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The Jacotines landslide is representative of the large mass movements that affect the Champagne vineyards. Understanding the subsurface structure of these slopes and the mechanisms leading to sliding events is of a great interest, particularly for winegrowers who produce Champagne. This knowledge is generally used to elaborate accurate hazard assessment maps, which is an important feature in land use planning. The approach presented is based on the integration of geophysical imaging (seismic wave velocity and electrical resistivity), lithostratigraphic analysis (drilling core) and geomorphological investigations (surface landforms) to reconstruct the relations between the landslide structure, surface water flow, groundwater regime and the overall slope stability. A first phase of instability resulting in a large rotational slip probably occurred during the Late Glacial Period in morphoclimatic conditions characterized by an excess of water. A second one, still active, leading to superficial reactivations and relates to present hydrogeological conditions determined by the internal structure of the landslide.

Monitoring of the periglacial environment is relevant for many disciplines including glaciology, natural hazard management, geomorphology, and geodesy. Since October 2022, Rock Glacier Velocity (RGV) is a new Essential Climate Variable (ECV) product within the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). However, geodetic surveys at high elevation remain very challenging due to environmental and logistical reasons. During the past decades, the introduction of low-cost global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technologies has allowed us to increase the accuracy and frequency of the observations. Today, permanent GNSS instruments enable continuous surface displacement observations at millimetre accuracy with a sub-daily resolution. In this paper, we describe decennial time series of GNSS observables as well as accompanying meteorological data. The observations comprise 54 positions located on different periglacial landforms (rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls) at altitudes ranging from 2304 to 4003 ma.s.l. and spread across the Swiss Alps. The primary data products consist of raw GNSS observables in RINEX format, inclinometers, and weather station data. Additionally, cleaned and aggregated time series of the primary data products are provided, including daily GNSS positions derived through two independent processing tool chains. The observations documented here extend beyond the dataset presented in the paper and are currently continued with the intention of long-term monitoring. An annual update of the dataset, available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.948334 (Beutel et al., 2022),​​​​​​​ is planned. With its future continuation, the dataset holds potential for advancing fundamental process understanding and for the development of applied methods in support of e.g. natural hazard management.

ObjectivesTo systematically identify, synthesise and appraise studies on the measurement properties of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for anxiety, depression, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, posttraumatic stress, self-efficacy, and stress in people with whiplash associated disorders (WAD).Study design and settingPsycINFO, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PILOTS, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched (9 November, 2021). Studies evaluating any measurement property of relevant PROMs in WAD were included. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and assessed the measurement properties in accordance with the COSMIN guidelines.ResultsMeasurement properties of 10 PROMs were evaluated in WAD: Pictorial Fear of Activity Scale-Cervical (PFActS-C), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia – 11, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Pain Self-efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), PSEQ-4 item, PSEQ-2a, PSEQ-2b, Self-Efficacy Scale, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. Content validity was not examined in any of these PROMs in whiplash. Moderate/high quality evidence showed adequate internal structure for the PSEQ, PCS and PFActS-C. Whereas, the original structures of the remaining seven PROMs were not confirmed in whiplash.ConclusionUntil further research on the measurement properties of these PROMs is available, researchers may opt to use the PSEQ, PCS or PFActS-C if the construct is aligned with research aims Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically identify, synthesize, and appraise studies on the measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for anxiety, depression, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, post-traumatic stress, self-efficacy, and stress in people with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Study Design and Setting: PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PILOTS, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched (November 9, 2021). Studies evaluating any measurement property of relevant PROMs in WAD were included. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and assessed the measurement properties in accordance with the COSMIN guidelines. Results: Measurement properties of 10 PROMs were evaluated in WAD: Pictorial Fear of Activity Scale-Cervical (PFActS-C), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-11, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), PSEQ-4 item, PSEQ-2a, PSEQ-2b, Self-Efficacy Scale, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. Content validity was not examined in any of these PROMs in whiplash. Moderate- or high-quality evidence showed adequate internal structure for the PSEQ, PCS, and PFActS-C, whereas the original structures of the remaining seven PROMs were not confirmed in whiplash. Conclusion: Until further research on the measurement properties of these PROMs is available, researchers may opt to use the PSEQ, PCS, or PFActS-C if the construct is aligned with research aims.

The internal structure of oriented strand board (OSB) is made of a large number of voids. This results from the complexity of strand distribution within the panel and impacts panel performance greatly. In this research, X-ray microcomputer tomography was used to investigate the void characteristics of OSB panels with different structures. The results indicated that OSB panels have a porosity profile opposite to that of density. Unidirectionally oriented homogeneous boards showed slightly higher total porosity, a steeper porosity profile, and higher void size than other three-layer boards. Still, there was no significant difference be-tween them. Although the changes in bending properties resulted from changes in core layer strand orientation, the slight difference in internal bond and water ab-sorption rate was caused by the narrower void distribution and a larger void size. Panels containing a mixture of black spruce and aspen strands had a higher po-rosity, a steeper porosity profile, and a small void size compared to panels with black spruce strands. This resulted in better bending properties, worse internal bonding, and a lower water absorption rate and thickness swelling. Thus, the in-ternal bond, water absorption rate, and thickness swelling of the panels with a mixed spruce-aspen core layer decreased with an increase in core layer propor-tion. An opposite trend was observed for panels with a black spruce core layer.

Hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC) can be a possible solution for future sustainable energy-efficient aviation. The current study proposes a MATLAB-based numerical tool for the design of the suction system for an airfoil optimized for a subsonic short-range HLFC application. Considerable energy losses may occur when the air passes through the perforated metallic outer surface and the inner structure of the suction system. A semi-empirical approach is used to design a layout that provides a target suction velocity based on measured pressure losses through porous medium and substructures. Flowbench measurements were performed on 3D-printed internal core test samples to quantify the pressure losses that can be used to create a lower pressure below the porous sheet matching the target suction velocity. The actual suction realized on the airfoil using this substructure concept has a discrete nature that increases with the distance between two adjacent walls. Finally, the suction system’s power requirement is calculated. The power requirement for distributed suction accounts for the pressure loss characteristics of the porous material, the internal core structure, and throttling holes. However, the study does not include the ducting losses from the substructure to the compressor. Approximately 80% of the total suction power is utilized to eject the sucked air back to the freestream conditions for a system with a compressor and propulsive system efficiency equal to one. The study analyses the performance of the designed internal core layout to different flight conditions and addresses the suction power requirement variation with lift coefficient and flight altitude.

Modern construction methods often result in concrete structures bearing loads at an early age, which is different from the stress condition under the standard curing in the laboratory. This study experimentally examined effects of different ages and external loads on subsequent mechanical and permeability properties of concrete, and investigated the mechanism of effect from the perspective of internal structure changes. The results show when the early age loading reaches 40% of the current concrete strength, the original internal structure of specimens will be severely damaged, reflecting significant increase in the proportion of mesopores and macropores and obvious connectivity cracks, thus making the mechanical and permeability properties deteriorate, and the earlier the applied load, the greater of this deterioration. However, when loading at 10%, the original internal structure cannot be changed greatly due to the low load level, and some parts of the original pores are even compacted rather than expanded which has little effect on subsequent mechanical and permeability properties of concrete.

