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An experimental study of CO2 flows subjected to expanding conditions relevant to Mars entry is presented. A condition with a nominal velocity of 4.0 km/s was generated in the X2 expansion tunnel. ...

In high speed milling aeronautical part, tool condition monitoring (TCM) is very important, because it is prone to get a chatter owing to the low stiffness of thin-walled structures. And the TCM is key technology for automated machining. In this paper, aiming to chatter monitoring in thin-walled structure milling, a variational mode decomposition – energy distribution (VMD-ED) method is proposed to improve the identification accuracy. And a moving average root mean square – mean value (MARMS-MV) identification method and a variational mode decomposition – energy entropy (VMD-EE) identification method are also tested. Identification accuracy and computing time of the three methods are compared. The vibration signals collected from the spindle and worktable are also contrasted. The conducted experimental study shows that, the proposed VMD-ED method offers an identification method for chatter monitoring with greater sensitivity, better stability and less computing time, and mounting the vibration sensor on worktable is better than spindle for a chatter monitoring system.

This paper presents an efficient synthesis method for generating vortex beams based on donut-shaped orbital angular momentum (OAM) metasurfaces. It not only allows one to synthesize the vortex beam with an arbitrary combination of OAM modes and arbitrary mode energy distribution, but also avoids the undesired phase singularities in the conventional OAM metasurfaces. Three specific examples are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the synthesis method including single-mode, multi-mode, and equal-amplitude vortex beams. Based on the proposed constraint conditions, a donut-shaped metasurface is designed to generate a high-purity single-mode vortex beam. To generate high-performance multi-mode beams, a shape-related tailoring is further introduced to avoid the undesired phase singularities of the multi-mode OAM metasurfaces. Finally, the synthesized equal-amplitude vortex beams are generated and verified experimentally over a wide frequency range, which demonstrates robust and precise control of the vortex beams.

Published in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03799

The ”corrected” EEG recordings, after artifact removing, may be the subject of further investigations, for example segmentation and energy distribution, resulting new informa- tion to be used for feature extraction, of great help for medical diagnosis. The paper presents a generally method for energy distribution evalua- tion using measures of R´enyi entropy. The pre- sented approach ensures the possibility of quan- titative analysis of the information contained in time-frequency distribution of EEG signals. The proposed procedure is applied with good results in the analysis of a sample lowpass event-related potentials (ERP) data, collected from 13 scalp and 1 EOG electrodes.

This research aims to evaluate the influences of the freeze–thaw (F-T) effect on the energy dissipation mechanism and damage evolution characteristics of muddy siltstones containing initial damage. At first, four initial damage levels were achieved by applying different impact loads to the intact rock, and the damage stresses for levels I, II, III, and IV initial damage were 9.80 Mpa, 17.00 Mpa, 23.34 Mpa, and 32.54 Mpa, respectively. Then dynamic compression tests were conducted on the muddy siltstones containing initial damage after 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 F-T cycles in the temperature range from −20 to 20 °C. The damage variable of the muddy siltstones was determined by studying energy distribution during fracture of the rock. The damage evolution characteristics of the muddy siltstone containing initial damage under the F-T effect were explored combined with the fractal theory. Test results show that (1) the dynamic compressive strength of the muddy siltstones decreases exponentially with the increasing number of F-T cycles; the dynamic compressive strength of muddy siltstone with different initial damage decreased by 54.9%, 48.4%, 39.4%, 42.5%, and 44.5% after 40 freeze-thaws, respectively, compared with that of intact. (2) The absorbed energy, reflected energy, and transmitted energy of the muddy siltstones subject to different levels of initial damage exhibit step-like changes under the effect of F-T cycles and the rate of decrease in absorbed energy decreases in the late stage of F-T cycles. (3) Both the damage variable and the fractal dimension of the muddy siltstones show an increasing trend with an increase in the number of F-T cycles, and it is more difficult for damage to become superimposed as the damage accumulates to that range causing fatigue (the damage variables ranged from 0.73 to 0.97) while the fractal dimension of the fracture surfaces in the rock still increases. (4) With the gradual increase in the damage variable, the energy absorption density of the rock is negatively correlated with the fractal dimension of the rock fragments.

A dependable and cost-effective energy distribution scheme is the need in the current scenario of distributed generation of electricity. In the recent past, different economic dispatch techniques a...

