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The gender digital divide is a well-known research and policy topic. Policy discourses emphasise the inclusion aspect focusing on equal opportunities and economic empowerment. Critical analyses of the inclusion narrative stress its universalist and normative perspective which implicitly excludes and determines what gender technology inclusion means. This contribution focuses on an alternative perspective developed in Latin America: appropriation of technologies. This approach foregrounds the socio-cultural and economic inequalities present in the Global South. Based on a case study of a transfeminist IT community from Argentina, this paper analyses the transformative aspects of this collective’s imaginary and practices. It argues that this approach is relevant to other Global South contexts where similar communities exist and provides us with a better understanding of possibilities and limits of inclusion in the digital technologies sector. Die genderbezogene digitale Spaltung ist ein bekanntes Thema in Forschung und Politik. Politische Diskurse betonen den Inklusionsaspekt, der sich auf Chancengleichheit und wirtschaftliche Stärkung konzentriert. Kritische Analysen des Inklusionsnarrativs betonen dessen universalistische und normative Perspektive, die implizit ausschließt und festlegt, was geschlechterbezogene technologische Inklusion bedeutet. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf eine alternative, in Lateinamerika entwickelte Perspektive: die Aneignung von Technologien. Dieser Ansatz stellt die soziokulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Ungleichheiten im Globalen Süden in den Vordergrund. Anhand einer Fallstudie über eine transfeministische IT-Gemeinschaft in Argentinien werden die transformativen Aspekte ihrer Aneignungsvorstellungen und -praktiken analysiert. Es wird argumentiert, dass dieser Ansatz auch für andere Kontexte des Globalen Südens, in denen ähnliche Gemeinschaften existieren, relevant ist und uns ein besseres Verständnis der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Inklusion im Bereich der digitalen Technologien vermittelt.

El artículo aborda la pandemia del covid-19 como elemento contingente y su efecto de develamiento respecto de algunas manifestaciones contemporáneas de la ideología neoliberal en Latinoamérica. De esta forma, en base a conceptos filosóficos y psicoanalíticos de orientación lacaniana planteados fundamentalmente por Slavoj Žižek, se examinan los usos críticos de la noción de ideología en sus diversas manifestaciones: miedo al otro, imposición de la lógica del empresario de sí, destrucción de lazos sociales, extractivismo de recursos naturales y fetichización de los discursos de unidad frente a la pandemia. La hipótesis radica en que la pandemia presenta una oportunidad para repensar la subjetividad contemporánea, mediante la confrontación con el Real que bordea a la simbolización y, en definitiva, a la captura ideológica, a fin de poner en cuestión la afirmación de que no hay alternativa. L'article aborda la pandèmia de la covid-19 com a element contingent i el seu efecte de revelació respecte d'algunes manifestacions contemporànies de la ideologia neoliberal a Llatinoamèrica. D'aquesta manera, basant-se en conceptes filosòfics i psicoanalítics d'orientació lacaniana plantejats fonamentalment per Slavoj Žižek, s'examinen els usos crítics de la noció d'ideologia en les seves diverses manifestacions: por a l'altre, imposició de la lògica de l'empresari de si mateix, destrucció de llaços socials, extractivisme de recursos naturals i fetitxització dels discursos d'unitat davant la pandèmia. La hipòtesi radica en el fet que la pandèmia presenta una oportunitat per repensar la subjectivitat contemporània mitjançant la confrontació amb allò real que voreja la simbolització i, en definitiva, la captura ideològica, a fi de qüestionar l'afirmació que no hi ha alternativa. This article looks at the Covid-19 pandemic as a contingent factor in, and its revelatory effect on, various contemporary expressions of neoliberal ideology in Latin America. Based on philosophical and psychoanalytical concepts of a Lacanian nature fundamentally proposed by Slavoj Žižek, it examines the critical uses of the notion of ideology in its various manifestations: fear of the other, imposition of the logic of self-promotion, destruction of social ties, extractivism of nature, and fetishization of the discourses of unity in the face of the pandemic. The hypothesis is that the pandemic offers an opportunity to rethink contemporary subjectivity, through a confrontation with the Real that borders on symbolization and, ultimately, ideological capture, in order to question the assertion that there is no alternative.

Fruit waste is rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids with pharmacological potential for health, nutraceutical and technological properties. To characterize them, High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used, used for its high separation efficiency by HPLC and structural information from MS, a technique that allows analyzing a wide range of analytes in plant matrices. This study aims was to perform a systematic analysis based in SCOPUS of scientific productions of studies on techniques for detection and identification of flavonoids by HPLC-MS in fruit waste available in Latin America, between the years 2010-2022. Thus, the countries with the highest scientific production are Brazil (58.9%), Mexico (16.1%), Chile (9.2%), Argentina (7.1%) and Colombia (3.8%). There were also studies in collaboration with researchers from the USA and Europe. A total of 15.1% of the studies used HPLC-MS for determining these compounds, generally related to by-products of native or non-traditional fruits. It is known that agro-industrial waste matrices are chemically complex, being necessary analytical techniques such as HPLC-MS, which awakens interest for their study and the possibility of being isolated from vegetable by-products such as fruits. This is a green technology alternative to achieve sustainable use of this waste and be exploited by the food industry.

Objectives To reduce disparities in HIV care outcomes among Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) immigrants living with HIV in the U.S., it is necessary to identify factors influencing HIV care in this population. A systematic review that provides a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing retention in HIV care and viral suppression among LAC immigrants living with HIV in the U.S. is lacking. This systematic review used the Immigrant Health Services Utilization theoretical framework to provide an understanding of these factors. Design We searched for peer-reviewed publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ASSIA, from January 1996 to June 2020. Results A total of 17 qualitative (n = 10) and quantitative (n = 7) studies were included in the review. The most commonly reported general and immigrant-specific factors appearing in studies were undocumented immigration status, HIV stigma, homophobia, cultural norms, values and beliefs, family and social support, language barriers, structure, complexity and quality of the U.S. healthcare delivery system, and patient-provider relationship. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of considering immigrant-specific factors along with general factors to improve the provision of HIV care services and HIV care outcomes among LAC immigrant populations.

Objectives. To describe excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala during 2020 by week, age, sex, and place of death. Methods. We used mortality data from 2015 to 2020, gathered through the vital registration system of Guatemala. We calculated weekly mortality rates, overall and stratified by age, sex, and place of death. We fitted a generalized additive model to calculate excess deaths, adjusting for seasonality and secular trends and compared excess deaths to the official COVID-19 mortality count. Results. We found an initial decline of 26% in mortality rates during the first weeks of the pandemic in 2020, compared with 2015 to 2019. These declines were sustained through October 2020 for the population younger than 20 years and for deaths in public spaces and returned to normal from July onward in the population aged 20 to 39 years. We found a peak of 73% excess mortality in mid-July, especially in the population aged 40 years or older. We estimated a total of 8036 excess deaths (95% confidence interval = 7935, 8137) in 2020, 46% higher than the official COVID-19 mortality count. Conclusions. The extent of this health crisis is underestimated when COVID-19 confirmed death counts are used. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(10): 1839–1846. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306452)

El presente artículo hace un balance de la respuesta de las organizaciones regionales latinoamericanas y caribeñas al covid-19. En especial, se pregunta si éstas han contribuido a hacer frente a la pandemia y se busca encontrar explicaciones para la considerable divergencia entre las respuestas de nueve organizaciones regionales. En ese orden de ideas, en primer lugar, se señala que el regionalismo latinoamericano ya se encontraba en crisis antes de la llegada del covid-19. Algunas de las características de esta crisis eran: una decreciente regionalización económica, una creciente polarización política regional, y la parálisis y la desintegración de algunas organizaciones regionales como la UNASUR. Es por eso que se argumenta que las expectativas con respecto al desempeño de las organizaciones regionales eran bastante bajas. Posteriormente, combinando fuentes académicas y primarias, se hace una valoración de las acciones desplegadas por cada organización frente a la pandemia del covid-19. Estas acciones se dividen en tres para su evaluación: el compartir información, la coordinación interestatal y la acción colectiva (interna y externa). En esa valoración se obtuvieron resultados mixtos: hubo algunas organizaciones que tuvieron un buen desempeño y otras que tuvieron un bajo rendimiento, en especial si se tienen en cuenta sus mandatos fundacionales y la totalidad de sus capacidades institucionales. En segundo lugar, con base en la literatura sobre organizaciones internacionales y regionales se propone que son cuatro las variables que tienen mayor poder explicativo para dar cuenta de la divergencia de esas respuestas de las instituciones regionales a la pandemia: la diferenciación funcional, la autonomía de las organizaciones, el liderazgo y el conocimiento (know-how) acumulado. En tercer lugar, el artículo deriva unas lecciones más generales para el regionalismo latinoamericano de estas respuestas regionales al covid-19 (y de la ausencia de éstas en algunos casos). Se defiende la idea de que un regionalismo más técnico, diferenciado funcionalmente y segmentado puede resistir mejor los embates de la polarización ideológica y los inevitables cambios de ciclo político en América Latina. Especialmente, si se compara con los riesgos de parálisis y crisis de organizaciones “sombrilla” que abarcan una gran multiplicidad de temas a través de numerosos consejos u otro tipo de subunidades.

