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Many problems concerning food occur in Indonesia, we encountered food circulating in the community who do not heed the provisions on labeling, thus disturbing the public. Food trade expired, the use of dyes that are not intended for food, formalin, foods containing preservatives, or acts of other consequence is very detrimental to the community, it can even threaten the health and safety of human lives, especially for children in general, this cas ususally through of fraud on the food label. label is falsified or misleading adverse effects on human health and development.

The Soviet Union was an irregular participant in the global food trade system and it entered the global market only when it needed to import grain. In the post-Soviet period, Russia continued its r...

In the last decades Brazil has become a global agri-food powerhouse. The article interrogates the shape and its stability of revealed comparative advantages in 46 of its agri-food products for the period 1995-2017. The results support the argument that the Brazil's agri-food trade was formed by comparative advantages of specific agri-food sectors. The results show that the external shape of agri-food specialization has strengthened, first since early 2000s and second when the trade shifted more towards China. The pattern was stable according revealed comparative (dis)advantage of particular products, more changes occurred in each product's score and in ranking of products. Products without initial comparative advantage seem to remain uncompetitive whilst the products with strong initial comparative advantage continue to be competitive. The persistence in distribution has increased. This suggests, the shape of Brazil's revealed comparative advantage in agri-food trade has evolved towards its finite structure (ceteris paribus).

A significant feature of world trade development is the diminishing role of developed countries in the international agri-food market. The share of the European Union in processed food export has been reducing steadily from 2000, giving place to developing countries at the same time. Considering studies devoted to the factors influencing bilateral trade, the question to what extent the trade of processed food depends on consumer preferences represented by absolute differences of GDP per capita (Linder hypothesis), geography, and trade liberalization remains open. It is interesting in the context of the new demand-oriented trade theory and the globalization process that causes a shrinking distance. The main purpose of the paper is to indicate the impact of consumer preferences and geography on the export value of processed food of EU countries in 2000-2019. To achieve this goal, the gravity model was constructed and estimated via Hausman-Taylor panel regression. The dependent variable was the bilateral export value of processed food of EU countries. The independent variables included GDP, geographical distance between partners, differences of GDP per capita of exporters and importers as a proxy of the Linder hypothesis, membership in a preferential trade agreement, and being landlocked. Research confirmed the validity of the Linder hypothesis and the significance of geography and regional trade integration in shaping the export value of processed food of EU countries.

Climate change, the agri-food sector and trade are closely related. This contribution aims at presenting issues related to the economic impacts of climate changes on international trade. The agri-food sector is one of the most hit by changes in climate, and it is also responsible of substantial environmentalimpacts. In a globalised world, these effects do not alter only the agri-food domestic markets but propagate across countries.While climate change may trigger changes in trade patterns by altering food availability and access as well as comparative advantages across countries, trade itself may constitute an adaptation strategy. Our note provides elements to be considered in the future debate that will likely be focused on the interrelations between, climate change, trade and global value chains of agri-food products.

This paper aims to evaluate the competitive position of China and the European Union in international agricultural and food trade using properly selected measurement indicators and comparing the resulting values with changes in workforce productivity in agriculture. On foreign markets, an improvement in the competitive position of a country/ regional group is equivalent to an increase in the share of a specific entity in export markets. One of the basic determinants of the scale of regional and global competitiveness is workforce productivity. The period of analysis ranges from 2001 to 2017. Data was retrieved from statistics database FAOSTAT and the World Bank. The analysis used indicator-based methods. The studies carried out endorse the statement that a larger improvement in workforce productivity in agriculture in China compared to EU countries had little influence on the international competitive position of that country compared to EU countries. In the analyzed period, the value of the trade coverage ratio (TCR) is decreasing for China and increasing for the EU, as is the value of the relative export orientation index (REO). In the case of China, the negative balance of trade is deepening, while the EU achieves a positive balance in agricultural and food trade in 2010. The results of analyses point to an improvement in the competitive position of the European Union and a deterioration in the position of China in international agricultural and food trade.

Globalization of the food trade requires precise and exact information about the origin, methods of production, transformation technologies, authentication, and the traceability of foodstuffs. New challenges in food supply chains such as deliberate fraudulent substitution, tampering or mislabeling of food and its ingredients or food packaging incapacitates the market and eventually the national economy. Currently, no proper standards have been established for the authentication of most of the food materials. However, in order to control food fraud, various robust and cost-effective technologies have been employed, like a spectrophotometer, GC-MS, HPLC, and DNA barcoding. Among these techniques, DNA barcoding is a biotechnology advantage with the principle of using 400-800 bp long standardized unique DNA sequences of mitochondrial (e.g.

