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BACKGROUND: Various types of benign and malignant splenic tumours including hemangiomas, lymphagiomas, hamartomas, hemangiosarcomas, malignant lymphomas and metastatic carcinomas share radiological characteristics making it impossible for a physician to determine the definite aetiology of splenic masses noninvasively without histopathological evaluation. It is important that physicians recognize the importance of a careful and continuous follow-up since inflammatory pseudotumours (IPT) are considered to be tumours with an intermediate malignant potential based on their behaviour when they arise in other locations. METHODS: Our patient, a 60-year-old woman was evaluated using laboratory, gastroscopy, computed tomography and surgical methods. The resected tumour was evaluated using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: The patient presented with weight loss, nausea and vomiting, symptoms lasting over a course of a few months. The splenic mass was found incidentally at the time of work up for gastritis and cholelithiasis. Histologically, the tumour differed from typical splenic architecture being composed of atypical spindle cells with inflammatory elements ; numerous plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils and lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Although very difficult to diagnose at initial presentation, it is very important for the physician to be aware of the importance of a careful diagnosis since IPT of the spleen are rare and considered to be tumours with an intermediate malignant potential.

Background: Apoptotic index (AI) using light microscopy as an indirect measure to assess the significance of apoptosis as a proliferative marker in dysplastic lesions and malignant epithelial lesions of the oral cavity. Aims: (1) To quantify the apoptotic bodies/cells in oral epithelial dysplastic (OED) lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (2) To measure AI in OED and OSCC. (3) To compare AI in OED and OSCC. Settings and Design: The proposed laboratory-based retrospective study involved the use of hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained slides of previously diagnosed OED lesions and OSCC from institutional archives. Materials and Methods: This study constituted 50 cases, each of H and E-stained slides of previously diagnosed cases of OED and OSCC. AI was calculated as the number of apoptotic bodies/cells expressed as a percentage of the total number of nonapoptotic tumor/dysplastic cells counted in each case. Statistical Analysis Used: Nonparametric tests such as Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test were used. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in AI from OED to OSCC (P = 0.000). Conclusions: Further studies need to be undertaken to detect and understand the apoptotic mechanisms in the progression from OED to OSCC.

Introduction: Histological stains are dyes that bind to a variety of tissues. Modified Gallego's (MG) stain is a modification of Lille's stain that can be used as a differential stain for identification of hard tissues in oral pathological lesions. Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the presence of hard tissues such as enamel, dentin and cementum in normal extracted teeth and odontogenic tumors using MG stain and to compare the efficacy of MG stain with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Methods: A total of fifty samples, twenty decalcified sections of teeth and thirty cases of odontogenic tumors, were included in the present study. Two sections were cut from the above cases and stained with H&E stain and MG stain, respectively, and assessed for the nature of hard tissue. Results: In H&E staining, enamel, dentine, cementum and bone stained pink. Whereas, in MG stain, enamel stained pink, dentin and bone stained green, while cementum stained red. The shade of color differs with the degree of mineralization of the hard tissues in MG stain. Conclusion: MG stain can be used as a differential stain for different hard-tissue structures when compared to routine H and E staining.

Background: Micronucleus (MN) represents small, additional nuclei formed by the exclusion of chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes lagging at mitosis. MN rates, therefore, indirectly reflect chromosome breakage or impairment of the mitotic apparatus. During the last few decades, micronuclei ("MNi") in oral exfoliated epithelial cells are widely used as biomarkers of chromosomal damage, genome instability and cancer risk in humans. However, until now only little attention has been given to the effect of different staining procedures on the results of these MN assays. Aim: To compare the MNi frequencies in oral exfoliated epithelial cells using three different stains, i.e.,Feulgen stain, Papanicolaou stain (Pap) and hemotoxylin and eosin stain (H and E). Materials and Methods: Oral exfoliated cells from 45 cases of potentially malignant disorders (15 oral submucous fibrosis, 15 lichen planus and 15 leukoplakia) and 15 controls with healthy mucosa, were taken and MNi frequencies (No. of MNi/1000 cells) were compared using three different stains. Results: Mean MNi frequency in cases was found to be 3.8 with Feulgen stain, 16.8 with PAP and 25.9 with H and E. In controls, mean MNi frequency was 1.6 with Feulgen stain, 7.7 with PAP and 9.6 with H and E stain. Statistically significant value (P < 0.01) were observed when the three stains were compared together using Kruskal Walli′s ANOVA test. Conclusion: Feulgen being a DNA-specific stain gave the least counts, although statistically significant results from the comparison of MNi frequency between cases and controls were obtained with all the three stains.