En este artículo se realiza una evaluación de las revistas en español mejor indexadas en el área de la comunicación en el periodo comprendido entre 2009 y 2019 en España, Portugal y América Latina. Para ello, se analiza el estado de la cuestión de las revistas científicas en este ámbito tomando como referencia el índice SJR-Scimago-Scopus, situadas en los cuartiles uno y dos (ranking a fecha de 31 de diciembre de 2019). Se ha analizado una muestra compuesta por 4.098 artículos pertenecientes a ocho revistas de investigación en comunicación que han sido analizados a través de un libro de codificación en el que participaron cinco codificadores entrenados. Como parámetros de análisis se ha tomado en cuenta el género de los autores, del primer y segundo autor, su índice h, el número de autores por artículo, la internacionalización de los artículos, la financiación competitiva de los mismos, las regiones de publicación preponderantes de los autores y la tipología de artículos más frecuente. Tras desarrollar el análisis de las variables, se ha hallado una presencia significativa de autores e interés social en la investigación en esta área. Sin embargo, también se han detectado otras debilidades y amenazas, como escasez de financiación, una publicación muy focalizada en determinadas regiones españolas (Madrid, Cataluña, Andalucía) o la falta de revistas científicas en español y portugués, indexadas en los cuartiles 1 y 2 en los índices Scopus o JCR. Junto con estos datos, se han identificado numerosas oportunidades. En aquest article es fa una avaluació de les revistes en espanyol millor indexades en l'àrea de la comunicació en el període comprès entre 2009 i 2019 a Espanya, Portugal i l'Amèrica Llatina. Per dur-la a terme, s'analitza l'estat de la qüestió de les revistes científiques en aquest àmbit prenent com a referència l'índex SJR-Scimago-Scopus, situades en els quartils u i dos (rànquing amb data de 31 de desembre de 2019). S'ha analitzat una mostra composta per 4.098 articles pertanyents a vuit revistes de recerca en comunicació que han estat analitzats a través d'un llibre de codificació en el qual van participar cinc codificadors entrenats. Com a paràmetres d'anàlisi s'ha tingut en compte el gènere dels autors, del primer i segon autor, el seu índex h, el nombre d'autors per article, la internacionalització dels articles, el finançament competitiu d'aquests, les regions de publicació preponderants dels autors i la tipologia d'articles més freqüent. Després de desenvolupar l'anàlisi de les variables, s'ha trobat una presència significativa d'autors i interès social en la recerca en aquesta àrea. No obstant això, també s'han detectat altres febleses i amenaces, com ara escassetat de finançament, una publicació molt focalitzada en determinades regions espanyoles (Madrid, Catalunya, Andalusia) o la manca de revistes científiques en espanyol i portuguès, indexades en els quartils 1 i 2 en els índexs Scopus o JCR. Juntament amb aquestes dades, s'han identificat nombroses oportunitats. This article evaluates the highest-ranked journals in Spanish in the field of communication in Spain, Portugal and Latin America between 2009 and 2019. Using the SJR-Scimago-Scopus index, the current status of scientific journals in this field in the first and second quartiles (according to the rankings on 31 December 2019) is analysed. A sample consisting of 4098 articles from eight communication research journals was analysed, using a coding book developed by five qualified coders. Analysis parameters were: gender of the authors, first and second author, their h-index, the number of authors per article, the internationalisation of the articles, the competitive funding of the articles, the predominant publication regions of the authors, and the most frequent typology of articles. After running an analysis of the variables, we found a significant presence of authors and social interest in research in this area. However, other weaknesses and threats were also detected, such as a shortage of funding, publication very focused on certain Spanish regions (Madrid, Catalonia, Andalusia) and the lack of scientific journals in Spanish or Portuguese ranked in the first and second quartiles of the Scopus and/or JCR indexes. Along with these data, numerous opportunities were identified.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las diversas perspectivas feministas sobre los procesos de criminalización, prisonización y cotidianidad penitenciaria de las mujeres privadas de libertad. Es un trabajo teórico a la vez que de contrastación con investigaciones empíricas y trabajos de campo en cárceles de mujeres y/o con mujeres encarceladas. Se referencian las diferentes etapas de estas reflexiones e investigaciones de autoras anglosajonas, europeas y también latinoamericanas, aportando sus resultados y debates principales. Los enfoques de los distintos feminismos, en su conjunto, han permitido profundizar cada vez más en la realidad de este colectivo de mujeres, histórica y académicamente tan invisibilizado por las ciencias sociales. Asimismo, los feminismos han ido priorizando y enfatizando diversos aspectos que consideran más urgentes de abordar, si se quiere preservar y asegurar el ejercicio de los derechos de las mujeres presas y sus reivindicaciones. Se constata que las cárceles de mujeres son un claro reflejo de las discriminaciones, opresiones y desigualdades que padecemos las mujeres en nuestras comunidades, y en consecuencia, una excelente atalaya feminista para comprehender la opresión patriarcal, combatirla y resistirla.

Objetivo/contexto: las relaciones económicas, políticas y militares entre la República Popular de China y Latinoamérica han tenido un crecimiento exponencial desde inicios del siglo XXI. En este contexto, este artículo se interroga cómo varía la percepción de los ciudadanos latinoamericanos sobre China, teniendo en cuenta sus dimensiones comerciales, militares y políticas. Para responder a esta pregunta se plantea que, según la teoría de la identidad social, la percepción hacia China será homogénea, mientras que desde las teorías individualistas de la opinión pública se espera una mayor heterogeneidad en la percepción de los latinoamericanos hacia el gigante asiático. Metodología: se utilizaron los datos de la encuesta Latinobarómetro de 2020 para estimar un análisis de clústeres con el fin de identificar los distintos tipos de percepción, política, comercial y militar de los ciudadanos latinoamericanos hacia China y un análisis de regresión multinomial para identificar los factores políticos y sociodemográficos relacionados con cada perfil. Conclusiones: el análisis encontró evidencia a favor de las teorías individualistas de la opinión pública y se identificaron cuatro grupos: uno con una percepción favorable de China en las tres dimensiones evaluadas; otro con una percepción favorable, menos en la dimensión militar; y otros dos grupos que no tienen una percepción favorable de China. Este estudio muestra, además, que los latinoamericanos que apoyan la democracia tienen mayor probabilidad de pertenecer a grupos con una baja percepción de China. Originalidad: el análisis de clústeres es una metodología novedosa en el estudio de la percepción de los latinoamericanos sobre China, al igual que analizar dicha percepción como un fenómeno multidimensional y no únicamente centrado en la favorabilidad hacia ese país. Objective/Context: The economic, political and military relations between the People’s Republic of China and Latin America have grown exponentially since the beginning of the 21st century. In this context, this article questions how the perception of Latin American citizens about China varies, taking into account its commercial, military and political dimensions. To answer this question, it is proposed that according to the theory of social identity, the perception towards China will be homogeneous, while from the individualist theories of public opinion a greater heterogeneity is expected in the perception of Latin Americans towards the Asian giant. Methodology: Data from the 2020 Latinobarómetro survey were used to estimate a cluster analysis to identify the different types of political, commercial and military perception of Latin American citizens towards China and a multinomial regression analysis to identify political and sociodemographic factors. related to each profile. Conclusions: The analysis found evidence in favor of the individualistic theories of public opinion, identifying four groups, one with a favorable perception of China in the three dimensions evaluated, another with a favorable perception, less so in the military dimension, and another two groups that did not. have a favorable perception of China. This study also shows that Latin Americans who do not support democracy are more likely to belong to groups with a low perception of China. Originality: The analysis of clusters is a novel methodology in the study of the perception of Latin Americans about China, as well as analyzing the perception of China as a multidimensional phenomenon and not only analyzing the favorability towards that country. Objetivo/contexto: as relações econômicas, políticas e militares entre a República Popular da China e a América Latina têm crescido exponencialmente desde o início do século 21. Neste contexto, este artigo indaga como as percepções dos cidadãos latino-americanos sobre a China variam, levando em conta sua dimensão comercial, militar e política. Assim, se respondermos a essa pergunta segundo a teoria da identidade social, a percepção da China será homogênea. Por sua vez, as teorias individualistas afirmam que os latino-americanos terão uma maior heterogeneidade com relação à sua percepção sobre o gigante asiático. Metodologia: os dados da pesquisa Latinobarómetro 2020 foram usados para estimar uma análise em cluster para identificar os diferentes tipos de percepções políticas, comerciais e militares dos cidadãos latino-americanos sobre a China e uma análise de regressão multinomial para identificar os fatores políticos e sociodemográficos relacionados a cada perfil. Conclusões: a análise encontrou evidências a favor de teorias individualistas de opinião pública, identificando quatro grupos, um com uma percepção favorável da China nas três dimensões avaliadas, outro com uma percepção favorável, exceto na dimensão militar, e dois outros grupos que não têm uma percepção favorável da China. Este estudo também mostra que os latino-americanos que apoiam a democracia são mais propensos a pertencer a grupos com uma baixa percepção da China. Originalidade: a análise de cluster é uma metodologia nova no estudo da percepção que os latino-americanos têm da China, bem como analisar a percepção da China como um fenômeno multidimensional e não apenas analisar uma percepção favorável com relação à China.