In the last years, the development of new ground-based techniques for studying the snowpack has tried to fill the gap between satellite and manual techniques. In particular, ground-based radars are considered a very useful technology for their ability to sound relatively deep snowpacks in a non-destructive way. Obtaining the bulk physical parameters of the snowpack (density, liquid water content...) has been successfully done using ground-based radars by several research groups, however, estimating the internal structure of the snowpack remains as a challenge due, mainly, to technological limitations. This work presents a novel quasi-automatic approach to estimate the internal structure of the snowpack, in terms of density and liquid water content (LWC), based in a double receiver S-band radar. The approach is validated with numerical simulations and the very first field results. © 2022 European Microwave Association (EuMA).

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T08:15:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Bauhinia scandens has potential importance as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Researchers have isolated and identified 1-O-alkylglycerol in the leaves of the B. scandens plant, and established antitumor properties using the Brine Shrimp toxicity test, an internationally accepted bioassay. Although this species has high potential, little is known about the viability of seedling production and the morphology of these plants, particularly in terms of seed characteristics and initial stages of germination. The objective of this study was to characterize the seed morphology, germination, and seedlings of B. scandens. Seed water content, weight, and coloration were evaluated. This study also included a description of seed biometrics, external and internal structures, germination, and seedling morphology. Internal seed morphology was evaluated by the anatomical sectioning and X-ray methods. The morphology data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and germination data were determined using Cramér's V. B. scandens seeds have a coloration ranging from very dark grayish-red to dark reddish-brown, flat oblong shapes, and rounded bases and apexes with full or slightly undulating margins. Healthy seedlings are produced mainly by seeds with well-formed internal structures. The reddish petiole of the seedling leaves is a taxonomic character for B. scandens identification. The non-domestication and genetic variability of this species reflect on the seed and seedling color and size variation. Lab Analyst Jr. on Basf S.A., GO Universidade Federal de Jataí UFJ, GO Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, SP Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” ESALQ/USP, SP Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, SP

Background A wide range of exploratory methods is available in psychometrics as means of gathering insight on existing data and on the process of establishing the number and nature of an internal structure factor of a test. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and principal component analysis (PCA) remain well-established techniques despite their different theoretical perspectives. Network analysis (NA) has recently gained popularity together with such algorithms as the Next Eigenvalue Sufficiency Test. These analyses link statistics and psychology, but their results tend to vary, leading to an open methodological debate on statistical assumptions of psychometric analyses and the extent to which results that are generated with these analyses align with the theoretical basis that underlies an instrument. The current study uses a previously published data set from the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional to explore, show, and discuss several exploratory analyses of its internal structure. To a lesser degree, this study furthers the ongoing debate on the interface between theoretical and methodological perspectives in psychometrics. Methods From a sample of 22,331 sixty-month-old children, 500 participants were randomly selected. Pearson and polychoric correlation matrices were compared and used as inputs in the psychometric analyses. The number of factors was determined via well-known rules of thumb, including the parallel analysis and the Hull method. Multidimensional solutions were rotated via oblique methods. R and Factor software were used, the codes for which are publicly available at https://luisfca.shinyapps.io/psychometrics_asq_se/. Results Solutions from one to eight dimensions were suggested. Polychoric correlation overcame Pearson correlation, but nonconvergence issues were detected. The Hull method achieved a unidimensional structure. PCA and EFA achieved similar results. Conversely, six clusters were suggested via NA. Conclusion The statistical outcomes for determining the factor structure of an assessment diverged, varying from one to eight domains, which allowed for different interpretations of the results. Methodological implications are further discussed.

In recent years, breakthroughs in methods and data have enabled gravitational time delays to emerge as a very powerful tool to measure the Hubble constant $H_0$. However, published state-of-the-art analyses require of order 1 year of expert investigator time and up to a million hours of computing time per system. Furthermore, as precision improves, it is crucial to identify and mitigate systematic uncertainties. With this time delay lens modelling challenge we aim to assess the level of precision and accuracy of the modelling techniques that are currently fast enough to handle of order 50 lenses, via the blind analysis of simulated datasets. The results in Rung 1 and Rung 2 show that methods that use only the point source positions tend to have lower precision ($10 - 20\%$) while remaining accurate. In Rung 2, the methods that exploit the full information of the imaging and kinematic datasets can recover $H_0$ within the target accuracy ($ |A| < 2\%$) and precision ($< 6\%$ per system), even in the presence of poorly known point spread function and complex source morphology. A post-unblinding analysis of Rung 3 showed the numerical precision of the ray-traced cosmological simulations to be insufficient to test lens modelling methodology at the percent level, making the results difficult to interpret. A new challenge with improved simulations is needed to make further progress in the investigation of systematic uncertainties. For completeness, we present the Rung 3 results in an appendix, and use them to discuss various approaches to mitigating against similar subtle data generation effects in future blind challenges., 23 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, MNRAS accepted

This qualitative study aims at exploring the internal structure of personal experience oral narrative in Arabic in terms of Woodbury (1987) rhetorical components and Labov (1972) approach of narrative structure, who claimed its presence in all well-formed narratives. Recordings of orally told narratives by five Saudi informants were elicited in informal settings, and were coded and qualitatively analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of oral narrative structure in Arabic. The findings of this study confirmed that the Labovian components of the internal structure of oral narrative were exhibited in Arabic oral narratives. The results also seemed to support the idea of the essential role of Woodbury (1987) rhetorical categories. That is, pauses and intonational contours line up to form the structure of the narrative. In addition, adverbial particles can be used as a mechanism to reinforce the internal structure of the narrative which coincide with pause phrasing and intonational contours. With regard to syntactic constituency component, the study found out that each line corresponds to at least one clause or phrase.

Typomorphic features of placer gold of the Anabar region were studied as predictive-exploration criteria. The target of the study was to determine the typomorphic features of placer gold related to the intermediate sources (paleo-placers) and the supposed nearby primary ore occurrences. Two varieties of placer gold were identified. The first variety is well-rounded high-fineness lamellar gold with a highly modified internal structure. This native gold is associated with intermediate sources, Neogene–Quaternary watershed pebble beds. The second type includes slightly rounded gold with a wide variation in fineness (494‰–999‰). Its indicator is a block heterophase internal structure. The set of typomorphic features of this variety of placer gold indicates the vicinity of the primary source, what was the prerequisite for constructing prospecting traverses in order to find ore occurrences. As a result of these studies, hydrothermal-metasomatic formations with gold-sulfide mineralization were identified. The main primary substrate for them is fractured near-fault carbonate rocks of the Cambrian and Vendian–Cambrian age. Along with this, hydrothermalites developed on slightly cemented fine-pebble quartz conglomerates of the Middle Permian age were found in the core of exploration wells. Two types of metasomatic rocks are identified: quartz-potassium feldspar and jasperoid. The main ore minerals were galena and pyrite, different ratios by sites were revealed. Gold was identified in the form of small particles in the carbonate and siliceous substrate of hydrothermal-metasomatic formations. The lithological factor was one of the leading favorable factors for the ore formation due to the presence of near-fault highly permeable fractured carbonate and slightly cemented terrigenous rocks. The structural control of the studied ore occurrences is determined by their localization in the Mayat–Logoy and Dogoy–Kuoy faults of the Molodo–Popigay system of discontinuous faults. We assume a two-stage formation of the gold ore occurrences: during the first stage, the ore components in the form of primary hydrothermal-sedimentary ores in the near-gault zones were formed. The second stage was related to the processes of the Mesozoic tectonic-magmatic activation, when the intrusion of basite dikes initiated the mobilization of ore components the gold-sulfide occurrences were formed in the near-fault zone as a result of silicic-potassic metasomatosis of the carbonate and terrigenous rocks.

