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In 2016, Belgium introduced legislation mandating legal assistance for juvenile suspects. However, legal assistance can only serve as an effective procedural safeguard if it is provided appropriately. The current study examined how lawyers in Belgium fulfil this role in practice. Seventeen video-recorded police interviews of juvenile suspects were observed. The juveniles were aged between 12 and 17 years, and were suspected of various less serious, volume crimes. The findings of this study show that the ‘law in action’ does not always reflect the ‘law in the books’. The mere presence of a lawyer is insufficient: it is necessary for them to actively engage. Although police interviewers typically adopt an information-gathering approach, some interviews do require the lawyer’s intervention to protect the juvenile’s interests. Moreover, lawyers often restrict themselves to ‘legal’ assistance and offer limited (emotional) support. Because there is no ‘appropriate adult’ regime in Belgium, lawyers could take up this double role. The information-gathering approach also seems to enhance cooperation between lawyer and interviewer, resulting in a joint search for the truth in which neither adopts an antagonistic role when interviews are conducted properly.

The article is devoted to the differentiation of the procedures for extradition of a person, depending on the procedure for implementation, into ordinary and simplified ones, as well as the study of the procedural mechanism for extradition of a person in a simplified manner, taking into account legislative changes, related to ratification of the Third Additional Protocol and the Fourth Additional Protocol to the European the convention on extradition of offenders. The procedural features of the simplified extradition procedure are associated with a specific mechanism for its implementation, in which certain subjects of criminal proceedings are involved, exercising the rights and obligations, provided by law: the authorized (central) body of Ukraine, the competent authorities of Ukraine (the prosecutor), as well as the investigating judge, the head of the institution of preliminary detention , defender, if necessary – translator. In the investigated order of extradition, the following are special: conditions and grounds for application, subject composition, terms, procedural acts, restrictions on appeal. Simplified extradition can be applied only with the written consent of the requested person, approved by the investigating judge, before the decision on extradition is made by the authorized (central) body of Ukraine upon request. Simplification of extradition proceedings is aimed at accelerating the latter, saving procedural time and money, as well as reducing the time frame for the application of measures of criminal procedural coercion. The legality of actions, decisions when deciding on the application of measures of criminal procedural coercion (detention, temporary, extradition arrest, the use of preventive measures not related to detention), as well as the voluntariness of consent to simplify the procedure and understanding of the consequences of this is ensured by the investigating judge by implementing judicial control. Facilitation of extradition contributes to the international fight against crime, but must be carried out with respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the inadmissibility of violations and lawlessness

Проводится анализ норм действующего административно-деликтного законодательства, а также норм проекта Процессуального Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях, которые регламентируют юридическую помощь по делам об административный правонарушениях. Сформулированы некоторые предложения по устранению выявленных дефектов во взаимосвязи норм, регламентирующих данный сегмент производства по делам об административных правонарушениях., An analysis is made of the norms of the current administrative and tort legislation, as well as the norms of the draft Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses, which regulate legal assistance in cases of administrative offenses. Some proposals are formulated to eliminate the identified defects in the relationship of the norms governing this segment of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses.

