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Small businesses often face a high risk of bankruptcy and harsh financing conditions, which can hamper them from engaging in innovation. This paper investigates whether a bankruptcy system that guarantees a good recovery rate for creditors in case of firms’ liquidation stimulates small businesses’ innovation investments through lower interest rates and therefore easier access to credit. With the help of a borrower-lender model, we derive insights about the interactions between bankruptcy recovery rate, borrowing interest rates and firms’ investments in innovation. The model gives theoretical underpinnings for a subsequent empirical analysis. By using a crosscountry sample of micro (1–9 employees)-, small (10–49 employees)-, and medium (50–249 employees)-sized enterprises (MSMEs), our study provides three main results. It shows that an increase in the bankruptcy recovery rate a) is positively associated to MSMEs’ investments in innovation (investment effect); b) reduces the share of MSMEs that are credit constrained because the cost of borrowing is too high (constraint effect); c) reduces the interest rates dispersion for highly profitable MSMEs (dispersion effect). Overall, our findings suggest that improving creditors recovery rate can help promote the innovative behaviour of small businesses through easier financing conditions.

The problems of intellectual property market development have been investigated. It is proved that without the successful functioning of this market it is impossible to ensure the innovative development of the country. The characteristics of the intellectual property market, as well as the factors restraining its development, have been determined. The most important of them are significant volumes of outflow of Ukrainian scientists to foreign countries, low quality of Ukrainian patents, high level of counterfeiting and piracy, corruption pressure on the development and use of intellectual property, insufficient level of material support, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop measures to strengthen the factors that contribute to the development of the intellectual property market and reduce the negative impact of factors on the Ukrainian technological market. To achieve the goal, it is proposed to introduce organizational and legal measures to improve the working conditions of employees of the main scientific institution of the country, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine, the institutes of which produce most intellectual developments, as well as to form special financial and material mechanisms to support innovation at the expense of budget funds. Using the example of reforming the institutes of NAS, according to the proposed measures, proposals have been formed to preserve scientific personnel, intensify the cooperation of scientific institutions with business, built on the interest of all parties in the field of technology commercialization. Counteraction to counterfeiting is proposed to be carried out taking into account a more accurate calculation of the commercial risks to which business entities are exposed in the manufacture and use of innovations. It is recommended to strengthen the level of legal protection of exclusive rights. Legislative initiatives on the development of the intellectual property market have been formed, which relate to changes in patent legislation regarding utility models and bringing it to EU conditions

The existing literature has shown that, in the context of conventional bank lending to small businesses, trust reduces interest rates. However, the literature has not discussed the role of trust in supporting financing decisions, that is, the margin charged to small business managers at Islamic banks. We select murabaha, the most popular financing product offered by Islamic banks, and examine the role of trust in reducing margins charged for murabaha. We surveyed Islamic bank managers and asked them about the perceived benevolence (habitualization) and perceived integrity (institutionalization) of small business managers with whom they are dealing. We found trust is negatively associated with the margins charged to small businesses. Our results are robust to endogeneity.

As concessões são uma modalidade de Parceria Público-Privada (PPP) adotada por diversos governos do Brasil e do mundo no intuito de garantir a execução de investimentos e a prestação de serviços aos usuários de rodovias. Por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura nacional e internacional sobre o tema, o presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar os principais conceitos, vantagens e desvantagens relacionados a essa forma de parceria, bem como compreender o complexo processo de financiamento desses projetos, que envolve a participação de diversos atores com interesses distintos.

Este trabajo analiza y compara el marco regulador aplicable a las plataformas de financiación colectiva existentes en la Unión Europea, España y Latinoamérica, con enfoque en los países de México, Brasil, Argentina, Colombia y Perú. Se concluye la existencia de una gran heterogeneidad en el grado de desarrollo del marco normativo y en el propio contenido de las normas entre la Unión Europea y Latinoamérica, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de una armonización de los marcos regulatorios internacionales en aras de favorecer la expansión de este tipo de industria y la seguridad de los inversores internacionales This paper analyzes and compares the regulatory framework applicable to existing crowdfunding platforms in the European Union, Spain and Latin America, with a focus on the countries of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru. The existence of a great heterogeneity in the degree of development of the regulatory framework and in the content of the regulations between the European Union and Latin America is concluded, which highlights the need for a harmonization of international regulatory frameworks in order to favor the expansion of this type of industry and the security of international investors. Este artigo analisa e compara o quadro regulamentar aplicável às plataformas de crowdfunding existentes na União Europeia, Espanha e América Latina, com foco nos países do México, Brasil, Argentina, Colômbia e Peru. Conclui-se a existência de uma grande heterogeneidade no grau de desenvolvimento do quadro regulamentar e no conteúdo dos regulamentos entre a União Europeia e a América Latina, o que evidencia a necessidade de uma harmonização dos quadros regulamentares internacionais para favorecer a expansão deste tipo de indústria e a segurança dos investidores internacionais.

PurposeAccess to financing is a key success factor for start-ups. High failure rates, long payback periodse and asymmetries lead to conservative pricing and valuation discounts. The authors examine financial marketing and contingent factors, as enablers of a “patent premium” by private equity (PE) investors targeting start-ups in their growth and expansion stages.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from the contingency, innovation and signaling theories, the authors collect patent records for Italian start-ups in which a higher than 30% stake was acquired by PE investors during the period 2014–2020. The authors apply a generalized linear model with a logit link and robust clustered error to test the key relationships and control for endogeneity with a Heckman two-stage selection model.FindingsFindings indicate start-ups’ access to financing is significantly impacted by marketing constructs adopted in the operation. Innovation alone does not suffice to determine a valuation premium, unless contingent on the promotion of its product, the placement -investors targeted-of the equity, brand equity levers of previous ownership and marketing competence backing the deal.Originality/valueThe authors provide new insights in the marketing-finance interface, highlighting levers that reassure investors and enable monetizing innovation in start-ups that are still privately held. The authors bridge a gap in literature that has mainly focused on venture capital and innovation financing in the open market, as well as a significant gap regarding the marketing design of private equity placements.

Research with the title creditor position in consumer financing agreements as a result of fiduciary guarantees not being registered, will raise two problems as follows, first, what are the characteristics of consumer financing agreements with fiduciary guarantees, and second, how default is non-fulfillment of achievements or obligations set by certain parties in an engagement. The methodology used in analyzing the problems in this study uses a normative juridical method with two approaches, namely the statutory approach and the concept approach, to produce an in-depth analysis. Based on the discussion that has been carried out in the previous chapter, the following conclusions can be formulated: First, that the characteristics of consumer financing agreements with fiduciary guarantees. The agreement is made by default the contents of the agreement, and the agreement is the principal agreement. Furthermore, it is bound by a fiduciary guarantee agreement which is an assecoir agreement (additional agreement) to the main agreement. After an agreement is reached, then the fiduciary guarantee will be charged and the fiduciary guarantee will be registered in accordance with Government Regulation No. 21 of 2015. The position of the creditor does not register the fiduciary guarantee object as a concurrent creditor. Second, default is the non-fulfillment of achievements or obligations set by certain parties in an engagement. Default in the guarantee is said to cancel the guarantee agreement, and only the main agreement applies. The implementation of the execution of fiduciary guarantees can be done in 3 ways, in accordance with article 29 UUJF, the 3 ways are by means of executorial titles, parateexecutie and private sales. Legal protection for debtors in the forced withdrawal of fiduciary collateral objects that are not registered, namely there are preventive and repressive protections. And the settlement can be done peacefully (kindly), win-win solution or through consumer dispute resolution institutions such as BPSK.

Background Insufficient funding is frequently identified as a critical barrier to the implementation and sustainment of evidence-based practices (EBPs). Thus, increasing access to funding is recognized as an implementation strategy. Policies that create earmarked taxes—defined as taxes for which revenue can only be spent on specific activities—are an increasingly common mental health financing strategy that could improve the reach of EBPs. This project’s specific aims are to (1) identify all jurisdictions in the USA that have implemented earmarked taxes for mental health and catalogue information about tax design; (2) characterize experiences implementing earmarked taxes among local (e.g., county, city) mental health agency leaders and other government and community organization officials and assess their perceptions of the acceptability and feasibility of different types of policy implementation strategies; and (3) develop a framework to guide effect earmarked tax designs, inform the selection of implementation strategies, and disseminate the framework to policy audiences. Methods The project uses the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework to inform data collection about the determinants and processes of tax implementation and Leeman’s typology of implementation strategies to examine the acceptability and feasibility strategies which could support earmarked tax policy implementation. A legal mapping will be conducted to achieve aim 1. To achieve aim 2, a survey will be conducted of 300 local mental health agency leaders and other government and community organization officials involved with the implementation of earmarked taxes for mental health. The survey will be followed by approximately 50 interviews with these officials. To achieve aim 3, quantitative and qualitative data will be integrated through a systematic framework development and dissemination process. Discussion This exploratory policy implementation process study will build the evidence base for outer-context implementation determinants and strategies by focusing on policies that earmarked taxes for mental health services.

This paper analyses the existing modes of financing a university education in Uganda. Different parties, including the state, the student (household), donors, and the institution itself, are financing university education in Uganda. However, students are the primary source of funds for university education. Over the years, the fees charged to university students have been increasing to the extent that they are now becoming unaffordable to many students considering the current average annual household income. While the government is involved in funding university education, the level of involvement is unsatisfactory besides being discriminative. The existing government sponsorship scheme indirectly favours students from affluent families and denies access to poor students. The existing loan scheme focuses only on STEM courses and ignores students whose potentials are in the arts sector. However, in doing all this, the state uses taxpayers' money. Indirectly, poor households finance the education of students from affluent families while students from low-income families must struggle on their own. Therefore, it is submitted in this paper that the existing funding mechanism for university education in Uganda should be revisited and made fair, sustainable, and inclusive. The paper reviews literature relevant to the topic by adopting a general literature review methodology. It highlights the involvement of different partners that finance university education in Uganda and the benefits of university education. The paper submits that a better funding model for university education should involve the student, the university, and the state should take the leading role.

The COVID-19 pandemic has committed the Spanish country situation and as an international development cooperation donor. While the strategies documents production has been extensive in recent months, there are still alarming gaps in funding. The next decade must be a few changes in the 2030 Agenda framework: ODA concept definition, diversify its sources of financing and make a clear commitment to policy coherence towards sustainable development. La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha puesto en mayor relieve la situación que atraviesa no solo España como país, sino también su política de cooperación internacional para el desarrollo. Si bien en los últimos meses ha sido prolija la producción de estrategias, en relación con la financiación sigue habiendo incumplimientos alarmantes. España debe afrontar la próxima década de la Agenda 2030 con un cambio de concepto de su ayuda, diversificar sus fuentes de financiación y hacer una clara apuesta por la coherencia de políticas hacia un desarrollo sostenible. La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en évidence la situation que l’Espagne traverse non seulement en tant que pays, mais aussi sa politique de coopération internationale pour le développement. Bien qu’il y ait eu beaucoup de production de stratégies au cours des derniers mois, en ce qui concerne le financement, il y a encore des manquements alarmants. L’Espagne doit faire face à la prochaine décennie de l’Agenda 2030 en changeant le concept de son aide, en diversifiant ses sources de financement et en s’engageant clairement en faveur de la cohérence des politiques en faveur du développement durable.

The objective of this article is to study the links between the financing of primary education, schooling and economic growth in France in the nineteenth century. To do so, we use information on the financing allocated by the State, the departments, the municipalities, and households over the period 1820–1913. Our analysis is in two stages. First, we analyse the evolution of these different types of financing over time, relying on the outliers’ methodology to detect the existence of possible breaks in the series. Next, we study the causal relationships between the different types of financing, the number of children enrolled in primary education and the gross domestic product. Over the period studied, our results confirm that mass schooling is primarily driven by political will, before being explained by the increase in wealth available in the economy.

The purpose of this research is to solve the problem of financing export-oriented MSMEs affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, by exploring and building Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk (CWLS) model. The research method used is qualitative. The data sources used are of the secondary type in the form of journal articles, books, reports from the government, national news websites, and other relevant sources that have previously been accessed and downloaded. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis, by analyzing the reference sources that have been collected and then integrated with the research argument. The results show that CWLS model has the potential to be an alternative source of new funding that is safe, easy, and risk-free for export-oriented MSMEs actors affected by the pandemic. Other findings show that the potential for cash waqf that can be explored in Indonesia reaches IDR. 13.9 trillion per year, so it has the opportunity to finance as many as 27,800 new export-oriented MSMEs. In addition, the value of the use of waqf funds is quite large, reaching IDR. 1.3 trillion with a two-year tenor. This value is sufficient to finance social development projects such as mosques or schools.

The study examined the experience of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine. Renewable energy is one of the tools to enhance decarbonization and meet the obligations taken within the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, and under the Paris Agreement. Ukraine has factors impeding the investments, resulting in a high cost of capital. Overall, there are five main options of financing theoretically available: lending, primarily with the aid of international financial institutions; funding of renewable energy projects by municipalities; voluntary associations of citizens; securities; irrevocable financial assistance. The future instruments include securities and a recently announced mechanism to finance renewable energy projects in the frame of the Green Deal. The most expansive spread option for funding renewable energy projects was lending with the help of international financial institutions. Due to the bilateral electricity market transition of Ukraine in 2019, Ukraine failed to found a model for sustainable financing of electricity from renewables, resulted in the accumulation of significant debt with the feed-in tariff payment. This fact hinders the planned and potential future investments until a sustainable model of financing is found.

Цифровизация в настоящее время справедливо рассматривается как новая существенная парадигма в экономическом и общественном развитии. Практически во всех странах внедрение цифровых технологий стало важнейшим приоритетом, на цифровой базе получили развитие принципиально новые технологии искусственного интеллекта, робототехники, Интернета вещей, беспроводной связи и ряда других, внедрение которых способно значительно повысить производительность труда. Одним из базовых направлений цифровизации стало формирование исследовательских компетенций и технологических заделов на основе создания системы поддержки поисковых, прикладных исследований и разработок в области цифровой экономики, обеспечивающих независимость сквозных технологий, конкурентоспособных на глобальном уровне и защищающих национальную безопасность. При этом глобальное цифровое общество — это общество непрерывного накопления соответствующих знаний. В данной статье рассмотрены ключевые проблемы целеполагания и финансирования в рамках национального проекта (программы) «Цифровая экономика Российской Федерации», в том числе в аспекте развития цифрового государственного управления. Показано, что задача ускоренного развития цифровых технологий в экономике и социальной сфере, определенная в данном документе — одна из наиболее актуальных для России, особенно с учетом новых вызовов, связанных с обеспечением экономической и технологической безопасности и цифрового суверенитета в условиях беспрецедентного санкционного давления. Однако национальный проект (программа) «Цифровая экономика Российской Федерации» решает эту задачу еще недостаточно эффективно. Проблемы с финансированием и целеполаганием (ключевым направлением программы является цифровизация сферы государственных услуг, а не взаимосвязь цифровой экономики с реальной) увеличивают технологические риски, связанные с необходимостью создания сквозных технологий преимущественно на основе отечественных разработок., Digitalization is now rightly regarded as a new essential paradigm in economic and social development. In almost all countries, the introduction of digital technologies has become a top priority; fundamentally new technologies of artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, wireless communications and a number of others have been developed on a digital basis, the introduction of which can significantly increase labor productivity. One of the basic areas of digitalization has become the formation of research competencies and technological reserves based on the creation of a support system for search, applied research and development in the field of the digital economy, which ensures the independence of end-to-end technologies that are globally competitive and protect national security. At the same time, the global digital society is a society of continuous accumulation of relevant knowledge. This article analyses the key problems of goal-setting and financing within the framework of the national project (program) “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”, including in the aspect of the development of digital public administration. It is shown that the task of accelerated development of digital technologies in the economy and social sphere, defined in this document, is one of the most relevant for Russia, especially given the new challenges associated with ensuring economic and technological security and digital sovereignty in the face of unprecedented sanctions pressure. However, the national project (program) “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” does not solve this problem effectively yet. Problems with funding and goal setting (the key focus of the program is the digitalization of public services, and not the relationship between the digital economy and the real one) increase technological risks associated with the need to create end-to-end technologies mainly based on domestic developments.

В статье рассмотрено технологическое развитие нефтегазовой отрасли в условиях беспрецедентного санкционного режима со стороны недружественных стран. Отмечена значимость нефтегазового комплекса для технологического перевооружения, с целью сокращения зависимости от иностранных технологий. Показано, что санкционные ограничения и всемирное падение цен на углеводороды в краткосрочной перспективе не оказали серьезного воздействия на нанефтегазовой комплекс России. В целях сокращения зависимости от технологического оборудования недружественных стран рассмотрена форма международной кооперации в виде технологического партнерства, которая может быть крайне полезна, причем не только опыт партнерств по разработке новых технологий, но и опыт кооперации для трансфера и адаптации уже существующих технологий. Несмотря на очевидную значимость нефтегазового комплекса в обеспечении федерального бюджета валютной выручкой текущая ситуация отмечается несколькими важными негативными факторами, оказывающими определенное влияние на его развитие. Показано, что в условиях глобальной нестабильности необходимы крупные инвестиции в разработку современного российского технологического оборудования на уровне среднемирового показателя (2–6% к ВВП) высокоразвитых стран. Предложены основные решения технологического развития в нефтегазовой отрасли России., The article examines the technological development of the oil and gas industry in the context of an unprecedented sanctions regime by unfriendly countries. The importance of the oil and gas complex for technological requipment, in order to reduce dependence on foreign technologies, was noted. It is shown that in the conditions of sanctions restrictions and the worldwide drop in prices for hydrocarbons in the short term did not have serious consequences for the oil and gas complex. In order to reduce dependence on technological equipment of unfriendly countries, the form of international cooperation in the form of technological partnership is considered, which can be extremely useful, and not only the experience of partnerships for the development of new technologies, but also the experience of cooperation for the transfer and adaptation of existing technologies. Despite the obvious importance of the oil and gas complex in providing the federal budget with foreign exchange earnings, the current situation is marked by several important negative factors that have a certain impact on its development. It is shown that in conditions of global instability, large investments are needed in the development of modern Russian technological equipment at the level of the global average (2-8% of GDP) of highly developed countries. The main solutions of technological development in the oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation are proposed.

на основе анализа финансового и административного законодательства, подходов, сложившихся в правовой доктрине, а также с учетом опыта институциональной реформы Китая автор предпринимает попытку определить ключевые направления формирования современной правовой модели управления денежно-кредитным механизмом, которые могут иметь значение для развития науки финансового и административного права, а также могут быть использованы в целях совершенствования финансового и административного законодательства. Статья представляет собой рассуждения автора по выделенным им проблемам в рамках обозначенной темы, сопровождающиеся краткими выводами. По мнению автора, настоятельной необходимостью является проведение в государстве административной реформы, направленной на разграничение функций Правительства РФ и финансового мегарегулятора и подчинения Банка России Правительству РФ. В условиях беспрецедентного санкционного режима это позволит Российской Федерации освободиться от финансового влияния коллективного Запада, а также усилить контроль государства за функционированием банковской системы., based on the analysis of financial and administrative legislation, the approaches that have developed in the legal doctrine, and also taking into account the experience of China’s institutional reform, the author makes an attempt to identify the key directions in the formation of a modern legal model for managing the monetary mechanism, which may be important for the development of the science of financial and financial administrative law, as well as the improvement of financial and administrative legislation. The article is the author’s reasoning on the problems identified by him, accompanied by brief conclusions. According to the author, an urgent need is to carry out an administrative reform in the state aimed at delimiting the functions of the Government of the Russian Federation and the financial mega-regulator and subordinating the Bank of Russia to the Government of the Russian Federation. In the context of an unprecedented sanctions regime, this will allow the Russian Federation to free itself from Western financial influence, as well as to strengthen state control over the functioning of the banking system.

Высокотехнологичная медицинская помощь является важным элементом системы отечественного здравоохранения с длительной историей. Однако события последних лет (пандемия COVID-19, западные санкции, увеличение бюджетных расходов на оборону страны) нарушают сложившиеся отношения в обществе, могут привести к уменьшению ВВП, необходимости сдерживания роста затрат на социальные нужды. Это делает актуальными исследования по оценке результатов и перспектив развития наиболее затратного вида медицинской помощи. Цель исследования: на основании анализа показателей высокотехнологичной медицинской помощи оценить результаты её оказания и сформулировать условия развития на ближайшую перспективу. Материалы и методы. Исследование основано на сведениях из форм федерального статистического наблюдения, данных портала «Электронный бюджет». Для оценки полученных данных использовались методы описательной статистики. Результаты. В современной России объемы высокотехнологичной медицинской помощи растут со средним темпом 10% в год, а ежегодные расходы из государственной казны на её оказание достигают 0,5 трлн. рублей. В период пандемии COVID-19 объемы «обычных» операций сократились на 21%, а высокотехнологичных – на 2,1%, что свидетельствует о сильной экономической заинтересованности медицинских организации в оказании данного вида помощи. По показателю обеспеченности населения эндоваскулярными вмешательствами на коронарных артериях Россия приблизилась к таким странам, как Норвегия и Италия и опережает Южную Корею, Канаду, Испании, Великобританию, Португалию. При этом в РФ продолжается рост смертности населения, в том числе трудоспособного возраста, от наиболее частых причин. Снижается безопасность высокотехнологичных хирургических вмешательств. Послеоперационная летальность при выполнении высокотехнологичных вмешательств по всем типам операций увеличилась с 0,90% в 2017 году до 1,25% в 2020 и 2021 годах, или в 1,4 раза, а при наиболее часто выполняемых операциях на коронарных сосудах – в 1,6 раза (с 2,08% в 2017 году до 3,45% в 2021 году). Имеются претензии к качеству ценообразования в секторе ВМП, так как из года в год происходит как повышение, так и снижение размера норматива финансовых затрат на одни и те же методы ВМП. При этом сохраняются недостаточная доступность статистики, отражающей объемы финансирования и результаты оказания ВМП. Выводы. Правительству Российской Федерации целесообразно обеспечить полное исключение частных коммерческих страховых организаций из числа участников процессов доведения средств государственной казны до государственных медицинских организаций, оказывающих высокотехнологичную медицинскую помощь. Минздраву России необходимо принять меры по совершенствованию организационно-экономической системы оказания высокотехнологичной медицинской помощи: включить в процедуры составления перечня высокозатратных видов и методов лечения действенные средства оценки их клинической эффективности и безопасности, обеспечить качество расчетов нормативов финансовых затрат, а также восстановить доступность для общества медико-экономической статистики медицинской помощи по каждому из её видов., Hi-tech medical care is an important element of a system of domestic health care with long history. However, events of the last years (COVID-19 pandemic, the western sanctions, increase in the budgetary defense expenditure of the country) break the developed relations in society, can lead to reduction of GDP, need of control of growth of costs of social needs. It does relevant researches on assessment of results and prospects of development of the most expensive type of medical care. Research objective: on the basis of the analysis of key indicators of hi-tech medical care to estimate results of its rendering and to formulate development conditions on the near-term outlook. Materials and methods. The research is based on data from forms of federal statistical observation, data of the Electronic Budget portal. For assessment of the obtained data methods of descriptive statistics were used. Results. Volumes of hi-tech medical care grow in modern Russia with the average speed of 10% a year, and annual expenses from the state treasury on VMP reach 0.5 billion rubles. In the period of COVID-19 pandemic volumes of "usual" operations were reduced by 21%, and hi-tech – for 2.1% that testifies to strong economic interest medical the organizations in rendering the help of this type. On an indicator of security of the population with endovascular interventions on coronary arteries Russia approached such countries as Norway and Italy and advances South Korea, Canada, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal. At the same time in the Russian Federation growth of mortality of the population, including working-age, from the most frequent reasons continues. The quality worsens, safety of hi-tech medical care decreases. Postoperative lethality when performing hi-tech interventions on all types of operations increased from 0.90% in 2017 to 1.25% in 2020 and 2021, or by 1.4 times, and at the often carried most out operations on coronary vessels – by 1.6 times (from 2.08% in 2017 up to 3.45% in 2021). There are bases for a low estimate of quality of pricing in the sector of VMP as from year to year there is both an increase, and decrease in the size of the standard of financial costs of the VMP same methods. At the same time the opacity and insufficient availability to society of statistics reflecting the amounts of financing and results of rendering VMP remain. Conclusions. It is expedient to Government of the Russian Federation to provide a complete elimination of private commercial insurance companies from among participants of processes of distribution and bringing means of the state treasury to the all-state medical organizations providing hi-tech medical care. The Russian Ministry of Health needs to take measures for improvement of an organizational and economic system of rendering hi-tech medical care: to include effective means of assessment of their efficiency and safety in procedures of drawing up the list of high cost types and methods of treatment, to provide quality of calculations of standards of financial expenses and control of excess volumes of the help and also to restore availability to society of medico-economic statistics of the medical care provided at the expense of public funds on each of its types.

Objective: Identify the determining factors that explain the poor business performance in Metropolitan Lima during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Factor analysis was used to group the problems that Metropolitan Lima companies faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify the main factors associated with these problems. Subsequently, the effects that the factors had on business performance were estimated, which are understood as the companies' sales index. Results: The factors associated with liquidity and operational problems had a negative and statistically significant effect on the companies' sales index. However, the factor associated with liquidity problems was decisive in explaining the behavior of the sales index in companies in Metropolitan Lima during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The problems associated with access to financing and lack of liquidity of companies are the ones that explain to a greater extent the poor business performance in Metropolitan Lima during the COVID-19 pandemic., Objetivo: Identificar los factores determinantes que explican el bajo desempeño empresarial en Lima Metropolitana durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Método: Se utilizó el análisis factorial para agrupar los problemas que enfrentaron las empresas de Lima Metropolitana durante la pandemia del COVID-19, y también para identificar los principales factores asociados a estos problemas. Luego se estimaron los efectos que tuvieron los factores sobre el desempeño empresarial, entendido como el índice de ventas de las empresas. Resultados: Los factores asociados a los problemas de liquidez y operatividad tuvieron un efecto negativo y estadísticamente significativo sobre el índice de ventas de las empresas. Sin embargo, el factor asociado a los problemas de liquidez fue determinante para explicar el comportamiento del índice de ventas en las empresas de Lima Metropolitana durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Conclusión: Los problemas asociados al acceso a financiamiento y falta de liquidez de las empresas son los que explican en mayor medida el bajo desempeño empresarial en Lima Metropolitana durante la pandemia del COVID-19.

There is a continuous increase in the number of humanitarian crises around the world. The number of armed conflicts and attacks on civilians is increasing at an alarming rate. Natural disasters compounded by climate change and population growth are also occurring more frequently and with increasing intensity. Given that over 60 million people have been forcibly displaced worldwide, prolonged forced displacement has become the biggest humanitarian, development, political and economic challenge. The needs are increasingly outweighing resources, and humanitarian aid and civil protection are becoming increasingly complex. Funds for humanitarian aid come from the budgets of individual countries. In situations of severe crisis, other state authorities may also decide to grant humanitarian aid from the funds at their disposal. In addition, there are many options for providing humanitarian aid. The purpose of the article is to present methods as crowdfunding for financing humanitarian crises that do not belong to state funds. Most often they come from community collections or projects where more people are involved. It must be admitted, however, that this assistance still seems disproportionately small in relation to the needs.

As a consequence of the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, there is an urgent need to provide the defence forces with weapons and military equipment. Under the conditions of the enemy’s influence and destruction of enterprises of the defence-industrial complex, lack of sufficient human, production, time and financial resources, disruption of logistics processes and damage of transport infrastructure, impossibility of export-import operations, a sharp increase in the arms production becomes impossible. Therefore, the international financial assistance of partners and Ukraine Lend-Lease Act enacted by US Congress create the possibility for the Armed Forces of Ukraine to acquire the necessary capabilities and to get closer to victory over the enemy, regardless of its numerical superiority in personnel and weapons. The article examines the peculiarities of the provision of international assistance by partners, which is a guarantee of proper protection of the country and victory in the war., Через повномасштабну агресію РФ проти України виникла гостра необхідність забезпечення складових сил оборони озброєнням і військовою технікою. В умовах впливу та знищення противником підприємств оборонно-промислового комплексу, відсутності достатніх людських, виробничих, часових та фінансових ресурсів, порушення логістичних процесів, транспортної інфраструктури, унеможливлення проведення експортно-імпортних операцій різке збільшення обсягів виробництва озброєння стає неможливим. Тому міжнародна фінансова допомога партнерів та прийняття ленд-лізу США створює можливість набуття Збройними Силами України необхідних спроможностей та наближення перемоги над противником, не зважаючи на його чисельну перевагу в особовому складі та озброєнні. У статті розглянуто особливості надання міжнародної допомоги партнерів, яка є запорукою належного захисту країни та перемоги у війні.

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the objectives of the health care system had to be adapted to the changing circumstances, in order to meet the health needs of patients, but also the expectations of medical workers related to ensuring safe working conditions in the crisis situation. The activities of medical staff are greatly affected by organizational and financial changes in health care systems, which affect both the health care systems all over the world and the functioning of all forms of health care. The article examines the organizational and financial changes resulting from the introduction of regulations affecting the conditions of primary health care (PHC) workers in Poland from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to May 8, 2021. The findings regarding measures taken to ensure the stability of PHC functioning during the pandemic highlight that the public health emergency exposed a significant need to introduce organizational and financial changes in PHC. The changes arising from legislation and good practices of medical, organizational and financial character resulted in health care system modernizations in Poland. It is worth stressing, however, that there is a great need to maintain coherence when implementing organizational and financial changes affecting the fluidity and effectiveness of the actions taken by PHC personnel, and thus their working conditions, when implementing future responses to public health emergencies. Such changes should be based on an analysis of the solutions introduced since the beginning of the pandemic in Poland: these include organizational changes such as housing conditions, organization of work and workplaces, flow of information and way of supplying the patient, and financial changes involving mobilization of additional financial resources. The article presents a list of future research questions that merit consideration when setting problems and priorities: these can be used to guide the introduction of permanent modifications to the functioning of PHC in Poland and to facilitate possible future adaptation in times of emergency. Med Pr. 2021;72(5):591-604.W związku z wybuchem pandemii COVID-19 cele systemu ochrony zdrowia musiały zostać dostosowane do zmieniającego się otoczenia, aby zrealizować potrzeby zdrowotne pacjentów i wypełnić oczekiwania personelu medycznego dotyczące zapewnienia bezpiecznych warunków pracy w zaistniałej sytuacji kryzysowej. Zmiany działalności personelu medycznego, które wynikają przede wszystkim ze zmian organizacyjno-finansowych, dotyczą systemów ochrony zdrowia na całym świecie i wpływają na funkcjonowanie wszystkich form opieki zdrowotnej. Celem tego artykułu jest wskazanie zmian organizacyjnych i finansowych wynikających z wprowadzonych od ogłoszenia przez WHO pandemii do 8 maja 2021 r. aktów prawnych i zaleceń wpływających na warunki pracy personelu medycznego podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej (POZ) w Polsce. Przegląd wprowadzonych działań w zakresie zapewnienia stabilności funkcjonowania POZ w warunkach pandemii pozwala stwierdzić, że sytuacja zagrożenia zdrowia publicznego ujawniła znaczną potrzebę wprowadzenia zmian organizacyjno-finansowych. Skutkiem zmian wynikających z legislacji oraz dobrych praktyk o istocie medycznej, organizacyjnej i finansowej są modyfikacje systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce, które mogą w nim pozostać. Warto jednak podkreślić, że jednym z istotnych wyzwań w zakresie przyszłych reakcji systemu ochrony zdrowia, w tym POZ, na stany zagrożenia zdrowia publicznego jest zachowanie spójności zmian organizacyjnych i finansowych wpływających na płynność oraz skuteczność działań podejmowanych przez personel POZ, a więc również na warunki jego pracy. Punktem wyjścia projektowania takich zmian powinna być analiza rozwiązań wprowadzonych od początku pandemii w Polsce. Można do nich zaliczyć nowe wymagania o charakterze organizacyjnym (warunki lokalowe, organizacja i stanowiska pracy, przepływ informacji czy sposób zaopatrzenia pacjenta) i zmiany finansowe (mobilizację dodatkowych zasobów finansowych w różnych formach). W artykule przedstawiono wiele pytań badawczych, które są warte rozważenia przy ustalaniu problemów i priorytetów w przyszłości, ponieważ zaistniałe zmiany i wnioski sformułowane na podstawie ich analizy mogą przyczynić się do wprowadzenia stałych modyfikacji funkcjonowania POZ w Polsce i ułatwić jej ewentualne dostosowanie do stanów ryzyka zdrowotnego. Med. Pr. 2021;72(5):591–604.

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the fact that the innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is based on the introduction of technological advances, the use of computer and resource-saving technologies, industrial and innovative achievements, is currently of great importance for the country’s economy. The paper aims to prepare recommendations for the development of public-private partnerships (PPP) in the conditions of innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The leading methods of researching the issues of the paper include the analysis of theoretical sources, analysis of statistics, and comparison. The analysis of statistical indicators plays a crucial role in the study since data on the innovation level on the development of PPP can be directly obtained from statistical databases. The research results showed that for the development of projects that are carried out on an innovative basis, cooperation between the state and business is necessary. Certain risks and consequences are inherent in innovative projects. Therefore, such projects require private partners who agree to PPP even under unstable political, economic and social conditions and also have corresponding production and innovative potential. Given the improvement of the regulatory framework at the national and regional levels, increasing the attractiveness of such cooperation, and providing comprehensive support for such projects, a partnership between the state and business in the innovation sector will develop. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the method of analysis of statistical indicators was used for the first time to analyse the concept of PPP in the context of the innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The observations of the paper have practical value for the development of PPP in the conditions of innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The ‘National Collections of Contemporary Art’ Programme run by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (MKiDN) in 2011–2019 constituted the most important since 1989 financing scheme for purchasing works of contemporary art to create and develop museum collections. Almost PLN 57 million from the MKiDN budget were allocated by means of a competition to purchasing works for such institutions as the Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw (MSN), Museum of Art in Lodz (MSŁ), Wroclaw Contemporary Museum (MNW), Museum of Contemporary Art in Cracow (MOCAK), or the Centre of Polish Sculpture in Orońsko (CRP). The programme in question and the one called ‘Signs of the Times’ that had preceded it were to fulfil the following overall goal: to create and develop contemporary art collections meant for the already existing museums in Poland, but particularly for newly-established autonomous museums of the 20th and 21st century. The analysis of respective editions of the programmes and financing of museums as part of their implementation confirms that the genuine purpose of the Ministry’s ‘National Contemporary Art Collections’ Programme has been fulfilled.

Financing is a necessary economic activity of the new energy automobile enterprises, and it has an important function to push the enterprise to expand reproduction and promote the development speed of the enterprise. At the same time, there are many kinds of financing modes, such as internal financing, external debt financing and equity financing. If the financing mode is matched with the enterprise status, the financing activity is easier to succeed and the risk is also smaller. Otherwise, improper financing mode will not only affect the profit of enterprises, but also affect the survival of enterprises. We suppose that, after financing, the business manager of the enterprise can make a choice to invest either hydrogen-fueled vehicle project or lithium-ion battery vehicle project, in this case, we made an equilibrium analysis on the choice of investing which one new energy vehicle project and corresponding financing mode, according to the incomplete information dynamic game model, it is concluded that the equilibrium point (perfect Bayesian equilibrium refinement) of financing is most likely to appear in the state of equity financing; when the rate of return on assets of investment projects is within a certain range, both the financing enterprise and the investor can obtain the bigger profit. In addition, the risk value of the project also is calculated by using VaR model.

Deep and drastic cuts of greenhouse gas emissions are urgently needed from all sectors of the global economy to avoid irreversible climate and ecological breakdown. The majority of transport decarbonization pathways rely on two parallel activities: (i) the electrification of the majority of modes of surface transport, including road and rail, andeven short-distance shipping and aviation; and (ii) significant growth in renewable electricity generation. Making this work effectively will require the interaction of two previously siloed sectors: electricity and transport. This working paper explores how relevant stakeholders can support enabling environments for the integration of e-mobility and renewable energy in the Southeast Asian context, based on analyzed interviews with staff of energy and transport secretariats of the Asian Development Bank and United Nations Environment Programme.

White paper: Financing the circular economy in the tourism sector For SMEs in tourism, a transition to a circular economy can often be costly. Crowdfunding is a promising financing approach for a circular economy in tourism as it can help avoid the bureaucratic and often complex funding application procedures as well as the possible absence of appropriate loans and grants. It is essential, however, for entrepreneurs to follow guidance on how to initiate, develop and propose a crowdfunding campaign. In addition, the white paper has also highlighted the importance of creating and promoting a destination-based crowdfunding platform. Such a platform would allow the destination to create a collective effort and potentially joint crowdfunding campaigns, target tourists and communities, and ultimately promote the destination and its sustainability successes. Entrepreneurs should also consider different aspects after the implementation of the circular project, this for instance may include assessing the benefits of the circular project and communicating these to the funders and all customers. Such communication would ensure support for future campaigns, and a sense of participation in a successful project by the funders and it would also enhance customer experience. Local authorities can have a pivotal role in both cases, when a destination-based platform is created and used, and when entrepreneurs use existing crowdfunding platforms. Authorities can for example provide technical and financial support to SMEs to develop a circular project and can provide promotional support to the campaigns potentially reaching a wider audience through the destination website and by using social media. Tourism is very much a fashion-based industry, and, as such, it needs to have effective marketing. It is increasingly known that sustainability can be a marketing asset for a destination. The circular economy, as a concept, is not well-known, partly because it is new. The wider concept of sustainable tourism is not fully understood by the market, even after its emergence and first implementation nearly forty years ago (Bausch et al., 2021). Steps should be taken to explain and market the concept of the circular economy as often as possible, using a multi-media marketing strategy. The issue of governance might need to be considered if the circular economy is undertaken by a partnership of several SMEs, by an entire destination, or even perhaps by several destinations in one region. It is to ensure equity between partners, maximise benefits, and publicise the benefits of the process. Evidence for the need for effective governance comes from the now abundant experience obtained from efforts to implement sustainable tourism strategies (Bramwell, 2011; Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Bramwell et al., 2017). To conclude: crowdfunding for a circular economy in tourism has the potential to raise essential funds for SMEs that cannot easily be accessed through more conventional financing options, but as in using every funding channel, it requires time and resources to be successful. This white paper provides initial guidance to tourism entrepreneurs that are seeking to engage in fundraising for their circular projects.

This registration only concerns changes in the sample size determination. For the full preregistration see: https://osf.io/rv3am?view_only=28b7caf3934f4787a07c0dd3861ba9ae

This book celebrates 25 years of the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education. It begins with messages from the Agency’s Chair and the Director, followed by sections on: The organisation and its member countries: it looks at the Agency’s work for and with member countries. Looking back: the Agency’s history across a quarter of a century. Reflections on changes and developments in thinking around inclusive education. Looking forward: considering what the future may hold for the Agency. Throughout this book, there are statements from colleagues and member country representatives outlining the Agency’s influence on them and their work. The book serves as a snapshot of the Agency’s work. The information here should interest those who have followed the Agency’s progress throughout the years, as well as those new to its work., This publication has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein., {"references":["European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, 2022. Celebrating 25 years on the path to inclusive education. Odense, Denmark"]}

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected learners around the world. School closures forced emergency responses from education systems, resulting in various forms of remote schooling. The crisis highlighted pre-existing inequalities in education and provided a reason for systemic change in education worldwide. The Building Resilience through Inclusive Education Systems (BRIES) project maps how inclusive education systems in Europe are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the lessons learnt, and how to turn the crisis into an opportunity to build resilience. This report complements the previously published review of 2020 publications, The Impact of COVID-19 on Inclusive Education at the European Level, by analysing 2021 publications to provide insights into current developments in inclusive education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Three key questions are examined: What impact has the COVID-19 pandemic had on inclusive education systems in Europe? What lessons can be learnt from this? How can these lessons be used for future developments? Through examination of different aspects of the learning process, the report outlines developments, describes implemented measures, provides examples, and discusses future developments and recommendations for resilient education systems in the face of crises., This publication has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein., {"references":["European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, 2022. Inclusive Education and the Pandemic – Aiming for Resilience: Key European measures and practices in 2021 publications. (L. Muik, M. Presmanes Andrés and M. Bilgeri, eds.). Odense, Denmark"]}

Regional projects and programs are intended to become the main mechanism for achieving national development goals in territorial entities. The aim of the article is to analyze the problems of project implementation and program approaches at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as to develop proposals for their development. The methodological basis of the study is the regulatory legal acts of the federal and regional levels, scientific (foreign and domestic) literature in the field of economics and public finance, official statistical information, empirical data regarding the results and progress of the implementation of regional projects and state programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The author uses the method of system analysis. The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of project management in the public sector, foreign and domestic research on this issue, examples of program implementation abroad, establishes the role of regional projects and state programs in the budget system of the Russian Federation, their relationship, identifies the main problems of their financing, considers examples of direct implementation of projects and programs, and suggests directions for their development. In the course of the study, the distortion of the initially inherent meanings of the implementation of the project approach is proved, first of all, in determining the goal setting, providing sufficient mechanisms for its achievement and financing. It is established that the state programs at present actually represent documents of planning of budget appropriations in implicit interrelation with the main directions of activity of authorities. It is concluded that it is necessary to clarify the current project and program methodology, which will allow the regions not only to engage in the implementation of federal projects but also to initiate them according to the priorities of socio-economic policy and the characteristics of the region. The author also proposes to develop regional projects as financial institutions. For this, it is necessary to clarify the budget legislation to ensure the possibility of actual planning of expenditure obligations within the framework of the design of projects. The prospects for further research are to develop a model for evaluating the effectiveness of the design and implementation of regional projects and state programs, and its further testing on specific programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The debate on early modern European land markets investigates the involvement of kinship networks and possible links between land transfers and rural credit. In context of our project “The Role of ...

El presente trabajo se propone realizar un análisis del financiamiento de la educación argentina atendiendo especialmente a la participación del Estado nacional en la inversión educativa, a través de las últimas tres décadas a fin de establecer contrapuntos sobre las rupturas y continuidades entre: el período neoliberal (1989 - 2001), el período de los gobiernos neodesarrollistas (2002 - 2015) y el período de gobierno iniciado con el ascenso de la Alianza Cambiemos al poder (2015 - 2019). Para realizar este análisis tendremos en cuenta el desempeño y las principales características del modelo de acumulación económica del país en cada periodo, y se utilizarán como indicadores estadísticos a la inversión educativa en porcentaje del PBI y la participación nacional y provincial dentro la inversión educativa. El uso de estos indicadores está en relación con la perspectiva de análisis que establece un vínculo entre la situación fiscal de los estados nacionales y provinciales, y su impacto en la inversión educativa. El abordaje metodológico es principalmente cuantitativo con el análisis de fuentes primarias de organismos del Estado, así como con fuentes secundarias de especialistas en financiamiento educativo. This paper aims to carry out an analysis of the financing of Argentine education, paying special attention to the participation of the national State in educational investment, through the last three decades in order to establish counterpoints on the ruptures and continuities between: the period of the neoliberal governments (1989 - 2001), the period of neo-development governments (2002 - 2015) and the period of government that began with the rise of the alliance Cambiemos to the power (2015 - ;2019). To carry out this analysis, we will take into account the performance and main characteristics of the country's economic accumulation model in each period, and educational investment as a ;percentage of GDP, national and provincial participation in educational investment will be used as statistical indicators. The use of these indicators is related to the analysis perspective that establishes a link between the fiscal situation of the national and provincial states, and its impact on educational investment. The methodological approach is mainly quantitative with the analysis of primary sources from State agencies, as well as secondary sources from specialists in educational financing. Fil: Fiorucci, Pedro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina. Fil: Anton, Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

In most countries, the established churches constitute an important component of heritage and culture, both material and immaterial. While the financing of arts and culture in general is heavily researched, the literature on church economy and the financing of established (national) churches is limited. How wealthy are the churches today? How much do they receive in income per annum? How are they financed? How does public expenditure on churches compare with public expenditure on the cultural sector in general? The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the economy of the established churches in the Nordic countries: Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland. Furthermore, these Nordic church economies will be compared with the established churches in Scotland and England, which operate with a different model of financing (based on private donations). The study is based on an extensive empirical work and a comprehensive data collection drawing on a variety of available sources. This is a truly novel contribution, being the first study of its kind. The results of our study show significant differences in the level of income in the seven national churches. This is interesting, as levels of religiosity do not differ greatly between the seven countries, and any differences are not correlated with the level of income. It is beyond the scope of this article to explain the difference we have found in the level of income of the established churches. However, the results show that level of income of the churches in the Nordic countries is quite high – also compared with the total public expenditure on arts and culture in general.

Resumo A cidade do Rio de Janeiro implantou em larga o modelo das Organizações Sociais (OSS) para a gestão da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Esta opção torna a compreensão da experiência da cidade muito relevante, especialmente porque até então o modelo organizacional das OSS tinha sido adotado dominantemente na gestão hospitalar do SUS. Assim, é analisada a experiência de desenvolvimento da APS em dois momentos conflitantes da gestão municipal em relação ao modelo das OSS: a implantação e desenvolvimento das PPP (2009-2016); e o seu desmantelamento (2017-2020). Utilizou-se o Estudo de Caso, Revisão Bibliográfica e análise dos dados públicos do DATASUS/Ministério da Saúde. Identificou-se que: a adoção da terceirização com base nas OSS pode ser diretamente associada à rápida expansão da APS na cidade e a melhoria de indicadores de cobertura da APS; que a difusão do modelo das OSS está associada à alta prioridade dada ao gasto com saúde no orçamento municipal; que a sustentabilidade da adoção do modelo da OSS não foi dependente da condição econômica do município, mas da escolha política do governo no período 2009-2016. O arranjo das PPP produziu avanços organizacionais importantes, mas não impediram o veto ao modelo das OSS levada adiante ao longo da gestão de 2017-2020. Abstract The city of Rio de Janeiro has implemented, on a large scale, the model of Social Organizations (OSS) for the management of Primary Health Care (PHC). This option makes the understanding of the city’s experience very relevant, especially since, until then, the OSS organizational model had been adopted predominantly in the SUS hospital management. Thus, the experience of PHC development at two conflicting moments of municipal management in relation to the OSS model is analyzed: the implementation and development of the PPPs (2009-2016); and their dismantling (2017-2020). Case Studies, Literature Review and analysis of public data from DATASUS/Ministry of Health were used. It was verified that: the adoption of outsourcing based on OSS can be directly associated with the rapid expansion of PHC in the city and PHC coverage improvement indicators; the diffusion of the OSS model is associated with the high priority given to health expenditures in the municipal budget; the sustainability of the adoption of the OSS model did not depend on the municipality’s economic status, but on the government’s political choice in the period of 2009 to 2016. The PPP arrangement resulted in important organizational advances, although it did not prevent the veto of the OSS model carried out during the 2017-2020 term.

This article discusses the failure of global governance to defend and reinforce education as a public good and its public provision and regulation. Challenging the framing of states and the private sector as being equally important for the achievement of the SDGs, it calls for a reimagination of the role of global governance and an accountability structure that places the economic, social and environmental consequences of policy and financing modalities at the centre.

This article discusses the problematic aspects of the financial and legal regulation of innovation activity in the Russian Federation, as well as ways to solve them. A comparative analysis with foreign countries is presented. В данной статье рассмотрены проблемные аспекты финансово-правового регулирования инновационной деятельности в РФ, а также пути их решения. Представлен сравнительный анализ с зарубежными странами.

Rapid scoping review to answer the question: How are SBIRT services financed in health, school and community settings, and does this vary by age group (e.g., adolescents) and type of provider.

The Caltrans Sustainable Freight Academy was conducted on March 29; April 5, 12, and 26; and May 3, 2022. The academy consisted of presentations from goods movement professionals and subject matter experts, from the U.S. State DOTs and public-and private organizations as well as those from international planning agencies. The final group presentation allows participants to respond to a capstone project using a web-based geospatial presentation platform. There were 70 participants that were divided into ten groups, and each group developed a presentation that calls for proposals for trade corridor funding.View the NCST Project Webpage

Сучасні тенденції в економіці України, спричинені COVID-19, та війною Росії проти України, призводять до по-стійного пошуку нових методів та механізмів управління та модернізації підприємств, які могли б забезпечити його ефективне функціонування та енергонезалежність. У статті проаналізовано механізми фінансування інвестицій-них проєктів підприємств, обґрунтовано доречність їх застосування з врахуванням масштабів та спрямованості проєктів. Розкрито сутність поняття енергонезалежність країни та визначено фактори її забезпечення. Визна-чено проблеми та перспективи технологічних і технічних рішень в галузі альтернативної енергетики. Запропонова-но застосування механізму державно-приватного партнерства для реалізації інноваційно-інвестиційних проєктів, спрямованих на підвищення рівня енергонезалежності країни. Розкрито переваги та можливі ризики для обидвох партнерів. Розроблено методичний підхід до оцінювання ефективності інвестиційних проєктів на основі багато-критеріальної оцінки та збалансованості очікуваних результатів з врахуванням рівня нестабільності зовнішнього середовища підприємства в умовах війни. Апробація запропонованого підходу на прикладі інвестиційного проєкту в рамках реалізації державно-приватного партнерства довела практичну значимість та окреслила перспективи подальшого застосування запропонованого підходу. Отримані результати є основою для розроблення науково об-ґрунтованих управлінських рішень щодо реалізації державно-приватного партнерства, та прогнозування поведінки підприємств в тісному зв’язку з його зовнішнім середовищем, що дозволить забезпечити стійкість їхнього функці-онування та подальший розвиток. Сучасні виклики підприємств, що виникли в зв’язку з війною Росії проти Україні спонукають бізнес створювати і впроваджувати нові методи управління такими структурами, щоб забезпечити відновлення економіки України. Current trends in Ukraine's economy, caused by COVID-19 and Russia's war against Ukraine, lead to a constant search for new methods and mechanisms for managing and modernizing enterprises that could ensure its efficient operation and energy independence. The article analyzes the mechanisms of financing investment projects of enterprises, substantiates the appropri-ateness of their use, taking into account the scale and direction of projects. The essence of the concept of energy independence of the country is revealed and the factors of its provision are determined. Problems and prospects of technological and technical solutions in the field of alternative energy are revealed. It is proposed to use the mechanism of public-private partnership for the implementation of innovation and investment projects aimed at increasing the level of energy independence of the country. The benefits and possible risks for both partners are revealed. A methodical approach to evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects based on multi-criteria evaluation and balance of expected results, taking into account the level of instability of the external environment of the enterprise during the war. Approbation of the proposed approach on the example of an investment project in the framework of public-private partnership proved its practical significance and outlined the prospects for further application of the proposed approach. The obtained results are the basis for the development of scientifically sound management decisions for the implementation of public-private partnership, and forecasting the behavior of enterprises in close connection with its external environment, which will ensure the sustainability of their operation and further development. The current chal-lenges facing businesses in the wake of Russia’s war against Ukraine are prompting businesses to create and implement new methods of managing such structures to ensure Ukraine’s economic recovery.

Relevance of the research topic. Effective development of the mining industry involves improving the financial instruments of state regulation of this sector of the economy. One of the tools of suchregulation is the optimal combination of public and private capital, which requires more detailed study. Formulation of the problem. The mining industry of Ukraine is a strategically important sector of the national economy, engaged in the extraction of mineral resources, their primary processing (grinding, sorting, enrichment) in order to use its final products by various processing enterprises or direct consumption of raw materials (sand, stone or clay in construction). coal for heating houses, etc.) any elements of a market economy. Effective mining is the key to ensuring the socio–economic development of the state and improving its macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, mineral resources and minerals in the earth’s interior are unevenly distributed, and sometimes their extraction is resource–intensive. There is also the issue of obsolescence of production assets, material and technical base and technologies, which prevents further effective development of the mining industry in Ukraine. The solution to these problems is to provide financing for the economic development of the mining industry in Ukraine with the use of public and private capital. Setting the purpose and objectives of the study – to determine the main trends in economic development of the mining industry and consider the state of its financial security using public and private capital. Research method or methodology. The article uses the method of statistical analysis; systematization, classification and theoretical generalization; method of deduction and induction. Presentation of the main material (research results). The article examines the economic development of the mining industry in Ukraine and identifies sources of funding. Emphasis is placed on the need to support the further development of this sector, which is a strategically important sector of the national economy. A retrospective analysis of scientific research on the use of financial instruments for economic development of the mining industry. The dynamics of volumes of sold industrial products, indices of production in terms of sectors of mining, gross production are analyzed and a steady downward trend in these indicators is noted. The reasons for the decline in profitability of the mining industry and the increase in losses have been identified. Investment and financial resources that were directed to the mining industry are analyzed. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of mining enterprises to increase the level of financial support for current and future activities. Conclusions on the article. It is noted that the financing of the development of the mining industry in Ukraine is carried out mostly with the use of private capital and own funds of enterprises or organizations. The analysis of financing the economic development of the mining industry showed that the largest amount of funds was spent on the production of crude oil and natural gas. Most of the capital investments were directed to the mining industry of Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava regions. According to a study of financing the economic development of the mining industry in Ukraine with a combination of public and private capital, it was determined that this sector of the economy needs urgent capital investment and investment, both from public and private sources. Emphasis is placed on the need for the state to create appropriate conditions in the field of bank lending, intensify budget financing of mining and assist enterprises in finding foreign or domestic investors who will direct funds to the development of the domestic mining industry on favorable terms.

Green infrastructure (GI) research has grown in prominence as planners, politicians and environmental specialists have promoted its socio-economic and ecological value in urban environments. However, as the pace of growth has continued so has the exploration of how GI can mitigate the impacts of poor air and water quality, promote improved quality of place and support economic prosperity. Unfortunately, investments can be undermined by weak organisational understandings of the financial and societal value of GI. Consequently, we identify a historical reluctance by decision-makers and developers to support GI, partially based on the outdated appreciation of economic-ecological value compared to other built infrastructure. To examine how cities respond this paper discusses GI as a ‘boundary object’ aligning divergent understandings of the ongoing challenges and responsibility for GI funding. Using an examination of public, private and environment sector practice in London (UK), the paper argues that opportunities exist to align alternative funding mechanisms using ‘GI’ to promote cooperation between economically and socio-ecologically focussed stakeholders.

Faktor penting yang melatar belakangi lahirnya bank syariah maupun lembaga keuangan mikro syariah adalah pelarangan riba secara tegas dalam Alquran. Murabahah adalah suatu jenis pembiayaan dimana perjanjian pembiayaan dilaksanakan dengan menyatakan harga pokok barang dan margin keuntungan yang disepakati oleh penjual dan pembeli. Perusahaan pembiayaan FIF Syariah sebagai salah satu bentuk perusahaan pembiayaan yang berbasis syariah bukan bank menjadi salah satu alternatif dari metode pembiayaan yang lebih fleksibel dalam menyalurkan dana berupa pembiayaan secara syariah kepada masyarakat diIndonesia. Penelitian ini akan membahas tentang akad murabahah pada FIF Syariah, bagaimana konsep pembiayaan FIF Syariah serta pembiayaan murabahah yang ada di FIF Syariah. &nbsp

IntroductionPublications at any point in training can impact future academic interest and achievement. Implications of publishing scholarly work prior to residency on accomplishments during and after residency are understudied.MethodsWe obtained publication output before, during and after residency for urologists graduating between 2002 and 2008 from the 36 training programs affiliated with a top 50 urology hospital nationwide. Additional collected information included fellowship training, current appointment, total and R01 National Institutes of Health grants, and h-index. We compared urologists' preresidency scholarship with residency and career achievements.ResultsWe retrieved data from 543 urologists, of whom 161 (29.7%) and 92 (16.9%) published 1 or more total and first author manuscripts before residency, respectively. A total of 269 (49.5%) urologists went on to pursue fellowship and 183 (33.7%) entered academic practice. Urologists with a first author publication before residency had increased odds of entering academics (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1), obtaining National Institutes of Health grants (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3) and acquiring National Institutes of Health R01 grants (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.7-9.7). Those with more first author manuscripts prior to residency were also more likely to pursue fellowship (p=0.0002), have a higher h-index (p

This paper explores the implementation process of digital audience metrics as a key strategy in Swedish legacy news production during the last three decades. The historical adoption of metrics in the newsroom is not new but has grown fast (from analogue audience measurements in the 1950s and monthly statistics of unique visitors in the 1990s to a wide range of real-time data). This trend is important because Swedish news organisations have invested heavily in data analytics, which involves integrating metrics-driven journalism into a particularly strong and homogenous tradition of professional autonomy. Based on interviews with key senior managers and supported by the analysis of trade publications, as well as published interviews, the findings reveal three chronologically overlapping periods: the naïve stage of ‘getting online’, the destructive period of ‘social media prominence’, and the end of the ‘paywall hesitation’. This trend has led to a new equilibrium in which audience metrics are perceived as better aligned with the professional values of news selection. More importantly, the industry-wide embrace of metrics as guidance for more relevant and rational news production revolves around two main factors: First, although metrics are tied to organisational targets, they remain under editorial control. Second, the degree of granularity and diversification of metrics allow for wider support of their use for strategic purposes.

This study aims to examine the potential of blockchain technology in the financing and financial management of entrepreneurial tourism projects. It highlights two objectives: how the technology can be used as an alternative financing tool and how it can improve efficiency and transparency in the financial management of tourism companies. This study shows that initial coin offerings are an effective way to finance innovative tourism projects and that blockchain technology can improve the competitiveness and efficiency of tourism companies. Due to the lack of empirical data on the actual implementation and impact of blockchain technology in the tourism industry, it is suggested that further research is needed to examine the practical application of blockchain technology in the tourism industry, its potential impact on tourism businesses and its implications for the regulatory framework. The proposed methodology includes a systematic literature review on the application of blockchain technology for the financing of tourism projects and the financial improvement of tourism business models. The results indicate that blockchain technology has the potential to transform the financing and financial management of the tourism industry and improve its efficiency and transparency. Furthermore, combining blockchain with other technologies can provide additional benefits in supply chain management and event automation.

The global economic crisis, exacerbated by the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection, has led to a significant deterioration in the financial state of most economic entities. This problem has also affected public sector entities receiving budget financing. Even if a given public sector entity is engaged in entrepreneurial activity, with a decrease in sales cash flow decreases, whereas accounts receivable and payable increase. To carry out their statutory activities, state entities of the penitentiary system in the Russian Federation use not only budgetary funds, but also funds received from the sale of products manufactured by convicts. Therefore, the interest of users in the cash flows of penitentiary institutions is steadily increasing. The above strengthens the information and analytical functions of cash flow statements. Unlike other forms of reporting, the cash flow statement should report cash flows during the period classified by operating and investing activities (financing activity is not typical for penitentiary entities). In addition, the statement of cash flows provides useful information not only for controlling the use of budget funds, but also for current and forecast analysis. The article investigates the theoretical principles of accounting of cash flows of public sector entities of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation. Results of the study include a proposal to improve the form of the cash flow statement by including an analytical feature — the source of financing activities. The study also presents and tests a methodology for analyzing cash flows in the context of funding sources.

Con la Ley 1819 de 2016 se introdujo a la legislación colombiana modificaciones al tratamiento tributario de los contratos de leasing financiero y operativo. En este documento se presentan problemas jurídicos derivados de la nueva configuración tributaria del leasing financiero en el impuesto sobre la renta e IVA, originados en la redacción e interpretación del artículo 127-1 del estatuto. El presente documento se desarrolla bajo la metodología de investigación dogmática, parte del análisis de la legislación colombiana y tiene como insumo importante la investigación de la doctrina emitida por la DIAN como fuente auxiliar, relevante para entender el alcance de esta norma. The enaction of the Law 1819 of 2016, introduced into the Colombian Tax Legislation a change to the special tax treatment of financial and operational leasing contracts. This document presents to the reader different legal problems arising from the wording of the financial leasing contract rules in the income tax and value added tax (VAT), which mainly originate from the drafting and interpretation of the article 127-1 of the Colombian Tax Code, as the special fiscal rule that establishes the treatment of leasing contracts for tax purposes. This document is developed under the dogmatic methodology, to the extent that different legal analyzes are carried out, and counts with the important input of the doctrine (i.e., tax rulings) issued by the Colombian Tax Authority (DIAN by its acronym in Spanish) as a relevant auxiliary source for the understanding of the scope of financial leasing fiscal treatment.

In the broad sense, any action that is taken in the hopes of raising future revenue can also be considered an investment. An investment always concerns the outlay of some asset today – money or tangible and intangible assets – in hopes of a greater payoff in the future than what was originally put in. The investment compensates for the time of “freezing” of funds, as well as the risk taken in the investment process. Integral components in each investment process are: a) time (recovery of benefits and capital commitments); b) circulation (allocation of general or own capital); c) risk (possibility of excess of actually incurred expenses over planned costs); d) benefits (expected effects from investment realization). Investments can be defined in the light of the above factors, which are fraught with the risk of long-term allocation of investment costs in order to recover benefits. Investments are such expenditures of funds, in which there is a long-term commitment of funds of money. The scale of the costs of their performance is higher than in the current, operating activities of businesses, and the impact of investment on the efficiency of operations and competitiveness is mostly longer. Investments increase not only modernized and new means of durability, intangible and legal costs, but also the value of working capital. This work is devoted to presentation and analysis of the process of financing investments made through joint ventures in the realities of the free market in a changing environment. Considerable attention was paid to the assessment of risk and efficiency of enterprises activities. It was found that the amount of risk is influenced by various factors, such as the complexity of the investment process and the instability of the environment in which the project is implemented. This creates uncertainty about the expected future benefits and often makes it impossible to assess the factors that affect the return on investment.

The article is aimed at studying the implementation of the State-based target programs in Ukraine by evaluating the efficiency of their financial component. Important systemic problems of implementation of the program-target planning method in Ukraine are identified. The efficiency of the financial component in the implementation of the State-based target programs in Ukraine is assessed in terms of certain sources of financing, namely: funds of the State and local budgets of Ukraine, as well as other sources (off-budget funds such as contributions of program participants, grants of international organizations, funds of business entities and individuals interested in the implementation of projects, charitable and sponsorship contributions, credit funds, etc.). The planned amounts of financing for the researched programs have been determined and the shares that should come from different sources are calculated. At this, the State-based target programs are allocated with focus on economic, social and environmental ones. Some regularities of financing of target programs in the context of the structure of sources of financing and total investments have been identified. A study of the actual involvement of financial resources in target programs in general form and at different sources of financing (at the expense of the State budget, local budgets and other sources) is carried out. The percentage of the tasks scheduled in the target programs is determined. The components of the assessment of the success of implementation of the State-based target programs are determined by calculating the average percentage of the planned indicators of the program implementation. The efficiency of the use of financial resources for the implementation of target programs of various directedness is carried out. The general planned and actual amounts of financing of the State-based target programs in Ukraine are provided. Prospects for further research in this direction are to determine the effectiveness of attracting certain sources to the financing of targeted programs of various directedness.