At the close of the twentieth century, J. K. Rowling published what was about to become an integral part of our popular culture and academic discourses. The phenomenal book series soon transformed into a powerful form of social text, as the British writer’s heptalogy undoubtedly contained thought-provoking themes in addition to representations of cultural normalcy. Scholars began to acknowledge that the Harry Potter novels were worthy of serious critical attention especially since their infiltration in the readers’ lives and imaginations gradually, but firmly, reached an international level. Nevertheless, there is still heated academic debate overthe author’s mastery of craft or literary merit and the unprecedented publishing success. Thus, we endeavor to apply a possible-world approach, through which J. K. Rowling’s fictional world in the Harry Potter books gains a valuable angle of exploration. We attempt to assert the aesthetic potential of the narrative, by investigating the internal structure of the textual universe, the development of the plotand the inter-world conflicts.

In order to deal with the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by solid waste, iron tailings (mainly SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3) were used as the main raw material to create a type of lightweight and high-strength ceramsite. Iron tailings, dolomite (industrial grade, purity 98%) and a small amount of clay were combined in a N2 atmosphere at 1150 °C. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a themogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed and the specific surface area was analyzed to determine the strength and adsorption of the ceramsite. The results of the XRF showed that SiO2, CaO and Al2O3 were the main components of the ceramsite, with MgO and Fe2O3 also included. The results of the XRD and SEM-EDS showed that the ceramsite contained several kinds of minerals and was mainly composed of akermanite, gehlenite and diopside, and that the morphology of the internal structure of the ceramsite was mainly massive and contained a small number of particles. The ceramsite could be used in engineering practice to improve the mechanical properties of materials and meet the requirements of actual engineering for the strength of materials. The results of the specific surface area analysis showed that the inner structure of the ceramsite was compact and that there were no large voids. The voids were mainly medium and large, with a high stability and strong adsorption ability. The TGA results showed that the quality of the ceramsite samples will continue to increase within a certain range. According to the XRD experimental results and experimental conditions, it was speculated that in the part of the ore phase containing Al, Mg or Ca in the ceramsite, the elements underwent relatively complex chemical reactions with each other, resulting in the formation of an ore phase with a higher molecular weight. This research provides the basis of characterization and analysis for the preparation of high-adsorption ceramsite from iron tailings and promotes the high-value utilization of iron tailings for waste pollution control.

Principal Component Metrics is a novel theoretically-based and data-driven methodology that enables the evaluation of the internal structure at item level of maximum emotional intelligence tests. This method disentangles interindividual differences in emotional ability from acquiescent and extreme responding. Principal Component Metrics are applied to existing (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test) and assembled (specifically, the Situational Test of Emotion Understanding, the Situational Test of Emotion Management, and the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test) emotional intelligence test batteries in an analysis of three samples (total N = 2,303 participants). In undertaking these analyses important aspects of the nomological network of emotional intelligence, acquiescent, and extreme responding are investigated. The current study adds a central piece of empirical validity evidence to the emotional intelligence domain. In the three different samples, theoretically predicted internal structures at item level were found using raw item scores. The validity of the indicators for emotional intelligence, acquiescent, and extreme responding was confirmed by their relationships across emotional intelligence tests and by their nomological networks. The current findings contribute to evaluating the efficacy of the emotional intelligence construct as well as the validity evidence surrounding the instruments that are currently designed for its assessment, in the process opening new perspectives for analyzing existing and constructing new emotional intelligence tests.

We present a measurement of the Hubble constant (H0) and other cosmological parameters from a joint analysis of six gravitationally lensed quasars with measured time delays. All lenses except the first are analysed blindly with respect to the cosmological parameters. In a flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology, we find $H_{0} = 73.3_{-1.8}^{+1.7}~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}~Mpc^{-1}}$, a $2.4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ precision measurement, in agreement with local measurements of H0 from type Ia supernovae calibrated by the distance ladder, but in 3.1σ tension with Planck observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This method is completely independent of both the supernovae and CMB analyses. A combination of time-delay cosmography and the distance ladder results is in 5.3σ tension with Planck CMB determinations of H0 in flat ΛCDM. We compute Bayes factors to verify that all lenses give statistically consistent results, showing that we are not underestimating our uncertainties and are able to control our systematics. We explore extensions to flat ΛCDM using constraints from time-delay cosmography alone, as well as combinations with other cosmological probes, including CMB observations from Planck, baryon acoustic oscillations, and type Ia supernovae. Time-delay cosmography improves the precision of the other probes, demonstrating the strong complementarity. Allowing for spatial curvature does not resolve the tension with Planck. Using the distance constraints from time-delay cosmography to anchor the type Ia supernova distance scale, we reduce the sensitivity of our H0 inference to cosmological model assumptions. For six different cosmological models, our combined inference on H0 ranges from ∼73 to 78 km s−1 Mpc−1, which is consistent with the local distance ladder constraints.

We describe the internal structure of the Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SA-45; Davison et al., 1997) in a sample of non-clinical Spanish subjects. The scale was developed for treatment outcome assessment in psychiatric settings; however, many studies have examined its psychometric properties in non-clinical populations. The internal structure of these studies usually replicates the dimensionality proposed in the original study closely. In this work, the scale was administered to a sample of 823 participants. In order to analyse the dimensionality of the instrument in a non-clinical population, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using polychoric correlations were carried out. The results obtained, are similar to those obtained for the original model and replicated in later studies, but there are important nuances that should be taken into account in defining a measurement model for the sample used. These data confirm the need for further research in a non-clinical population.

Admission interviews in higher education may be developed with the intention to select applicants with specific personal competences not captured by traditional grade-based admission. In this study, we examined whether the data structure of multiple-mini admission interview scores supported the presence of communication, empathy, collaboration, and resilience as independent test dimensions. In addition, the associations between the interview scores and unintended test constructs (station format, pre-university grades, age, gender) were examined. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and regression analyses were used to examine interview data from a cohort of Danish medical school applicants. The proposed multi-dimensionality was not supported by the data structure. The influence of the unintended constructs examined was limited or non-existing. These results are in line with the scarce existing literature. This situation makes a priori claims that the multiple-mini interview can measure multi-dimensional personal competences inadvisable, and care should be taken about what is communicated to stakeholders.

