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As of 2019, the total area of forest stands with the varying proportion of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in composition on the Ukrainian Roztochchia was 11,251.3 ha and the area of pine stands involving European beech in composition was 6879.5 ha. Pine stands involving beech in composition are formed on the fresh, moist and boggy relatively pure and relatively rich soil condition. Pine forest stands (average share of pine exceeds 56%), which include beech in composition occupy more than 80% of the total area of interest. Mature and overmature forest stands dominate most of the landscape. More than 85% of stands are characterized by an average relative completeness. Undergrowth of deciduous tree species, which is mainly formed by European beech or hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and rarely by common oak (Quercus robur L.) or sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), is available under a canopy of middle-aged, ripening and mature stands. The study points to the need to rethink forest management approaches and eventually to use such methods of forest cuttings that ensure natural regeneration not only of a European beech and common oak, but primarily of a pine. The practice of creating pine plantations in such conditions favourable for its growth and development should be used only in those cases when it is impossible to achieve natural regeneration of pine.

The utility of phytocenotic indices in the diagnosis and classification of forest sites might be limited because of vegetation degeneration in managed forests. However, even in secondary communities it may be possible to determine indicator species, although these may differ from typical and well known plant indicators. The aim of this work was to assess the vegetation diversity of Scots pine stands in representative forest site types along a moisture and fertility gradient. In total 120 sample plots from Turawa forests were included in the study. These plots represented young (21-40 years) and old (> 80 years) Scots-pine-dominated stands. The forest sites were categorised according to Polish site classification. Four site categories were studied: Bśw (very nutrient-poor and mesic sites), BMśw (nutrient-poor and mesic sites), BMw (nutrient-poor and moist sites), LMw (quite nutrient-rich and moist sites). The species composition of the forest patches studied hardly differed among forest site types. Almost all of the vegetation in site Bśw was different from both moist site types (BMw and LMw). Sites Bśw and LMw had the exclusive species determined as site indicators. Moreover, young stands had their own site type indicator species which differed from old stands. Numerical classification showed that only two plant communities were widespread: Leucobryo- Pinetum in Bśw and BMśw, and the community of Pinus sylvestris and Molinia caerulea in BMśw, BMw, LMw. In secondary communities typical indicator species may not be useful, but it is possible to determinate species that are locally unique to forest site type. Despite the convergence in the composition of the plant community resulting from tree stand unification, plant communities have the capacity for a more diverse composition. Tree stand conversion can increase phytocenotic diversity

This study was concerned with the problem of application of the individual-based EFIMOD model to spatially explicit simulations on a regional scale. Three large forest areas with a total area of about 17,000 km2 with distinct environmental conditions were chosen. We used a set of simulation scenarios, taking into account both the regime of forest management and natural disturbances. The procedure of model initialization was suggested using conceptions of soil and forest types.

Проаналізовано історію розвитку досліджень лісової типології від її зародження до сучасного етапу. Виявлено відмінності між двома основними напрямами у типології лісу: екологічному і ботанічному. Встановлено зв’язки між дослідженнями різних учених у різні історичні періоди, виявлено недоліки та переваги кожного з основних підходів до визначення типу лісу. На основі аналізу праць Г. Ф. Морозова, А. А. Крюденера, Є. В. Алексєєва, П. П. Кожевнікова, Д. В. Воробйова, П. С. Погребняка, А. К. Каяндера, В. М. Сукачова та інших учених зроблено висновок, що лісотипологічна наука зазнала свого розквіту у XIX столітті. На сучасному етапі варто зазначити деякий занепад цього напряму досліджень, оскільки лише деякі науковці продовжують вивчення типів лісу, зокрема, М. М. Вересін, В. І. Білоус, М. А. Голубець та ін., але характер їхніх праць або регіональний або вибірковий (наприклад, М. М. Вересін досліджував лише діброви). Багато праць присвячено антропогенним лісовим ландшафтам, проте саме в умовах антропогенізації актуальності набуває необхідність глибшого вивчення застосування типологічного вчення для раціонального використання лісових ресурсів та збереження осередків натуральних лісових ландшафтів. This article analyzes the process of formation of modern forest typology in Ukraine. The study deals with the different stages of the research forest typology science from its beginnings to the modern stage. We explored the works of scientists representatives of two main directions in the forests typology, such as botanical and ecological. One of them has developed in the north of Russia, where forest landscapes did not suffer from the human impact. This area of forest typology was developed in the works of A. K Kayander, V. M. Sukachov and his students. Another trend appeared in Ukraine, where forests have undergone human activities. This trend has developed in the works of E. V. Alekseev, P. S. Pogrebnyak, D. V. Vorobov and others. As a result, our research presents links between the works of various scientists, its found differences between the main areas of forest typology, their advantages and disadvantages. In a botanical approach forest type identified with plant association. On the other hand, ecological direction of forest typological classification takes into account environmental conditions. Based on the analysis it should be noted that in the XXI century forest typology science іs declining. Although it has experienced its heyday in the XIX century, when the theoretical foundations of the science were formulated. Since only a few scientists continue to study forest types (for example Veresin M. M., Belous V. I., Holubec M. A. and others), their works are narrowly directed and apply only to a particular forest type (for example oak) or a particular region. At present time many scientists have devoted their research to anthropogenic forest landscapes, including Davydchuk V.S., Denysyk G. I., Molchanova A. A. They continue works of Milkov F. M. and focus their attention on the impact of human and economic activities on the forest landscapes. As a result, it should be noted the necessity of restoring and deeper studying of previous experience of forest typology science and its future development. It is necessary to introduce anthropogenic landscapes to forest typology, although pay more attention to natural forest landscapes for the rational use of forest resources and preserving as much as possible the natural habitat of forests and slowing antropohenization.

Producción Científica, The objective of this work was the creation of a structural stand classification for sessile oak dominated forests in the Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) as a basic tool for typological inventories. A dichotomous classification system and discriminant classification equations of nine forest types were defined with an accuracy of more than 95% by evaluating the data of the second Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI). The presence of large old trees appears as one of the main characteristics of the Cantabrian sessile oak forests. The structure assessment method presented in this study, based on a dataset (SNFI) and free-access software, can be considered an important low-cost alternative to traditional quantitative inventory methods., El objeto de este trabajo ha sido la elaboración de una clasificación tipológica para robledales cantábricos (norte de España) como herramienta base de inventario tipológico. Tomando como base de datos el inventario forestal nacional español (IFN) y con una fiabilidad superior al 95% se elaboran una clave de clasificación dicotómica y ecuaciones discriminantes de clasificación para nueve tipos estructurales de masa. La presencia de viejos robles de grandes diámetros aparece como uno de los rasgos diferenciales de los robledales cantábricos. La metodología de evaluación de la estructura forestal elaborada en el presente estudio, basada en una base de datos de libre acceso (IFN) y en un software gratuito, puede ser entendida como una alternativa de bajo coste al inventario cuantitativo tradicional., Junta Castilla y León (project VA 044/02)