In this paper, we propose a multirate filter bank, based on Orthogonal Ramanujan Sums (ORS). Dyadic decomposition of signal may not suit always, due to variation in energy distribution in different bands. In a number of applications, for optimum processing, it is required that the given signal is decomposed in non-dyadic bands. Here, we propose a more general ORS-based multirate filter bank which is well suited when decomposition is required at any level q, where $$1 \le q \le n$$ . ORS-based filter bank provides greater flexibility by providing different possibilities for decomposition at each stage. Suitable examples have also been given to support the proposed idea.

Shear viscosity of a nonequilibrium quantum field φ4 is considered in the framework of the Classical statistical approximation. The dependence on the initial energy distribution is investigated. The generalisation of the Green–Kubo relation to the case of the stationary nonequilibrium field is obtained.

Three of the key associative ionization reactions that lead to plasma formation around hypersonic vehicles are studied in detail. For production of NO+, O2+, and CO+, cross sections derived from ex...

Published in Chemical Engineering Science. Free Download (beforeOctober 16, 2022):https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1ff2G26dbwuNE

Radio frequency (RF) sterilization of low-moisture, high-oil, high-protein, and viscous sauces for instant food (LHHVS) demonstrates many advantages, but uneven heating is a main problem that must be addressed. Main factors that affect heating uniformity are generally considered dielectric properties, shape and size of the sample and its position relative to the electrode plate, in addition the structure and voltage of RF electrode. A method based on texture characteristics of the solid–gel–liquid mixing system of LHHVS for adjustment and control of energy distribution in the RF field is proposed in this study to improve the heating uniformity. First, energy conversion principles and control equations of RF heating were analyzed on the basis of dielectric theory. Second, the influence of RF electromagnetic field-medium polyetherimide (PEI) on the RF heating of peanut butter (RHPB) was investigated on the basis of the numerical model of RHPB that was verified through experiments. Finally, the influence mechanism and its regulation and control effect were analyzed and discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: the increase of electrode gaps exerts minimal effect although it reduces the unevenness of the energy distribution. However, RF heating protocols must use the smallest possible electrode gap to heat agrifoods and increase the heating rate significantly. The energy distribution on the part of the sample close to PEI varies with the change of geometry and size of PEI when its placement is bias or symmetric. The area of energy enhancement continues to expand where the sample is in contact with PEI as PEI gradually increases. The area where the temperature increases under the influence of PEI will expand along the direction of the sample radius when the thickness of PEI remains unchanged and the radius gradually enlarges; otherwise, it will expand along the direction of the sample thickness. The influence of PEI on the energy distribution of RHPB demonstrates local characteristics. PEI significantly influences the energy distribution and heating mode of RHPB, which is easy to adjust and control, but does not reduce the processing speed and does not increases energy consumption. Hence, PEI is an effective means to interfere with energy distribution of RHPB. Uniform energy distribution can be obtained by selecting the appropriate PEI shape and size. Results of this study can help determine the experimental protocol for RHPB with the optimal uniform distribution and promote the fast commercial application of this technology.

This paper presents the study of longitudinal beam dynamics of a simple linear proton accelerator and simulation results for a model linear accelerator (LINAC) using MATLAB. The study part of the transition energy, particle acceleration, transit time factor, RF factor, and momentum compaction are discussed. For the simulation, the model LINAC is built using unit cells and the unit cell consists of Quadrupole doublet and acceleration cavity. Model LINAC’s basic setup is present and the simulation is based on the single-particle analysis. The robustness of the model LINAC tested to operate varying different parameters like initial arrival phase and input energy. The criteria to measure the robustness of the model LINAC are to check the kinetic energy at the end of the LINAC and the transverse stability of the transfer matrices of each cell. The paper also presents the theoretical analysis of phase stability at both below and above transition energy. The stability of small and larger amplitude oscillations are present and simulation results for different particles each starting with different amplitudes observed, where the large amplitude oscillation falls outside of the separatrix.

Attapulgite is a promising adsorbent for removal of anionic dyes in water after being modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and four kinetics models and three isotherm models were used to evaluate the adsorption behavior of Congo red onto the adsorbents. It indicated that pseudo-second-order and Sips models were better to describe the adsorption data. Based on Sips model, it was confirmed that the modified attapulgite exhibited a higher adsorption capability for Congo red due to the more high-energy sites. Furthermore, high temperature and acidic environment were conducive to adsorbing Congo red on attapulgite, but the adsorption of the modified attapulgite toward Congo red was not sensitive to the temperature and pH value. A hydrophobic surface of the modified attapulgite reduced the surface tension between adsorbent and dye molecules, and electrostatic interaction played an important role for adsorption of CR on APTES/ATP.

Studies of the cross section of gamma-neutron reactions on the $${}^{\mathrm{nat}}$$ Nb nucleus were carried out on the bremsstrahlung of the linear electron accelerator LUE-75 which is located at the A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute). The experiment was done at 30 and 40 MeV bremsstrahlung end-point energies. The reaction cross sections for $${}^{\mathrm{nat}}$$ Nb $$(\gamma,xn)^{90g,91m,92m}$$ Nb reactions were measured by the activation method with the spectrometric analysis using the High Purity Germanium detector (HPGe). The values of cross sections for different energies of photon beam were determined using the TALYS 1.95 and EMPIRE 3.2 nuclear codes. The energy distribution of photon spectra was performed using the GEANT4 package. The obtained experimental and theoretical results are compared with the available experimental data of other authors. Good agreement was observed between the theoretical and experimental data. The data on the reaction cross section for $${}^{\mathrm{nat}}$$ Nb $$(\gamma,2n)^{91m}$$ Nb were obtained for the first time.

Cyber attacks on IT and OT systems can have severe consequences for individuals and organizations, from water or energy distribution systems to online banking services. To respond to these threats, attack simulations can be used to assess the cyber security of systems to foster a higher degree of resilience against cyber attacks; the steps taken by an attacker to compromise sensitive system assets can be traced, and a time estimate can be computed from the initial step to the compromise of assets of interest. Previously, the Meta Attack Language (MAL) was introduced as a framework to develop security-oriented domain-specific languages. It allows attack simulations on modeled systems and analyzes weaknesses related to known attacks. To produce more realistic simulation results, probability distributions can be assigned to attack steps and defenses to describe the efforts required for attackers to exploit certain attack steps. However, research on assessing such probability distributions is scarce, and we often rely on security experts to model attackers’ efforts. To address this gap, we propose a method to assign probability distributions to the attack steps and defenses of MAL-based languages. We demonstrate the proposed method by assigning probability distributions to a MAL-based language. Finally, the resulting language is evaluated by modeling and simulating a known cyber attack

A biosorbent derived from oat hulls was employed to dehydrate butanol from water mixture to obtain a high-purity butanol product. As this process involves water and butanol binary sorption, it is i...

A new method is proposed to obtain the equivalent static forces of a vehicle collision with bridge columns. The method is based on energy-conservation and, conversely to other existing methods, doe...

This article presents results of studying changes in the parameters of the vibration that occurs when a very hard composite material slides over a monolithic abrasive depending on the loading conditions and the materials of which the contacting elements are made. The vibration parameters are measured depending on the applied axial load, the relative displacement rate, and the material of the mandrel that holds the carbide element. The force induced by the vibration in the friction zone and its effect on the destruction characteristics of the abrasive are assessed. The influence of the vibration parameters on the energy distribution between the thermal and mechanical components under friction is shown.

Molecular radiotherapy is a rapidly developing field with new vector and isotope combinations continually added to market. As with any radiotherapy treatment, it is vital that the absorbed dose and toxicity profile are adequately characterised. Methodologies for absorbed dose calculations for radiopharmaceuticals were generally developed to characterise stochastic effects and not suited to calculations on a patient-specific basis. There has been substantial scientific and technological development within the field of molecular radiotherapy dosimetry to answer this challenge. The development of imaging systems and advanced processing techniques enable the acquisition of accurate measurements of radioactivity within the body. Activity assessment combined with dosimetric models and radiation transport algorithms make individualised absorbed dose calculations not only feasible, but commonplace in a variety of commercially available software packages. The development of dosimetric parameters beyond the absorbed dose has also allowed the possibility to characterise the effect of irradiation by including biological parameters that account for radiation absorbed dose rates, gradients and spatial and temporal energy distribution heterogeneities. Molecular radiotherapy is in an exciting time of its development and the application of dosimetry in this field can only have a positive influence on its continued progression.

Incoherent scattered waves are generated when seismic waves propagate through heterogeneous media. These scattered waves contain statistical information, such as random heterogeneity. In order to s...

The energy distribution in electrical discharge machining is still subject to discussions. On the one hand, it is important to know the exact amount of energy that is applied to a workpiece, since solely this heat is responsible for the loads that are applied to the material and result in material modifications. On the other hand, it is very difficult to directly measure the heat due to the diminutive temporal and spatial scales. Hence, a method was developed to measure the size of the gas bubble that evolves during the discharge and used to model the energy fraction that dissipates during the formation of named bubble. With the easily measurable general energy input and the developed model, the number of unknown fractions of the energy distribution can be reduced. This step allows for a better assumption of the energies that load and modify the workpiece material.

Direct dynamics calculations have been performed for three reactions: C3H8 + H → i-C3H7 + H2, C3H8 + H → n-C3H7 + H2, and C2H3 + O2 → HCO + CH2O. The fraction of the population for the radical products that promptly dissociates is computed. The results for C3H8 + H are qualitatively similar to previous results for C3H8 + OH, but the new results exhibit a slightly higher branching fraction for prompt dissociation products, owing to the fact that a greater fraction of the internal energy in the transition state ends up in the radical. For C2H3 + O2 → HCO + CH2O, the fraction of HCO that promptly dissociates is in excess of 99%. Consequently, the main product for C2H3 + O2 at lower temperatures should be written as H + CO + CH2O and not HCO + CH2O. These results are then compared with four previous systems: CH2O + H → HCO + H2, CH2O + OH → HCO + H2O, C3H8 + OH → i-C3H7 + H2O, and C3H8 + OH → n-C3H7 + H2O. Based upon these seven system, several statistical models are presented. The goal of these statistical models is to predict the fraction of the transition state energy that ends up in the rovibrationally excited radical. On average, these statistical models provide an excellent prediction of product energy distribution. Consequently, these models can be used instead of costly trajectory simulations for predicting prompt radical dissociation for larger species.

The dynamic behavior of a machine tool is the result of the mass, stiffness and damping distribution, which are highly influenced by local properties. As a result, it can change significantly for different axis positions. Modeling the dynamic behavior accurately and at the same time efficiently is challenging and prevents the holistic optimization of machine tools. Therefore, this publication presents an approach to identify optimization potentials using flexible multibody models with local damping information. The energy distribution as well as the receptance are analyzed for different machine states to determine damping-based optimization capabilities. A comparison to state-of-the-art models shows the improved efficiency of the presented procedure.

Recently, concerns over water scarcity are on the rise, leading to growing research interest in advanced water purification methods. Solar water purification, which utilizes sustainable energy to s...

Assessment of wave forces in the design of marine structures considering real ocean properties were reported better represented by short-crested wave statistics. Henceforth, this paper aims to investigate the effect of directional spreading angles for short-crested wave on the prediction of wave forces and hydrodynamic coefficients. The wave surface elevation and forces exerted on bottom fixed vertical cylindrical models in the wave tank by waves with directional spreading angles ranging from 0 to 45 deg were measured experimentally. Based on the measured data, directional hydrodynamic coefficients as function of Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) numbers were derived numerically by the least square method and its effects were analyzed. Force reduction was found due to the directional spreading angles, whereby 1.20 percent of total wave force were reduced with every one deg of angle incremental. Overall, greater reductions are expected for bigger angles as the wave energy distribution area is expected to be increased.

At oil refineries, furnaces account for much of the energy expenditure. Energy efficiency may be improved by means of an integrated system that contains a furnace and a unit for heating the incoming gas with energy recovered from the smokestack gases. By exergetic analysis and efficiency assessment of the energy distribution in the system (on the basis of the zeroth law of thermodynamics), a multifunctional approach to effective integration of the furnace subsystem and the energy subsystem is proposed. That results in greater stability of the integrated system; provides the energy required for all the technological operations, as well as additional inexpensive electrical power; and helps curb thermal pollution of the environment. This approach may be adopted in modernizing existing systems or creating new systems.

At present, China’s energy distribution and economic development are extremely unbalanced. In order to make rational use of resources, China has promoted the “west to East power transmission” and “north to South Power Transmission” pattern. HVDC transmission has obvious advantages in this long-distance transmission, but there are some shortcomings in the traditional LCC-HVDC system. Therefore, a new system LCL-HVDC is proposed. Firstly, some advantages of the system are introduced; secondly, LCC-HVDC and LCL-HVDC models are built in Simulink, in which the current distortion rate of valve side winding of converter transformer is measured; finally, compared with LCC-HVDC, the loss of LCL-HVDC converter transformer is studied by using method 2 recommended by IEEE standard, and the kn value of the new system is calculated.

Reliability of each state of process in many chemical process industries largely relies upon water and vitality supplies. In this way, there is great necessity to have an improved and controlled smart energy distribution network (SEDN) in industries. In SEDNs, sensor information related to flow control and optimization serves as a basis for modelling of energy management systems. Therefore, it is important to ensure that sensor data are accurate and precise. However, they are affected by random noise and measurement biases, which compromise the quality of measurements. Data Reconciliation (DR) is one such approach popularly used in industries to reduce the adverse impact of random errors present in pipe flow measurements. In this study, Python-based simulations of weighted least squares (WLS) and principal component analysis (PCA) based DR techniques are implemented on the selected flow streams of SEDN, and reconciled estimates are obtained. The results show that Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is the best performance metric since it is more sensitive to small changes in the measurement values and the reconciled estimates. Further, it is observed that PCA-DR performs better than WLS-DR in reducing the random error (and thereby achieving greater precision of measured values). HIGHLIGHTS Application of data reconciliation (DR) techniques to treat random errors present in flow sensor data used by water distribution networks.; Selection of best performing metric to evaluate data reconciliation (DR) techniques.; Analyze the performance of selected DR techniques for small and large scale networks using Python-based simulation.

This paper presents the performance of a 3GEM in terms of identification of high and low beta energy radiation sources through the energy distribution of the main beta radiation sources used for industrial application 90Sr and 204Tl. We compare the beta radiation theoretical energy loss into the drift zone with experimental energy distribution at different 3GEM voltages. The experimental results show that the Most Probable Value (MPV) of the fitted Landau distribution obtained from 90Sr and 204Tl obtained a degree of error lower than 14% in comparison to the theoretical calculation. Additionally, high energy beta radiation source (90Sr) is identified in comparison to low energy (204Tl) - taking into account the MPV and sigma values from the fitted Landau distribution. These results are essential to design and implement a new application that utilizes the performance and special characteristics of the 3GEM for beta radiation detection and identification. Resumen Este artículo presenta el rendimiento de un 3GEM en términos de identificación de fuentes de radiación beta de alta y baja energía utilizando la distribución de energía de las principales fuentes de radiación utilizadas para aplicaciones industriales: 90Sr y 204Tl. Comparamos la pérdida de energía de la radiación beta dentro de la zona de deriva respecto a datos experimentales a diferentes voltajes del 3GEM. Encontramos que el valor más probable (MPV) de la distribución Landau ajustada para 90Sr y 204Tl tuvo un error menor en un 14% en comparación con los cálculos teóricos. Además, se identifica la fuente de radiación beta de alta energía (90Sr) en comparación con baja energía (204Tl), teniendo en cuenta los valores de MPV y valor sigma de la distribución Landau ajustada. Estos resultados son esenciales para diseñar e implementar una nueva aplicación que explote el rendimiento y las características especiales del 3GEM para la detección e identificación de radiación beta.

––Quasi-linear sequences of the epicenters of strong earthquakes, identified in many seismically active regions, are phenomenologically viewed as “migrations” of earthquake sources. Following this analogy, an earthquake chain is understood in this paper as a set of seismic events of different energies, leading to a quasi-linear one-way change in the position (“migration”) of the successive epicenters of shocks on the surface of the lithosphere zone under study. Based on this statement, a formalized method for an azimuthal analysis of seismicity is developed, which allows one to identify and isolate earthquake chains from arrays of seismological data presented in the standard format of a catalog of earthquakes. As this method is tested on a catalog of earthquakes and a catalog of simulation events, all model chains of events and a large number of earthquake chains and simulation events are identified. It is indicated by isolating chains in a random field of simulation events that some of these earthquake chains can be formed by a random spatiotemporal combination of shocks. Migrating seismicity in the lithosphere of the Baikal rift zone (BRZ) is studied by applying the method of identification and isolation of earthquake chains to materials from the “Catalog of Earthquakes of the Baikal region”. According to data on 52,700 earthquakes with a representative energy class KP ≥ 8, occurring in the Baikal region from 1964 to 2013, there are 2143 earthquake chains identified and isolated within an angular sector of azimuthal analysis q = 10° (±5° from azimuth α to the epicenter). As the angular sector of azimuthal analysis increases to q = 20° (±10°), there is an approximately twofold increase in the number of chains (M = 4245). As shown by the analysis and comparison of spatiotemporal distribution of earthquakes and earthquake chains, the spatiotemporal and energy distribution of chains of seismic events is formed by earthquake distribution in the BRZ. Beyond this zone, the chains are small in number. The established relationship between the distributions of earthquakes and earthquake chains in space, in time, and by energy indicates that in the epicentral field of seismicity of the BRZ, both “seismicity migration” chains and randomly formed chains (“pseudomigration” chains) are identified. The migrating seismicity of the BRZ is studied according to the seismicity statistics by using the criteria developed within the framework of the simulation base model of migrating seismicity to the results obtained. An index of seismicity migration activity (ISMA) that reflects a seismicity migration/pseudomigration ratio at the set level of significance is used to obtain distribution maps over the territory and graphs of changes over the years for this index. The maps show that small areas ISMA > 1 are seen in close proximity to rifting attractor structures (RASs), while seismicity migration in the rest of the BRZ is not statistically obvious. The graphs show that periods ISMA > 1 at three levels of significance are observed three to four years after the activation of RASs, which makes it possible to estimate the phase propagation velocity of a slow deformation perturbation of about 250–300 km/year. It is indicated by the results obtained that the migrating seismicity of the BRZ is directly related to the location and activations of RASs and that the RASs are the sources of local deformation perturbations in the BRZ lithosphere, which, among other things, manifest themselves in the implementation of seismicity migration chains.

Aluminum honeycomb framework reinforced Al/PTFE material is a kind of high inert energetic material, which has higher strength and structure advantages than that of pure Al/PTFE material. In order to meet the requirements of special penetration/blasting performance, this paper adds aluminum honeycomb framework with arm length of 1.5 mm into the traditional formula Al/PTFE (mass percentage of Al and PTFE is 26.5% and 73.5%). The energetic material reinforced by aluminum honeycomb framework (20.5% Al/73.5% PTFE/6% aluminum honeycomb) is obtained by cold pressing sintering，and the experimental evaluation of release energy generated by high velocity impact in vacuum was performed by using two-stage light gas gun loading system, transient optical fiber pyrometer measurement system, overpressure measurement system and infrared thermal imager measurement system. Experimental results show that the impact reaction temperature is about 700 °C in vacuum in the velocity range of 0.96–1.5 km/s, and the energy release of the specimen increases with the increase of impact velocity. When the impact velocity is greater than 1.5 km/s, the specimen fully reacts, and the energy released by the complete reaction of the specimen does not exceed 8.3 kJ/g.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the world and produces only water vapor as a result of chemical reaction that occurred in fuel cells. Therefore, fuel cell electric vehicles, which use hydrogen as fuel, continue its growing trend in the sector. In this study, an energy distribution comparison is carried out between fuel cell electric vehicle and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle. Hybridization of fuel cell electric vehicle is designed by equipped a traction battery (15 kW). Modeled vehicles were prepared under AVL Cruise program with similar chassis and same fuel cell stacks for regular determining process. Numerical analyses were presented and graphed with instantaneous results in terms of sankey diagrams with a comparison task. WLTP driving cycle is selected for both vehicles and energy input/output values given with detailed analyses. The average consumption results of electric and hydrogen usage is found out as 4.07 kWh and 1.125 kg/100 km respectively for fuel cell electric vehicle. On the other hand, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle's average consumption results figured out as 3.701 kWh for electric and 0.701 kg/100 km for hydrogen consumption. As a result of this study, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle was obtained better results rather than fuel cell electric vehicle according to energy and hydrogen consumption with 8% and 32%, respectively. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alumina reduction by laser ablation has been researched toward the lunar resource utilization without reducing agents: especially carbon. Alumina preheating and laser spot size optimization were co...

Goncharuk A. Do high tariffs provide high efficiency: a case of Ukrainian electricity distribution companies / A. Goncharuk, T. Horobets, V. Yatsyshyn, I. Lahutina // Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal. – V. 23 (3). – IGSMiE PAN, 2020. – P. 125–134.

Successful surface modification can be obtained by Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). In this work the discharge characteristics in misted deionized water and near-dry powder-mixed medium was studied systematically, as well as the microstructure and properties of electrical discharge strengthened layers on TC4 alloy. It indicates that the breakdown voltage of EDM in misted deionized water medium has been reduced to about 1/3 than in air medium. In near-dry powder-mixed medium, it is reduced to about 1/9, because the discharge gap is much larger than that of other mediums. In other words, a stable discharge can be obtained by larger discharge gaps and lower pulse energy than traditional EDM surface strengthening method, which leads to more stable discharge process. Experimental researches show that dense and sound combination with matrix like, multiphase hybrid intensification and chrysanthemum petal-like microstructure of strengthened layers can be observed in the near-dry powder-mixed medium. Meanwhile, it is found that the microhardness of the strengthened layer is up to about 1200 HV, which is four times higher than the base material.

تأتي أهمية الدراسة في إطار التصعيد الترکي الأخير بعقد اتفاقية تعاون أمني وعسکرى مع حکومة الوفاق الليبي دون التصديق من البرلمان، والذي تسعى ترکيا من خلاله، بالإضافة إلى التعاون في المجال العسکري والأمني إلى إنشاء منطقة اقتصادية خالصة تمتد من ساحل ترکيا الجنوبي على البحر المتوسط إلى الساحل الشمالي الشرقى الليبي، الأمر الذي يهدد مصالح دول منطقة شرق المتوسط وتحديدا کلا من مصر وقبرص واليونان، ويتعدى على حقوقهم القانونية في مصادر الطاقة المکتشفة والمحتمل اکتشافها في مناطقهم الاقتصادية الخالصة مما يستدعى أهمية طرح استراتيجية مقترحة لحماية المصالح المصرية في شرق المتوسط. تمثلت المصالح المصرية في منطقة شرق المتوسط في حماية وتأمين مصادر الطاقة المکتشفة في المنطقة الاقتصادية المصرية الخالصة، وتم طرح استراتيجية مقترحة لحماية وتأمين المصالح المصرية في هذه المنطقة الحيوية، وجاءت أبرز مقترحات هذه الاستراتيجية على النحوالتالي: 1- في المجال السياسي والأمني: أهمية تکثيف الجهود السياسية والأمنية على الصعيدين الدولي والإقليمي وتفعيل أطر التعاون السياسي والأمني والقانوني مع دول شرق المتوسط والاتحاد الأوروبي والدول العربية لإجهاض التحرکات والمناوأت الترکية (تهديد شرکات التنقيب على الغاز- الاتفاقية الأمنية والعسکرية بين ترکيا وحکومة الوفاق الليبي) لعرقلة تعيين وتقنين الحدود البحرية بين دول شرق المتوسط، وتقويض تطوير عمليات التنقيب عن الغاز وإنتاجه في شرق المتوسط. 2- في المجال الاقتصادي: الارتکاز على مقومات الطاقة المصرية والمتمثلة في المخزون الضخم من الغاز المصري المحتمل اکتشافة في شرق المتوسط (223تريليون قدم مکعب) والذي يمثل ضعف إجمالي مخزون الغاز المحتمل اکتشافة لکل من قبرص وإسرائيل، بالإضافة إلى إمتلاک مصر لمحطتى إسالة الغاز الوحيدتين (إدوکو- دمياط) في المنطقة، مع استثمار حاجة دول الاتحاد الأوروبي لسد الفجوة القائمة بين حجم الإنتاج من الغاز وإجمالي الطلب وتنويع مصادر الطاقة وتقليل الإعتماد على الإمدادات الروسية، وذلک لتفعيل وتعظيم مکانة مصر الاقتصادية في مجال الطاقة وتحويلها إلى مرکزا إقليميا لتوزيع الطاقة. Abstract: The significance of the study declares with the recent Turkish escalation by concluding a security and military cooperation agreement with the Libyan accord government without a ratification by parliament, which Turkey seeks through to establish arm exclusive economic zone extends from the Turkish southern coast on the Mediterranean to the Libyan North-Eastern coast Which threats the eastern Mediterranean region countries interests in general and Egypt, Cyprus and Greece in particular. That also, encroaches, their legal rights to discover or research energy resources within their exclusive economic regions, which calls for the importance to propose strategy of Egyptian interest's protection in the eastern Mediterranean. The most prominent proposal of this strategy was as followed: 1 - The Political and security field: The importance to intensify political and security efforts at the regional and international levels, and activating the political, security and legal cooperation frameworks with the eastern Mediterranean and Europe countries to abort Turkish conflict movements (gas exploration companies – the military and security agreement between Turkey and Libyan accord government) to obstruct the designation and legalization of wartime borders among the eastern Mediterranean countries in addition to, undermine Gas exploration and production development in that area. 2 - The economic field Relying on the Egyptian energy rectifiers which represented in the huge gas reserve as potential discovered (223 trillion) Israel and Cyprus gas reserves. In addition to Egypt's possessing of the only two gas liquefaction stations (Edoko-Damitta) in the region. With taking advantage of the European Union countries need to fill the gab among Gas volume production, total demands, diversify energy sources and reducing the dependence on Russian supplies, in order to activate and Maximize the Egyptian economic position in energy field and subsequently, converse to regional center to energy distribution.

This article investigates the vertical vortex-induced vibration of a flat-closed-box girder using numerical simulation method. The accuracy of simulation results is verified at first by comparing the displacement responses and vortex-induced force of vertical vortex-induced vibration with those obtained in a previous wind tunnel test of large-scale sectional model. The precision of extracting the vortex-induced pressures from the surface pressures and decomposing the vortex-induced pressures via the mathematical model is validated later. Subsequently, the vortex-induced pressures and energy distribution, and the evolution laws of vortex-induced pressures and energy are discussed. The results show that the linear aerodynamic negative damping and nonlinear aerodynamic positive damping are key factors of the rapid development of vortex-induced vibration and the self-limiting phenomenon separately. The positive aerodynamic damping is mainly provided by the lower surface and the middle of the upper surface, and the negative aerodynamic damping is primarily provided by the middle and downstream of the upper surface.

The results of experimental studies on the development of scientific and technical foundations of a method to obtain cubic titanium carbide in plasma of a DC arc discharge initiated in air have been presented. According to X-ray diffractometry of powder materials obtained in a series of experiments, the dependences of phase composition of the product on the duration of synthesis have been determined. Using the results of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion analysis, several morphological types of titanium carbide particles, which are formed as a result of uneven energy distribution in the reaction volume, have been revealed.

Yeast cell viability and concentration are the crucial factors affecting product quality in food industry and bio-fuel production, as well as the evaluation basis for environmental toxic compounds. To overcome the drawbacks of existing methods, including high error, false positive and low automation, we propose a highly accurate approach based on an automatic staining and high-throughput lensfree imaging platform. A precisely controlled staining process is implemented automatically, which largely avoids the error caused by inappropriate exposure times. Based on optical simulation analysis, energy distribution characteristics are proposed. They are better with steady theoretical evidence for live yeast cell recognition. The parameters are directly extracted from raw cell fingerprints without any reconstruction. Those progresses improve robustness and increase efficiency. Availability of this approach is validated by compared the detection results with gold-standard PI counting method in a H2O2 toxicity test. So it is expected to be widely used in industrial production and environmental toxicity assessment.

Gate controllable electronic trap detection method has been demonstrated by regulating the gate potential of MIS devices. This method is based on shift of capacitance voltage (CV) curve as well as flatband voltage (VFB) measure in less than 10 micro-seconds due to injection or ejection of electrons through the metal gate. Using this method, an electronic trap energy distribution was measured in the HfO2 dielectric film and it confirms a maximum number of traps (Delta_NT) of 1.7x1012 cm-2 corresponding to an energy level (Delta_EIL) of 0.45 eV above silicon conduction band (Si-ECB). In comparison, ZrO2-based MIS devices showed a broader distribution of electronic traps throughout the band gap. However, HfO2 contained more than 60% traps in deep level compared to 50% in ZrO2, which establishes the effects of material variation., Comment: Electronic traps, metal insulator semiconductor (MIS), energy level (EIL), silicon conduction band (Si ECB)