The organization of microporous space in zeolites is discussed. A new step-by-step model is proposed that explains the principles of organizing the hierarchy of microporous space at the stage of assembling zeolites from elements of minimal size: a primary building unit, secondary building units, tertiary building units or building polyhedra, a sodalite cage, and a supercage. To illustrate the stepwise hierarchical porous structure of nanomaterials, the following zeolites with small and large micropores have been selected as the model objects: sodalite (SOD, the maximum diameter of a sphere that can enter the pores is 0.3 nm) and zeolites of type A (LTA, the maximum diameter of a sphere that can enter the pores is 0.41 nm), type X, Y (FAU, the maximum diameter of a sphere that can enter the pores is 0.75 nm), and type BETA (the maximum diameter of a sphere that can enter the pores is 0.67 nm). Two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling in 3Ds Max software was used. We believe that such an approach will be useful for developing ways to create complex zeolite compositions for specific applications, such as catalysis, where the geometry of the pores determines the size of the molecules entering the voids and computer modeling can play an important predictive role. This work takes a look at specific aspects of using the heat desorption method to study mesoporous materials with a BETA zeolite as an example and presents the results of experimental research into the characteristics of the porous structure of hierarchically structured zeolite materials (specific surface area 180–380 m2/g, external surface area 120–200 m2/g, micropore volume 0.001–0.1 mL/g).

Ganymede is the only Solar System moon that generates a permanent magnetic field. Dynamics within the Ganymedean magnetosphere is thought to be driven by energy-transfer interactions on its upstream magnetopause. Previously in Kaweeyanun et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086228 we created a steady-state analytical model of Ganymede's magnetopause and predicted global-scale magnetic reconnection to occur frequently throughout the surface. This paper subsequently provides the first assessment of Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability growth on the magnetopause. Using the same analytical model, we find that linear K-H waves are expected on both Ganymedean magnetopause flanks. Once formed, the waves propagate downstream at roughly half the speed of the external Jovian plasma flow. The Ganymedean K-H instability growth is asymmetric between magnetopause flanks due to the finite Larmor radius effect arising from large gyroradii of Jovian plasma ions. A small but notable enhancement is expected on the sub-Jovian flank according to the physical understanding of bulk plasma and local ion flows alongside comparisons to the well-observed magnetopause of Mercury. Further evaluation shows that nonlinear K-H vortices should be strongly suppressed by concurring global-scale magnetic reconnection at Ganymede. Reconnection is therefore the dominant cross-magnetopause energy-transfer mechanism and driver of global-scale plasma convection within Ganymede's magnetosphere.

The paper refers to studies of the structure of high-performance concrete with polypropylene fibre at different dosages. The authors see a research gap in the study of the effect of adding polypropylene fibre on the parameters of concrete exposed to high temperatures. The study takes into account the thermal effect—groups of samples were heated to 200 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C. The authors carried out basic tests to describe the changes in density, ultrasonic tests, uniaxial compression strength tests and tensile tests by splitting. The positive effect of polypropylene fibres is mainly observed between 20 °C and 200 °C. The melting of polypropylene fibres causes a delay in the development of micro-cracks in the structure of these concretes compared to HPC. Adding polypropylene fibres to the mixtures also increased the speed of ultrasonic wave propagation in the medium. The research was deepened with tomographic imaging. A description of the splitting surface was carried out. The results of tensile by splitting tests clearly show an increase in the relative failure area for unheated concretes in proportion to the number of fibres used. Changes in splitting surfaces under the influence of temperature are graphically illustrated. Furthermore, differences in the samples under the influence of heating at high temperatures are presented. Finally, the porosity development of all sample groups before and after heating at all temperatures is described.

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The maturity of tomato fruit is normally characterized by external color, and it is often difficult to know when fruit have achieved commercial maturity or become over-mature. The internal structure of tomato fruit changes during development and this study investigates the utility of nondestructive measurement of tomato fruit structure as a function of maturity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The objective of this work is to use analysis of internal tomato fruit structural measurements to characterize maturity. Intact cherry tomato fruit were harvested at six different maturity stages. At each stage of maturity, the internal structure of the fruit was measured using a series of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance (MR) images. Qualitative and quantitative image analyses were performed to correlate internal fruit structure with maturity. Internal structural changes observed in the pericarp region of the tomato fruit are highly correlated with fruit maturity. MR image information combined with classical analysis techniques provides a more complete understanding of structure and physicochemical changes in tomato fruit during maturation. This study demonstrates that MRI is a useful analytical tool to characterize internal changes in agricultural produce as the produce matures. This technique can be applied to almost any agricultural produce to monitor internal physical changes due to external impact, maturity stage, variation in climate, storage time, and condition, or other factors impacting quality.

International audience; Understanding how structural features influence effective thermal conductivity is an essential step towards the optimization of heterogeneous materials. Generally, thermal conductivity models link the internal structure to the effective thermal conductivity, with the volume fraction as the only parameter that takes into account the internal structure. Yet, the real internal structures of materials are often too complex to be accurately characterized by the volume fraction only. In this study, the influence of three parameters - the particle size, volume fraction, and thermal conductivity ratio of the constituents - on the effective thermal conductivity of concrete is evaluated. Two-point correlation and lineal path functions are used to characterize the internal structure generated by the Random Sequential Addition (RSA) model. A finite element model is developed to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity of concrete. The results demonstrate that the internal structure of concrete is dependent on the volume fraction of the inclusions, and also of the particle size. However, for volume fractions less than 20%, the effective thermal conductivity is dependent only of the volume fraction and thermal conductivity ratio of the constituents.

Objective: The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) posits that psychopathology is hierarchically structured. For personality disorder (PD) traits, there are five spectra: internalizing, thought disorder, disinhibited externalizing, antagonistic externalizing, and detachment. Empirical findings suggest a sixth group, compulsivity. In this research, we tried to recover the five HiTOP spectra, plus compulsivity, specifically for PD traits. Methods: The sample was composed of 4,868 Brazilians (54.9% women, age ranging from 18 to 70; mean = 25.7; SD = 9.64). All participants answered the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2), a self-report inventory for adults, developed in Brazil, for assessment of pathological personality traits. Results: Parallel analysis yielded up to nine factors. On exploratory structural equation modeling (E-SEM), the balance between interpretability and fit index suggested the six-factor solution as the best solution. The fit indexes for the confirmatory factor analysis were slightly less adjusted in comparison to the empirical model. Conclusion: The hypothesis was confirmed, as we did find the groups proposed at the spectrum level of the HiTOP. We also found a compulsivity factor, encompassing the main traits from the conscientiousness dimension of IDCP-2, which is related to obsessive-compulsive PD. Finding the six groupings of traits in the HiTOP model contributes to the validity of this model, and confirms the existence of proposed spectra.

First-year ice ridge has been examined with respect to geometry and morphology at the Barneo ice camp in April 2013. Its characteristics are discussed in the paper. The sail height was 4.7 m, the keel depth was 8.6 m. The keel depth to sail height ratio was equal to 1.8. Structure of the keel of the examined ice ridge was too heterogeneous in its composition. Significant fragment in the keel of ice ridge is fully consolidated, its draft reaches to 5.8 m but the fragment's upper boundary is located at the sea level. This indicates the presence of hydrostatic unbalance. Away from the point of maximum keel draft on the cross-section, the average porosity of the unconsolidated part of the keel tends to increase, but again decreases at the periphery of the keel. The distribution of ice fraction in sea ice versus depth for the ice ridge is presented. Increased ice fraction corresponds to the consolidated layer. The depth of the lower boundary of consolidated layer is confirmed by distributions of ice temperature versus depth.