Objetivos/contexto: o objetivo principal deste artigo é explicar as trajetórias divergentes de desenvolvimento de duas regiões da economia-mundo capitalista, a América Latina e o Leste Asiático. Metodologia: partindo dos conceitos de economia-mundo, região-mundo, enfoque regional e longe durée (longa duração), pretende-se verificar como as formas de integração das duas regiões à economia-mundo capitalista as afetou em três dimensões essenciais para o desenvolvimento econômico: Estado, acumulação de capital e capacidade tecnológica, desde o século XVI até o presente. Conclusões: por ter desenvolvido autonomamente as três dimensões analisadas ao ponto de se igualar ao Ocidente pelo menos até o final do século XVII, ao ser incorporado à economia-mundo capitalista na primeira metade do século XIX, o Leste Asiático foi capaz de tirar proveito dessa integração e avançar nas hierarquias mundiais de riqueza e poder. Por sua vez, a América Latina, que, como entidade geopolítica, nasce junto com a economia-mundo capitalista no século XVI, encontrava-se nesse momento em um nível de desenvolvimento relativamente baixo nessas dimensões, o que, junto com o colonialismo, continuou restringindo seu desenvolvimento e mantendo a região em sua posição histórica de periferia da economia-mundo capitalista. Originalidade: esta pesquisa estabelece um princípio de variação historicamente fundamentado para explicar a divergência nas recentes trajetórias de desenvolvimento da América Latina e do Leste Asiático. Objetivo/contexto: el objetivo principal del artículo es explicar las trayectorias divergentes de desarrollo de dos regiones de la economía-mundo capitalista, América Latina y Asia Oriental. Metodología: a partir de los conceptos de economía-mundo, región-mundo, enfoque regional y longe durée, se pretende verificar cómo las formas de integración de las dos regiones en la economía-mundo capitalista las afectaron en tres dimensiones esenciales para el desarrollo económico: Estado, acumulación de capital y capacidad tecnológica, desde el siglo XVI hasta la actualidad. Conclusiones: habiendo desarrollado autónomamente las tres dimensiones analizadas hasta el punto de equipararse a Occidente al menos hasta finales del siglo XVII, cuando se incorporó a la economía-mundo capitalista en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, Asia Oriental fue capaz de aprovechar esta integración y avanzar en las jerarquías globales de riqueza y poder. A su vez, América Latina, que como entidad geopolítica nació junto con la economía-mundo capitalista en el siglo XVI, se encontraba en ese momento en un nivel relativamente bajo de desarrollo en estas dimensiones, lo que, junto con el colonialismo, siguió restringiendo su desarrollo y manteniendo a la región en su posición histórica de periferia de la economía-mundo capitalista. Originalidad: la investigación establece un principio de variación históricamente fundamentado para explicar la divergencia en las trayectorias de desarrollo recientes de América Latina y Asia Oriental. Objectives/Context: The main objective of this paper is to present an explanation for the divergent development trajectories of two regions of the capitalist world-economy, Latin America and East Asia. Methodology: starting from the concepts of world-economy, world region, regional focus and long durée, it is intended to verify how the forms of integration of the two regions to the capitalist world-economy affected them in three essential dimensions for economic development: State, capital accumulation and technological capability, from the 16th century to the present. Conclusions: having autonomously developed the three dimensions analyzed to the point of equating to the West at least until the end of the 17th century, when it was incorporated into the capitalist world-economy in the first half of the 19th century, East Asia was able to take advantage of this integration and advance in global hierarchies of wealth and power. On the other hand, Latin America, which as a geopolitical entity was born together with the capitalist world-economy in the 16th century, was at that moment at a relatively low level of development in these dimensions, which, together with colonialism, continued to restrict its development and maintaining the region in its historical position as a periphery of the capitalist world-economy. Originality: the originality of this research is to establish a historically grounded principle of variation to explain the divergence in recent development trajectories of Latin America and East Asia.

Resumen Dado el papel actual de la producción científica publicada en revistas, es fundamental comprender sus patrones de circulación lingüística. Para ello, examinamos las revistas y artículos incluidos en Scopus y Web of Science para demostrar su falta de representatividad y diversidad, especialmente para la producción científica latinoamericana. Uno de los principales objetivos de este trabajo es visibilizar un corpus de producción científica publicado en revistas latinoamericanas. Para ello, analizamos más de 900 mil artículos y 1.720 revistas científicas. Tanto el volumen de artículos como el número de revistas analizadas revelan un espacio dinámico de circulación regional con fuertes raíces sociohistóricas, caracterizado por un acceso abierto no comercial y predominantemente multilingüe. Partiendo del concepto de circuito lingüístico, concluimos ilustrando la importancia de este multilingüismo creciente para el desarrollo y la internacionalización de la ciencia latinoamericana. Resumo Dado o papel atual da produção científica publicada em periódicos, é essencial compreender seus padrões de circulação linguística. Para tanto, examinamos as revistas e artigos incluídos no Scopus e na Web of Science para demonstrar sua falta de representação e diversidade, especialmente, para a produção científica latino-americana. Um dos principais objetivos deste trabalho é tornar visível um corpus de produção científica publicado em periódicos latino-americanos. Para isso, analisamos mais de 900 mil artigos e 1.720 periódicos científicos. Tanto o volume de artigos quanto o número de periódicos analisados revelam um espaço de circulação regional dinâmico com fortes raízes sócio-históricas, caracterizado por um acesso aberto não comercial e predominantemente multilíngue. A partir do conceito de circuito linguístico, concluímos ilustrando a importância desse crescente multilinguismo para o desenvolvimento e a internacionalização da ciência latino-americana. Abstract Given the current role of scientific production published in journals, it is essential to understand their linguistic circulation patterns. To this end, we examined the journals and articles included in Scopus and Web of Science to demonstrate their lack of representation and diversity, especially for Latin American scientific production. One of the main objectives of this work is to make visible a corpus of scientific production published in Latin America. To this end, we analyzed more than 900,000 articles and 1.720 scientific journals. Both the volume of articles and the number of journals analyzed reveal a dynamic regional circulation space with strong socio-historical roots, characterized by non-commercial open access and predominantly multilingual. From the concept of linguistic circuit, we conclude how important is this increasing multilingualism for the development and internationalization of Latin American science.

El escrito realiza una revisión ontológica de los principios del liberalismo clásico para acercarse a las tres vertientes que influyeron América Latina en el siglo XIX, a decir se revisa los aspectos más importantes del liberalismo española (Constitución de Cádiz), francés (Carta de Derechos del Hombre y el Ciudadano), y norteamericano (Declaración de Independencia y la Carta de Derechos). El resultado en gran parte de Iberoamérica fue la aplicación de una versión del liberalismo doctrinario de Cádiz, sin monarquía, pero con una religión oficial. Este evento motivó la aparición de ciertos movimientos anticlericales, liderados de forma ideológica por José María Luis Mora, en el caso de México, o de forma pragmática como en el caso del General Eloy Alfaro en Ecuador. Se concluye que los liberales anticlericales no estuvieron basados ideológicamente en el liberalismo sino en la Masonería., The paper carries out an ontological review of the principles of classical liberalism to approach the three aspects that influenced Latin America in the 19th century, in other words, the most important aspects of Spanish liberalism (Constitution of Cádiz), French (Letter of Rights of the Man and the Citizen), and American (Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights). The result in much of Ibero-America was the application of a version of the doctrinaire liberalism of Cadiz, without a monarchy, but with an official religion. This event motivated the appearance of certain anticlerical movements, ideologically led by José María Luis Mora, in the case of Mexico, or pragmatically, as in the case of General Eloy Alfaro in Ecuador. It is concluded that the anticlerical liberals were not ideologically based on liberalism but on Freemasonry.

