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1. Test beam characterization of sensor prototypes for the CMS Barrel MIP Timing Detector

Author

P. Martinez del Arbol, A. Ghezzi, R. Carlin, Jennifer Ott, Matthew Joyce, V. Mechinsky, Geonhee Oh, C. Perez, Giulia Sorrentino, A. Benaglia, G. Pessina, I. Tlisova, Wolfgang Funk, O. Neogi, L. Gray, J. Varela, Erik Brücken, S. Ganjour, Balazs Ujvari, I. Dutta, Y. Zhang, R. Arcidiacono, P. Meridiani, G. Zhang, R. Paramatti, Francesco Pandolfi, Massimo Casarsa, G. Organtini, R. Bellan, Toyoko Orimoto, Jack King, Y. Onel, P. Debbins, M. W. Arenton, F. De Guio, Maria Spiropulu, Alexander Dermenev, E. Tiras, D. Del Re, Lautaro Narvaez, Christopher Madrid, D. Stuart, Si Xie, M. Wayne, D. Marlow, Tiehui Liu, Ryan Heller, Kamuran Dilsiz, M. Korjik, Christopher Rogan, Tanvi Wamorkar, Yuri Andreev, C. Rovelli, Fabio Cossutti, J. Wetzel, Nicolaus Kratochwil, Anton Karneyeu, Sebastian White, Amedeo Staiano, I. Dafinei, Mohammad Alhusseini, Badder Marzocchi, Gillian Kopp, H. Chen, Geum Bong Yu, Christopher Tully, U. Dosselli, D. Tlisov, Dave Winn, Wenbo Li, K. F. Di Petrillo, Richard J. Abbott, Bennett Marsh, Hasan Ogul, L. A. T. Bauerdick, I. Mandjavize, Mário Costa, Raffaella Tramontano, E. Hazen, A. Peck, Gintautas Tamulaitis, Simone Pigazzini, Martina Malberti, W. Sands, Michael Gardner, F. J.M. Geurts, J. C. Silva, Chang-Seong Moon, M. Benettoni, M. Paganoni, A. Mestvirishvili, M. Sahin, S. Ventura, S. Hedia, G. Dissertori, T. Tabarelli de Fatis, F. Guilloux, Maria Margherita Obertino, C. Royon, Jane Nachtman, J. Mao, Claudio Gotti, Marco Bellato, Roberto Mulargia, Nan Lu, Z. Ye, Enrico Robutti, Michele Gallinaro, Hyun-Chul Kim, C. McMahon, Francesca Maria Addesa, Yurii Maravin, Marco Toliman Lucchini, S. N. Gninenko, Slawek Tkaczyk, K. Kaadze, W. Lustermann, Valentina Sola, Fabio Monti, Stefan Gundacker, C. Fernandez Madrazo, F. Santanastasio, Sunil Dogra, Marco Ferrero, S. Li, R. Isocrate, Hee-Won Lee, S. Nargelas, Micah M. Murray, Abdollah Mohammadi, M. Campana, O. K. Köseyan, Nicola Redaelli, James Sheplock, Zehui Zhang, R. Bertoni, F. Golf, P. Checchia, Claudio Campagnari, Christopher Neu, Daniel Spitzbart, L. Zhang, A. G. Stahl Leiton, Ivan Ovtin, Joel Nathan Butler, R. Y. Zhu, Ulascan Sarica, Federico Siviero, E. Auffray, T. Isidori, M. Lazarovits, Diogo Bastos, Carlos Pena, Adolf Bornheim, J. S. Gonzalez, R. Jaramillo, Artur Apresyan, I. Schmidt, N. Minafra, Marta Tornago, D. Rigoni, M. Titov, R. Mazza, A. Abreu, S. Chidzik, S. Wu, Olmo Cerri, E. Di Marco, J. Trevor, Marcos Fernandez, Christina Wang, Shudhashil Bharthuar, Y. Musienko, Travis Anderson, J. S. H. Lee, R. Schmitz, M. Besancon, Ang Li, Nicolo Cartiglia, A. Ledovskoy, F. Caleb, F. Chlebana, Z. Flowers, Y. Tang, Benjamin Tannenwald, Brady R. Cox, Isabel Ojalvo, Olesia Radchenko, Paolo Carniti, A. Heering, M. Tosi, Livia Soffi, Indara Suarez, Xuejun Wang, Tahereh Sadat Niknejad, I. Vila, A.N. Kozyrev, Richard J. K. Taylor, Roberto Rossin, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CMS MTD, Abbott, R, Abreu, A, Addesa, F, Alhusseini, M, Anderson, T, Andreev, Y, Apresyan, A, Arcidiacono, R, Arenton, M, Auffray, E, Bastos, D, Bauerdick, L, Bellan, R, Bellato, M, Benaglia, A, Benettoni, M, Bertoni, R, Besancon, M, Bharthuar, S, Bornheim, A, Brucken, E, Butler, J, Campagnari, C, Campana, M, Carlin, R, Carniti, P, Cartiglia, N, Casarsa, M, Cerri, O, Checchia, P, Chen, H, Chidzik, S, Chlebana, F, Cossutti, F, Costa, M, Cox, B, Dafinei, I, de Guio, F, Debbins, P, del Re, D, Dermenev, A, Di Marco, E, Dilsiz, K, Di Petrillo, K, Dissertori, G, Dogra, S, Dosselli, U, Dutta, I, Caleb, F, Madrazo, C, Fernandez, M, Ferrero, M, Flowers, Z, Funk, W, Gallinaro, M, Ganjour, S, Gardner, M, Geurts, F, Ghezzi, A, Gninenko, S, Golf, F, Gonzalez, J, Gotti, C, Gray, L, Guilloux, F, Gundacker, S, Hazen, E, Hedia, S, Heering, A, Heller, R, Isidori, T, Isocrate, R, Jaramillo, R, Joyce, M, Kaadze, K, Karneyeu, A, Kim, H, King, J, Kopp, G, Korjik, M, Koseyan, O, Kozyrev, A, Kratochwil, N, Lazarovits, M, Ledovskoy, A, Lee, H, Lee, J, Li, A, Li, S, Li, W, Liu, T, Lu, N, Lucchini, M, Lustermann, W, Madrid, C, Malberti, M, Mandjavize, I, Mao, J, Maravin, Y, Marlow, D, Marsh, B, del Arbol, P, Marzocchi, B, Mazza, R, Mcmahon, C, Mechinsky, V, Meridiani, P, Mestvirishvili, A, Minafra, N, Mohammadi, A, Monti, F, Moon, C, Mulargia, R, Murray, M, Musienko, Y, Nachtman, J, Nargelas, S, Narvaez, L, Neogi, O, Neu, C, Niknejad, T, Obertino, M, Ogul, H, Oh, G, Ojalvo, I, Onel, Y, Organtini, G, Orimoto, T, Ott, J, Ovtin, I, Paganoni, M, Pandolfi, F, Paramatti, R, Peck, A, Perez, C, Pessina, G, Pena, C, Pigazzini, S, Radchenko, O, Redaelli, N, Rigoni, D, Robutti, E, Rogan, C, Rossin, R, Rovelli, C, Royon, C, Sahin, M, Sands, W, Santanastasio, F, Sarica, U, Schmidt, I, Schmitz, R, Sheplock, J, Silva, J, Siviero, F, Soffi, L, Sola, V, Sorrentino, G, Spiropulu, M, Spitzbart, D, Leiton, A, Staiano, A, Stuart, D, Suarez, I, de