The primary goals of the STRong lensing Insights into the Dark Energy Survey (STRIDES) collaboration are to measure the dark energy equation of state parameter and the free streaming length of dark matter. To this aim, STRIDES is discovering strongly lensed quasars in the imaging data of the Dark Energy Survey and following them up to measure time delays, high resolution imaging, and spectroscopy sufficient to construct accurate lens models. In this paper, we first present forecasts for STRIDES. Then, we describe the STRIDES classification scheme, and give an overview of the Fall 2016 follow-up campaign. We continue by detailing the results of two selection methods, the outlier selection technique and a morphological algorithm, and presenting lens models of a system that could possibly be a lensed quasar in an unusual configuration. We conclude with the summary statistics of the Fall 2016 campaign. Including searches presented in companion papers (Anguita et al.; Ostrovski et al.), STRIDES followed up 117 targets identifying 7 new strongly lensed systems, and 7 nearly identical quasars, which could be confirmed as lenses by the detection of the lens galaxy. 76 candidates were rejected and 27 remain otherwise inconclusive, for a success rate in the range of 6-35 per cent. This rate is comparable to that of previous searches like SDSS Quasar Lens Search even though the parent data set of STRIDES is purely photometric and our selection of candidates cannot rely on spectroscopic information., TT and VM acknowledge support by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation through a Packard Research Fellowship to TT. TT acknowledges support by the National Science Foundation through grants AST- 1450141 and AST-1714953. CDF and GCFC acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation through grants AST-1312329 and AST-1715611. TA and YA acknowledge support by proyecto FONDECYT 11130630 and by the Ministry for the Economy, Development, and Tourism’s Programa Inicativa Científica Milenio through grant IC 12009, awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS). FC, VB, and JC acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation. SHS thanks the Max Planck Society for support through the Max Planck Research Group

This paper is based on a multidisciplinary field and laboratory study of carbonate concretions developed in poorly lithified Quaternary, syn-kinematic sediments along the Quattro Castella Anticline, Northern Apennines, Italy. The studied concretions consist of both tabular (parallel to bedding) and elongate single to coalescent concretionary bodies oriented at different angles to the bedding throughout the exposed stratigraphic succession. The dimensions of the concretions range from a few centimetres for single elongate concretions up to several metres for tabular to coalescent concretions. Field observations and petrophysical data indicate that the concretions developed preferentially in sediments characterized by mean grain sizes of 90–290 μm and a permeability ranging from 7 × 102 to 7 × 104 mD. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses in conjunction with the petrographic investigations indicate that the precipitation of concretionary calcite occurred in a meteoric vadose realm during early eogenesis and subsequently in a meteoric phreatic environment. Diagenetic data and concretion patterns in syn-tectonic sediments suggest they formed during the lateral propagation of the anticline, which, in turn, promoted a change in the local topographic–hydraulic gradient from fold axial parallel to fold orthogonal. The integrated analysis of carbonate concretions provides a useful tool with which to unravel the palaeo-fluid flow history and therefore to predict fluid circulation patterns in folded siliciclastic rocks. Supplementary material: Complete isotopic data from both hand samples and thin sections, together with statistical analysis, scanning electron microscope cement images and grain size distributions with the standard operative procedure tests performed, and detailed permeability measurements are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4087019

Understanding the processes that led Venus to its current state and will drive its future evolution is a major objective of the next generation of orbiters. In this work we analyze the retrieval of the spin vector, the tidal response, and the moment of inertia of Venus with VERITAS, a NASA Discovery-class mission. By simulating a systematic joint analysis of Doppler tracking data and tie points provided by the onboard synthetic aperture radar, we show that VERITAS will provide accuracies (3σ) in the estimates of the tidal Love number k2 to 4.6 × 10−4, its tidal phase lag to 0°.05, and the moment of inertia factor to 9.8 × 10−4 (0.3% of the expected value). Applying these results to recent models of the Venus interior, we show that VERITAS will provide much-improved constraints on the interior structure of the planet.

This article presents data concerning the validity evidence of a test of word reading (TLP - Teste de Leitura de Palavras) that assesses single-word reading accuracy in Portuguese students from Grades 1 to 4. The test is composed of four vertically scaled forms, one for each grade, allowing for the evaluation of students' word reading progression. In the internal structure-related evidence validity study, administration of the TLP to 905 Portuguese elementary students confirmed its one-dimensional structure. In the evidence based on the relationship with other variables' study, 280 Portuguese elementary students were assessed with each TLP test form and criterion measures (reading tests, digit span, and vocabulary measures). Significant correlations were observed between results from the TLP test forms, reading instruments, short-term memory, and vocabulary measures. These results revealed adequate evidence based on internal structure and evidence based on the relationship to other variables of the TLP for the assessment of word reading accuracy in Portuguese elementary students., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Ceres, the largest body in the asteroid belt (940 km diameter), provides a unique opportunity to study the interior structure of a volatile-rich dwarf planet. Variations in a planetary body's subsurface rheology and density affect the rate of topographic relaxation. Preferential attenuation of long wavelength topography (≥150 km) on Ceres suggests that the viscosity of its crust decreases with increasing depth. We present finite element (FE) geodynamical simulations of Ceres to identify the internal structures and compositions that best reproduce its topography as observed by the NASA Dawn mission. We infer that Ceres has a mechanically strong crust with maximum effective viscosity ∼10 25 Pa s. Combined with density constraints, this rheology suggests a crustal composition of carbonates or phyllosilicates, water ice, and at least 30 volume percent (vol.%) low-density, high-strength phases most consistent with salt and/or clathrate hydrates. The inference of these crustal materials supports the past existence of a global ocean, consistent with the observed surface composition. Meanwhile, we infer that the uppermost ≥60 km of the silicate-rich mantle is mechanically weak with viscosity 21 Pa s, suggesting the presence of liquid pore fluids in this region and a low temperature history that avoided igneous differentiation due to late accretion or efficient heat loss through hydrothermal processes.

Porous solid materials commonly undergo coating processes during their manufacture, where liquids are put in contact with solids for different purposes. The study of liquid penetration in porous substrates is a process of high relevance in activities in several industries. In particular, powder detergents are subject to coating with surfactants that will boost their performance, although this may affect the flowability and even cause caking of the particulate material, which can be detrimental to consumer acceptance. Here we present a methodology to make compacted preparations of powders relevant to detergent making and evaluate the internal structure of such porous substrates by means of X-ray microcomputed tomography. Liquid penetration in the preparation and the total mass uptake of fluid were monitored by a gravimetric technique based on a modified Wilhelmy plate method consisting of consecutive cycles. Taking into account the geometry of the system, two models were proposed to describe the liquid uptake based on the process being driven by mass (model 1) or pressure (model 2) gradients. A comparison between both from statistical and physical points of view led to the conclusion that the latter was more appropriate for describing the process and retrieving values of the permeability of the solid between 0.03 × 10-12 and 0.95 × 10-12 m2. Finally, with the parameters retrieved from model 2, the force balance observed throughout the experiment was simulated satisfactorily. © 2017 American Chemical Society.