The goal of this article is to explore the role of mobilization in the foreign policies of populists in power. To do so, we focus on the main features and changes of Bolivia’s foreign Policy under its populist president Evo Morales (2006-2019) with regard to its two most prominent conflictive bilateral relations, with the US and Chile. In both domains, Morales departed from the foreign policy of previous governments. By ending cooperation with the US, the Morales government sought to establish a sovereign counternarcotics policy in line with its core constituency’s demands of legalizing coca crops. On the key issue of relations with Chile seeking to negotiate a sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, the Morales government exhibited more continuity initially. However, by referring the stalemated conflict to the International Court of Justice, Morales eventually changed his country’s approach to finding a resolution. Tracing Morales’ discourse over time reveals an intensification of populist as well as hostile rhetoric in periods of domestic political instability. Thus, our findings support the theoretical expectation of a particularly close link between domestic politics and foreign policy under populists in power. Thereby, populism may lead to a more conflictive foreign policy in some cases. However, neither does populist mobilization over foreign policy matters necessarily drive foreign policy change, nor does it preclude genuine bilateral dialogue.

En los últimos años, las acciones protagonizadas por las juventudes universitarias en muchos lugares del mundo durante 1968 se han presentado como el contexto propicio para evaluar la trayectoria de algunos movimientos estudiantiles ampliamente conocidos en América Latina, y para rescatar sus conquistas políticas en procesos de democratización de las universidades públicas y las sociedades de la región durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Una consolidada y prolífica tradición de investigaciones sobre la historia del movimiento estudiantil latinoamericano exponen este acontecimiento como el mito fundador de las organizaciones estudiantiles en determinados espacios de la región y lo presentan como una coyuntura crítica para comprender las identidades estudiantiles a nivel transnacional. A pesar del innegable valor que tiene este contexto, caracterizado por las acciones e ideas del movimiento estudiantil en la región y en otros lugares del mundo, y a pesar del valioso aporte de los análisis dedicados a este tema, lo cierto es que, tradicionalmente, ese enfoque le ha prestado poca atención al estudio del caso centroamericano: ante esta corriente de investigaciones, la historia y las memorias del istmo aparecen al margen de las historiografías de mayor tradición en América Latina. Con el fin de reflexionar sobre los aportes y posibilidades para estudiar el movimiento estudiantil en Centroamérica, este artículo explora las visiones historiográficas más destacadas de este campo de estudios y reflexiona acerca de sus memorias más significativas a nivel latinoamericano. El artículo expone las producciones historiográficas sobre el caso centroamericano y explica el lugar de la memoria que ocupan los movimientos estudiantiles de Centroamérica para la historiografía latinoamericana. Al fin, este texto esboza algunas tendencias y posibilidades de análisis, que permiten comprender las memorias, la historia y las historiografías de un movimiento estudiantil que protagonizó contextos de cambio durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. In recent years, the actions leading by university youth in many parts of the world during 1968 have been presented as a propitious context to evaluate the trajectory of some widely known student movements in Latin America, and to highlight their political conquests in processes of democratization of public universities and societies in the region during the second half of the 20th century. A consolidated and prolific tradition of research on the history of the Latin American student movement exposes this event as the founding myth of student organizations in specific areas of the region and presents it as a critical juncture for understanding student identities at a transnational level. Despite the undeniable value of this context, characterized by the actions and ideas of the student movement in the region and elsewhere in the world, and despite the valuable contribution of the analyses dedicated to this topic, the truth is that, traditionally, this approach has paid limited attention to the study of the Central American case: before this current of research, the history and memories of the region appear on the margins of the historiographies with the longest tradition in Latin America. To reflect on the contributions and possibilities for studying the student movement in Central America, this article explores the most outstanding historiographic visions of this field of study and reflects on its most significant memories at the Latin American level. The article exposes the historiographical productions on the Central American case and explains the place of memory occupied by the Central American student movements for Latin American historiography. Finally, this text outlines some trends and possibilities of analysis, which allow us to understand the memories, history and historiographies of a student movement that played a leading role in contexts of change during the second half of the 20th century. Universidad de Costa Rica/[806-C0-195]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de América Central (CIHAC)

The COVID-19 pandemic had a great impact on the process of integrating digital technologies in higher education and caused digital stress among professors, mainly in countries with a lower level of digitalization. In this work, quantitative research was carried out on the stress of professors in Venezuela due to the digitalization of their teaching activities caused by the pandemic, and gender gaps were identified in this regard. This digital stress was compared with that of professors in other countries with a low level of digitalization. For this purpose, a questionnaire designed by the authors was used. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 129 Venezuelan professors and 132 professors from countries with low digitalization levels. As a result, it was found that Venezuelan professors have lower digital competence and lower digital stress than their colleagues in weakly digitized countries, and that digital stress decreases as digital competence increases. Moreover, among Venezuelan professors, there was a strong gender gap in digital stress, which was higher among females in all subject areas, except for Health Sciences. This gender gap is specific to Venezuela since it differs from that in countries with low digital levels. According to the results, we urgently recommend investing resources in the digital training of faculty members, especially in regards to the integration of female professors.

This paper explores women's and feminists' struggles against feminicide in Mexico. The author analyzes the dominant notions of gender and violence at the core of the Mexican case. First, the article adopts a historical approach, highlighting some critical moments of women's struggles to criminalize feminicide. In this section, the author briefly reconstructs the genealogy of the concept in the Americas, presenting the legal definition of feminicide and violence against women in the existing legal framework in Mexico. Second, the approach addresses the challenges and problems that trans feminicide poses to the current legal framework. This part discusses the violence emanating from a binary notion of gender-based violence and the binary conception of cis and heterosexual gender identity in the law. Here follows an introduction of two central concepts for the analysis of gender: cissexism and heteronormativity. Finally, the article addresses the structural dilemma of the criminalization of feminicide and the juridical strategy of framing women's rights against gender-based violence as special rights. In diesem Beitrag werden die Auseinandersetzungen von Frauen und Feministinnen gegen Feminizid in Mexiko analysiert. Im Artikel werden dominante Vorstellungen von Geschlecht und Gewalt, die im Fallbeispiel Mexiko besonders relevant sind, kritisch reflektiert. Zuerst präsentiert die Autorin einige Schlüsselmomente der Forderungen von Frauen für die Kriminalisierung von Feminizid. Nach der Rekonstruktion der Entstehungsgeschichte des Konzepts in den Amerikas werden die juristische Definition von Feminizid und Gewalt gegen Frauen sowie der rechtliche Rahmen in Mexiko vorgestellt. Zweitens geht der Beitrag auf die Herausforderungen und Probleme ein, die Transfeminizide für die derzeitige rechtliche Lage darstellen. In diesem Teil erörtert der Artikel die Gewalt, die durch den binären Begriff der geschlechtsspezifischen Gewalt und das binäre Konzept von cis- und heteronormativer Geschlechtsidentität im Gesetz ausgeübt wird. Hier führt der Artikel zwei zentrale Konzepte für die Analyse von Geschlecht ein: Cissexismus und Heteronormativität. Schließlich werden das strukturelle Dilemma der Kriminalisierung von Feminiziden und die juristische Strategie nachgezeichnet, die Rechte von Frauen gegen geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt als Sonderrechte zu formulieren.

In this article the authors aim to understand the specificity of violence against Black women in Brazilian politics through the analysis of testimonies of Black politicians in different administrative positions and various regions of Brazil. Adopting the "Violence Against Women in Politics" (VAWIP) analytical model developed by Mona Lena Krook, the goal of this approach is to highlight the forms that this violence takes in the Brazilian context when gender and race intersect. In doing so, the article pursues two objectives. First, it offers an overview of violence against Black women in Brazilian politics, demonstrating how this phenomenon manifests itself in the analysis of these cases. Second, it observes how the testimonies of Black women politicians go beyond the analytical model proposed by Mona Lena Krook (2020), thus accounting for the intersectional specificities of political violence. In diesem Artikel wird die Besonderheit der Gewalt gegen Schwarze Frauen in der brasilianischen Politik durch die Analyse von Zeug*innenaussagen Schwarzer Politiker*innen in verschiedenen Verwaltungen und Regionen Brasiliens analysiert und nachgewiesen. Anhand des von Mona Lena Krook entwickelten Analysemodells "Gewalt gegen Frauen in der Politik" (VAWIP) wollen die Autor*innen die Formen dieser Gewalt im brasilianischen Kontext aufzeigen, insbesondere wenn sich gender und race überschneiden. Damit verfolgt der Beitrag zwei Hauptziele. Das erste besteht darin, einen Überblick über die Gewalt gegen Schwarze Frauen in der brasilianischen Politik zu geben und so zu ermitteln, wie sich diese manifestiert. Das zweite Ziel besteht darin, zu beobachten, wie die Zeug*innenenaussagen Schwarzer Politikerinnen über das von Krook vorgeschlagene analytische Modell hinausgehen und so die intersektionalen Besonderheiten politischer Gewalt berücksichtigen.

Has social assistance expansion contributed to political inclusion in Latin America? The current literature favours a “policy exchange” approach, hypothesising that social assistance is an electoral asset exploited by governing coalitions. The findings from this literature are mixed. The article proposes an alternative approach emphasising political inclusion. In unequal societies where economic cooperation is regulated by institutions generating inequality and disadvantage, social assistance contributes to the political inclusion of disadvantaged groups. Analysis of Latin American Public Opinion Project data for 2010 to 2019 data finds support for this hypothesis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible and frequently fatal disease. Currently there are national and multinational registries in Europe, United States, Australia and China to better understand the magnitude of the problem and the characteristics of the IPF patients. However, there are no national or regional registries in Latin America, so the objective of this study was to carry out a Latin American registry that would allow the identification of IPF patients in our region.A system consisting of 3 levels of control was designed, ensuring that patients met the diagnostic criteria for IPF according to international guidelines ATS/ERS/ALAT/JRS 2011. Demographic, clinical, serological, functional, tomographic, histological and treatment variables were recorded through a digital platform.761 IPF patients from 14 Latin American countries were included for analysis, 74.7% were male, with a mean age of 71.9+8.3 years. In general there was a long period of symptoms before definitive diagnosis (median 1 year). In functional tests, an average reduction of FVC (70.9%) and DLCO (53.7%) was detected. 72% received at least one antifibrotic drug (pirfenidone or nintedanib) and 11.2% of the patients had an acute exacerbation, of which 38 (45.2%) died from this cause.Like other registries, we found that there is difficulty in the recognition and excessive delay in the diagnosis of IPF in Latin America. Most of the patients in REFIPI received antifibrotics; these were well tolerated and associated with fewer adverse events than those reported in clinical trials.

Introduction and Objectives: The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) is a patient self-reporting questionnaire for clinical diagnostics and patient-reported outcome (PRO), which may assess the symptoms and the effect on the quality of life in women with acute cystitis (AC). The current study aimed to create a validated Spanish version of the ACSS questionnaire. Material and Methods: The process of linguistic validation of the Spanish version of the ACSS consisted of the independent forward and backward translations, revision and reconciliation, and cognitive assessment. Clinical evaluation of the study version of the ACSS was carried out in clinics in Spain and Latin America. Statistical tests included the calculation of Cronbach's α, split-half reliability, specificity, sensitivity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The study was performed on 132 patients [age (mean;SD) 45.0;17.8 years] with AC and 55 controls (44.5;12.2 years). Cronbach's α of the ACSS was 0.86, and the split-half reliability was 0.82. The summary scores of the ACSS domains were significantly higher in patients than in controls, 16.0 and 2.0 (p

Resumen Las demandas de la globalización han repercutido en todas las partes de la sociedad y se han generado diferentes reformas en la educación superior latinoamericana. El objetivo del artículo fue analizar la organización de las áreas de formación, la distribución de las asignaturas y las concepciones formativas de Programas de Estudios de los cursos de Educación Física de seis países latinoamericanos, a saber, Argentina (5), Chile (12), Colombia (5), México (3), Perú (2) y Uruguay (2). Desde un diseño comparativo, se caracterizó como una investigación cualitativa y exploratoria basada en el análisis documental. Las fuentes fueron compuestas por los Programas de Estudio de 29 cursos vigentes en 2020. Los resultados identificaron 49 áreas de formación, siendo las asignaturas de las áreas con mayor oferta las que señalaron las concepciones de Educación Física de los cursos: en Argentina, el foco fue en aspectos deportivos y biológicos; en Chile, Perú y Uruguay la centralidad de la formación se presentó en los aspectos pedagógicos de la Educación Física; en Colombia, hubo una diversidad formativa (humanística, biológica, motriz y deportiva); finalmente, en México, el predominio estuvo en la formación para el deporte. Se concluye que la diversidad de áreas de formación genera confusión conceptual en el campo de la Educación Física, por lo que se muestra la necesidad de establecer un estándar mínimo para estos Programas en el conjunto de países latinoamericanos estudiados, con el fin de reducir la disimilitud formativa en eses contextos. Abstract The demands of globalization have had an impact on all parts of society and different reforms have been generated in Latin American higher education. The objective of the article was to analyze the organization of the training areas, the distribution of the subjects and the training conceptions of Study Programs of the Physical Education courses of six Latin American countries, namely, Argentina (5), Chile (12), Colombia (5), Mexico (3), Peru (2) and Uruguay (2). From a comparative design, it was characterized as a qualitative and exploratory research based on documentary analysis. The sources were composed of the Study Programs of 29 courses in force in 2020. The results identified 49 areas of training, with the subjects of the areas with the greatest offer being those that indicated the conceptions of Physical Education of the courses: in Argentina, the focus it was in sporting and biological aspects; in Chile, Peru and Uruguay the centrality of training was presented in the pedagogical aspects of Physical Education; in Colombia, there was a formative diversity (humanistic, biological, motor and sports); finally, in Mexico, the predominance was in training for sport. It is concluded that the diversity of training areas generates conceptual confusion in the field of Physical Education, which shows the need to establish a minimum standard for these Programs in the group of Latin American countries studied, in order to reduce the dissimilarity training in these contexts.

Psychosis presentation can be affected by genetic and environmental factors. Differentiating between affective and non-affective psychosis (A-FEP and NA-FEP, respectively) may influence treatment decisions and clinical outcomes. The objective of this paper is to examine differences between patients with A-FEP or NA-FEP in a Latin American sample.Patients from two cohorts of patients with a FEP recruited from Brazil and Chile. Subjects included were aged between 15 and 30 years, with an A-FEP or NA-FEP (schizophrenia-spectrum disorders) according to DSM-IV-TR. Sociodemographic data, duration of untreated psychosis and psychotic/mood symptoms were assessed. Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess clinical changes between baseline-follow-up according to diagnosis status.A total of 265 subjects were included. Most of the subjects were male (70.9 %), mean age was 21.36 years. A-FEP and NA-FEP groups were similar in almost all sociodemographic variables, but A-FEP patients had a higher probability of being female. At baseline, the A-FEP group had more manic symptoms and a steeper reduction in manic symptoms scores during the follow- up. The NA-FEP group had more negative symptoms at baseline and a higher improvement during follow-up. All domains of The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale improved for both groups. No difference for DUP and depression z-scores at baseline and follow-up.The sample was recruited at tertiary hospitals, which may bias the sample towards more severe cases.This is the largest cohort comparing A-FEP and NA-FEP in Latin America. We found that features in FEP patients could be used to improve diagnosis and support treatment decisions.

Investigar experiencias de transición entre fases de la vida, particularmente en momentos de cambios profundos, ayuda a comprender las estructuras y las relaciones más profundas de las sociedades (Walther et al., 2022). Mientras que la juventud, la adultez y la vejez se distinguían claramente a mediados del siglo XX, más adelante la adultez se ha encabalgado sobre la juventud, sobre todo porque la transición de la escuela al trabajo ya no es un proceso lineal y unidireccional. Debido a profundas transformaciones socioeconómicas, el mercado laboral y la distribución del ingreso han desdibujado cada vez más estas distinciones. Investigating experiences of transition between life phases, particularly at moments of profound change, helps understand the deeper structures and relations of societies (Walther et al., 2022). While youth, adulthood, and old age were clearly distinguished in the mid-twentieth century, adulthood and youth afterwards started to overlap, not least because the transition from school to work is no longer a linear, one way process. Due to deep socioeconomic transformation, the labour market and the distribution of income have increasingly blurred these distinctions.

ResumenFrente a la emergencia de lo urbano como condición planetaria y a múltiples crisis en las ciudades, en la última década surgieron iniciativas en Banco Mundial (BM), la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), ONU-Hábitat, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), New York University (NYU), Rockefeller Foundation y el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) de Colombia para hacer sostenibles, prósperas y modernas a las ciudades. ¿Por qué tanto interés en la gobernanza urbana por parte de organizaciones tan heterogéneas? Un discurso global señalaba que en 2008 cruzamos el “punto de inflexión” en que 50% de los humanos pasamos a vivir en áreas urbanas, centros de prosperidad y dispositivos para la resolución de múltiples crisis. Nuestro estudio cuestiona los riesgos y limitaciones de concebir lo urbano desde esta perspectiva, comparando nueve marcos operativos de iniciativas globales, regionales y nacionales para gestionar sistemas urbanos y las ciudades.AbstractGiven the surge of urban life as a planetary condition and the multiple crises in cities, in the last decade we saw the flourishing of several initiatives in the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, UN-Habitat, the Inter- American Development Bank, New York University, Rockefeller Foundation and Colombia’s National Department of Planning, to make cities sustainable, prosperous, and modern. Why the interest in urban governance among so diverse organizations? A global discourse stated that, in 2008, 50% of humanity was already living in urban areas, centers of prosperity and means to solve multiple crises. Our study questions the risk of this perspective on cities, by comparing nine operational frameworks from global, regional and national initiatives to manage urban systems and cities.

RESUMEN Mucho se ha escrito sobre la alternancia de Colombia entre dos directrices de política exterior: el respice polum y el respice similia. Pero son más bien escasos los trabajos que analizan estas directrices en relación con sus actuaciones frente a los distintos procesos y proyectos de integración regional en los que el país se ha visto involucrado en América Latina. Este artículo ofrece una contribución para llenar este vacío, a través de una mirada longitudinal de la actuación de Colombia en dichos proyectos, buscando mostrar que, si bien la prelación hacia Estados Unidos ha predominado en muchos momentos, en el país también ha habido iniciativas para liderar procesos de cara al fortalecimiento de la integración y la cooperación regionales. ABSTRACT While much has been written about Colombia’s alternation between two foreign policy directives—respice polum and respice similia—studies are scarce that analyze these directives in relation to the country’s actions towards different regional integration processes and projects in Latin America. This article offers a relevant contribution to filling this gap through a longitudinal view of Colombia’s actions in such projects. It shows that though precedence to the United States predominated in several moments, the country has also demonstrated initiative to lead processes aiming to strengthen regional integration and cooperation.

RESUMEN El estudio de la congruencia política permite determinar hasta qué punto las posturas de los gobernantes y partidos políticos reflejan las preferencias ciudadanas; es, por lo tanto la congruencia política, un indicativo de la representación política y del estado de la democracia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar el grado de congruencia entre los posicionamientos ideológicos en América Latina, desde una visión integral —ciudadanos, legisladores y programas gubernamentales— implementando una estrategia multinivel que ubica a los partidos políticos como unidad de análisis. Los resultados arrojan, de forma holística y descriptiva, la observación de realidad ideológica de la región, donde destacan la variedad de vínculos y trayectorias ideológicas de los sistemas de partidos latinoamericanos, así como los bajos niveles de congruencia durante la última década. ABSTRACT The study of political congruence makes it possible to determine to what extent the positions of representatives reflect citizen preferences; it is, therefore, an indication of political representation and the state of democracy. This work aims to determine the degree of ideological congruence in Latin America from an integral perspective: citizens, legislators, and government programs, by implementing a multilevel strategy that places political parties as the unit of analysis. The results provide a holistic and descriptive observation of the ideological reality of the region, highlighting the variety of ties and ideological trajectories of Latin American party systems, which demonstrate low levels of congruence during the last decade.

Background The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) has found a high ICU mortality rate in Latin America. Methods A prospective cohort study in 198 ICUs of 96 hospitals in 46 cities in 12 Latin American countries to identify mortality risk factors (RF), and data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results Between 07/01/1998 and 02/12/2022, 71,685 patients, followed during 652,167 patient-days, acquired 4700 HAIs, and 10,890 died. We prospectively collected data of 16 variables. Following 11 independent mortality RFs were identified in multiple logistic regression: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) acquisition (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06–1.30; p p p p p p p p p p p p p Conclusion Some of the identified mortality RFs are unlikely to change, such as the income level of the country, facility ownership, hospitalization type, ICU type, and age. But some of the mortality RFs we found can be changed, and efforts should be made to reduce CL-days, UC-days, MV-utilization ratio, UC-utilization ratio, and lower VAPs and CAUTI rates.

To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).Observational studies published in Spanish, Portuguese, and English language by November 25, 2021, in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS were selected by two reviewers according to predefined eligibility criteria. Study quality was assessed using the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed using a random-effects model based on the DerSimonian and Laird method, using R. PROSPERO N°: CRD42018107403.A total of 20 studies were included in the narrative synthesis (15 from Brazil, two from Cuba, two from Argentina, and one from Peru). Only 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis (13 from Brazil, two from Argentina, one from Cuba, and one from Peru). The overall prevalence of HCV in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis in LAC was 11.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.9% - 13.9%; IThe prevalence of HCV in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis in LAC was 11.3%. The implementation of infection control measures in hemodialysis centers in LAC is required. It is also necessary to increase the number of studies on the subject in the ESRD population in most LAC countries.

Health-disease processes are established and programmed in the first 1500 days of life, a period in which nutrition and the microbiota play a fundamental role. Feeding practices vary, according to regional sociocultural characteristics. The Early Nutrition Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) established the goal of identifying the main feeding practices in the first 1500 days that were recommended by health professionals in Latin America.A survey was conducted on the aspects of maternal-infant and young child nutrition during the first 1500 days of life. An open invitation was extended to Latin American healthcare professionals to anonymously answer the online survey.A total of 1284 surveys from participants in 18 Latin American countries were analyzed. The mean age of the participants was 37.14 ± 11.1 years, 75.7% were women, 64.7% were physicians, and the rest were nutritionists/nutriologists. A total of 71.4% were familiar with the concept of the first 1000 days of life, 95% answered that exclusive breastfeeding should be carried out up to 6 months of age, and 34.3% responded that complementary feeding should be begun between 4 and 6 months of age. There was scant knowledge regarding nutrition in the pregnant woman. Adherence to traditional complementary feeding practices was evident.In a group of Latin American healthcare professionals, knowledge about nutrition in the first 1000-1500 days of life of an individual is still incomplete and insufficient, showing the need for continued training of healthcare professionals, with respect to those themes.

Recent work by Kephart et al.

RESUMEN El sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) es el cáncer más frecuente en las personas que viven con VIH. Las investigaciones sobre esta condición son escasas en la región, por lo que, el objetivo de este artículo fue describir las características demográficas, clínicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con VIH que desarrollaron SK en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia entre el 2000 y 2018. Se identificaron 129 casos de SK, con una mediana de edad de 33 años, con predominio en varones con el 92% (119/129), y en su mayoría hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). La mediana de tiempo desde el diagnóstico de VIH hasta el del SK fue de cinco meses, asociado con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 de 64 células/µL (RIC: 33-185) al momento del diagnóstico de SK. El compromiso cutáneo fue el más común; sin embargo, al menos la mitad de ellos también tuvo la forma visceral. ABSTRACT Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most frequent cancer in people living with HIV. Research on this condition is scarce in the region, therefore, this article aimed to describe the demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with HIV who developed KS at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital between 2000 and 2018. A total of 129 KS cases were identified, with a median age of 33 years, predominantly males with 92% (119/129), and mostly men who have sex with men (MSM). The median time from HIV diagnosis to KS diagnosis was five months, associated with a CD4 lymphocyte count of 64 cells/μL (IQR: 33-185) at KS diagnosis. Cutaneous involvement was the most common presentation; however, at least half also had the visceral form.

Ülke imajı tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarını etkileyen faktörlerden biridir. Bir ülkenin sahip olduğu imaj, turistlerin o ülkeye seyahat etme niyetine etki etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Güney Amerika’da algılanan Türkiye imajının ortaya konulması ve olumlu bir imaj oluşturulması için yapılması gerekenlerin saptanmasıdır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Arjantin, Paraguay ve Uruguay ülkelerindeki turizm paydaşları oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem, olasılığa dayalı olmayan örnekleme türlerinden amaçlı örnekleme ile tespit edilmiş 20 katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı araştırmada yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Veriler, MAXQDA bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analiz sistemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bölgede Türkiye’nin fazla bilinmediği, ülke imajının olumlu yönde olmadığı, Türkiye’nin turizm hareketlerinde tercih edilen bölgeler arasında ön sıralarda yer almadığı sonucuna ulaşılmış; bölgede Türkiye tanıtımlarının artırılması, Türk Havayolları’nın bölgede daha aktif rol alması, büyükelçiliklerin ve kültür ataşeliklerinin artırılması önerilerinde bulunulmuştur., Country image is one of the factors affecting the purchasing behavior of consumers. The image of a country affects the intention of tourists to travel to that country. The aim of this study is to reveal the perceived image of Turkey in South America and to determine what needs to be done to create a positive image. The working group of the research consists of tourism stakeholders in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The sample consists of 20 participants who were determined by purposive sampling from non-probability sampling types. In this research in which qualitative research method was used, the data were obtained by conducting face-to-face interviews with the semi-structured interview technique. The data were analyzed with the MAXQDA computer aided qualitative data analysis system. It has been concluded that Turkey is not well known in the region, the image of the country is not positive, and Turkey is not among the preferred regions in tourism activities; Suggestions were made to increase the promotion of Turkey in the region, Turkish Airlines to take a more active role in the region, and to increase the embassies and cultural attachés.

Background. Evidence-based information on genetic sensorineural hearing loss in Latin America is limited, hindering the advancement of related clinical practice and the development of relevant healthcare policies in the field. This study describes sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of a group of Chilean participants with congenital, childhood, progressive or late-onset sensorineural hearing loss of unknown etiology; all non-genetic causes of hearing loss were excluded. Methods. A quantitative study, with a non-experimental, observational, cross-sectional design and a descriptive scope. From 978 patients diagnosed with SNHL, 286 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and 138 patients accepted to participate. Results. The most frequent audiological-profile was symmetrical-bilateral-profound-SNHL with a sloping pattern. The median age at audiological diagnosis was 24.5 months (IQR:12-53) and at first-time Hearing-Assistive-Device-use (HAD-use) was 30 months (IQR:13-69). 71% of HAD were financed by public resources. Conclusion. The age at audiological diagnosis in SNHL of suspected genetic causes is still far from international standards. These results are valuable for public health research and policy development, not only for the Chilean population, but also for other Hispanic communities and other middle-high income countries. Antecedentes. La información basada en evidencia respecto de la hipoacusia neurosensorial genética en América Latina es limitada, lo que dificulta el avance de la práctica clínica y el desarrollo de políticas sanitarias relevantes en este campo. Este estudio describe las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de un grupo de participantes chilenos con hipoacusia sensorineural de presentación congénita, infantil, progresiva o de inicio tardío y etiología desconocida; se excluyeron todas las causas no genéticas de hipoacusia. Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental, observacional, transversal y de alcance descriptivo. De 978 pacientes diagnosticados de Hipoacusia Sensorineural, 286 sujetos cumplían los criterios de inclusión y 138 pacientes aceptaron participar. Resultados. El perfil audiológico más frecuente fue el de una hipoacusia sensorineural simétrica-bilateral-profunda de perfil descendente. La mediana de edad al momento del diagnóstico audiológico fue de 24,5 meses (IQR:12-53) y la edad al momento del primer uso de dispositivos de ayuda auditiva fue de 30 meses (IQR:13-69). El 71% de los dispositivos de ayuda auditiva fueron financiados con recursos públicos. Conclusiones. La edad de diagnóstico audiológico en la hipoacusia sensorineural de presunta causa genética está aún lejos de los estándares internacionales. Estos resultados son valiosos para la investigación y el desarrollo de políticas de salud pública, no sólo para la población chilena, sino también para otras comunidades hispanas y otros países de renta media-alta.

Resumen La escritura conventual en la temprana modernidad americana implicó una confección cuidadosa de una voz enunciativa y de una imagen propia que son, a la vez, pilares en la creación de una autoridad para enunciar. Úrsula Suárez y Úrsula de Jesús realizan, bajo mandato, una narración de sus vidas en la cual el discurso místico las habilita a modular no solo sus propias voces y la de los otros, sino también los tópicos y la retórica propia de estos relatos, problematizando así sus posicionamientos, y sus límites, dentro de la estructura eclesiástica. Abstract Conventual writing during Early American Modernity implied a delineation of a space of enunciation along with self-representation, which were the basis for legitimating their right to speak. Úrsula Suárez and Úrsula de Jesús write, at the behest of their confessors, an account of their lives in which the mystic discourse enables them to reconfigure not only their own voices and those of others, but also the specific topics and rhetoric of these accounts, undermining their position, and its limits, within the ecclesiastic structure.

The growing unrest regarding the social, political, economic and environmental state of affairs in Latin America suggests a deep challenge of the development model. Ideas about development matter because they seek to bring about social states by solving what are regarded as social ills. However, its definition is being increasingly disputed. This article makes sense of that plurality. Applying grid group cultural theory to this debate produces four irreducible ideal-typical worldviews and notions of development: market-led, state-led, multiple community-led, and a mirage. Resumo A crescente inquietação em relação à situação social, política, econômica e ambiental na América Latina sugere um profundo desafio do modelo de desenvolvimento. Idéias sobre desenvolvimento importam porque buscam criar estados sociais resolvendo o que são considerados males sociais. No entanto, sua definição está sendo cada vez mais contestada. Este artigo dá sentido a essa pluralidade. A aplicação da teoria cultural de grupos de grade a esse debate produz quatro visões de mundo e noções de desenvolvimento típico-ideal irredutíveis: liderada pelo mercado, liderada pelo Estado, liderada pela comunidade múltipla e uma miragem.

We investigated the process and outcome of spiritually integrated psychotherapies (SIPs) with 34 Catholic therapists and 359 clients in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America using a practice-based evidence design. The three most frequently used spiritual interventions across all therapists were: "encouraging personal prayer," "affirming trusting God," and "encouraging listening to the heart," but "discussing hope" was also one of the top three in Asia and Africa, "self-control" in Asia, "spiritual confrontation" and "self-disclosure" in Latin America, and "listening to spiritual issues" in Europe. In addition, using growth curve analyses, we found a significant decrease in both spiritual and nonspiritual distress over the course of SIPs; the levels of spiritual and nonspiritual concerns were highly correlated (but distinct) at any given time point. Also, the nonspiritual outcomes at one session significantly predicted the subsequent session's spiritual outcomes, but not the other way around. Finally, a moderate number of spiritual interventions were associated with a faster decline in nonspiritual distress than was a low number, although we found mixed results regarding whether a high number of spiritual interventions was associated with a faster decline of clients' nonspiritual distress than a moderate number. Results suggest that therapists should attend to spiritual concerns in psychotherapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Paul Krugman once said that two of the greatest analytical challenges of economic theory today (comparable to those faced by Keynes in the 1930s) were the huge deterioration of market inequality in high-income countries, and Latin America’s underperformance. The main aim of this paper is to tackle simultaneously both challenges, while adding a third: the post-1980 underperformance of advanced Western economies. This article tries to answer these three puzzles returning to the classics, especially Ricardo. For him, the original sin of capitalism is that it will always have rentiers lurking around in search of “easy” rents; and that under certain conditions, in a laissez-faire economy they are bound to get the upper hand. If so, they would transform capitalism into a self-destructing rentier paradise. In other words, what has happened in the West (North and South of the Equator) since their 1980s neo-liberal reforms are basically facets of one and the same phenomenon: the inequality augmenting, investment weakening and productivity-growth retarding impact of a specific type of rentier-based accumulation. And the key link between them is the negative impact that a rentier-based increased in inequality can have on investment. If so, Krugman’s puzzle would not really be much of a mystery after all! So, perhaps what’s needed now is to develop a “post”-Ricardian perspective, where the “post” is about devising mechanisms that could “compel” rentiers to use their rents productively ―something unthinkable in Ricardo’s time! Otherwise, the current process of “rentierisation” ―of which financialisation is just one (although leading) aspect― is bound to continue being as toxic for inequality, investment and productivity growth as for our democracy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had health, economic, and political impacts, but also significant psychosocial and mental health consequences worldwide. In this article, different documentation and studies on mental health were analyzed, with the aim of identifying the various problems detected during the pandemic. Methodologically, a narrative and integrative review of the scientific literature was carried out. In Latin America, the most recent studies have documented and made patent effects on the various vulnerized populations such as migrants, women, children, the elderly, people living with significant disabilities, people experiencing marked housing and food insecurity, and temporary workers laboring in what has been referred to as the informal economy. In light of this, it is proposed that addressing these issues should involve the coordination of transnational policies and the definition of an agenda of critical priorities to focus and address. For this to come about, it is important that the empirical evidence generated by regional epidemiological studies contribute to the design of public policies on mental health of the Latin American population, so that they reduce the negative effects as well as prevent the future consequences of a pandemic that is not yet over.

Background: The participation of health professionals in designing interventions is considered vital to effective implementation, yet in areas such as clinical coordination is rarely promoted and evaluated. This study, part of Equity-LA II, aims to analyse the design process of interventions to improve clinical coordination, taking a participatory-action-research (PAR) approach, in healthcare networks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. This participatory process was planned in four phases, led by a local steering committee (LSC): (1) dissemination of problem analysis results and creation of professionals' platform, (2) selection of problems and intervention (3) intervention design and planning (4) adjustments after evaluation of first implementation stage.Methods: A descriptive qualitative study based on documentary analysis, using a topic guide, was conducted in each intervention network. Documents produced regarding the intervention design process were selected. Thematic content analysis was conducted, generating mixed categories taken from the topic guide and identified from data. Main categories were LSC characteristics, type of design process (phases, participants' roles, methods) and associated difficulties, coordination problems and interventions selected.Results: LSCs of similar composition (managers, professionals and researchers) were established, with increasing membership in Chile and high turnover in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. Following results dissemination and selection of problems and interventions (more participatory in Chile and Colombia: 200–479 participants), the interventions were designed and planned, resulting in three different types of processes: (1) short initial design with adjustments after first implementation stage, in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico; (2) longer, more participatory process, with multiple cycles of action/reflection and pilot tests, in Chile; (3) open-ended design for ongoing adaptation, in Argentina and Uruguay. Professionals' time and the political cycle were the main barriers to participation. The clinical coordination problem selected was limited communication between primary and secondary care doctors. To address it, through discussions guided by context and feasibility criteria, interventions based on mutual feedback were selected.Conclusions: As expected in a flexible PAR process, its rollout differed across countries in participation and PAR cycles. Results show that PAR can help to design interventions adapted to context and offers lessons that can be applied in other contexts.

to discuss the status and challenges associated with the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Latin America.This review summarizes various insights gained from information regarding diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies in adult patients with ALL in Latin American Countries.Information regarding ALL in Latin America is scarce; however, many efforts have been made to overcomes these barriers. Nevertheless, major obstacles to successful treatment in Latin America and LMIC remain poor adherence, abandonment of treatment, and lack of supportive therapy and new therapeutic agents.Further improvements in survival should be pursued by developing more Latin American registries, forming cooperative groups, developing educational models to facilitate earlier diagnosis and prevention of complications, better support therapy and management of infections, and adapting treatment strategies.

Multiple myeloma in Latin America (LATAM) face multiple challenges related to the lack of resources according to low- and middle-income in the region.in this narrative review, several aspects of myeloma multiple epidemiology, diagnostic methods and risk stratification, medication commonly employed, and treatment results in LATAM are discussed.Patients usually are diagnosed in an advanced stage of the disease, and routine and risk evaluations are usually not ideal due to lack of access to different studies. Treatment is limited in many cases to the use of thalidomide and dexamethasone with and without cyclophosphamide. Access to autologous stem cell transplantation is far from ideal. Efforts must be made at the national health system level in our countries to offer our vast majority of MM patients a real chance to improve results in the diagnostic, risk stratification, and treatment. Currently, several groups in our region are working to make an impact in the field of MM.

Although issues surrounding diversity and inclusion in science are global, distinctive region-specific socioeconomic factors and operational biases interact to widen the opportunity gap and exacerbate the isolation of specific groups of disadvantaged scientists on the global stage. This commentary reviews the issues currently faced by the Latin American (neuro)science community and outlines key actions on multiple fronts to overcome the barriers impeding their global inclusion, visibility and success.

To compare the risk of severe adverse maternal outcomes (SMO) and neonatal outcomes (SNO) and analyse their maternal correlates in adolescent mother-newborn and young mother-newborn dyads in secondary and tertiary care users in Latin America.We performed a secondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health database in 83 secondary and tertiary hospitals in seven countries in Latin America. We constructed a composite indicator of both SMO and SNO and estimated odds ratios (OR) comparing adolescent mothers (aged 12-19) with young mothers (aged 20-24). Our unit of analysis was the mother-newborn dyad.We found that the combination of SMO and SNO was three times more likely in adolescent mother as compared to young mother dyads (OR 3.56; 95% CI 1.67-7.59). SNO either alone or in combination with SMO were more likely in adolescents aged 12 to 16 than in young women (OR 1.27 and 4.87, respectively).Adolescent mothers and their newborns are at an increased risk of severe adverse outcomes during child birth and in the first week postpartum compared to young mother dyads, especially young adolescents. Focusing on the dyad as a whole may facilitate a step towards integrated care which maximizes the health benefits of both mother and newborn. Continued efforts are needed to improve health care and prevention initiatives directed towards adolescent women and their newborns in Latin America.

This study examines how vendors, customers, and organizers socially construct agroecological farmers markets (FM) in Bogotá. Using a multi-method approach entailing structured and unstructured interviews, descriptive statistics, and ethnographic content analysis, the study shows how the actors situate FM in relation to debates on sustainability, rural development, and alternative agri-food systems in Colombia. The results demonstrate that vendors, customers, and organizers often hold largely similar perspectives on FM and their relations with the dominant food system. Specifically, they conceive of FM as an alternative to the dominant food system and experience them as spaces in which utilitarian relations are put aside in favour of alternative values and practices, which include care for other human and non-human beings and limited economic competition. Furthermore, FM simultaneously function as protective spaces for peasant knowledge and culture and connectors between rurality and urbanity. Finally, this study shows that FM cannot be fully understood within the sectoral scope of sustainable agriculture, or rural development; rather, they represent an attempt to lay the foundations of a more conscious society that vendors, customers, and organizers want to help come into being.

For more than a decade, the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, Pan-American Network or Drug Regulatory Harmonization, and the International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities, have encouraged regulators to adopt reliance and recognition pathways to reduce duplication, improve efficiency and efficacy, and strengthen regulatory capabilities, in order to facilitate marketing authorization approval, thereby maintaining supply chain integrity. Several factors have limited the more widespread implementation of reliance pathways in Latin America, among which is having the appropriate legal tools in place between and among agencies. Key among these tools are the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and cooperation agreements. Herein we have reviewed the content and the characteristics of MOUs and cooperation agreements available on the official websites of the regulatory agencies of the region (we found 11 multilateral MOUs and 8 cooperation agreements published), signed by Latin American agencies and interregional organizations. In this commentary, common characteristics are identified and recommendations for further implementation are made to promote communication, information sharing, and trust, thereby supporting the broader use of reliance pathways in the region.

To strengthen research ethics systemically, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) devised a strategy that includes objectives and indicators to address core components of research ethics systems. We assessed 22 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean using these indicators. Most countries have adopted legal instruments to govern research with human participants and have implemented national bodies tasked with the oversight of research ethics committees. However, performance with regard to ethics training policies and clinical trial registration was less advanced, and efforts to adopt policies on responsible conduct of research and accelerated ethics review of emergency research did not meet the PAHO objectives in most countries. We discuss the pending challenges and provide recommendations aimed at helping countries from Latin America and the Caribbean to achieve the indicators, and, more generally, to strengthen research ethics with a systemic approach.

Significant progress has been made in using information and communication technologies in medicine, by impacting the quality of health-care delivery system and patient care, and paving the way for ground-breaking tools for e-health and clinical decision-support systems. This study investigates the extent to which the evolution of telemedicine applications has been used to support patient care in Latin America (LATAM) amidst the pandemic. Theoretically, the study applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to identify the impact of telemedicine in the region. Practically, the paper provides a systematic mapping study of the different domain areas and methodological progress in Telemedicine that occurred during the pandemic, and applied a text mining technique to understand the intensities of the terms expressed by the analyzed studies. The results show that while telemedicine has not been extensively used, a greater percentage of the studies report that telemedicine was effective. Approximately 70% positive emotional valence score was found. The paper also provides an empirical discussion and recommendations for the next steps in ample adoption of telemedicine.

Objective Dementia prevalence in Latin America (LATAM) is rapidly increasing, contributing to significant family burden. As families are responsible for care, supportive interventions are critical. To understand the state-of-the-science, a scoping review was conducted of non-pharmacologic interventions for caregivers of people living with dementia (PLWD) in LATAM. Design Eight databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs, Redalyc, Google Scholar) for nonpharmacological intervention studies published up to July, 2021 in LATAM reporting at least 1 caregiver outcome. A qualitative synthesis examined study designs, participants, and outcomes characteristics. Results Forty-five studies were identified from 25.8% (n = 8/31) of LATAM countries (28 = Brazil, 4 = Chile, 4 = Cuba, 4 = Mexico, 2 = Colombia, 1 = Peru, 1 = Ecuador, 1 = Argentina): 29% (n = 17) were randomized clinical trials (RCT), 7% (n = 3) nonrandomized comparison trials, 42% (n = 19) pre-post trials, 9% (n = 4) postintervention analyses, and 4% (n = 2) single case studies, comprising a total of 1,171 caregivers and 817 PLWD. For 20 RCT and nonrandomized comparison trials, 31 interventions were tested of which 48.4% (n = 15) targeted caregivers and 32.3% (n = 10) dyads. Most studies involved daughters with less than 12 years of education and tested multicomponent interventions involving disease education (90%), and cognitive behavioral coping (45%). Half of interventions (51.6%; n = 16/31) tested were adapted from other countries, and reported benefits for caregiver depression, quality of life, and burden. Conclusion Studies were conducted in a limited number of LATAM countries and few were RCTs. Results of RCTs showed benefits for socially vulnerable caregivers on psychosocial outcomes. There is an urgent need to rigorously evaluate more country/culturally specific interventions addressing unmet familial needs beyond psychosocial support.

We review demographic and sociological literature on family dynamics in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and systematize major trends in union formation and fertility in recent decades. We also highlight the singularities that distinguish family patterns and trends in LAC from those in other world regions and discuss the contextual factors underlying these singularities. Latin American families have undergone substantial changes in their configurations and dynamics. We highlight the persistence of an early pattern of family formation despite considerable educational expansion and emerging subreplacement fertility levels, the bottom-up diffusion of cohabitation from low- to high-education groups, the frequent coresidence of single mothers with extended family members, and the substantial divergence in family forms and trajectories across social classes. These family trends do not conform entirely to any of the major theoretical frameworks devised to explain family change in Western societies. Pervasive socioeconomic inequality, high levels of informality in the labor market, weak social protection systems, and slow progress toward gender equality are among the contextual factors that shape the diversity and singularities of Latin American families.