Fatis, T, Tamulaitis, G, Tang, Y, Tannenwald, B, Taylor, R, Tiras, E, Titov, M, Tkaczyk, S, Tlisov, D, Tlisova, I, Tornago, M, Tosi, M, Tramontano, R, Trevor, J, Tully, C, Ujvari, B, Varela, J, Ventura, S, Vila, I, Wamorkar, T, Wang, C, Wang, X, Wayne, M, Wetzel, J, White, S, Winn, D, Wu, S, Xie, S, Ye, Z, Yu, G, Zhang, G, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhu, R, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Organization for Nuclear Research, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), European Commission, Academy of Finland, Department of Energy (US), Helsinki Institute of Physics, Abbott, R., Abreu, A., Addesa, F., Alhusseini, M., Anderson, T., Andreev, Y., Apresyan, A., Arcidiacono, R., Arenton, M., Auffray, E., Bastos, D., Bauerdick, L. A. T., Bellan, R., Bellato, M., Benaglia, A., Benettoni, M., Bertoni, R., Besancon, M., Bharthuar, S., Bornheim, A., Brücken, E., Butler, J. N., Campagnari, C., Campana, M., Carlin, R., Carniti, P., Cartiglia, N., Casarsa, M., Cerri, O., Checchia, P., Chen, H., Chidzik, S., Chlebana, F., Cossutti, F., Costa, M., Cox, B., Dafinei, I., De Guio, F., Debbins, P., del Re, D., Dermenev, A., Di Marco, E., Dilsiz, K., Di Petrillo, K. F., Dissertori, G., Dogra, S., Dosselli, U., Dutta, I., Caleb, F., Fernandez Madrazo, C., Fernandez, M., Ferrero, M., Flowers, Z., Funk, W., Gallinaro, M., Ganjour, S., Gardner, M., Geurts, F., Ghezzi, A., Gninenko, S., Golf, F., Gonzalez, J., Gotti, C., Gray, L., Guilloux, F., Gundacker, S., Hazen, E., Hedia, S., Heering, A., Heller, R., Isidori, T., Isocrate, R., Jaramillo, R., Joyce, M., Kaadze, K., Karneyeu, A., Kim, H., King, J., Kopp, G., Korjik, M., Koseyan, O. K., Kozyrev, A., Kratochwil, N., Lazarovits, M., Ledovskoy, A., Lee, H., Lee, J., Li, A., Li, S., Li, W., Liu, T., Lu, N., Lucchini, M., Lustermann, W., Madrid, C., Malberti, M., Mandjavize, I., Mao, J., Maravin, Y., Marlow, D., Marsh, B., Martinez del Arbol, P., Marzocchi, B., Mazza, R., Mcmahon, C., Mechinsky, V., Meridiani, P., Mestvirishvili, A., Minafra, N., Mohammadi, A., Monti, F., Moon, C. S., Mulargia, R., Murray, M., Musienko, Y., Nachtman, J., Nargelas, S., Narvaez, L., Neogi, O., Neu, C., Niknejad, T., Obertino, M., Ogul, H., Oh, G., Ojalvo, I., Onel, Y., Organtini, G., Orimoto, T., Ott, J., Ovtin, I., Paganoni, M., Pandolfi, F., Paramatti, R., Peck, A., Perez, C., Pessina, G., Pena, C., Pigazzini, S., Radchenko, O., Redaelli, N., Rigoni, D., Robutti, E., Rogan, C., Rossin, R., Rovelli, C., Royon, C., Sahin, M. Ö., Sands, W., Santanastasio, F., Sarica, U., Schmidt, I., Schmitz, R., Sheplock, J., Silva, J. C., Siviero, F., Soffi, L., Sola, V., Sorrentino, G., Spiropulu, M., Spitzbart, D., Stahl Leiton, A. G., Staiano, A., Stuart, D., Suarez, I., Tabarelli de Fatis, T., Tamulaitis, G., Tang, Y., Tannenwald, B., Taylor, R., Tiras, E., Titov, M., Tkaczyk, S., Tlisov, D., Tlisova, I., Tornago, M., Tosi, M., Tramontano, R., Trevor, J., Tully, C. G., Ujvari, B., Varela, J., Ventura, S., Vila, I., Wamorkar, T., Wang, C., Wang, X., Wayne, M., Wetzel, J., White, S., Winn, D., Wu, S., Xie, S., Ye, Z., Yu, G. B., Zhang, G., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., and Zhu (the CMS MTD Group), R.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Scintillation and licht emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), APDS, Ga, CMOS imager, APDs, CCDs, CMOS imagers, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, Etc), G-APDs, Gas, Liquid scintillators), Photon detectors for UV, Scintillation and light emission processes (solid, Scintillators, Si-PMTs, Timing detectors, Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Lyso, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, physics.ins-det, time resolution, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Event reconstruction, CMS, Detector, p: beam, Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDS, Si-PMTs, G-APDx, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), PARTICLE PHYSICS, Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diode, performance, Si-PMT, Materials science, Bar (music), FOS: Physical sciences, Scintillator, 114 Physical sciences, EMCCD, 03 medical and health sciences, Silicon photomultiplier, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, photomultiplier: silicon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], CCD, LARGE HADRON COLLIDER, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, EBCCD, APD, G-APD, Timing detector, efficiency, scintillation counter: crystal, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

CMS MTD collaboration: et al., The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about 30 ps at the beginning of operation, and degrading to 50-60 ps at the end of the detector lifetime as a result of radiation damage. In this work, we present the results obtained using a 120 GeV proton beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility to measure the time resolution of unirradiated sensors. A proof-of-concept of the sensor layout proposed for the barrel region of the MTD, consisting of elongated crystal bars with dimensions of about 3×3×57 mm3 and with double-ended SiPM readout, is demonstrated. This design provides a robust time measurement independent of the impact point of the MIP along the crystal bar. We tested LYSO:Ce bars of different thickness (2, 3, 4 mm) with a geometry close to the reference design and coupled to SiPMs manufactured by Hamamatsu and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The various aspects influencing the timing performance such as the crystal thickness, properties of the SiPMs (e.g. photon detection efficiency), and impact angle of the MIP are studied. A time resolution of about 28 ps is measured for MIPs crossing a 3 mm thick crystal bar, corresponding to a most probable value (MPV) of energy deposition of 2.6 MeV, and of 22 ps for the 4.2 MeV MPV energy deposition expected in the BTL, matching the detector performance target for unirradiated devices., We acknowledge the support provided to the MTD project by the following funding agencies: CERN; Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA (France); NKFIH, OTKA-131991 (Hungary); INFN (Italy); NRF-2008-00460, 2018R1A6A1A06024970, 2020R1A2C1012322 (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); FCT (Portugal); MON, Rosatom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.).

Published
2021
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2. CHARA array adaptive optics: complex operational software and performance

Author

T. ten Brummelaar, Douglas R. Gies, Laszlo Sturmann, Denis Mourard, Matthew D. Anderson, Philippe Berio, Cyril Petit, John Monnier, Stefan Kraus, C. B. Lim, Michel Tallon, Michael J. Ireland, Norm Vargas, Judit Sturmann, Chris Farrington, Stephen T. Ridgway, Narsireddy Anugu, Jean Baptiste Le Bouquin, Olli Majoinen, Gail H. Schaefer, Nils H. Turner, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Australian National University (ANU), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab), School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, CHARA, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Active galactic nucleus, Computer science, Young stellar object, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, EMCCD, 01 natural sciences, CHARA array, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Software, Optics, Wavefront sensor, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Sensitivity (control systems), Adaptive optics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Throughput (business), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Shack-Hartmann, Long baseline interferometry, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract

The CHARA Array is the longest baseline optical interferometer in the world. Operated with natural seeing, it has delivered landmark sub-milliarcsecond results in the areas of stellar imaging, binaries, and stellar diameters. However, to achieve ambitious observations of faint targets such as young stellar objects and active galactic nuclei, higher sensitivity is required. For that purpose, adaptive optics are developed to correct atmospheric turbulence and non-common path aberrations between each telescope and the beam combiner lab. This paper describes the AO software and its integration into the CHARA system. We also report initial on-sky tests that demonstrate an increase of scientific throughput by sensitivity gain and by extending useful observing time in worse seeing conditions. Our 6 telescopes and 12 AO systems with tens of critical alignments and control loops pose challenges in operation. We describe our methods enabling a single scientist to operate the entire system., Comment: SPIE, Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging VII, Proceedings Volume 11446, 1144622, Dec 14, 2020 "See, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2561560"

Published
2020
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3. Light detection in DarkSide-20k

Author

F. Carnesecchi and Carnesecchi F.

Subjects
Physics, Light detection, business.industry, EBCCD, APD, Cryogenic detector, CMOS imager, G-APD, DarkSide, visible and IR photons (solidstate) (PIN diodes, EMCCD, Dark Matter detectors (WIMP, Optics, axion, etc.), business, Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (solid-state), Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, CCD, etc), Si-PMT
Abstract

The Darkside experiment aims at the direct detection of WIMPs using a dual phase liquid Argon TPC . The next generation experiment, DarkSide-20k, will push the fiducial mass liquid argon to 20 tonnes. The light detection is a crucial part of the project; DS-20k will use, instead of the standard PhotoMultipliers (PMs), the Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SIPMs). This kind of photo-sensors will permit a higher photo-detection efficiency and a lower background, compared to standard PMs. The TPC will be outfitted with about 200,000 SiPMs grouped into 8200 single readout channels, 25 cm2 Photo Detection Module (PDM) . In this paper, the design and performance of the PDMs will be reported. The strategy to scale from the R&D to the DS-20k will be also discussed, together with recent results obtained from the first prototype Darkside-Proto-0 detector.

Published
2020
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4. An investigation of the Eigenvalue Calibration Method (ECM) using GASP for non-imaging and imaging detectors

Author

Andrew Shearer, Michael Redfern, Gillian Kyne, David Lara, Gregg Hallinan, and ~

Subjects
ecm, emccd, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, microphysical properties, Instrumentation, Polarimetry, FOS: Physical sciences, apd, polarisation, 01 natural sciences, daytime sky, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Stokes parameters, Mueller calculus, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), polarimetry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, polarization, business.industry, scattering, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, atmospheric aerosol, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarimeter, calibration, skylight, Mueller matrix, mueller-matrix, Space and Planetary Science, symbols, Atmosphere aerosol, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, light, business, reflection
Abstract

Polarised light from astronomical targets can yield a wealth of information about their source radiation mechanisms, and about the geometry of the scattered light regions. Optical observations, of both the linear and circular polarisation components, have been impeded due to non-optimised instrumentation. The need for suitable observing conditions and the availability of luminous targets are also limiting factors. GASP uses division of amplitude polarimeter (DOAP) (Compain and Drevillon) to measure the four components of the Stokes vector simultaneously, which eliminates the constraints placed upon the need for moving parts during observation, and offers a real-time complete measurement of polarisation. Results from the GASP calibration are presented in this work for both a 1D detector system, and a pixel-by-pixel analysis on a 2D detector system. Following Compain et al. we use the Eigenvalue Calibration Method (ECM) to measure the polarimetric limitations of the instrument for each of the two systems. Consequently, the ECM is able to compensate for systematic errors introduced by the calibration optics, and it also accounts for all optical elements of the polarimeter in the output. Initial laboratory results of the ECM are presented, using APD detectors, where errors of 0.2% and 0.1{\deg} were measured for the degree of linear polarisation and polarisation angle respectively. Channel-to-channel image registration is an important aspect of 2-D polarimetry. We present our calibration results of the measured Mueller matrix of each sample, used by the ECM. A set of Zenith flat-field images were recorded during an observing campaign at the Palomar 200 inch telescope in November 2012. From these we show the polarimetric errors from the spatial polarimetry indicating both the stability and absolute accuracy of GASP., Comment: Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy

Published
2015
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5. An innovative concept for the AsteroidFinder/SSB focal plane assembly

Author

Karsten Schindler, Alexander Koncz, Michael Solbrig, Matthias Tschentscher, and Harald Michaelis

Subjects
Engineering, ceramic, Interface (computing), Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, finite element analysis, FE, EMCCD, law.invention, Telescope, Material selection, law, Thermal, FEA, SSB, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), opto-mechanical design, Spacecraft, business.industry, small satellite, FPA, Asteroid Finder, Finite element method, Cardinal point, SHAPAL, focal plane, finite elements, Development (differential geometry), AsteroidFinder, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, focal plate, kinematic mount
Abstract

This paper gives a summary on the system concept and design of the focal plane assembly of AsteroidFinder/SSB, a small satellite mission which is currently under development at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). An athermal design concept has been developed in accordance to the requirements of the instrument and spacecraft. Key aspects leading to this approach have been a trade-off study of the mechanical telescope interface, the definition of electrical and thermal interfaces and a material selection which minimizes thermally induced stresses. As a novelty, the structure will be manufactured from a machinable AlN-BN composite ceramic. To enable rapid design iterations and development, an integrated modeling approach has been used to conduct a thermo-mechanical analysis of the proposed concept in order to prove its feasibility. The steady-state temperature distribution for various load cases and the resulting stress and strain within the assembly have both been computed using a finite element simulation., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Published
2016
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6. Single Photon Counting UV Solar-Blind Detectors Using Silicon and III-Nitride Materials

Author

Fatemeh Shahedipour-Sandvik, Todd J. Jones, Erika T. Hamden, Preethi Padmanabhan, Puneet Suvarna, April D. Jewell, Bruce R. Hancock, John Bulmer, Timothy Goodsall, Alexander G. Carver, Michael E. Hoenk, Edoardo Charbon, Shouleh Nikzad, John Hennessy, and L. Douglas Bell

Subjects
Materials science, MBE, Silicon, chemistry.chemical_element, Review, lcsh:Chemical technology, medicine.disease_cause, EMCCD, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, GaN, Analytical Chemistry, 010309 optics, Optics, ultraviolet, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, ROIC, lcsh:TP1-1185, Avalanche, Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, quantum efficiency, business.industry, Doping, APD, Avalanche photodiode, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Photon counting, visible rejection, chemistry, ALD, MOCVD, Optoelectronics, Quantum efficiency, business, Ultraviolet, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) studies in astronomy, cosmology, planetary studies, biological and medical applications often require precision detection of faint objects and in many cases require photon-counting detection. We present an overview of two approaches for achieving photon counting in the UV. The first approach involves UV enhancement of photon-counting silicon detectors, including electron multiplying charge-coupled devices and avalanche photodiodes. The approach used here employs molecular beam epitaxy for delta doping and superlattice doping for surface passivation and high UV quantum efficiency. Additional UV enhancements include antireflection (AR) and solar-blind UV bandpass coatings prepared by atomic layer deposition. Quantum efficiency (QE) measurements show QE > 50% in the 100–300 nm range for detectors with simple AR coatings, and QE ≅ 80% at ~206 nm has been shown when more complex AR coatings are used. The second approach is based on avalanche photodiodes in III-nitride materials with high QE and intrinsic solar blindness.

Published
2016
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9. The AsteroidFinder Instrument

Author

Michaelis, Harald, Mottola, Stefano, Kührt, Ekkehard, Behnke, Thomas, Messina, Gabriele, Solbrig, Michael, Tschentscher, Matthias, Schindler, Karsten, Scheibe, Karsten, Mosebach, Herbert, Hartl, Michael, and Lenfert, Kai

Subjects
asteroid, FPA, EMCCD, SSB, IEO, Cesic
Published
2010

10. Electron-multiplying CCD astronomical photometry

Author

Alejandro Ferrero, Lorraine Hanlon, Riccardo Felletti, Joaquín Campos, and Alicia Pons

Subjects
Physics, Time delay and integration, Photometry (astronomy), Optics, Limiting magnitude, business.industry, Temporal resolution, Astronomical photometry, Electron, business, Noise (electronics), EMCCD
Abstract

11 páginas, 8 figuras.-- Trabajo presentado como comunicación oral a: "Sensors, Cameras, and Systems for Industrial/Scientific Applications XI" celebrado en EE.UU. en Enero de 2010.-- et al., Electron Multiplying CCD is a CCD technology sensor reduces read-out noise to less than one electron. We study the way the usage of this technology affects to the astronomical photometry and to the improvement of the temporal resolution of the measurements. We show the effect of this technology on individual celestial sources and in the limiting magnitude. We propose a criterion to choose the optimal EM gain for a specific integration time. We explain a straightforward procedure to characterize the actual EM gain and the readout noise expressed in photo-electrons for every software-displayed gain, and we applied this procedure to the Andor Ixon DU-888E-C00-BV EMCCD.

Published
2010

11. Biological applications of an LCoS-based programmable array microscope (PAM)

Author

Martin Thomas, Thomas M. Jovin, Guy M. Hagen, Andrew H. Hill, Cornelia Fritsch, Bernd Rieger, Bert van Geest, Donna J. Arndt-Jovin, Keith A. Lidke, and Wouter Caarls

Subjects
FLIM, Materials science, Microscope, Spatial light modulator, emCCD, Optical sectioning, business.industry, EGFR, Inverted microscope, quantum dots, Laser, fluorescence microscopy, DRONPA, SLM, law.invention, Liquid crystal on silicon, Dronpa, confocal, law, Temporal resolution, erbB, FRET, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

We report on a new generation, commercial prototype of a programmable array optical sectioning fluorescence microscope (PAM) for rapid, light efficient 3D imaging of living specimens. The stand-alone module, including light source(s) and detector(s), features an innovative optical design and a ferroelectric liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulator (SLM) instead of the DMD used in the original PAM design. The LCoS PAM (developed in collaboration with Cairn Research, Ltd.) can be attached to a port of a(ny) unmodified fluorescence microscope. The prototype system currently operated at the Max Planck Institute incorporates a 6-position high-intensity LED illuminator, modulated laser and lamp light sources, and an Andor iXon emCCD camera. The module is mounted on an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope with 60-150X objectives with a Prior Scientific x,y, and z high resolution scanning stages. Further enhancements recently include: (i) point- and line-wise spectral resolution and (ii) lifetime imaging (FLIM) in the frequency domain. Multiphoton operation and other nonlinear techniques should be feasible. The capabilities of the PAM are illustrated by several examples demonstrating single molecule as well as lifetime imaging in live cells, and the unique capability to perform photoconversion with arbitrary patterns and high spatial resolution. Using quantum dot coupled ligands we show real-time binding and subsequent trafficking of individual ligand-growth factor receptor complexes on and in live cells with a temporal resolution and sensitivity exceeding those of conventional CLSM systems. The combined use of a blue laser and parallel LED or visible laser sources permits photoactivation and rapid kinetic analysis of cellular processes probed by photoswitchable visible fluorescent proteins such as DRONPA.

Published
2007
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