides an example of how a systematic approach could help to discuss and communicate the governance of inter-organizational collaboration systems.

This article deals with an initial investment to 3D printing technologies in a construction company. The investment refers to the use of building information models and their integration with 3D printing technology within a construction company. In the first part, there will be discussed an introduction of 3D printing scheme in a construction company from a lifecycle perspective in general. As a part of this scheme, the ideal variant of an initial investment will be considered a.k.a a pilot project. In the second part, there will be a more detailed discussion of the pilot project, more about each activities which should be its parts and which should analyze cost categories. These categories will be about particular lifecycle stages of the pilot project. In the third part, a summary is done. This article could be a handout for a construction company in a term of an initial investment to 3D printing.

The development of B2B relations is researched by many scholars. Besides dealing with the stages of the lifecycle the aim of this study is to introduce client groups in Slovakia with the help of the factors that influence relationships on the advertising market the most. After joining an international research group, besides dealing with the above mentioned factors, in our primary research we set out to research Slovak client groups on the Slovak advertising market and to describe them on the basis of their behaviour. We suppose that clients can be segmented on the advertising market just like on every other market. Thus, our hypothesis is the following: There are distinctive client groups in the early stage of the lifecycle model. In order to ensure comparability, in our survey we used a questionnaire that was already successfully tested in Hong Kong. Our respondents were Slovakian advertising agencies and their clients. Our research results showed that the researched Slovak businesses can be put into two groups in the early stage of the business relations: the risk-averse segment and the risk taking segment. Thus, we consider the carrying out of segmentation also on the advertising market important, which can result in offering customised services to clients. Багато дослідників вивчають розвиток відносин B2B. Метою даного дослідження, крім розгляду етапів життєвого циклу, є впровадження клієнтських груп в Словаччині за допомогою факторів, які впливають на відносини на рекламному ринку. Після вступу до міжнародної дослідницької групи, крім вирішення вищезазначених чинників, в нашому основному дослідженні ми вирішили дослідити словацькі клієнтські групи на словацькому ринку реклами і описати їх на основі їхньої поведінки. Ми вважаємо, що клієнти можуть бути сегментовані на рекламному ринку, як на будь-якому іншому ринку. Таким чином, наша гіпотеза така: на ранній стадії життєвого циклу існують відмінні групи клієнтів. Щоб забезпечити порівнянність, в нашому опитуванні ми використовували анкету, яка вже була успішно протестована в Гонконзі. Нашими респондентами були словацькими рекламними агентствами та їхными клієнтами. Результати наших досліджень показали, що досліджувані словацькі підприємства можуть бути представлені на двох етапах на ранніх етапах ділових відносин: сегмент, уникаючих ризику, і сегмент, схильних до ризику. Таким чином, ми вважаємо, що проведення сегментації також важливо на рекламному ринку, що може призвести до надання клієнтам індивідуальних послуг. Многие исследователи изучают развитие отношений B2B. Целью данного исследования, помимо рассмотрения этапов жизненного цикла, является внедрение клиентских групп в Словакии с помощью факторов, которые влияют на отношения на рекламном рынке. После вступления в международную исследовательскую группу, помимо решения вышеупомянутых факторов, в нашем основном исследовании мы решили исследовать словацкие клиентские группы на словацком рынке рекламы и описать их на основе их поведения. Мы полагаем, что клиенты могут быть сегментированы на рекламном рынке, как на любом другом рынке. Таким образом, наша гипотеза такова: на ранней стадии жизненного цикла существуют отличительные группы клиентов. Чтобы обеспечить сопоставимость, в нашем опросе мы использовали анкету, которая уже была успешно протестирована в Гонконге. Наши респонденты были словацкими рекламными агентствами и их клиентами. Результаты наших исследований показали, что исследуемые словацкие предприятия могут быть представлены на двух этапах на ранних этапах деловых отношений: сегмент, избегающих риска, и сегмент, склонных к риску. Таким образом, мы считаем, что проведение сегментации также важно на рекламном рынке, что может привести к предоставлению клиентам индивидуальных услуг.