A well‐functioning trade relationship between Canada and the United States is crucial to the economic vitality of the Canadian agri‐food industry. However, agri‐food trade is more susceptible than other sectors to political interventions. The Trump presidency has strained Canada–US relations and his trade policy actions have significantly increased trade restrictions and trade policy uncertainty and undermined the rules‐based global trading system. We examine the pattern of agri‐food trade between the two countries and find that the upward trajectory of bilateral agri‐food trade ended in 2013. Although this flatlining predates the Trump administration, we show that Trump increased trade policy uncertainty starting in 2017 and likely impacted further expansion of trade. We examine what might change under the Biden presidency and argue that the new administration is likely to restore strong relationships with allies and work to rebuild important international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Although protectionist forces will continue to impact bilateral agri‐food trade, we expect closer political ties between a Biden administration and the Canadian Prime Minister. This should have a positive effect on the Canadian agri‐food industry by reducing trade uncertainties, thereby increasing agri‐food trade between Canada and the United States. Une relation commerciale efficace entre le Canada et les Etats‐Unis est essentielle a la vitalite economique de l'industrie agroalimentaire canadienne. Cependant, le commerce agroalimentaire est plus sensible que les autres secteurs aux interventions politiques. La presidence Trump a mis a rude epreuve les relations canado‐americaines et ses mesures de politique commerciale ont considerablement accru les restrictions et l'incertitude en matiere de commerce en plus de miner les regles sur lesquelles le commerce mondial se fonde. Nous examinons la structure du commerce agroalimentaire entre les deux pays et constatons que croissance du commerce agroalimentaire bilateral a pris fin en 2013. Bien qu'une stagnation precede l'administration Trump, nous montrons que Trump a accru l'incertitude de la politique commerciale a partir de 2017, impactant negativement une probable expansion du commerce. Nous examinons ce qui pourrait changer sous une presidence Biden et affirmons que la nouvelle administration est susceptible de retablir des relations solides avec les allies et de travailler a la reconstruction d'importantes institutions internationales telles que l'OMC. Bien que les forces protectionnistes continueront d'avoir un impact sur le commerce agroalimentaire bilateral, nous nous attendons a des liens politiques plus etroits entre une administration Biden et le Premier ministre canadien. Cela devrait avoir un effet positif sur l'industrie agroalimentaire canadienne en reduisant les incertitudes commerciales, augmentant ainsi le commerce agroalimentaire entre le Canada et les Etats‐Unis.

A rule-based regime of international trade is built upon norms of equality and non-discrimination. It helps maintain equity in international trade by the observance of principles such as that of Most Favoured Nation and National Treatment. A closer inspection of the sector wise international trade practices of nations suggests that there are deviations from the rule-based mechanism of World Trade Organisation. This detrimentally impacts the balance of trade. This research article analyses the application of the rule-based regime of the World Trade Organisation with special reference to instances of inequalities in regulations imposed on trade in food products in the context of India and other developing countries. The paper concludes with an analysis of the plausible reasons for the rejection of exports from developing countries and suggests the need for the rectification of such inequalities.

This article discusses symbolic aspects of the trade of traditional foods of different ethnic origins, led by enterprising refugees in the city of São Paulo, and has as its object of study the sale of the so-called ethnic / traditional foods in small enterprises in that city. The methodology used is qualitative, through a theoretical reflection, based on works from the Social Sciences and articles from exploratory surveys, conducted based on Capes Journals, Scopus and Google Scholar. The articles used address concepts such as ethnic commerce, ethnic food, cultural heritage, dietary practices, among others, which allow the analysis of ethnic entrepreneurship led by refugees in São Paulo and associates it with phenomena that allow us to establish a reflection on why they choose to undertake this area. as food relates to the memories, culture and identity of migrants.

Leseprobe ----- Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschreibt ein Grundverstandnis zur Berufsbildung fur nachhaltige Entwicklung (BBNE) und skizziert Ziele und Ansatze der vom Bundesinstitut fur Berufsbildung aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums fur Bildung und Forschung geforderten Modellversuche zur Berufsbildung fur eine nachhaltige Entwicklung. Der Fokus liegt auf den Modellversuchen zur nachhaltigen Kompetenzentwicklung in Lebensmittelhandwerk und -industrie. Hierzu werden erste Erkenntnisse sowie eine betriebliche Sicht in der Ernahrungsbranche diskutiert. Schlusselworter: Berufsbildung fur nachhaltige Entwicklung, Modellversuche, Lebensmittelberufe, Kompetenzentwicklung, Bundesinstitut fur Berufsbildung ----- Vocational education and training for sustainable development in the professions of food trade and food industry Abstract This article describes a basic understanding of vocational education and training for sustainable development and outlines the objectives and approaches of the pilot projects on vocational education and training for sustainable development which the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training is funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The focus is on the pilot projects for sustainable competence development in the food trade and industry. The preliminary findings and operational opinions of the food sector will be discussed. Keywords: vocational education and training for sustainable development, pilot projects, food occupations, competence development, Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training ----- Bibliographie: Fernandez Caruncho, Veronica/Melzig, Christian: Berufsbildung fur nachhaltige Entwicklung in den Berufen des Lebensmittelhandwerks und der Lebensmittelindustrie, HiBiFo – Haushalt in Bildung & Forschung, 3-2020, S. 3-18. https://doi.org/10.3224/hibifo.v9i3.01

This research analyses the effects of aquaculture and food trade on the environmental quality in Egypt within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis. Using an annual time series data from 1971-2014 and employing the fully modified ordinary least squares and the Autoregressive distributed lag techniques, the study finds that the EKC hypothesis holds for carbon dioxide emission and economic growth while there is a U-shape relationship between deforestation and economic growth. Also, livestock production increases carbon dioxide emission and deforestation; urbanization reduces carbon emission and cereal production reduces carbon emission but increases deforestation. Aquaculture has a positive effect on carbon emission but reduces deforestation and food import is seen to reduce carbon emission. These findings were confirmed by results from variance decomposition effect and impulse response analyses. The outcome implies that addressing environmental degradation through these variables cannot be a ‘one-size fit all’ approach. Instead, the approach must be considered based on the primary environmental cost a particular policy seeks to address. Among others, it is recommended that there is the need for Egyptian government to adopt comparative and/or competitive advantage food trade policies in order to solidify the carbon reducing effect of food import.

Este artigo tem por objetivo caracterizar os ambientes alimentares em um município agrícola da região norte do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), analisando a disponibilidade de estabelecimentos e de alimentos, bem como o acesso dos consumidores. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com os consumidores urbanos, representantes de estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos e da feira da agricultura familiar, um representante local de política de segurança alimentar e nutricional e uma profissional da saúde no município de Palmeira das Missões (RS). Utilizou-se como técnicas de pesquisa entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação e diário de campo. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise do conteúdo por categorias do tipo temática. Foi observado maior concentração de estabelecimentos e de variedade de alimentos em bairros mais centralizados e/ou em bairros com perfil socioeconômico mais elevado; já nos bairros periféricos há maior presença de minimercados, com disponibilidade de alimentos restrita, principalmente de alimentos in natura. Os consumidores não consideram a distância física um impeditivo para o acesso aos estabelecimentos. A renda mais elevada dos consumidores permite mais possibilidades de escolhas entre os estabelecimentos e entre alimentos. Os estabelecimentos apresentam dificuldades em relação à disponibilidade e variedade de alimentos in natura devido à dependência de distribuidoras da região ou da Central de Abastecimento localizada em Porto Alegre (RS). A feira da agricultura também se localiza no centro e é estruturada com a participação de poucos agricultores familiares e pouca variedade de alimentos in natura. Portanto, embora o município seja agrícola, ele não dispõe de produção suficiente para o abastecimento local, evidenciando que, mesmo com a proximidade com o rural, existem fragilidades em relação à produção de alimentos saudáveis e adequados. This article aims to characterize the food environments in an agricultural municipality in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), analyzing the availability of establishments that commercialize food, as well as the conditions of access for consumers. This is a qualitative research which encompassed urban consumers, representatives of establishments that sell food, representatives of the family farming fair, a local representative of food and nutrition security policy, and a health professional in the municipality of Palmeira das Missões (RS). Semi-structured interviews, observation and field diary were used as research techniques. The data were analyzed through content analysis by thematic type categories. A greater concentration of establishments and a superior variety of available food was observed in more centralized neighborhoods and/or in neighborhoods with a higher socioeconomic profile; in the peripheral neighborhoods, there is a greater presence of mini markets, with restricted food availability, especially in natura food. Consumers do not consider physical distance an impediment to access food selling establishments. Higher income allows consumers to choose a larger variety of establishments and kinds of food. The establishments have difficulties in relation to the availability and variety of in natura food due to their dependence on distributors in the region or the Supply Center located in Porto Alegre (RS). The agriculture fair is also located in downtown and is structured with the participation of few family farmers and little variety of in natura foods. Therefore, although the municipality is dedicated to agriculture, it does not have enough production for local supply, evidencing that even with the proximity to rural areas, there are weaknesses in relation to the production of healthy and adequate food. In addition, it is observed that the availability of establishments and access to food in the municipality is uneven, being limited mainly to consumers with lower incomes.

Use cooking oil for everyday cooking very often used it makes the majority of community especially the food trade is highly dependent on cooking oil. Cooking oil serves as a conductor of heat, savory flavor enchancer, and adding value calorie fried foods. This study aimed to determine the relationships of knowledge, attitude, and use of cooking oil at taders around University Esa Unggul. This research is an analytical survey with cross sectional Study design. The data were obtained using questionnaire. Data processing using Chi Square Test with a confidence level of 95% and α = 0,05. This study conducted in Desember 2016 till Febuary 2017. This study population all traders in Universitasy Esa Unggul with sample 45 peoples. There is a relationship between knowledge an use of cooking oil p value 0.0 1 1 (p

The COVID‐19 pandemic has put unprecedented strain on food supply chains. Given the ever‐increasing degree of globalization, those supply chains very often stretch across international borders. In the short run, countries have largely been working to keep those supply chains intact and operating efficiently so that panic buying is cooled and shifts in consumption habits arising from personal isolation can be accommodated. Once the crisis has passed, based on what has been learned regarding the international food system's resilience, governments may wish to strengthen institutions that govern international trade. On the other hand, based on their COVID‐19 experience, governments may feel that they are too dependent on foreign sources of supply and may wish to reverse the impacts of globalization on their food systems. As a result, they may become increasingly isolationist, eschewing international cooperation. Which of these opposing forces will prevail may depend on the paths economies follow after the disequilibrium precipitated by the pandemic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Neighboring countries usually exchange goods and services, taking advantage of proximity and other shared socio-economic characteristics among citizens. This study explored the intensity of Burundi’s rice imports from Tanzania. First of all it determined and analyzed the evolution of the intensity of rice imports. Secondly, it estimated the factors which influence the intensity of rice imports. The results indicated that Burundi’s rice imports from Tanzania remained more intensive over 2003-2018. However the financial crisis which slapped the world in 2007-2008 harmed Burundi’s rice imports from Tanzania probably due to lack of finance to import. Moreover, the results revealed that the Burundian national income, its exchange rate and its trade openness significantly had a positive effect on the intensity of Burundi’s rice imports from Tanzania.

Although the food regime concept has become an important approach for addressing the global food trade, most of its applications have utilized qualitative methods. This article applies a quantitati...

The increasing number of regional blocs and interdependence of nations have become important aspects of global economic integration. The European Union (EU28) as one of the most advanced regional bodies has had preferential trade agreements with other regional bodies, such as the East African Community (EAC). Historically, the EU28 has been the EAC’s leading trading partner. Against this background, this paper analyses the dynamics of bilateral trade in agri-food between the two regional blocs for the period 2000–2018, using the battery of empirical tools. The findings indicate that even though the EU has finalised trade agreements with the EAC, it holds on the region regarding trade has diminished. The EAC bloc has diversified its trading partners (to other African countries, India and China) beyond the EU28 markets. The results further reveal that the EU28 has comparative advantages in 32 out of 46 agri-food products in trading with EAC. The export concentration ratios show the EU28 slightly concentrated more in exporting products to the EAC than EAC to the Union. The BCG findings reveal (un)competitive and/or promising (dropping) products in export structures of both regions. By and large, the results indicate certain shifts in the comparative advantage, specialisation/diversification of exports and competitiveness of specific products on the bilateral level between EU28 and EAC. Policymakers, especially from EAC should continue to create enabling environments to stimulate food processing, trade and monitor changes in trade patterns or shocks within the framework of the Partnership Agreement.

International food trade plays an important role in food security, but little research has been devoted to studying crop dynamics in importing countries caused by trade. We studied the spatiotemporal patterns of soybean planting area in China (the largest soybean importing country) in response to soybean imports. The results show how the soybean planting area from 1980 to 2012 in China is dominated by two temporal patterns, both of which first increased, then decreased, with an 8-year time lag. The first increasing-decreasing pattern is affected by increasing soybean imports, and the second increasing-decreasing pattern is driven by decreasing domestic soybean profits. The results also show spatially distinct spatial patterns: soybean planting area decreased in southeastern China while it increased in northwestern China. Our analysis of soybean planting area helps China and other food-importing countries understand spatiotemporal responses of domestic agricultural cultivations caused by international food trade and agricultural pollution management.

Russia’s food policy has been defined by the quest for food security for more than a decade, which in the Russian context includes import protectionism, self-sufficiency, and import substitution, marked by the adoption of Food Security Doctrines in 2010 and 2020. This chapter first investigates the impact of food security policy on domestic production. Food security policy has combined with an increase in state support for domestic production, leading to notable increases in output and self-sufficiency for selected commodities. The chapter also examines the impact of food security on agri-food exports, which have become a priority since 2018. Although Russia has become a leading exporter of wheat, the influence of food security is seen by the introduction of export quotas on grain starting in 2020. Despite protectionism, Russia has not withdrawn from the international food market but rather is an active and significant player as both food importer and exporter.

This chapter examines the role of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in Russia’s agricultural food trade. The discussion focuses on four of the most important areas affecting agri-food trade, namely the food safety regime, the effects of Russia’s food import ban, the agenda for agricultural cooperation, and the external free trade agreements of the bloc. The analysis identifies the critical role of structural factors in the build-up of obstacles to trade, including the weak common regime and its inability to constrain unilateral actions at the cost of integration. The chapter concludes that despite some recognition of the issues, fundamental changes are unlikely.

The chapter utilises four variables to examine Russia’s food trade from the 1970s to the present. The four variables include: frequency of entrance into the global food market; degree of food trade protectionism; degree of integration with Western global trading institutions; and degree of involvement in the global food market. For the period since 2014, the chapter concludes that thefrequencyof Russia’s entrance into the global food market is likely to remain high as an annual importer and exporter. Agriculturalprotectionismis likely to remain selectively high. The degree ofintegrationwith Western trade institutions is likely to remain low. Russia’s degree ofinvolvementwith the global food market is likely to remain high.

This chapter analyses changes in Russia’s agri-food trade relations after 2014 with a specific focus on regional trade agreements. The introduction of countersanctions against Western countries in 2014 spurred the need to replace some of Russia’s most important foreign food trade partners. Free trade agreements can be effective instruments to boost trade and strengthen ties between countries. Russia is a latecomer in the race for free trade agreements, but a series of agreements have been negotiated since 2015. The portfolio of free trade agreements is still in an early stage, but there is a clear turn to Asia in Russia’s trade. China’s role in total trade as well as in agri-food trade with Russia is considerably strengthened despite the lack of trade preferences so far.

This chapter investigates the impact of political relations on U.S. food exports to the Soviet Union and Russia. The chapter finds that during the Cold War, political relations between the United States and Russia and agricultural trade were divergent, which means that food trade was not much affected by poor relations. In the post-Soviet period, the relationship between politics and agricultural exports has become convergent, which means that political relations and U.S. exports move in the same direction. With Putin in office, U.S. agricultural exports have fallen into irrelevance, a trend that predates Russia’s 2014 food embargo against the West.

In May 2018 President Putin challenged the agricultural sector to increase the value of food exports to $45 billion by 2024, up from $26 billion in 2018. The article surveys opportunities f...

Food safety and quality assurance has become increasingly difficult in times of growing global flows of goods. In particular, the traceability of food turns out to be very challenging for retailers, resellers and state surveillance authorities. The reasons for this range from the proof of simple, but harmless modifications to the detection of health-endangering substances, bacteria or viruses. In addition, it concerns the verification of food authenticity, for example the correct declaration of the geographical origin, variety or cultivation. Such quality parameters justify higher prices and therefore, they are often in the focus of food fraudsters. Some of those qualities can be monitored by objective analytical methods, but not all of them. For ensuring the traceability of food trade networks blockchain algorithms incorporate a high potential, as data can be stored in an unmodifiable way and enabling quick tracking across all process steps, so that stakeholders as well as commodities or semi-finished items can be identified much faster. Areas of applications on one hand and limitations on the other hand are discussed in this review article and reflected with alternative strategies.

The article is a contribution to the discussion on the anticipated consequences of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union for Poland’s trade relations with this country, with particular emphasis on the likely impacts of a hard or no-deal Brexit on Polish exporters. Its aim is to provide readers with an understanding of how agri-food flows between Poland and the UK (especially Poland’s exports) could be affected once the UK departs the EU. The question is important considering that, in recent years, the UK has been the second biggest importer and a net importer of agricultural and food products from Poland. The study is based on trade data from the UN Comtrade Database and Poland’s Central Statistical Office, and on tariff data from the UK’s Department for International Trade. Taking into account the possible imposition of customs duties announced thus far by the British government on the import of agri-food products from third countries in the event of a no-trade agreement with the EU, the introduction of additional non-tariff barriers, as well as increased transactional (friction) costs and complexity of doing business with foreign partners, a hard Brexit would have serious implications for Poland’s fast growing agri-food exports to the UK. It would even lead to a collapse of some Polish supplies, particularly of meat and dairy commodities, to Great Britain. The loss of two-way preferences in trade now arising from participation in the EU single market will undermine the competitiveness of Polish producers on UK’s market both against British producers and lower cost exporters from outside the EU.

The Food Safety Law of China, which was updated and revised in 2015, has clarified the responsibility system for third-party platform providers of the online food trade, which provides a n...

Virtual water flows, incorporated in global food trade has increased the last decade. The drivers and consequences are complex. These complex relations between humans and water resources are studied from different perspectives. In this article, an overview of four such perspectives on water in global food production and trade is provided. These four perspectives are: (1) More crop per drop for increasing production, (2) Less drop per crop for reducing impacts, (3) National food security and import dependency; and (4) Local values and implications of water used in export food production. Each of the perspectives is valuable in the sense of representing different value frameworks, which represent contrasting norms and convictions, belief systems, and discourses; which are often incommensurable.

Indonesia is one of the largest exporters of groupers, both live and dead, as part of the reef fish food trade. These fisheries sub-sector plays an important role in the livelihoods of fishing comm...

Perceptions of Anglo-American dominance in movie and music trade motivate restrictions on cultural trade. Yet, the market for another cultural good, food at restaurants, is roughly ten times larger than the markets for music and film. Using TripAdvisor data on restaurant cuisines, along with Euromonitor data on overall and fast-food expenditure, this paper calculates implicit trade patterns in global cuisines for 52 destination countries. We obtain four results. First, the pattern of cuisine trade resembles the “gravity” patterns in physically traded products. Second, after accounting gravity factors, the most popular cuisines are Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Indian, and American. Third, excluding fast food, the largest net exporters of their cuisines are the Italians and the Japanese, while the largest net importers are the USA—with a 2015 deficit of over $140 billion—followed by Brazil, China, and the UK. With fast food included, the US deficit shrinks to $55 billion but remains the largest net importer along with China and, to a lesser extent, the UK and Brazil. Fourth, cuisine trade patterns more closely resemble migration patterns than patterns of food trade or patterns arising from the extent of arable land in origin countries. Cuisine trade patterns run starkly counter to the audiovisual patterns that have motivated concern about Anglo-American cultural dominance.

The effects of population growth (PG), dietary changes (DC), native rural-to-urban migration (NM), migration from regions distant from the cities (M), and agricultural patterns and practices (AP) on N use in food systems and the food trade, and on apparent and virtual nitrogen (N) and N use efficiencies (NUE), at the city scale, are not well understood. Here we selected seven Chinese cities as the study subjects, analyzed the food trade effects on apparent and virtual N inputs and NUE, and quantified the relative magnitudes of these factors on N inputs to cities' food systems during 1990–2015, by designing several scenarios. Our results show that food-sink cities are relying more and more on external food and feed, but in 2015 they transferred 33.8–74.9% of their N input for food or feed productions to areas outside their boundaries, and the food trade showed different effects on the virtual N cost of food N consumption. Apparent NUEs of food systems were 33.1–74.9% higher than those calculated from virtual N costs in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Lanzhou and Xiamen in 2015. But in cities that export large amounts of food and feed—for example, Chongqing and Changchun—apparent NUE was underestimated by 4.0–46.4% relative to virtual NUE. Native PG, DC, NM, M, and AP accounted for 1.2–14.1%, −6.6–30.0%, 0.6–8.2%, −7.7–131.0%, and −43.8–12.8%, respectively, of the increase in virtual N inputs associated with cities' food systems in 2015, compared to 1990. Our study concludes that M, DC, and AP changes should be considered for mitigating N input in these Chinese cities, and virtual N exports induced by the food trade should also be included if the city is a net food exporter. Selective food trade could help improve the NUE of cities' food systems, and virtual NUE should be used as an indicator, rather than apparent NUE.

Using Iraqi archival resources and newspapers, this article analyzes strategic perceptions of the multilateral United Nations embargo (1990–2003) by Saddam Husayn and his Ba'th Party. It shows how the regime prioritized agricultural self-sufficiency to break the embargo, used food rationing to avert famine, and instrumentalized food trade to reward cronies and punish opponents. Food security, hydropolitics, and agriculture ranked prominently in regime discussions as they were regarded as crucial to safeguard political legitimacy and assure regime survival.

Fungi have a long and intimate connection with humankind, particularly at the chemical level as a source of both harmful and beneficial compounds. Their worldwide occurrence in various food and feeds poses a major health threatening risk for human and animal and, as a consequence, mycotoxins represent an economic burden. Fortunately, not all fungal secondary metabolites are toxic to humankind such as; antibiotics, phytotoxines, enzymes and antioxidants, which represent the other side of the coin. Endophytes are now considered as an important component of biodiversity, and act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, isocoumarin derivatives, peptides and enzymes, beside their ability to produce the same or similar kind of compounds of their host plants. Today’s world challenge is ensuring the safety of food, which has been a major focus of international and national action over the last years. Legislative limits for a range of mycotoxins continue to develop worldwide, due to being carcinogenic to animals and humans, resulting in an increased number of official controls monitoring in the food supply chain deriving from national food safety plans and for food trade purposes. This review brings about the harmful (mycotoxins) and beneficial (antioxidants, antibiotics, enzymes) fungal metabolites in industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It also provides a perspective about mechanism of how can endophytic fungi metabolites play a reverse role as one of the main strategies of mycotoxin deactivation and prevention representing the other side of the coin.

Alberta’s agriculture and agri-food sector can be understood using four conceptualizations of borders. Natural borders consisting of the Rocky Mountains to the West, the Canadian Shield to the East...

The increasing policy interests and the vivid academic debate on non-tariff measures (NTMs) has stimulated a growing literature on how NTMs affect agri-food trade. The empirical literature provides contrasting and heterogeneous evidence, with some studies supporting the ‘standards as catalysts’ view, and others favouring the ‘standards as barriers’ explanation. To the extent that NTMs can influence trade, understanding the prevailing effect, and the motivations behind one effect or the other, is a pressing issue. We review a large body of empirical evidence on the effect of NTMs on agri-food trade and conduct a meta-analysis to disentangle potential determinants of heterogeneity in estimates. Our findings show the role played by the publication process and by study-specific assumptions. Some characteristics of the studies are correlated with positive significant estimates, others covary with negative significant estimates. Overall, we found that the effects of NTMs vary across types of NTMs, proxy for NTMs, and levels of details of studies. Not negligible is the influence of methodological issues and publication process.

The article is devoted to the problem of revealing peculiarities of mutual influence and interdependence of changes in the economic structure of Ukraine and its participation in international economic relations at different stages of historical development. The purpose of the study is to summarize the historical and economic generalization of the experience of structural transformation in domestic agriculture from 1950 to 1960 in the context of foreign trade in food. It was revealed that the political need to resume bread exports after World War II was an important reason for the beginning of the reform of Soviet crisis-hit agriculture. The main directions of reforms are identified, such as the increase of public investments in the development of agrarian industry, reduction of taxes on producers, increase in state procurement prices for agricultural products, expansion of the acreage through the development of virgin lands, sharp increase in corn output, and advanced development of animal husbandry. It was found that the reduction of administrative pressure on producers, their increased material incentives and improvement of technical support of the enterprises caused a temporary economic recovery in the agrarian sector. It is proved that the curtailment of this policy due to the lack of domestic sources of financing and the predominance of extensive forms of management led to a slowdown in the development of agriculture, an increase in its crisis phenomena and the formation of dependence on food imports. Proposals are made on possible directions of using elements of historical experience gained in contemporary economic policy of Ukraine.

With the globalization of food trade, we are observing tremendous changes in eating patterns of youngsters. Snack bars represent convenient, appropriately portioned, Ready-To-Eat food items, which not only supply nutrients to the body but also provide a feeling of satiety. The aim of this study was to formulate a novel high-protein, low Glycemic Index and low-fat snack bar that can be eaten on-the-move. Twelve different pulse-based bar formulations were developed and 85.1% of sensory panelists indicated that they particularly liked the taste of formulation M1. Since M1 contained peanuts, a nut-free and date-free equivalent (mM1) was developed to cater for individuals with allergies to these ingredients. A dehydrated mix (DM) based on the mM1 composition, was also developed. The microbiological and sensorial shelf lives of the products were then determined during storage at either ambient (ca. 23 ℃) or refrigerated temperatures (ca. 4 ℃) by determining counts of aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold. Mean aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold counts of M1 fell in the range of 8.4–9.4 and 4.5–5.4 log cfu/g and 7.5–8.6 and 3.8–4.9 log cfu/g during storage at room and refrigerated temperatures respectively. Aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold counts were consistently higher under ambient storage. Since a microbial population density >7 Log CFU/g usually marks the onset of microbiological spoilage, the bars were estimated to have a microbiological shelf-life of

The paper investigates the key insights of European Union (EU) member states agri-food export and import structures and main competitors in the internal and global agri-food markets in terms of geographical distributions and product coverage. The focus is on four agri-food product groups in global trade: fruit and vegetable products, grain products, meat products, and dairy products. The identification of the major competitors in internal EU markets and major EU competitors in global agri-food trade by calculating revealed comparative advantage indices show considerable differences by products and product groups, but in general the major competitors of the EU member states in the analysed global agri-food markets were particularly overseas countries such as the United States of America, Canada, Argentina, New Zealand, and Australia.

近代工業勃興期にある1920年代の中国の食料の海外依存を検討した。その背景には，増加する鉱工業労働者への食料供給をどのようにして担ったのかという問題意識がある。当時の中国の穀物生産は拡大していないものの，鉱工業労働者は大きな増加を見るからであり，輸入穀物によってそれを賄ったのではないかと考えた。そこで中国の北京大学図書館で閲覧した『中國各通商口岸對各國進出口貿易統計』によって当時の食料貿易を把握した。期間を通じて上海を中心とした中部の港では欧米からの輸入拡大が認められた。従来それは中国の工業化に伴う工業原料の輸入とみられていたが，食料貿易も大きなシェアを持っていたことが明らかになった。特に小麦，米，小麦粉などの穀物の輸入がその主力であった。小麦においてはオーストラリアをはじめとしてアメリカ合衆国やカナダ，米においては香港をはじめとして英領インドやフランス領インドシナなどアジアからの輸入が中心であった。このように，20世紀初めの中国の近代工業化の一翼を支えたのは海外からの食料供給であったといえる。同時にそれは今日経済成長を遂げる中国とその食料の海外依存という文脈にも当てはまる。

Edible bird's nest (EBN) swiftlet existed naturally 48,000 years ago in caves as their natural dwellings. Nowadays, edible bird's nest has become a very important industry due to its high nutritional, medicinal and economic value. Additionally, edible bird's nest has a long quality guarantee period. Obviously, the nutritional components and medicinal functions vary depending on geographical origins. Recently, the global demand for edible bird's nest has markedly increased, accompanied by the increasing attention of all key players of the global food trade system, i.e., producers, consumers, traders and the authorities to obtain safe and high-quality edible bird's nest. Hence, this target can be accomplished via the enforcement of an efficient and universal geo-tracing technique. Current methods of the geo-tracking of edible bird's nest, i.e., automation, physical and analytical techniques have several limitations and all of them fail to discriminate different quality grades of edible bird's nest. Meanwhile, in many studies and applications, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) has proven to be a “cutting edge” technique for greatly enhance food traceability from field to fork through its ability in distinguishing the food products in terms of their quality and safety. This article provides an overview of (1) edible bird's nest as a multiuse strategic food product, (2) quality issues associated with edible bird’s nest including implications that the site of acquisition of the edible bird’s nest has food safety implications, (3) current regulations and geo-tracking approaches to ensure the safety and quality of edible bird’s nest with the special focus on polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique as a vigorous and universal geo-tracing tool to be suggested for edible bird's nest geo-traceability.