The H0LiCOW collaboration inferred via gravitational lensing time delays a Hubble constant $H_0=73.3^{+1.7}_{-1.8}$ km s$^{-1}{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, describing deflector mass density profiles by either a power-law or stars plus standard dark matter halos. The mass-sheet transform (MST) that leaves the lensing observables unchanged is considered the dominant source of residual uncertainty in $H_0$. We quantify any potential effect of the MST with flexible mass models that are maximally degenerate with H0. Our calculation is based on a new hierarchical approach in which the MST is only constrained by stellar kinematics. The approach is validated on hydrodynamically simulated lenses. We apply the method to the TDCOSMO sample of 7 lenses (6 from H0LiCOW) and measure $H_0=74.5^{+5.6}_{-6.1}$ km s$^{-1}{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. In order to further constrain the deflector mass profiles, we then add imaging and spectroscopy for 33 strong gravitational lenses from the SLACS sample. For 9 of the SLAC lenses we use resolved kinematics to constrain the stellar anisotropy. From the joint analysis of the TDCOSMO+SLACS sample, we measure $H_0=67.4^{+4.1}_{-3.2}$ km s$^{-1}{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, assuming that the TDCOSMO and SLACS galaxies are drawn from the same parent population. The blind H0LiCOW, TDCOSMO-only and TDCOSMO+SLACS analyses are in mutual statistical agreement. The TDCOSMO+SLACS analysis prefers marginally shallower mass profiles than H0LiCOW or TDCOSMO-only. While our new analysis does not statistically invalidate the mass profile assumptions by H0LiCOW, and thus their $H_0$ measurement relying on those, it demonstrates the importance of understanding the mass density profile of elliptical galaxies. The uncertainties on $H_0$ derived in this paper can be reduced by physical or observational priors on the form of the mass profile, or by additional data, chiefly spatially resolved kinematics of lens galaxies., Comment: accepted by A&A. Full analysis available at https://github.com/TDCOSMO/hierarchy_analysis_2020_public updated permanent analysis script links

Full author list: A J Shajib, S Birrer, T Treu, A Agnello, E J Buckley-Geer, J H H Chan, L Christensen, C Lemon, H Lin, M Millon, J Poh, C E Rusu, D Sluse, C Spiniello, G C-F Chen, T Collett, F Courbin, C D Fassnacht, J Frieman, A Galan, D Gilman, A More, T Anguita, M W Auger, V Bonvin, R McMahon, G Meylan, K C Wong, T M C Abbott, J Annis, S Avila, K Bechtol, D Brooks, D Brout, D L Burke, A Carnero Rosell, M Carrasco Kind, J Carretero, F J Castander, M Costanzi, L N da Costa, J De Vicente, S Desai, J P Dietrich, P Doel, A Drlica-Wagner, A E Evrard, D A Finley, B Flaugher, P Fosalba, J García-Bellido, D W Gerdes, D Gruen, R A Gruendl, J Gschwend, G Gutierrez, D L Hollowood, K Honscheid, D Huterer, D J James, T Jeltema, E Krause, N Kuropatkin, T S Li, M Lima, N MacCrann, M A G Maia, J L Marshall, P Melchior, R Miquel, R L C Ogando, A Palmese, F Paz-Chinchón, A A Plazas, A K Romer, A Roodman, M Sako, E Sanchez, B Santiago, V Scarpine, M Schubnell, D Scolnic, S Serrano, I Sevilla-Noarbe, M Smith, M Soares-Santos, E Suchyta, G Tarle, D Thomas, A R Walker, Y Zhang, We present a blind time-delay cosmographic analysis for the lens system DES J0408-5354. This system is extraordinary for the presence of two sets of multiple images at different redshifts, which provide the opportunity to obtain more information at the cost of increased modelling complexity with respect to previously analysed systems. We perform detailed modelling of the mass distribution for this lens system using three band Hubble Space Telescope imaging. We combine the measured time delays, line-of-sight central velocity dispersion of the deflector, and statistically constrained external convergence with our lens models to estimate two cosmological distances. We measure the 'effective' time-delay distance corresponding to the redshifts of the deflector and the lensed quasar DΔ t eff=3382-115+146 Mpc and the angular diameter distance to the deflector Dd = 1711-280+376 Mpc, with covariance between the two distances. From these constraints on the cosmological distances, we infer the Hubble constant H0= 74.2-3.0+2.7 km s-1 Mpc-1 assuming a flat ΛCDM cosmology and a uniform prior for ωm as \Omega m ∼ \mathcal {U(0.05, 0.5). This measurement gives the most precise constraint on H0 to date from a single lens. Our measurement is consistent with that obtained from the previous sample of six lenses analysed by the H0 Lenses in COSMOGRAIL's Wellspring (H0LiCOW) collaboration. It is also consistent with measurements of H0 based on the local distance ladder, reinforcing the tension with the inference from early Universe probes, for example, with 2.2σ discrepancy from the cosmic microwave background measurement., TT acknowledges support by the Packard Foundation through a Packard Research fellowship and by the National Science Foundation through NSF grants AST-1714953 and AST-1906976. This project is partly funded by the Danish council for independent research under the project ‘Fundamentals of Dark Matter Structures’, DFF - 6108-00470. AA was supported by a grant from VILLUM FONDEN (project number 16599). JHHC, MM, CL, DS, FC, and AG acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (COSMICLENS: grant agreement No 787866). CS has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions grant agreement No 664931. GCFC acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education in Taiwan via Government Scholarship to Study Abroad (GSSA). CDF and GCFC acknowledge support for this work from the National Science Foundation under Grant No AST-1715611. TA acknowledges support from Proyecto FONDECYT N○ 1190335. KCW was supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan. This work used computational and storage services associated with the Hoffman2 Shared Cluster provided by UCLA Institute for Digital Research and Education’s Research Technology Group. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) through allocation TG-AST190038, which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562 (Towns et al. 2014). Specifically, this work used the Comet and Oasis system at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), and the Bridges system, which is supported by NSF award number ACI-1445606, at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC, Nystrom et al. 2015). AJS thanks Smadar Naoz for providing access to additional computing nodes on the Hoffman2 Shared Cluster and Khalid Jawed for assisting with additional computational resources from the Structures–Computer Interaction Laboratory at UCLA. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020, and the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2).

Abstract. Unlike Stockmayer fluids, that prove to undergo gas-liquid transition on cooling, the system of dipolar hard or soft spheres without any additional central attraction so far has not been shown to have a critical point. Instead, in the latter, one observes diverse self-assembly scenarios. Crosslinking dipolar soft spheres into supracolloidal magnetic polymer-like structures (SMPs) changes the self-assembly behaviour. Moreover, aggregation in systems of SMPs strongly depends on the constituent topology. For Y- and X-shaped SMPs, under the same conditions in which dipolar hard spheres would form chains, the formation of very large loose gel-like clusters was observed (E. Novak et al., J. Mol. Liq. 271, 631 (2018)). In this work, using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the self-assembly in suspensions of four topologically different SMPs --chains, rings, X and Y-- whose monomers interact via Stockmayer potential. As expected, compact drop-like clusters are formed by SMPs in all cases if the central isotropic attraction is introduced, however, their shape and internal structure turn out to depend on the SMPs topology. Graphical abstract

The human cochlea is deeply embedded in the temporal bone and surrounded by a thick otic capsule, rendering its internal structure inaccessible for direct visualization. Clinical imaging techniques fall short of their resolution for imaging of the intracochlear structures with sufficient detail. As a result, there is a lack of knowledge concerning best practice for intracochlear therapy placement, such as cochlear implantation. In the past decades, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has proven valuable for non-invasive, high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of tissue microstructure in various fields of medicine, including ophthalmology, cardiology and dermatology. There is an upcoming interest for OCT imaging of the cochlea, which so far was mostly carried out in small animals. In this temporal bone study, we focused on high-resolution imaging of the human cochlea. The cochlea was approached through mastoidectomy and posterior tympanotomy, both standard surgical procedures. A commercially available spectral-domain OCT imaging system was used to obtain high-resolution images of the cochlear hook region through the intact round window membrane in four cadaveric human temporal bones. We discuss the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of intracochlear structures on OCT images and their importance for cochlear implant surgery. ispartof: SCIENTIFIC REPORTS vol:9 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published

International audience; Below the lithospheres of the terrestrial planets, dwarf planets, and moons, density interfaces adjust over geologic time to align with surfaces of constant gravitational potential. It is well known that the shape of such hydrostatic surfaces is controlled by the pseudo-rotational potential, tidal potential, and the induced potential of nonspherical density interfaces in the body. When a lithosphere is present, however, additional gravitational terms must be considered that arise from, for example, surface relief and crustal thickness variations. A first-order formalism is presented for calculating the shape of hydrostatic density interfaces beneath the lithosphere when the gravity field and surface shape of the body are known. Using an arbitrary discretized density profile, the shapes are obtained by solving a simple matrix equation. As examples, lithospheric gravity anomalies account for about 10% of the relief along hydrostatic interfaces in Mars, whereas for the Moon, the lithospheric gravity is the dominant contributor to the core shape. Spherical harmonic degree-1 mass anomalies in the lithosphere generate degree-1 relief along the core-mantle boundary, and for Mars and the Moon, the core is offset from the center of mass of the body by about 90 m. The moments of inertia of the core of these bodies are also misaligned with respect to the principal moments of the entire body. An improved crustal thickness map of Mars is constructed that accounts for gravity anomalies beneath the lithosphere, and the consequences of core relief on the Martian free core nutation are quantified. Plain Language Summary The shapes of the solid planets and moons are largely hydrostatic and are determined by their rotation rate. If the body has gravity anomalies that arise from within a rigid lithosphere, these will act to perturb the shape of hydrostatic density interfaces beneath the lithosphere, such as the core-mantle boundary. We present a method to compute the shape of density interfaces beneath the lithosphere when the gravity field of the body is known. As examples of our technique, we compute the shape of the core-mantle boundary for Mars and the Moon, both of which are shown to have important contributions that arise from the lithosphere. We also generate a new crustal thickness map that accounts for gravity anomalies generated beneath the lithosphere.

Thermoresponsive copolymer microgels based on the biocompatible monomer N-vinylcaprolactam (VCL) and the hydrophobic comonomer 4-tert-butylcyclohexylacrylate (TBCHA) with highly tunable comonomers ratio were for the first time synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. Their physical properties in aqueous solution and at the solid interface were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. The results show a significant decrease of the swelling rate of the obtained microgels with an increase of the amount of the hydrophobic comonomer. In the case when the fraction of TBCHA is equal or higher than the fraction of VCL, the microgels become almost insensitive to the temperature changes, and the amount of water inside the microgels appeared to be diminishingly small. In the opposite case, if the VCL fraction is major, the copolymer microgels preserve their softness and deformability while being adsorbed onto a solid surface. At the same time, all samples have shown a good colloidal stability and a low polydispersity in size. Thus, the presented polymerization technique is applicable for the fabrication of microgels using hydrophobic monomers, which are not accessible by conventional precipitation polymerization. We demonstrate that the mechanical properties and the temperature-responsiveness of the copolymer microgels can be precisely adjusted by the content of the hydrophobic comonomer. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Moisture behaviour of plywood is investigated in combination with detailed structural analysis. In the lab, neutron radiography and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) were used to map the moisture distribution and internal structure of plywood respectively. In an outdoor natural weathering test, the average moisture content (MC) and moisture distribution of plywood were monitored using a continuous moisture measurement set-up and an adapted electrical method, respectively. The structural changes of the specimens during weathering were recorded by using X-ray CT. Based on the interrelationship of moisture behaviour and structure, suggestions are given for improving the water resistance of plywood by optimising structure.

The thermal and mechanical properties of bio-aggregate concretes are known to be anisotropic. This is assumed to be the result of an orientated internal arrangement of particles; the internal structure of other aggregate composite materials is known to be a determiner of physical properties and has been the focus of much study. Despite this the internal structure of bio-aggregate concretes has to date only been considered qualitatively. This work presents a novel method for the assessment of the internal structure of bio-aggregate concretes through the application of image analysis. Results are presented for the assessment of hemp-lime specimens and demonstrate a significant anisotropy within the material. These results account for anisotropic thermal and mechanical behaviour observed elsewhere and demonstrate the importance of the internal structure in determining the properties of these materials. This innovative technique represents a significant breakthrough in the search for optimisation of the performance of renewable, low carbon insulation materials. This class of materials is critical to the sustainable future of the construction industry.

Tidal heterolithic sandstones are commonly characterized by millimeter- to centimeter-scale intercalations of mudstone and sandstone. Consequently, their effective flow properties are poorly predicted by (1) data that do not sample a representative volume or (2) models that fail to capture the complex three-dimensional architecture of sandstone and mudstone layers. We present a modeling approach in which surfaces are used to represent all geologic heterogeneities that control the spatial distribution of reservoir rock properties (surface-based modeling). The workflow uses template surfaces to represent heterogeneities classified by geometry instead of length scale. The topology of the template surfaces is described mathematically by a small number of geometric input parameters, and models are constructed stochastically. The methodology has been applied to generate generic, three-dimensional minimodels (9 m3 [∼318 ft3] volume) of cross-bedded heterolithic sandstones representing trough and tabular cross bedding with differing proportions of sandstone and mudstone, using conditioning data from two outcrop analogs from a tide-dominated deltaic deposit. The minimodels capture the cross-stratified architectures observed in outcrop and are suitable for flow simulation, allowing computation of effective permeability values for use in larger-scale models. We show that mudstone drapes in cross-bedded heterolithic sandstones significantly reduce effective permeability and also impart permeability anisotropy in the horizontal as well as vertical flow directions. The workflow can be used with subsurface data, supplemented by outcrop analog observations, to generate effective permeability values to be derived for use in larger-scale reservoir models. The methodology could be applied to the characterization and modeling of heterogeneities in other types of sandstone reservoirs.