The Internet-of-things (IoT) has been gradually paving the way for the pervasive connectivity of wireless networks. Due to the ability to connect a number of devices to the Internet, many applications of IoT networks have recently been proposed. Though these applications range from industrial automation to smart homes, healthcare applications are the most critical. Providing reliable connectivity among wearables and other monitoring devices is one of the major tasks of such healthcare networks. The main source of power for such low-powered IoT devices is the batteries, which have a limited lifetime and need to be replaced or recharged periodically. In order to improve their lifecycle, one of the most promising proposals is to harvest energy from the ambient resources in the environment. For this purpose, we designed an energy harvesting protocol that harvests energy from two ambient energy sources, namely radio frequency (RF) at 2.4 GHz and thermal energy. A rectenna is used to harvest RF energy, while the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is employed to harvest human thermal energy. To verify the proposed design, extensive simulations are performed in Green Castalia, which is a framework that is used with the Castalia simulator in OMNeT++. The results show significant improvements in terms of the harvested energy and lifecycle improvement of IoT devices.

This work deals with the methodologies and indicators for the evaluation of the blows of use of fresh water, the analysis methods fundamentally analyze the amount of water used in relation to the blows caused. Taking into account that there is a recognized need to consider impacts, specifically on a life cycle basis, the problem is that the data is considered insufficient or unreliable in the life cycle databases of water use, in addition, it is not coincide with the method of assessing the impact of the life cycle for what is related to the estimated impacts on the use of fresh water, highlight these difficulties and analyze the advantages, limitations, differences in the results between various methods and observe the need for a methodology perfected for evaluating the impacts of water use on the basis of the life cycle. El trabajo trata las metodologías y los indicadores para la evaluación de los impactos de uso del agua dulce, los métodos existentes analizan fundamentalmente la cantidad de agua usada con relación a los impactos ocasionados. Teniendo en cuenta que hay una necesidad reconocida para considerar los impactos, específicamente sobre bases del ciclo de vida, la problemática es que se consideran insuficientes los datos o no son confiables en las bases de datos del ciclo de vida del uso del agua, además no coincide el método de valoración del impacto del ciclo de vida para lo relacionado con los impactos estimados en el uso del agua dulce, se resaltan estas dificultades y se analizan las ventajas, limitaciones, diferencias en los resultados entre diversos métodos y se observa la necesidad de una metodología perfeccionada para la evaluación de los impactos del uso del agua sobre bases del ciclo de vida.

Like human beings, earthly materials age. They weather; their skins show wear and tear and the ravages of time. This worldly effect has created cultural value systems that cover the full grey scale of emotion and aesthetic from ‘beautiful’ to ‘ugly’. “Patina’ describes an altered physical surface but also implies provenance or authenticity. But equally, transience of surface is interpreted less positively in other materials or by other peoples: patina may simply imply the pejorative of ‘old’. Quirks of history, society and culture have meant that some materials are not granted the space to grow old gracefully. Damage to the brand-new lustre of many modern plastics for instance, often implies irreparable damage and therefore disposal. This is a complex and important field for designers interested in extending the emotional and social life of products. This paper communicates aspects of the research of a group based in UK and in Finland, who are collaborating to establish the foundations of the study of temporality in materials. Research involves the observation of transformation over time in different classes of materials but also peoples’ attitudes and responses to them. The authors will establish research context, key issues and report on findings to date.