Введение: Основной Закон Российской Федерации определяет человека, его права и свободы высшей ценностью и возлагает на Россию как демократическое федеративное правовое государство требование по соблюдению, охране и защите прав и свобод человека и гражданина, созданию необходимых условий гарантирующих эффективную реализацию их прав на судебную защиту и юридическую помощь. В уголовном процессе юридическая помощь участникам уголовного судопроизводства связана с обеспечением прав лиц, потерпевших от преступления, а также с защитой личности от незаконного уголовного преследования и осуждения. Цель: выявить основные формы юридической помощи адвоката участникам уголовного судопроизводства как основы взаимосвязанных норм права, регулирующих однородные общественные отношения в досудебном и судебном производстве и выработать на этой основе предложения по совершенствованию уголовно-процессуального законодательства и правоприменительной практики. Методологическая основа: методологической основой работы является общенаучный системный метод познания, при помощи которого сформулированы подходы к оказанию юридической помощи участникам уголовного судопроизводства, как системной целостности определенных взаимосвязанных норм права, регулирующих однородные правовые отношения в досудебном и судебном производстве. Результаты: аргументирована авторская позиция относительно представлений о содержании юридической помощи участникам уголовного судопроизводства отвечающая требованиям соотношения интересов личности, российского общества и государства, которые в своей совокупности определяют понятие и значение юридической помощи в уголовном процессе, ее современное состояние и развитие, на основе совершенствования норм уголовно-процессуального закона и правоприменительной практики. Выводы: реализация результатов, полученных авторами статьи позволит оптимизировать идею о необходимости создания механизма государственных гарантий привлечения адвокатов-защитников и адвокатов-представителей для оказания юридической помощи в уголовном судопроизводстве, наделив их равными полномочиями с целью обеспечения прав участников уголовного судопроизводства., Background: The Basic Law of the Russian Federation defines the human being, his rights and freedoms as the highest value and entrusts Russia as a democratic federal state governed by the rule of law with the obligation to respect, protect and defend human and civil rights and freedoms, to create the necessary conditions guaranteeing the effective realization of their rights to judicial protection and legal assistance. In criminal proceedings legal assistance to participants of criminal proceedings is associated with ensuring the rights of persons who have suffered from a crime, as well as with the protection of an individual from unlawful criminal prosecution and conviction. Objective: to identify the main forms of legal assistance to participants in criminal proceedings as the basis of interrelated rules of law governing homogeneous social relations in pre-trial and trial proceedings and to develop on this basis of proposals to improve criminal procedural legislation and law enforcement practice. Methodology: the methodological basis of the work is a general scientific systematic method of knowledge, with the help of which the approaches to the provision of legal aid to participants in criminal proceedings, as a systemic integrity of certain interrelated rules of law governing the same legal relations in pre-trial and trial proceedings, are formulated. Results: the author’s position regarding the content of legal aid to the participants of criminal proceedings, which meets the requirements of correlation between the interests of an individual, Russian society and the state, which together define the concept and meaning of legal aid in criminal proceedings, its current state and development, based on the improvement of norms of criminal procedural law and law enforcement practice, has been argued. Conclusions: the implementation of the results obtained by the authors of the article will optimize the idea of the need to create a mechanism for state guarantees of attorneys-defenders and attorneys-representatives to provide legal assistance in criminal proceedings, giving them equal authority to ensure the rights of participants in criminal proceedings.

This article explores the possible impact of the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) on international judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The starting point is the clarification that the EPPO is the authority that does not exercise the criminal jurisdiction of the EU, but the criminal jurisdictions of the EU member states bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939. It means that not only the relations between the EPPO and the criminal jurisdictions of the EU member states not bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 and between the EPPO and the criminal jurisdictions of non-member states of the EU have the character of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, but also the internal relations within the EPPO between the criminal jurisdictions exercised by the EPPO. Each of the three different areas of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters is then separately analysed and the analyses are followed by concluding remarks. While the international judicial cooperation in criminal matters between the EPPO and the EU member states not bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 will probably at least remain on the current level of judicial cooperation between the EU member states, the international judicial cooperation in criminal matters between the EPPO and non-member states of the EU is at risk of worsening (compared to the current level of judicial cooperation between the EU member states and non-member states of the EU), depending on the willingness of non-member states of the EU to cooperate with the EPPO as a new actor on the stage. On the other hand, the international judicial cooperation between the EU member states bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939, i. e. within the EPPO, might be better than the current level of judicial cooperation between the EU member states, partly due to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 (although they are not too innovative) and partly due to the fact that higher level of willingness to cooperate is expected “under one roof” of the EPPO than between the authorities of various EU member states.

The article is devoted to researching particular problems (problematic aspects) of obtaining by the lawyer the legal information about the content of foreign law norms while representing the client’s interests in the civil proceedings of Ukraine. During the research it was found out that according to the current Law of Ukraine “On Information” legal information should be understood as any information (documents, texts, data) about a law, its system, sources, realization, as well as legal facts (circumstances, factors), legal relations, law and order, legal offences, dealing with them and preventing them, etc. At the same time, it is reasonable to conclude that the present legislation of Ukraine provides for a number (system) of possible options (directions) for seeking (obtaining) by the lawyer the legal information (documents, data, texts, etc.) on the norms of foreign law, each of which (possibly) has its advantages and disadvantages (certain problematic aspects). It is established that the involvement of foreign legal information in litigation (in the civil proceedings of Ukraine) is advisable to reduce to 3 main aspects (directions, options), namely: 1) direct familiarization with foreign legal documents and information sources (texts, data) - (1 aspect); 2) involvement of written findings (on a problem) in litigation (in civil proceedings), including expert opinions - (2 aspect); 3) obtaining information (legal information) on foreign law from the central authorities of Ukraine, in particular from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine or the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine - (3 aspect). According to the results of the study, it was determined and proved that the choice of the most effective (optimal) option (from the possible alternatives) for the Ukrainian lawyer to search for legal information on the content of foreign law rules (while representing the client’s interests in court) in a particular court case in the civil proceedings of Ukraine, is dependent, in the first place, on: 1) a specific civil case; 2) the lawyer’s capabilities (potential) and professionalism; 3) the authority of the court (directly from the judge).

The present research work is focused on the legal analysis of the relevant articles of the International Criminal Court's Statute regarding the obligation of cooperation between States for the punishment of serious crimes against humanity and war. Judicial development, starting with ad hoc Tribunals and arriving at causes at various stages of proceedings still ongoing at the International Criminal Court, opens the doctrinal and comparative national debates, seeking to elaborate on specific topics such as requests for assistance during preliminary investigations, the role of the Prosecutor and the non-assistance of some States that for political and not only reasons impede the development and operation of international criminal justice. Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación se centra en el análisis jurídico de los artículos pertinentes del Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional sobre la obligación de cooperación entre los estados para el castigo de crímenes graves contra la humanidad y la guerra. El desarrollo jurisprudencial, comienza con el análisis de los Tribunales especiales y llega a las etapas de los procedimientos que aún están en curso en la Corte Penal Internacional, abre los debates nacionales doctrinales y comparativos y busca elaborar temas específicos tales como solicitudes de asistencia durante las investigaciones preliminares, el papel del Fiscal y la falta de asistencia de algunos Estados que por razones políticas y no solo impiden el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de la justicia penal internacional.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal status of a lawyer (as a person entrusted with the constitutional duty of providing legal assistance on a professional independent basis) on the grounds of studying the following three aspects: 1) the legal basis of the institute of advocacy; 2) the legal status of the lawyer in Ukraine; 3) constitutional and legal reforms of advocacy in Ukraine in the context of European integration. The article analyzes the essence, determines the role and place of the institute of advocacy in the system of functioning of law enforcement bodies of Ukraine. The legal basis for the work of the institute of advocacy is determined. The analysis of the legal status of the lawyer in Ukraine is conducted. The peculiarities (advantages, disadvantages) of the constitutional and legal reform of advocacy in Ukraine are revealed, taking into account the generally recognized European practices and international standards in the field of legal proceedings. The recommendations of the theoretical and practical nature are formulated, namely: 1. Definition of the term “lawyer” should be submitted in the following form: it is an individual who has a certificate, conforming the right to practice advocacy in Ukraine, whose data is included in the electronic database (today – the Uniform Register of Advocates of Ukraine), which (i. e. the database) contains information (data) about the lawyers (Ukraine, foreign states), who, in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On advocacy and advocacy activity”, acquired the right to exercise advocacy. 2. Reforming the institute of advocacy in independent Ukraine (in practical terms), supporting the opinion of experts, should provide for the preparation and introduction of certain (concrete, clear) changes to the Constitution of Ukraine, especially in the context of supplementing the Constitution of Ukraine with a separate section entitled “Advocacy”. This constitutional change is extremely important, relevant and expedient, since advocacy promotes (implements) by its activities the fulfillment of such a constitutional function of the state as the realization and protection of the rights, freedoms and interests of a person and a citizen.

Ensuring access to justice for all litigants, whether individuals or legal persons, and the operation of the principle of equality for parties in a civil trial, involves, among other things, providing appropriate legal assistance, including by granting certain exemptions, reductions, or postponements in the payment of legal fees stipulated by law to those who do not have the financial resources to initiate and sustain a civil trial. Throughout the following we shall emphasise certain aspects of the right to legal assistance, as seen from the perspective of both domestic legislation, and certain European documents.

В научной статье автор поднимает проблему введения адвокатской монополии в России. Выбранная для исследования тема отличается повышенным уровнем актуальности, так как затрагивает интересы юридического сообщества, а также лиц, прибегающих к юридической помощи. Автор полагает, что во введении адвокатской монополии нет необходимости, и предлагает разрешить обозначенную проблему путем обязательного подтверждения у лица, которое оказывает те или иные юридические услуги, особенно в части представления интересов в суде, наличия высшего юридического образования, а также с помощью введения требований к стажу.

Асабин, А. Ю. Противодействие транснациональной преступности: международно-правовые аспекты / А. Ю. Асабин // Вестник Академии МВД Республики Беларусь. - 2019. - № 2. - С. 113 - 119. Рассматриваются место и роль международного взаимодействия правоохранительных органов в борьбе с транснациональной преступностью. Анализируется международная правовая база, обеспечивающая институциональную платформу сотрудничества. Исследуется деятельность международных организаций, осуществляющих координацию и содействие правоохранительным органам различных государств в предупреждении, выявлении и пресечении преступлений, затрагивающих несколько национальных юрисдикций. Называются основные формы взаимодействия, используемые в международной практике для эффективного решения задач противодействия транснациональным криминальным угрозам. Раскрывается их содержание. = The article discusses the place and role of international law enforcement cooperation against transnational crime. The analysis of international legal framework providing an institutional platform for cooperation has been carried out; the activities of international organizations coordinating and assisting law enforcement bodies of various states in preventing, detecting and suppressing crimes under several national jurisdictions have been investigated. The content of the main forms of international interaction for effective reaction on transnational criminal threats is disclosed.

The article investigated the legal status of a lawyer as a procedural representative in civil legal proceedings in Ukraine. It was clarified that in the system of ensuring rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the right to judicial protection is of particular importance. Being the ultimate means of protecting the violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities envisaged by Ukrainian legislation, judicial protection is carried out in a special procedural form, imposing a number of demands on the actions of persons who appeal to the court. In the civil process, the requirements of the law proposed by the applicant become the task of the applicant himself. An institution of judicial representation, which performs an important human rights function in the civil process, is called to assist in solving these tasks. This problem is inextricably linked with the legal basis of the status and activities of the representative in general, and the lawyer as a procedural representative, in particular. Rights, duties, guarantees of rights and the proper performance of the duties of a lawyer (as a procedural representative in civil proceedings) are components of the legal status of the named entity of the civil process. Regulatory fixing of the theoretical model of this legal institution has some disadvantages, causing in practice a number of difficulties in the implementation out by procedural representative (lawyer in civil legal proceedings) of protection human rights functions. The necessity to fixing the purpose of procedural representation in the text of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine during the judicial reform is substantiated, which will determine the purpose and nature of the named procedural institute. The mission of the civil-procedural representation in the court should not only be in line with the interests of the trustee, but also pursue public functions in order to strengthen the rule of law and law and order, prevent crime, and create a responsible attitude to the law and the court. Some aspects of the legal status of a lawyer as a procedural representative in court, peculiarities of design and implementation of powers are studied. The proposals aimed at ensuring the implementation of the constitutional provisions on the right to qualified legal assistance are presented, the main directions of development of the human rights advocacy function in the civil legal proceedings of Ukraine are defined

The article investigated the legal status of a lawyer as a procedural representative in civil legal proceedings in Ukraine. It was clarified that in the system of ensuring rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the right to judicial protection is of particular importance. Being the ultimate means of protecting the violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities envisaged by Ukrainian legislation, judicial protection is carried out in a special procedural form, imposing a number of demands on the actions of persons who appeal to the court. In the civil process, the requirements of the law proposed by the applicant become the task of the applicant himself. An institution of judicial representation, which performs an important human rights function in the civil process, is called to assist in solving these tasks. This problem is inextricably linked with the legal basis of the status and activities of the representative in general, and the lawyer as a procedural representative, in particular. Rights, duties, guarantees of rights and the proper performance of the duties of a lawyer (as a procedural representative in civil proceedings) are components of the legal status of the named entity of the civil process. Regulatory fixing of the theoretical model of this legal institution has some disadvantages, causing in practice a number of difficulties in the implementation out by procedural representative (lawyer in civil legal proceedings) of protection human rights functions. The necessity to fixing the purpose of procedural representation in the text of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine during the judicial reform is substantiated, which will determine the purpose and nature of the named procedural institute. The mission of the civil-procedural representation in the court should not only be in line with the interests of the trustee, but also pursue public functions in order to strengthen the rule of law and law and order, prevent crime, and create a responsible attitude to the law and the court. Some aspects of the legal status of a lawyer as a procedural representative in court, peculiarities of design and implementation of powers are studied. The proposals aimed at ensuring the implementation of the constitutional provisions on the right to qualified legal assistance are presented, the main directions of development of the human rights advocacy function in the civil legal proceedings of Ukraine are defined

Community legal centres (CLCs) emerged from social movements organising for increased access to justice for disadvantaged Australians. Over the past decades, however, CLCs have become increasingly integrated into the mainstream legal system and derive the majority of their funding from state and federal governments. This has generated tensions between their frontline services in assisting clients with legal matters and their goals of systemic advocacy, law reform, and community education, particularly as conservative governments continue to limit the political activities of CLCs and threaten ever-impending funding cuts. This turbulent relationship between governments and CLCs has an impact on the everyday realities in these organisations, including the values, identities, activities, and actions of the people who work, manage, and volunteer in CLCs. This thesis will argue that everyday realities of work in the New South Wales CLC sector have a structural impact on the provision of services for clients and the community. By employing critical sociological perspectives on everyday life, organisations, social movements, and law and justice, this thesis will consider how CLC work practices aim to navigate tensions between resource scarcity, the chaos this produces in the sector, and organisational goals of expanding access to justice. This thesis will ultimately argue that to understand CLCs, we must examine how labour is recognised and alienated in the sector, how CLCs become fragmented as a result of government policy, and how CLCs mobilise power in intriguing, multi-faceted ways. This thesis expands the scholarship on social movement and legal organisations and reaches a sociological understanding on the relationship between labour, resources, emotions, power and the ‘doing of everyday justice’

В научно-исследовательской работе проводится сравнительный анализ развития института юридической помощи в Российской Федерации. Анализируется институт адвокатской монополии на примере Соединенных Штатов Америки. Рассматриваются основные характеристики и цели осуществления данной деятельности., In research work a comparative analysis of the development of the institute of legal assistance in the Russian Federation is carried out. The lawyer monopoly institute is analyzed on the example of the United States of America. The main characteristics and goals of this activity are considered.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы реализации осужденными права на юридическую помощь; анализируется судебная практика обжалования решений начальников исправительных учреждений, сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию законодательства, This article is considered problems of realization by convicts of the right to legal assistance. Judicial practice of appeal against decisions of heads of correctional institutions is considered and suggestions for improvement of the legislation are made.

Статья посвящена актуальным вопросам ресоциализации лиц, отбывших уголовное наказание и возвращающихся к жизни на свободе. Предлагается скорректировать государственную политику в указанной сфере, в частности начинать подготовку к выходу из мест лишения свободы за несколько месяцев до наступления указанного дня, проработав вопросы трудоустройства, наличия места жительства, оказания необходимой консультативной юридической и иной помощи и поддержки освобождающимся лицам. Создание эффективного и прозрачного механизма ресоциализации бывших заключенных будет способствовать действенной профилактике рецидивной преступности, снизит социальную напряженность, чрезмерную стигматизацию бывших осужденных, даст им шанс на новую законопослушную жизнь., The article is devoted to topical issues of resocialization of persons who have served a criminal sentence and returning to life at large. It is proposed to adjust the state policy in this area, in particular, to begin preparations for leaving the places of deprivation of liberty a few months before the specified day, foremen issues of employment, residence, providing the necessary legal advice and other assistance and support to the released persons. The creation of an effective and transparent mechanism of resocialization of former prisoners will contribute to the effective prevention of recidivism, reduce social tension, excessive stigmatization of former prisoners, give them a chance for a new law-abiding life.

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы защиты прав и законных интересов граждан страны, которые обеспечиваются за счет доступности на квалифицированную юридическую помощь. При регулировании данных вопросов, возникает ряд проблем, которые требуют мер для их устранения., This article discusses the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the country, which are ensured by the availability of qualified legal assistance. When regulating these issues, a number of problems arise that require measures to eliminate them.

Trabajo de Fin Máster del Título Propio de la USAL "Máster en acceso a la abogacía". Curso 2016-2018, [ES] El terrorismo constituye uno de los temas que más preocupan y aterrorizan actualmente al conjunto de la sociedad, debido al auge que está experimentando el terrorismo yihadista, que, sobre todo desde el año 2014, ha crecido exponencialmente tanto en relación a los adeptos a sus organizaciones como a los ataques perpetrados por ellas, causando un gran número de muertes. En el presente trabajo analizaremos la definición de terrorismo, incluida por primera vez en el Código Penal en el año 2015, así como su evolución histórica (desde ETA hasta el actual terrorismo yihadista). Así, se comprobará cómo la comunidad internacional ha hecho frente a este fenómeno aumentando progresivamente las penas, en función de lo que se conoce como “Derecho penal del enemigo”. Se analizará igualmente la reforma operada en la legislación española por la LO 2/2015, así como los distintos delitos incorporados, aportando tanto críticas como soluciones a adoptar para conseguir combatir eficazmente el fenómeno terrorista. Finalmente, nos centraremos en el derecho a las comunicaciones de los detenidos, y en qué casos pueden ser intervenidas, para continuar con el derecho fundamental a la defensa de éstos cuando se decreta su incomunicación, cobrando gran relevancia el papel del Abogado defensor que, como se verá, en estos casos es siempre designado de oficio., [EN]Terrorism is one of the issues that most concern and terrorize society around the world due to the rise experienced by jihadist terrorism, especially since 2014, has grown exponentially both in relation to the followers of their organizations and the attacks perpetrated by them, causing a large number of deaths. In this project, we will analyze the definition of terrorism, included for the first time in the Criminal Code in 2015, and its historical evolution (from ETA to the current jihadist terrorism). It will be verified how the international community has faced this phenomenon by progressively increasing the penalties, based on what is known as “Criminal Law of the Enemy”. The reform operated by Organic Law 2/2015 will be analyzed, as well as the different crimes incorporated, providing both criticism and solutions to be adopted in order to effectively combat the terrorism phenomenon. Finally, we will focus on the right to communications of detainees and in wich cases they can be intervened, to continue with their fundamental right of defence when they are incomunicated, gaining great relevance the role of their defence lawyer that in this cases is always designated ex officio.

The article deals with the problem of interaction of regional authorities and the institute of socially oriented non-profit organizations that carry out the activity aimed at solving social problems, the development of civil society in Russia. The forms and activities of socially oriented non-profit organizations are systematically presented. The authors reveal the directions and tools for supporting the activities of socially oriented non-profit organizations by public authorities and local self-government bodies. The authors aimed at fixing the peculiarities of organization and conduct of statistical observation over the activity of socially-oriented organizations in Volgograd region. The organizational events were arranged. They were necessary for the conduct of qualitative statistical analysis of the activity of socially oriented organizations. For the first time the official data on the activity of socially oriented non-profit organizations in Volgograd region, including the information on formation and use of money and other property, was received as a result of the statistical observation. The authors focus on the analysis of the sources of money and other property, reveal the composition of income in non-profit organizations of various organizational and legal forms. The forms of work in socially oriented non-profit organizations of Volgograd region and its results as of 2013 are thoroughly studied. The conducted statistical analysis showed that the significant public sector has been established in the region. It provides the necessary public social services, financial or social assistance to the most vulnerable members of society.

The paper aims to analyze a circumstance which emerged in practice, according to which a lawyer – when he/she is a defendant in a criminal case – is forbidden to provide legal assistance to other co-defendants in the same case. This is the conclusion after corroborating the texts of criminal law, though there is no express interdiction stipulated in this matter. According to the provisions of article 6 in the Code of criminal procedure, the right to defence is guaranteed to the defendant, to the accused, and to all the other parties involved during the entire trial.

What affects a country's decision of whether to formally engage in a trade dispute directly related to its exporting interests? This article empirically examines determinants of affected country participation decisions in formal trade litigation arising under the World Trade Organization (WTO) between 1995 and 2000. It investigates determinants of nonparticipation and examines whether the incentives generated by the system's rules and procedures discourage active engagement in dispute settlement by developing country members in particular. Though the size of exports at stake is found to be an important economic determinant affecting the decision to participate in challenges to a WTO-inconsistent policy, the evidence also shows that measures of a country's retaliatory and legal capacity as well as its international political economy relationships matter. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of an implicit 'institutional bias' generated by the system's rules and incentives that particularly affects developing economy participation in dispute settlement.

Der erste Teil der Studie - "Ein Menschenrechtsansatz gegen Menschenhandel - Internationale Verpflichtungen und Stand der Umsetzung in Deutschland" - entwickelt Elemente eines Menschenrechtsansatzes gegen Menschenhandel und leitet daraus Empfehlungen für die deutsche Politik ab. Grundlage sind die menschenrechtlichen Verpflichtungen und insbesondere die neueren spezialisierten völkerrechtlichen Abkommen zu Menschenhandel. Im zweiten Teil - "Entschädigung und Entlohnung für Betroffene von Menschenhandel in Deutschland" - wird untersucht, inwieweit die Betroffenen von Menschenhandel in Deutschland für ihre Arbeit entlohnt und für ihre erlittenen Verletzungen entschädigt werden. Die Studie identifiziert Hindernisse bei der Durchsetzung dieser Ansprüche und leitet daraus Empfehlungen für eine veränderte Praxis ab. Dieser Teil wurde von der Stiftung "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft" finanziert.

The first study - "A human rights approach against human trafficking - International obligations and the status of implementation in Germany" - analyses how the prohibition of human trafficking and the resulting state obligations are anchored in human rights. The more recent specialised international agreements on human trafficking and law-making in the European Union are then presented. The emphasis is on the Council of Europe Convention, which professes to treat human trafficking in a human rights context. The study summarizes elements of a human rights approach against human trafficking and makes recommendations for further development of policies. The second study - "Compensation and remuneration for trafficked persons in Germany" - investigates how trafficked persons can be assisted in asserting their claims against perpetrators for compensation and remuneration and their claims against the state for compensation. The legal framework, particularly wage and compensation claims, is analysed and impediments to their practical implementation are shown. Key players from the state and civil society who come into contact with trafficked persons are identified, along with the need for advanced training and potential partners for cooperation.

In Indien gibt es viele benachteiligte Bevölkerungsgruppen. Dabei haben die jeweiligen Diskriminierungen völlig verschiedene Gründe. Zunächst ist das Kastensystem zu nennen, das nach mehreren Jahrtausenden Praxis nicht mit einem Federstrich in der indischen Verfassung aus der indischen Wirklichkeit zu entfernen ist. Die Verfassungsgeber waren sich bei der Einführung des Antidiskriminierungsartikels durchaus der langen Tradition des Kastensystems bewusst, denn sie verboten nicht das Kastensystem an sich, sondern vielmehr bestimmte Handlungen, die vom Kastendenken geleitet werden. Für eine Verfassung ist die Regelung ungewöhnlich detailliert. Der Staat darf gemäß Art. 15 Abs. 1 der Verfassung niemanden aus Kastengründen bevorzugen oder benachteiligen. Der Inhalt von Art. 15 Abs. 2 lit. a) bezieht sich sogar unmittelbar auf Privatpersonen, was für einen Verfassungstext auch keine Selbstverständlichkeit darstellt: Niemandem darf der Zutritt zu Geschäften, Restaurants, Hotels und Vergnügungsplätzen verwehrt werden. In Art. 15 Abs. 2 lit. b) zeigt sich wieder der besondere Charakter einer auf Indien zugeschnittenen Verfassung, wenn dem Staat oder staatlich geförderten Institutionen verboten wird, aus Kastengründen jemandem den Zutritt zu Brunnen, künstlichen Seen, Badeplätzen, Strassen und öffentlichen Plätzen zu verbieten., Indien - Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, 2003: Indien - Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft