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With the increased share of renewable energy sources, there is a growing need for more flexibility to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of the electricity system. Multi-energy systems (MES) now appear as one possible means to provide such flexibility through increased synergies between electricity, gas, and heating/cooling systems. In this context, the main findings of the study carried out in the MAGNITUDE European project are described. The most relevant services that could be provided by MES to the electricity system are first presented. Then a methodology is proposed to characterise and compare the market organisations and mechanisms for their procurement. The results of its application in seven case study countries are summarised and illustrate the diversity met between countries. The gas and heat sectors are also investigated for the seven countries to characterise the main aspects relevant to the provision of the services by MES. A comparative analysis is then carried out between the three energy sectors in the seven countries and highlights the major similarities and differences. Finally, potential barriers for the provision of the services by MES are discussed regarding the market, regulatory, and cultural aspects.

We present an ex-post analysis of the effects of GDF’s acquisition of Suez in 2006, which created one of the world’s largest energy companies. We perform a series of econometric analyses on the market for trading at the Zeebrugge gas hub in Belgium. Removing barriers to entry and facilitating access to the hub through ownership unbundling were an important part of the objectives of the remedies imposed by the European Commission. Our analyses show a robust price decline after the merger. Additional evidence on traded volumes and hub participants is in line with an increased liquidity at the hub post-merger. This suggests the remedies were effective in limiting the potential anti-competitive effects of the merger. Moreover, it suggests that ownership unbundling has generated improved access to the hub. Therefore, remedies may have done more than simply mitigate the potential anti-competitive effects of the merger; they may have effectively created competition. ispartof: The Energy Journal vol:42 issue:6 pages:199-228 status: published

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Recent trends in the European Union with regard to legal regulations in the gas sector, which have an impact on each member state, are directed at the liberalisation of the gas market. Even though the Energy Union was established, the Lisbon Treaty came into force with provisions developed on energy. Known as the Third Energy Package, this increased the competitiveness of the market. However, discussions in this field are still ongoing. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of this particular EU legislation on Czech law. To do this, an examination will be made of how strategic the gas sector is in this member state. Taking into account the country’s importance as a gas transit state and a state receiver, the role of the Czech Republic will also be discussed in the process of formation of a competitive gas market following the application of legislative measures in the sector.