Hosted by the Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria. May 23-24, 2019 - European Safety, Reliability & Data Association (ESReDA) During many years, asset management methodologies used in industry were focused on knowing and analysing the operational control of the daily work and the impact of the maintenance on the availability. Later, the costs turn into the priority, and strategies were focused on assesses a longer lifecycle and optimizing processes and contracts. Finally, recent normative have included concepts as “knowing and managing the risks” and the target is to prioritize the maintenance tasks to the critical assets. However, taking a balanced asset management model for the operational environment, quite a lot of facilities of Oil & Gas sector are reaching the end of their initially estimated lifecycle. New challenges are related to extend the life of the main items of the facilities or at least, to find the optimal replacement moment that guarantees that the maintenance strategy is being optimized. Asset Health Index methodology considers a theoretical lifecycle of an item, in which depending on the proximity to the end of the useful life, the probability of failure increases. But take this theoretical lifecycle as a base, different operation location factors or O&M aspects can modify this period. All these factor are quantified and permit us to calculate a new theoretical profile. This paper is about assess the impact of the AHI into the maintenance strategy optimisation. AHI enables us to compare future alternative cost profiles and assess the impact in the failure probability of the item. As a result, we are able to know the risk that is taken when we enlarge the operation of an item, and the impact in the operational costs.

Capacity to remotely monitor and control systems for waste-water treatment and to provide real time and trustworthy data of system’s behavior to various stakeholders is of high relevance. SCADA systems are used to undertake this job. SCADA solutions are usually conceptualized and designed with a major focus on technological integrability and functionality. Very little contributions are brought to optimize these systems with respect to a mix of target functions, especially considering a lifecycle perspective. In this paper, we propose a structured methodology for optimizing SCADA systems from a lifecycle perspective for the specific case of waste-water treatment units. The methodology embeds techniques for handling entropy in the design process and to assist engineers in designing effective solutions in a space with multiple constrains and conflicts. Evolutionary multiple optimization algorithms are used to handle this challenge. After the foundation of the theoretical model calibrated for the specific case of waste-water treatment units, a practical example illustrates its applicability. It is shown how the model can lead to a disruptive solution, which integrates cloud computing, IoT, and data analytics in the SCADA system, with some competitive advantages in terms of flexibility, cost effectiveness, and increased value added for both integrators and beneficiaries.

This study focused on the labor market effects of the Finnish comprehensive school reform in 1972–1977 over the lifecycle. The reform increased the age at which students are separated into vocational and general tracks from 11 to 16 as well as updated the curriculum to include more general content instead of vocational. Using longitudinal administrative register data and exploiting the gradual implementation of the reform, I found a negative effect on employment in early career and a positive effect later in the lifecycle. Results for labor earnings are more nuanced and sensitive to different model specifications, but a positive effect was found in the late career. After the reform, the treated were more likely to choose academic secondary education which could mediate the effects on employment. The results were similar for men and women. peerReviewed

This study elucidates the life-cycle of the reptile inhabiting nematode Abbreviata hastaspicula (Spirurida: Physalopteridae: Physalopterinae) in Australia. Eight Varanus gouldii (Lacertilia: Varanidae), and two Christinus marmoratus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) lizards were captured in the wild. Two V. gouldii were used as controls and no experimental procedures were carried out on them. Another six V. gouldii (final host) and the two C. marmoratus (paratenic host) were treated with oral anthelmintics to remove all parasitic worms and were fed with infected live arthropods containing third stage larvae of Abbreviata hastaspicula. Faeces of V. gouldii were examined under the microscope weekly to determine whether the third stage larvae had developed into adults. Two months later, a total of 30 larvae and adults of A. hastaspicula were found in the stomachs of four experimentally-infected V. gouldii lizards. No cysts or larva were found in the C. marmoratus. This is the first study to demonstrate the life-cycle of this genus of nematode in their definitive reptile hosts., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • The first study to show the life-cycle of A. hastaspicula in their definitive hosts. • Opens the way to a greater understanding of the biology of genus Abbreviata. • Our findings may have relevance for human contact and hence possible infection.

Each individual is both influenced by and has an impact on his/her culture of birth. Consequently, culture describes life to a certain extent and can penetrate almost all spheresof life. In this study, poems and folks songs related to life periods and development psychology sub-branches such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age and concept of death are examined connectively. In this regard, this study is first and only in its field.“Factual qualitative” data has been used in this study. Target population of the study is life periods while the sample is poems and folk songs related to subfields of life periods. The results of the research are as follows:In the physical and physiological findings, the importance of sleep in infancy with the development of the “foetus” wasremarked. What is more, together with the “binary sexuality” characteristics in puberty and the physical change and alteration, its effects on development and physiological changes in later old age were emphasized.In emotional findings, the ones belonging to “adolescence period” were remarkable. Anxieties and hesitations also came into question. In cognitive findings, it became prominent that using language, “success and competition” and “socialization” take place in late childhood. Social findings were characterized with the “game period” and friendship relations were designated in “middle age period”. In cultural findings, “working and professional” life and “spouse and marriage” issues attract notice. In the findings related to death, it was emphasized that death is a complementary factor for the life but postponing it seems beneficial. ÖzetHer birey doğduğu kültürden hem etkilenir, hem de onu etkiler. Dolayısıyla bir ölçüde de olsa yaşamı kültür betimlemekte ve yaşamın hemen hemen her alanına nüfuz edebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada yaşam dönemlerine ilişkin şiir ve türküler ile gelişim psikolojisinin alt dalları olan çocukluk, ergenlik, yetişkinlik ve yaşlılık dönemleri ve ölüm kavramı eşleştirilerek incelenmiştir. Bu tür bir çalışma alanda ilk ve tektir. Bu araştırmada, “olgusal nitelikli” verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Evren yaşam dönemleri, örneklem ise yaşam dönemlerinin alt alanlarına ait şiir ve türkü örnekleridir. Araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçlar şöyledir:Fiziksel ve fizyolojik bulgularda; “fetüs’ün” gelişmesi ile bebeklikte uykunun önemine dikkat çekilmiştir. Ayrıca “Erinlik Çağı”nda görülen “ek cinsiyet” özellikleri ile fiziksel değişim ve dönüşümün, gelişim üzerindeki etkileri ile ileri yaşlılıkta görülen fizyolojik değişimler vurgulanmaktadır.Duygusal bulgularda, “Ergenlik Dönemi”ne ait olanlar dikkat çekicidir. Ayrıca kaygı ve tereddütler de söz konusudur. Zihinsel bulgularda; dil’in kullanımı, “başarı ve yarışma” ile “sosyalleşmenin” son çocukluk dönemi gerçekleştiği öne çıkmıştır. Sosyal bulgular; “Oyun Dönemi” ile karakterize olup; “orta yaş”ta arkadaşlık ilişkileri de belirtilmektedir. Kültürel bulgularda; Genç Yetişkinlik Dönemi “iş ve çalışma” yaşamı ile “eş ve evlilik” konusu dikkat çekmektedir. Ölüme ait bulgularda; ölümün yaşam döngüsünü tamamlayan bir unsur olduğu, ancak ötelenmesinde yarar görüldüğü vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular ışığında alandakilere ve yeni araştırma yapacaklara bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

In the present research paper the goals, tasks and main indicators of realization of the Federal Target Program (FTP) “Research and development according priority directions of elaboration of the science and technology unit of Russia” for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020 years are analised. The main goal of the paper is analysis of the correctness of the goals formation and the structure of the corresponding tasks in mentioned above Federal Programs, investigation of the macroeconomic results of the realization of both programs and evaluation of possible reasons, which are infl uence to the results of programs implementation and state support for scientific research efficiency. In the present paper the analysis of the reached and planed results of the described FTP is presented. The new system for increasing the effectiveness of both FTP goals and tasks is proposed. Goal’s markers of both FTP realization are investigated. The more correct system for results evaluation of the scientific, technology and innovation activity according FTP is proposed. The application of the proposed system of goals and tasks would provide significant results for development strategy evaluation for promising directions of the scientific and innovation activity of the institution, realization of federal target programs and calling in business for development of innovation activity of the universities and scientific institutions.

This paper is part of a larger research into the conditions and challenges of mainstream or opportunistic adaptation of climate change adaptation in Bangkok in which adaptation measures are implemented in an integrative way with autonomous urban redevelopment projects. When compared to the application of stand-alone measures, mainstream adaptation will require a longer implementation period as it pace of implementation is depended on the so called adaptation opportunities arisen from the redevelopment needs and moments. Consequently, the integration of adaptation into the autonomous redevelopments is a transformation process of continuous adaptation. This paper explores the potential role amphibious architecture, design and construction can play in the transformation challenge of Bangkok to become a flood resilient city on the longer term. It will focus on a typical neighbourhood, more importantly infrastructure, building, and public spaces. A typical outcome of this process would be a master plan detailing the improvement strategies. The chosen neighborhood will be analyzed in three steps, explained in the following. First we introduce and characterize the urban structure in terms of flood hazard, exposure and sensitivity. Then we provide a few adaptation measures into the real condition. Finally, approximate when and where these measures can be applied in the future that able to be upgraded to assess the spatial and temporal adaptation opportunities included in terms of different detail of scaling effects such as architecture and urban infrastructure.

Natural fibre composites (NFC) are gaining interest in manufacturing because they address some of the environmental problems of traditional composites: use of non-renewable resources, and large impacts related to their production and disposal. Since natural fibres are not yet optimized for composite production, it is crucial to identify the most appropriate applications, and determine the optimal fibre/matrix ratio. A methodology is proposed for early-stage decisions support on selection of bio-composite materials. Results help identify the application with the largest reduction in environmental burden and show that the fibre/matrix combination with the lowest environmental burden also has the best mechanical properties.

Processes of product life cycles are traditional objects of automaton in designing of digital manufacturing. Changes in design and technological solutions require changes of technical and technological management abilities of production system of the enterprise. Each product being manufactured generates its own set of requirements to production system. To satisfy these requirements, the system has to be highly flexible. For the system to be ready to manufacture products of given range, information links are required between production system life cycle and life cycles of manufactured products. Life cycle of production system has several features. For example, the usage stage of the system includes design (technical renewal, upgrade), as well as construction and recycling. The work has set information links between processes taking part at usage stage of production system and processes taking part at design and production stages of manufactured products. This allowed spending 30 to 40 percents less time to start manufacturing new types of products.

The most widely used military aircraft in existence today, the Lockheed Martin F-16 Falcon, has provided a standard baseline for small fighter jet lifecycle structural integrity studies. Due to the high stress environment of combat flight, the lifecycle analysis of the F-16 provides key insight into design considerations for future aircraft. The United States Air Force is already using the analysis done on the F-16 Falcon on newer fighter aircraft such as the Lockheed Martin F-22 and F-35 to carry over the lessons learned from this very successful programme. In this analysis, real-life data collected from twenty years of the Air Force’s Aircraft Structural Integrity Program (ASIP) is reviewed to highlight the most important advances in the structure of the F-16. In order to focus on the most stressed part of the aircraft, the analysis is only done on the wings. First, the F-16 crack database (CIRE) is reviewed to find the most common locations on the wing where cracking occurs. Next, certain exceptional cases are considered in order to understand unusual behavior. Then, the most detrimental cracks are analyzed to discuss potential risks if minimal repairs are done. After this, the design repairs for permanently reversing and preventing future cracks are reviewed to show effectiveness. Finally, predictions are made on the lifecycle and future areas of structural concern for the F-16 wing.

Cynipid gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) comprise 1,364 species worldwide, predominantly in temperate regions of the Holarctic. The vast majority of recorded species are from the Nearctic and the Western Palaearctic. The most species-rich tribe is the oak gallwasps (Cynipini) with 158 described species from the Western Palaearctic, which from 116 species are known from Europe. In the present paper we summarise the current knowledge of oak gallwasps (Cynipini) of Ukraine, and list a total of 79 species., Світова Фауна горіхотворок (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) налічує 1364 види, що поширені здебільшого у помірних регіонах Голарктики. Переважна більшість видів описані з Неарктики та Західної Палеарктики. Найбільше видове багатство характерне для триби дубових горіхотворок (Cynipini), що є самою великою за кількістью видів групою родини з приблизно 1000 відомими видами світової фауни з 40 родів. З них 158 видів описані із Західної Палеарктики, а для Європи відомі 116 видів. Більшість з них формують гали на дубах (Quercus L. spp.). У даній роботі підсумовано сучасні відомості про поширення дубових горіхотворок (Cynipini) України, та загалом наведено 79 видів для її території. Всі ці види також відомі з території Закарпаття, і лише 18 з них були зафіксовані в інших регіонах країни. Перелічені види Cynipini трофічно пов'язані з такими видами роду Quercus L.: група видів Quercus sensu stricto: Q. boissieri, Q. canariensis, Q. coccifera, Q. dalechampii, Q. faginea, Q. frainetto, Q. hartwissiana, Q. інфекція, Q. lusitanica, Q. macranthera (= iberica), Q. pubescens (= virgiliana), Q. pyrenaica, Q. robur (= longipes, = pedunculiflora); група видів Сerris: Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia, Q. cerris, Q. ilex, Q. ithaburensis, Q. libani, Q. suber, Q. trojana. В Україні відомі природні місця зростання чотирьох видів дуба: Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. robur і Q. cerris. Види, наведені у даній роботі були зібрані автором протягом багатьох років польових робіт на території Закарпатської області в період з 1992 по 2016 рр. Крім того, детально проаналізовано колекцію Cynipidae (галів та імаго) інституту зоології ім. І.І. Шмалгаузена НАН України, м. Київ. Список видів подано в алфавітному порядку. Для кожного виду наведено валідну назву, рослини-хазяї (кормові), особливості життєвого циклу і фенології, поширення (як в межах Україні, так і загальне). В пункті «Рослини-хазяї» надана інформація щодо кормових рослин в України, які також поширені і є хазяями на решті території Західної Палеарктики. Однак, у випадку наявності в інших частинах регіону Західної Палеарктики ще й інших видів рослин-хазяяїв, таку інформацію наведено у підпункті «Elsewhere».

This narrative review focuses on the role of strength and balance activities throughout the lifecycle to improve physical capacity and reduce all-cause mortality. The evidence suggests strong associations in middle and older age, with poor balance, poor strength or poor physical function having strong associations with mortality. Currently in the UK, the proportions of adults (69% of men and 76% of women) not meeting the strength and balance guidelines (of 2 or more sessions/week) is concerning. This report identifies specific time points in the lifecycle where specific promotion of and engagement with strength and balance activities would be most beneficial for health: 18-24y to maximize bone and muscle mass gains, 40-50y to maintain strength and reduce that downward cycle, and over 65s to preserve balance and strength and maintain independence). This review also suggests specific transition points/events in life where there may be an increase in sedentary behaviour or loss of muscle function (pregnancy, menopause, onset of on diagnosis of disease, retirement, on becoming a carer and following hospitalization), where it would be useful to initiate additional strength and balance exercises to improve future health outcomes.

Fake News are omnipresent. They influence our daily life especially since the social media boom. But what happens with those ‘alternative news when they get disproved? Do they still get viral or maybe the total opposite happens they disappear? In this case study we look into Fake News on Facebook and Twitter and what happens if quality newspapers disprove these posts will they end or will they still live on? The Facebook and Twitter accounts of the political parties AfD and NPD were examined before the German federal elections in 2017. The authors chose these parties because they expected that they polarize the most. The scientific study was made with a qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The results are supported through Luhmanns ‘Spiegeltheorie which says that the environment will be looked at through the mass media. Because of that we develop a parallel world. Furthermore, thoughts from Brechts ‘Radiotheorie are also implemented in this case study. As a result of this study one can say that fake news at least live two more weeks after they get disproved. Followers still share, like and comment them even if the rectification in quality newspapers appear on the same day. (VLID)2454778