Pd/B4C multilayers with 2.5 nm of d-spacing and thick Si and B4C capping layers were fabricated to study temporal stability under storage in different environments with relative humidity of 10% and 50%. The two stored samples were investigated using grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry (GIXR), X-ray scattering (XRS), an optical microscope, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The GIXR results showed that the reflectivity of the samples under 10% humidity and 50% humidity dropped by 3% and 8%, respectively, after 13 months. The optical microscope showed that the surface of the 10% humidity sample was smooth and undamaged, whereas the surface of the 50% humidity sample significantly eroded. TEM showed that the internal multilayer structure of the sample stored in 10% humidity was well protected by the capping layers. For the sample stored in 50% humidity, a major part of the Si and B4C capping layers were wrinkled and delaminated, and some surface layers of the multilayer structure were degraded with severe diffusion of boron. The XPS results showed a relatively large amount of oxygen in the B4C capping layer of the 50% humidity sample, and an obvious oxidation of the boron was found in the B4C capping layer and the surface of the multilayer. The severe oxidation and diffusion of boron and the delamination of the capping layers caused the degradation of the Pd/B4C multilayers stored in 50% humidity.

The measurement of the relative efficiency of a production process with the DEA approach considers the process itself as a "black box" that uses inputs to produce outputs. In reality, many production processes require the carrying out of many activities grouped into phases and interconnected with each other. For this reason, modeling a production process as a network system in which its sub-parts are differently interconnected certainly represents a modeling closer to reality. The NDEA approach born within the DEA methodology has developed several models to measure the relative efficiency of network systems such as independent models, or connected models or relational models. The latter differs from the other two in that it allows you to measure the relative efficiency of the entire process and its parts once the operations between the parts of the system have been considered. In this paper, as well as modeling a production process with four stages with shared variables, we propose a relational NDEA model under different preference systems in the distribution of resources between sub-processes to measure their relative efficiency. The proposed NDEA model is in the multiplicative version. We will use non-real data to solve the model. Our conclusions are that 1) a four-stage production process can represent numerous real processes, 2) the proposed NDEA model can therefore be used for multiple different applications and 3) the system of preferences on the distribution of resources among subs processes influences the measurement of relative efficiency both for the whole process and for its sub-processes.

На основании анализа особенностей морфологии самородного золо­ та, его внутреннего строения, вариаций химического состава, взаимо­ отношений с другими минералами в рудах Берентальского рудного по­ ля выделены пять генетических групп золота, установлена последова­ тельность их формирования, связь с минеральными ассоциациями и различными уровнями эрозионного среза. Типоморфизм золота свиде­ тельствует о многократном его отложении и эпикристаллизацион­ ных преобразованиях. Наличие нескольких групп золота на разных рудо­ проявлениях Берентальского рудного поля говорит о сложной истории перераспределения золота в течение единого длительного рудного про­ цесса., Based on native gold morphology features analysis, its internal structure, chemical composition variations and relationships with other minerals in Berentalskoye field ores, five genetic genetic gold groups are distinguished, their formation sequence, and relation to mineral associations and various levels of erosional truncation were defined. Gold typomorphism suggests its multiple deposition and epicrystallization transformations. Presence of several gold groups at various Berentalskoye ore field mineral occurrences indicates complex gold redistribution history within a single pro­ longed mineralization process.

Background Peer physical examination (PPE) is a teaching and learning strategy utilised in most health profession education programs. Perceptions of participating in PPE have been described in the literature, focusing on areas of the body students are willing, or unwilling, to examine. A small number of questionnaires exist to evaluate these perceptions, however none have described the measurement properties that may allow them to be used longitudinally. The present study undertook a Mokken scale analysis of the Peer Physical Examination Questionnaire (PPEQ) to evaluate its dimensionality and structure when used with Australian osteopathy students. Methods Students enrolled in Year 1 of the osteopathy programs at Victoria University (Melbourne, Australia) and Southern Cross University (Lismore, Australia) were invited to complete the PPEQ prior to their first practical skills examination class. R, an open-source statistics program, was used to generate the descriptive statistics and perform a Mokken scale analysis. Mokken scale analysis is a non-parametric item response theory approach that is used to cluster items measuring a latent construct. Results Initial analysis suggested the PPEQ did not form a single scale. Further analysis identified three subscales: ‘comfort’, ‘concern’, and ‘professionalism and education’. The properties of each subscale suggested they were unidimensional with variable internal structures. The ‘comfort’ subscale was the strongest of the three identified. All subscales demonstrated acceptable reliability estimation statistics (McDonald’s omega > 0.75) supporting the calculation of a sum score for each subscale. Conclusion The subscales identified are consistent with the literature. The ‘comfort’ subscale may be useful to longitudinally evaluate student perceptions of PPE. Further research is required to evaluate changes with PPE and the utility of the questionnaire with other health profession education programs.

The disabled population varies significantly in regard to physical fitness, what is conditioned by the damage to the locomotor system. Recently there has been an increased emphasis on the role of competitive sport in enhancing health and the quality of life of individuals with disability. One of the sport disciplines of Paralympics is the flat bench press. The bench press is one of the most popular resistance exercises used for the upper body in healthy individuals. It is used not only by powerlifters, but also by athletes in most strength-speed oriented sport disciplines. The objective of the study was to compare neuromuscular control for various external loads (from 60 to 100% 1RM) during the flat bench press performed by an elite able-bodied athlete and an athlete with lower limb disability. The research project is a case study of two elite bench press athletes with similar sport results: an able-bodied athlete (M.W., age 34 years, body mass 103 kg, body height 1.72 m, 1RM in the flat bench press 200 kg) and a disabled athlete (M.T., age 31 years, body mass 92 kg, body height 1.70 m, 1RM in the flat bench press 190 kg). The activity was recorded for four muscles: pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), as well as for the lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii (TBlat and TBlong). The T-test revealed statistically significant differences between peak activity of all the considered muscles (AD with p = 0.001; PM with p = 0.001; TBlat with p = 0.0021 and TBlong with p = 0.002) between the 2 athletes. The analysis of peak activity differences of M.W and M.T. in relation to the load revealed statistically significant differences for load changes between: 60 to 100% 1RM (p = 0.007), 70 to 100% 1RM (p = 0.016) and 80 to 100% 1RM (p = 0.032). The flat bench press performed without legs resting firmly on the ground leads to the increased engagement of upper body muscles and to their greater activation. Isolated initial positions can be used to generate greater engagement of muscle groups during the bench press exercise and evoke their higher activation.

Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) are one of the most promising methods for identifying strong gravitational lens candidates in survey data. We present two ConvNet lens-finders which we have trained with a dataset composed of real galaxies from the Kilo Degree Survey (KiDS) and simulated lensed sources. One ConvNet is trained with single \textit{r}-band galaxy images, hence basing the classification mostly on the morphology. While the other ConvNet is trained on \textit{g-r-i} composite images, relying mostly on colours and morphology. We have tested the ConvNet lens-finders on a sample of 21789 Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) selected from KiDS and we have analyzed and compared the results with our previous ConvNet lens-finder on the same sample. The new lens-finders achieve a higher accuracy and completeness in identifying gravitational lens candidates, especially the single-band ConvNet. Our analysis indicates that this is mainly due to improved simulations of the lensed sources. In particular, the single-band ConvNet can select a sample of lens candidates with $\sim40\%$ purity, retrieving 3 out of 4 of the confirmed gravitational lenses in the LRG sample. With this particular setup and limited human intervention, it will be possible to retrieve, in future surveys such as Euclid, a sample of lenses exceeding in size the total number of currently known gravitational lenses., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS