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The RAS-regulated RAF–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 pathway promotes cell proliferation and survival and RAS and BRAF proteins are commonly mutated in cancer. This has fuelled the development of small molecule kinase inhibitors including ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors. Type I and type I½ ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors are effective in BRAFV600E/K-mutant cancer cells. However, in RAS-mutant cells these compounds instead promote RAS-dependent dimerisation and paradoxical activation of wild-type RAF proteins. RAF dimerisation is mediated by two key regions within each RAF protein; the RKTR motif of the αC-helix and the NtA-region of the dimer partner. Dimer formation requires the adoption of a closed, active kinase conformation which can be induced by RAS-dependent activation of RAF or by the binding of type I and I½ RAF inhibitors. Binding of type I or I½ RAF inhibitors to one dimer partner reduces the binding affinity of the other, thereby leaving a single dimer partner uninhibited and able to activate MEK. To overcome this paradox two classes of drug are currently under development; type II pan-RAF inhibitors that induce RAF dimer formation but bind both dimer partners thus allowing effective inhibition of both wild-type RAF dimer partners and monomeric active class I mutant RAF, and the recently developed “paradox breakers” which interrupt BRAF dimerisation through disruption of the αC-helix. Here we review the regulation of RAF proteins, including RAF dimers, and the progress towards effective targeting of the wild-type RAF proteins

N‐Heteropolycycles are among the most promising candidates for applications in organic devices. For this purpose, a profound understanding of the low‐energy electronic absorbance and emission characteristics is of crucial importance. Herein, we report high‐resolution absorbance and fluorescence spectra of pentacene (PEN) and 6,13‐diazapentacene (DAP) in solid neon obtained using the matrix‐isolation technique. Accompanying DFT calculations allow the assignment of specific vibrationally resolved signals to corresponding modes. Furthermore, we present for the first time evidence for the formation of van der Waals dimers of both substances. These dimers exhibit significantly different optical characteristics resulting from the change of electronic properties evoked by the incorporation of sp2 nitrogen into the molecular backbone., High‐resolution and fluorescence spectra of pentacene and 6,13‐diazapentacene isolated in solid neon are presented. In alliance with quantum‐chemical calculations, the spectra give valuable information about the monomeric compounds. In addition, the matrix‐isolation technique was used to generate weakly bound dimers which were spectroscopically studied for the first time, providing information about the electronic coupling therein.

In baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Trk1, a member of the superfamily of K-transporters (SKT), is the main K+ uptake system under conditions when its concentration in the environment is low. Structurally, Trk1 is made up of four domains, each similar and homologous to a K-channel α subunit. Because most K-channels are proteins containing four channel-building α subunits, Trk1 could be functional as a monomer. However, related SKT proteins TrkH and KtrB were crystallised as dimers, and for Trk1, a tetrameric arrangement has been proposed based on molecular modelling. Here, based on Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation experiments and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy combined with molecular modelling; we provide evidence that Trk1 can exist in the yeast plasma membrane as a monomer as well as a dimer. The association of monomers to dimers is regulated by the K+ concentration.

Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) is an amino acid-based cationic surfactant with low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. It is widely used as a food preservative and component for food packaging. When stored, LAE decomposes by hydrolysis into surface-active components Nα-lauroyl–l-arginine (LAS) or dodecanoic (lauric) acid. There are only a limited number of reports considering the mechanism of surface activity of LAE. Thus, we analysed the surface tension isotherm of LAE with analytical standard purity in relation to LAE after prolonged storage. We used quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) computations to determine the preferred hydrolysis path and discuss the possibility of forming highly surface-active heterodimers, LAE-dodecanoate anion, or LAE-LAS. Applying molecular dynamics simulations, we determined the stability of those dimers linked by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. We used the adsorption model of surfactant mixtures to successfully describe the experimental surface tension isotherms. The real part surface dilational modulus determined by the oscillation drop method follows a diffusional transport mechanism. However, the nonlinear response of the surface tension could be observed for LAE concentration close to and above Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Nonlinearity originates from the presence of micelles and the reorganisation of the interfacial layer.

In animal gonads, the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway guards genome integrity in part through the co-transcriptional gene silencing of transposon insertions. In Drosophila ovaries, piRNA-loaded Piwi detects nascent transposon transcripts and instructs heterochromatin formation through the Panoramix-induced co-transcriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, containing Panoramix, Nxf2 and Nxt1. Here, we report that the highly conserved dynein light chain LC8/Cut-up (Ctp) is an essential component of the PICTS complex. Loss of Ctp results in transposon de-repression and a reduction in repressive chromatin marks specifically at transposon loci. In turn, Ctp can enforce transcriptional silencing when artificially recruited to RNA and DNA reporters. We show that Ctp drives dimerisation of the PICTS complex through its interaction with conserved motifs within Panoramix. Artificial dimerisation of Panoramix bypasses the necessity for its interaction with Ctp, demonstrating that conscription of a protein from a ubiquitous cellular machinery has fulfilled a fundamental requirement for a transposon silencing complex.

Purpose Imatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown good clinical activity by inhibiting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding to the receptor. Unfortunately, majority of patients eventually develop drug resistance, which limits the long-term benefits of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and poses a significant challenge in the clinical management of GIST. The aim of our study was to explore the feasibility of blocking KIT dimerisation upstream of the phosphorylation in imatinib-resistant GIST. Method KITMAb was prepared using hybridoma technique. The biological function of KITMAb was examined in KIT-dimer-expressing cells constructed by transfecting with liposomes using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, western blot, MTT, Annexin V/FITC, and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Results KIT-dimer was expressed in 293 cells transfected with c-kit mutated-type pcDNA3.1. Treatment of KIT-dimer-expressing cells with the KITMAb significantly decreased the expression of both KIT-dimer and other phosphorylated proteins of KIT downstream signalling pathway. Furthermore, KITMAb slowed down cell growth and reduced the proportion of cells in the proliferative phase (S + G2-M). Finally, we also found that KITMAb treatment accelerated cell apoptosis. These results indicate that KITMAb strongly inhibits KIT receptor dimerisation-mediated signalling pathway and cell growth responses in vitro. Conclusions We demonstrate c-kit mutation-driven KIT auto-dimerisation prior to tyrosine kinase phosphorylation as same as the procedure in ligand-dependent signalling pathway and describe a monoclonal antibody, KITMAb, with strong affinity to the dimerisation domain of KIT that blocks the important step in both the KIT signalling pathways. Further, the results suggest that treatment with KITMAb may be potentially therapeutic in imatinib-resistant GIST.

HIV-1 packages two copies of its gRNA into virions via an interaction with the viral structural protein Gag. Both copies and their native RNA structure are essential for virion infectivity. The precise stepwise nature of the packaging process has not been resolved. This is largely due to a prior lack of structural techniques that follow RNA structural changes within an RNA���protein complex. Here, we apply the in-gel SHAPE (selective 2���OH acylation analysed by primer extension) technique to study the initiation of HIV-1 packaging, examining the interaction between the packaging signal RNA and the Gag polyprotein, and compare it with that of the NC domain of Gag alone. Our results imply interactions between Gag and monomeric packaging signal RNA in switching the RNA conformation into a dimerisation-competent structure, and show that the Gag���dimer complex then continues to stabilise. These data provide a novel insight into how HIV-1 regulates the translation and packaging of its genome., This work was funded by an Eric Reid fund for Methodology grant from the Biochemical Society (to JCK), UK Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Number: MR/N022939/1 (to AML and JCK). AMLL is supported by the Clinical Academic Reserve and his laboratory by the NIHR Cambridge BRC (Grant RCAG/18). Research in the Kappei laboratory was supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under its Re-search Centres of Excellence initiative.

A set of heteroleptic ethyl zinc β-amidoenoates (1, 2) and β-ketoiminates (3) of the form [LZnEt]2 with varying steric bulk have been synthesised via the reaction of diethylzinc with β-aminoenoate ligands HL1 and HL2 and β-ketoimine HL3. These complexes have been characterised via 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which unambiguously determined all three structures as dimeric species in the solid state. We observe the unusual dimerisation of 1 and 2 through coordination of the central zinc atom to the methine carbon of the second monomer, which gives these complexes high reactivity. The thermal properties of complex 3 are explored via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), to investigate their potential as single-source precursors to zinc oxide, which shows that 3 has a significantly lower decomposition temperature as compared to its bis-ligated counterpart [Zn(L3)2], which gives 3 promise as a single-source precursor to zinc oxide.

The sweet taste receptor is a class C G protein-coupled receptor consisting of the subunits T1R2 and T1R3. With expression recently discovered in organs like the small intestine, pancreas and brain, the sweet taste receptor is thought to play a role in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism and may represent a novel drug target for treating metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. Discovered as recently as 2001, many fundamental aspects of sweet taste receptor pharmacology are poorly understood. This thesis used heterologous expression systems to investigate sweet taste receptor surface trafficking, receptor-ligand interactions and signalling pathways. Sweet taste receptor expression was found to be predominantly intracellular, as shown by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. T1R3 showed reduced surface expression in the presence of T1R2, suggesting that T1R2 is a dominant negative for cell surface targeting. This is consistent with the observed N-glycosylation patterns, which are an indication of receptor maturation and surface trafficking and showed that T1R2 is poorly glycosylated. Confocal imaging of three novel fluorescent aspartame derivatives, which were synthesised by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester coupling reactions, showed them to be intracellular, with the smallest of these found to produce some functional activity at the sweet taste receptor. Once activated, the sweet taste receptor was found to signal through Gi but not gustducin, Gs or Gq, as determined by calcium mobilisation assays and Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET)-based assays. Receptor activation was found to lead to downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, as determined by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based biosensor assays analysed by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM). The subcellular distribution of phosphorylated ERK was found to differ for two different sweeteners that bind to two different sites on the receptor, pointing towards potential binding site-dependent agonist bias at the sweet taste receptor. Overall, this thesis contributes new knowledge on sweet taste receptor surface trafficking and suggests binding site-dependent biased signalling. If confirmed in future research, this binding site-dependent signalling bias could be harnessed for designing novel drugs for diabetes or obesity as desired signalling pathways could be targeted through binding site selectivity.

In establishing the sources of data variability within sedimentation velocity analysis in the analytical ultracentrifuge and their relative importance, recent studies have demonstrated that alignment of the sample cells to the centre of rotation is the most significant contributing factor to overall variability, particularly for the characterisation of low levels of protein aggregation. Accurate mechanical and optical alignment tools have been recently designed. In this study, we (1) confirm the effect of misalignment observed by others on the estimated amounts of bovine serum albumin (BSA) monomer and dimer, and the sedimentation coefficient value for the BSA dimer; and (2) demonstrate the high performance of a mechanical alignment tool and the usefulness of a simple and complementary enhanced manual alignment protocol which should be useful for situations where these tools are not available.

Complexation of dihydrogen phosphate by novel thiourea and urea receptors in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide was studied in detail by an integrated approach by using several methods (isothermal titration calorimetry, ESI-MS, and (1)H NMR and UV spectroscopy). Thermodynamic investigations into H2PO4(-) dimerisation, which is a process that has been frequently recognised, but rarely quantitatively described, were carried out as well. The corresponding equilibrium was taken into account in the anion-binding studies, which enabled reliable determination of the complexation thermodynamic quantities. In both solvents the thiourea derivatives exhibited considerably higher binding affinities with respect to those containing the urea moiety. In acetonitrile, 1:1 and 2:1 (anion/receptor) complexes formed, whereas in dimethyl sulfoxide only the significantly less stable complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry were detected. The solvent effects on the thermodynamic parameters of dihydrogen phosphate dimerisation and complexation reactions are discussed.

Hes1 is a member of the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and the Hes1 gene regulatory network (GRN) may be described as the canonical example of transcriptional control in eukaryotic cells, since it involves only the Hes1 protein and its own mRNA. Recently, the Hes1 protein has been established as an excellent target for an anti-cancer drug treatment, with the design of a small molecule Hes1 dimerisation inhibitor representing a promising if challenging approach to therapy. In this paper, we extend a previous spatial stochastic model of the Hes1 GRN to include nuclear transport and dimerisation of Hes1 monomers. Initially, we assume that dimerisation occurs only in the cytoplasm, with only dimers being imported into the nucleus. Stochastic simulations of this novel model using the URDME software show that oscillatory dynamics in agreement with experimental studies are retained. Furthermore, we find that our model is robust to changes in the nuclear transport and dimerisation parameters. However, since the precise dynamics of the nuclear import of Hes1 and the localisation of the dimerisation reaction are not known, we consider a second modelling scenario in which we allow for both Hes1 monomers and dimers to be imported into the nucleus, and we allow dimerisation of Hes1 to occur everywhere in the cell. Once again, computational solutions of this second model produce oscillatory dynamics in agreement with experimental studies. We also explore sensitivity of the numerical solutions to nuclear transport and dimerisation parameters. Finally, we compare and contrast the two different modelling scenarios using numerical experiments that simulate dimer disruption, and suggest a biological experiment that could distinguish which model more faithfully captures the Hes1 GRN. Postprint

The level of the transcription factor Nanog directly determines the efficiency of mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nanog protein exists as a dimer with the dimerization domain composed of a simple repeat region in which every fifth residue is a tryptophan, the tryptophan repeat (WR). Although WR is necessary to enable Nanog to confer LIF-independent self-renewal, the mechanism of dimerization and the effect of modulating dimerization strength have been unclear. Here we couple mutagenesis with functional and dimerization assays to show that the number of tryptophans within the WR is linked to the strength of homodimerization, Sox2 heterodimerization and self-renewal activity. A reduction in the number of tryptophan residues leads initially to a gradual reduction in activity before a precipitous reduction in activity occurs upon reduction in tryptophan number below eight. Further functional attrition follows subsequent tryptophan number reduction with substitution of all tryptophan residues ablating dimerization and self-renewal function completely. A strong positional influence of tryptophans exists, with residues at the WR termini contributing more to Nanog function, particularly at the N-terminal end. Limited proteolysis demonstrates that a structural core of Nanog encompassing the homeodomain and the tryptophan repeat can support LIF-independent colony formation. These results increase understanding of the molecular interactions occurring between transcription factor subunits at the core of the pluripotency gene regulatory network and will enhance our ability to control pluripotent cell self-renewal and differentiation., Graphical Abstract Image 1, Highlights • The Nanog tryptophan repeat (WR) is required for LIF-independent mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. • Tryptophans within WR give a graded increase in self-renewal and dimerization. • Tryptophans at the WR extremities contribute disproportionally to Nanog function. • A structural core of Nanog containing WR can drive LIF-independent self-renewal. • Results clarify the contribution of tryptophan residues within WR to Nanog function.

TLR4 is unique among pathogen-recognition receptors in that it initiates different pathways in different cellular locations. Binding of a bridging factor, Mal, allows recruitment of an adapter protein, MyD88, at the plasma membrane, which leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Upon internalization, TLR4 uses a different bridging factor, TRAM, to activate a MyD88-independent pathway that results in type I interferon expression. Interestingly, both Mal and TRAM are localised initially at the plasma membrane. In this Opinion, I suggest a possible mechanism by which endosomal acidification triggers the differential adaptor usage of TLR4. I discuss the evidence of the pH sensitivity of TLR4 and propose a new dimerisation mode for TLR4 based on the crystal structure of the related receptor TLR3 bound to its ligand, double-stranded RNA.

The functionality of the bisbenzimide Hoechst 33258 in solution has been largely exploited in the quantification of DNA. Understanding of its behavior is essential to promote its widespread application and learning of biological processes. A detailed study of the dimerization process of the fluorescent blue dye Hoechst 33258 is carried out by isothermal titration calorimetry, absorbance, fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry and T-jump kinetic measurements. The dimer/monomer ratio depends on the dye concentration and the ionic strength. The dimerization constant determined under physiological conditions (pH = 7.0; I = 0.10 M), KD = 3 × 10(4) M(-1), conveys that only micromolar concentrations of the dye can ensure reasonably high amounts of the monomer species in solution. For instance, for 10 μM dye content, the dimer prevails for I0.08 M, whereas the monomer is observed at low ionic strength, a key issue to be elucidated as long as the dimer species is more fluorescent than the monomer and the fluorescence intensity strongly relies on the ionic strength and the dye concentration.

Treatment of the phosphaalkyne P6-point triple bond; length half of m-dashCAr′ 1 with [W(CO)5(thf)] leads to the complex [W(CO)2{η2-PCAr′)W(CO)5}2] 2 (Ar′=C6H2tBu3-2,4,6) with two side-on coordinated phosphaalkyne moieties. In the presence of equimolar amounts of [W2(OtBu)6], however, the formation of [W(CO)4P(R′)C(Ar′)P{W(CO)5}] 3 (R′=2,4-tBu2-7-Me2-indanyl) is observed. 3 is a product of a ‘head-to-tail' dimerisation of the former phosphaalkynes 1 to give a novel phosphinidene complex containing an indanyl substituent formed via C–H-activation.

Mécanismes d’activation et conséquences fonctionnelles de la dimérisation des récepteurs aux chimiokines Les chimiokines sont de petites protéines qui régulent la migration des cellules immunitaires. Elles exercent leur action en se liant à des récepteurs appartenant à la famille des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) dont la fonction est intimement liée à la régulation des cellules immunitaires. Notre laboratoire étudie depuis plusieurs années les relations reliant la structure et la fonction des récepteurs aux chimiokines. Ces dernières années, un nouveau concept est venu révolutionner le mode de fonctionnement des RCPGs. En effet, des travaux ont montré que la plupart des RCPGs sont capables de former des dimères. Le but de cette thèse de doctorat est d’étudier de manière systématique la dimérisation des récepteurs aux chimiokines et d’analyser les conséquences fonctionnelles de la dimérisation. Dimérisation des récepteurs humains aux chimiokines et conséquences fonctionnelles En utilisant une technique biophysique basée sur un transfert d’énergie de luminescence (BRET) nous avons montré au cours de ce travail de thèse que les récepteurs CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR7 et CXCR4 sont capables de former des homodimères et des hétérodimères. De plus, une dimérisation entre ChemR23, dont le ligand naturel, la chémérine, est structurellement différent des chimiokines, et les récepteurs CCR7 et CXCR4, a également été identifiée. D’un point de vue fonctionnel, des expériences réalisées au laboratoire dans le cadre d’un autre travail de thèse ont identifié une forme de compétition croisée entre CCR2, CCR5 et CXCR4 où la liaison de ligands (agonistes ou antagonistes) spécifiques de l'un des deux récepteurs inhibe la liaison des ligands spécifiques de l’autre. Ces effets ont été démontrés sur des cellules recombinantes mais aussi sur des cellules immunes et dans un modèle in vivo. (El-Asmar, 2005; Springael, 2006; Sohy, 2007; Sohy, 2009). Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes dans un premier temps focalisés sur les hétéromères de ChemR23 avec CXCR4 et CCR7 et nous avons ensuite étudié plus en profondeur les hétéromères de CCR7. Concernant la dimérisation de ChemR23 avec les récepteurs aux chimiokines CCR7 et CXCR4, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une coopérativité négative de liaison entre les agonistes des récepteurs comme cela avait pu être démontré pour CCR2/CCR5/CXCR4. Par contre, nous n’avons observé aucun effet de compétition hétérologue ou d’inhibition fonctionnelle croisée de l’AMD3100 sur ChemR23 quand il est coexprimé avec CXCR4. De manière additionnelle, nous avons pu observer cette compétition croisée sur des cellules dendritiques murines immatures, démontrant l’existence des effets de l’hétérodimérisation lorsque les récepteurs sont exprimés à un niveau physiologique. Lors de l’étude approfondie des hétéromères de CCR7, nous avons montré que les conséquences fonctionnelles de l’hétérodimérisation de CCR7 sont différentes suivant le récepteur avec lequel il interagit. Pour l’hétérodimère CCR7/CCR2, nous avons identifié une forme de compétition croisée, où la liaison de ligands spécifiques de l'un des deux récepteurs inhibe la liaison des ligands spécifiques de l’autre, rejoignant les effets mis en évidence pour les hétéromères CCR2/CCR5/CXCR4. Ensuite, nous avons montré pour l’hétérodimère CCR7/CCR5 que les ligands de CCR7 sont capables d’inhiber la liaison des ligands spécifiques sur CCR5 mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai. Enfin, pour l’hétérodimère CCR7/CXCR4, nous n’avons pas pu mettre en évidence d’inhibition croisée, que ce soit dans un sens ou dans l’autre. D’autre part, un effet inhibiteur de CCR7 a également été identifié pour les hétéromères CCR7/CCR5 et CCR7/CXCR4. Nous avons pu montrer que l’expression de CCR7 exerce un effet négatif sur la réponse fonctionnelle de certains récepteurs hétérologues comme CCR5 et CXCR4 mais pas CCR2 ou ChemR23. L’ensemble de ces données permet de mieux comprendre les interactions entre récepteurs et pourrait mener à l’identification de nouvelles cibles pour les programmes de recherche de molécules thérapeutiques, qui, jusqu’à présent, ciblaient presque exclusivement un seul et unique récepteur. Etude du mécanisme d’activation du récepteur CCR5 et étude de la relation entre activité constitutive et dimérisation. De nombreux travaux ont été menés ces dernières années afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de l’activation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG). Il apparaît que les RCPGs peuvent se trouver dans plusieurs états conformationnels, dont certains sont favorisés par la présence d’agonistes ou d’antagonistes, ou encore d’anticorps reconnaissant des épitopes conformationnels. Certaines mutations peuvent également induire la stabilisation de certaines conformations, actives ou inactives. Pour les RCPGs appartenant à la famille de la rhodopsine, il en a résulté un modèle selon lequel les récepteurs sont maintenus dans une conformation inactive par un ensemble d’interactions ioniques impliquant l’arginine (R3.50) d’un motif DRY conservé, présent à l’extrémité cytosolique du troisième segment transmembranaire. Les interactions responsables de ce qu’on appelle le « DRY-lock » feraient intervenir notamment l’aspartate (D3.49) adjacent de l’arginine et un aspartate ou glutamate (D/E6.30) localisé au sein de l’hélice 6. Selon ce modèle, la liaison d’un agoniste, ainsi que certaines mutations, favoriseraient la rupture de ces interactions ioniques, et une conformation permettant aux récepteurs de se coupler plus efficacement aux protéines G. Des résultats du laboratoire indiquent cependant que ce modèle ne serait pas transposable complètement au récepteur CCR5. CCR5 possède intrinsèquement une activité constitutive en absence d'agoniste. Cette activité peut être mise en évidence par l'action d'un des antagonistes de CCR5, le TAK-779, qui s'est révélé posséder une activité de type agoniste inverse. D'autre part, CCR5 possède au sein de l'hélice 6 une arginine en position 6.30 et non pas un glutamate ou un aspartate. Une arginine à cette position ne peut donc contribuer au maintien d’une conformation inactive par interaction avec R3.50 .Dans le but de tester le modèle de « DRY-lock » sur CCR5 et de mieux comprendre les interactions moléculaires impliquées dans l’activation du récepteur, plusieurs récepteurs mutants ont été construits au laboratoire. Tout d’abord, l’arginine 3.50 du motif DRY a été mutée en Asn (R3.50N) afin de rompre les interactions ioniques de ce résidu. L’aspartate 3.49 a été muté en Asn (D3.49N) ou en Val (D3.49V), afin de neutraliser une des interactions du « DRY-lock » (Lagane, 2005). L’arginine 6.30 a été mutée d’une part en Asp (R6.30D) ou en Glu (R6.30E), afin de rétablir une possibilité d’interaction avec R3.50, d’autre part en Ala (R6.30A) et en Gln (R6.30Q) afin de mieux cerner le rôle de la charge de l’arginine. Afin de tester l’hypothèse d’interaction entre le résidu 6.30 et le résidu 2.40, l’aspartate 2 .40 a été mutée en Ala (D2.40A) ou en Arg (D2.40R) et des récepteurs présentant les deux mutations ont également construits (D2.40A/R6.30A et D2.40R/R6.30D). L’ensemble des résultats obtenus par l’analyse de ces mutants a permis de montrer que la nature des interactions entre l’extrémité cytosolique des hélices 3 et 6 influence l’activité du récepteur CCR5 (Springael, 2007). Une interaction forte conduit à une forme de récepteur inactif alors qu’une interaction faible s’accompagne d’une augmentation d’activité constitutive. Cette propriété de CCR5 serait donc partagée avec d’autres récepteurs appartenant à la famille de la rhodopsine. Cependant les interactions inter-hélice stabilisant ces conformations seraient différentes pour CCR5. D’autre part, l’étude de la position 2.40 laisse supposer l'importance du résidu aspartate 2.40 dans le maintien d'une conformation permettant l'activité constitutive du récepteur. Nous avons également testé s’il existait une corrélation entre activité constitutive et capacité du récepteur CCR5 à former des dimères, mais les résultats ne nous ont pas permis de mettre en évidence une quelconque relation entre activité et dimérisation., Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) is arguably the most important parasitic disease affecting livestock in sub-Saharan Africa Since none of the existing control measures are entirely satisfactory vaccine development is being actively pursued However due to antigenic variation the quest for a conventional vaccine has proven elusive As a result we have sought an alternative anti-disease vaccine approach based on congopain a cysteine protease of Trypanosoma congolense which was shown to have pathogenic effects in vivo Congopain was initially expressed as a recombinant protein in bacterial and baculovirus expression systems but both the folding and yield obtained proved inadequate Hence alternative expression systems were investigated amongst which Pichia pastoris proved to be the most suitable We report here the expression of full length and C-terminal domain-truncated congopain in the methylotrophic yeast P pastoris Differences in yield were observed between full length and truncated proteins the full length producing 2-4 mg of protein per litre of culture while the truncated form produced 20-30 mg/l The protease was produced as a proenzyme but underwent spontaneous activation when acidified (pH Ala) by site-directed mutagenesis The mutant form was produced at a much higher rate up to 100 mg/l culture as a proenzyme It did not undergo spontaneous cleavage of the propeptide when subjected to acidic pH suggesting an autocatalytic process of activation for congo pain These recombinant proteins displayed a very unusual feature for cathepsin L-like proteinases le complete dimerisation at pH >6 and by reversibly monomerising at acidic pH

La dimérisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G est un nouveau concept apparu dans la littérature au cours des quelques années qui ont précédé le début de notre travail. Bien qu’il soit clairement établi que les récepteurs sont capables de former des homo et des hétérodimères, les conséquences fonctionnelles de telles interactions demeurent souvent peu claires. Dans une étude précédente, le laboratoire d’accueil a montré que les récepteurs aux chimiokines CCR2 et CCR5 forment des homo et des hétérodimères de manière constitutive et identifié une coopérativité négative de liaison de nature allostérique entre les deux sites de liaison de CCR2 et CCR5 dans des cellules co-exprimant les deux récepteurs. Dans ce travail, nous avons étendu cette étude au récepteur CXCR4, structurellement plus éloigné que CCR2 et CCR5 entre eux. Nous montrons par une méthode biophysique se basant sur le transfert d’énergie de bioluminescence (le BRET) que CCR2, CCR5 et CXCR4 forment des homodimères et des hétérodimères de manière constitutive. De plus nous démontrons une coopérativité négative de liaison de nature allostérique des deux sites de liaisons pour les hétérodimères CCR2/CXCR4 et CCR5/CXCR4. lorsque CXCR4 est co-exprimé avec CCR2 ou CCR5, la chimiokine spécifique de CXCR4 (SDF-1α) inhibe la liaison du traceur spécifique de CCR2 (MCP-1) ou du traceur spécifique de CCR5 (MIP-1β), et vice-versa. La nature allostérique de ces interactions est démontrée par des expériences mesurant la dissociation de traceurs en présence ou non de compétiteurs. La coopérativité négative de liaison de nature allostérique des deux sites de liaisons est montrée également dans des cellules primaires, excluant tout effet indésirable dû à la surexpression de récepteurs. Nous montrons également que l’antagoniste spécifique de CXCR4 (AMD3100) inhibe la liaison du traceur spécifique de CCR2 (MCP-1) ou du traceur spécifique de CCR5 (MIP-1β), et vice-versa (TAK-779 vs SDF-1α), uniquement quand CXCR4 est co-exprimé respectivement avec CCR2 ou CCR5. Il s’agit là de la première preuve montrant que les interactions allostériques au sein d’hétérodimères de récepteurs aux chimiokines impliquent aussi des antagonistes, et qu’un antagoniste de récepteur aux chimiokines influence la réponse fonctionnelle d’un autre récepteur aux chimiokines auquel il ne se lie pas. De tels effets fonctionnels ont été montré dans des expériences de mobilisation de Ca++, de chimiotactisme sur lymphoblastes et dans des expériences d’air pouch in vivo., Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Contains fulltext : 70701.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Dimerisation of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) represents an appealing mechanism to regulate their enzymatic activity. Studies thus far mostly concern the dimerisation behaviour of RPTPs possessing two tandemly oriented catalytic PTP domains. Mouse gene Ptprr encodes four different protein isoforms (i.e. PTPBR7, PTP-SL and PTPPBSgamma-42/37) that contain a single PTP domain. Using selective membrane permeabilisation we here demonstrate that PTP-SL, like PTPBR7, is a single membrane-spanning RPTP. Furthermore, these two receptor-type PTPs constitutively formed homo- and hetero-meric complexes as witnessed in chemical cross-linking and co-immunoprecipitation experiments, in sharp contrast to the cytosolic PTPPBSgamma-42 and PTPPBSgamma-37 PTPRR isoforms. This multimerisation occurs independently of the PTP domain and requires the transmembrane domain and/or the proximal hydrophobic region. Using overexpression of a PTPBR7 mutant that essentially lacks the intracellular PTP domain-containing segment, a monomer-mimicking state was forced upon full-length PTPBR7 immunoprecipitates. This resulted in a significant increase in the enzymatic activity of the PTPRR PTP domain, which strengthens the notion that multimerisation represents a general mechanism to tone down RPTP catalytic activity.

Outer membrane phospholipase A (OMPLA) activity is regulated by reversible dimerisation with the dimer being the active species. Observed lag phases in activity indicated that dimerisation may be slow relative to turnover. A covalent OMPLA dimer indeed did not display lag phase behaviour. A model for OMPLA kinetics was proposed accounting for a slow dimerisation step. Preincubation conditions determined the initial amount of monomer and influenced both lag times and final activities. Under the conditions used, substrate concentrations higher than 50 mol% inhibited OMPLA activity and increased lag times. Our results may shed more light on mechanisms controlling OMPLA activity in vivo.

The ATPase activity of DnaK, the 70-kDa chaperone of Escherichia coli, is stimulated by an unfolded protein. However, the stimulation of the DnaK ATPase by unfolded bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor can only be observed at low DnaK protein concentrations. At higher DnaK concentrations, the ATPase activity of DnaK cannot be stimulated by the addition of unfolded bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. This is a consequence of the autostimulation of the DnaK ATPase at higher DnaK concentrations. The autostimulation of DnaK is reflected by a non-linear dependence of ATP hydrolysis on DnaK concentration. Furthermore, DnaK exists as a mixture of monomers and dimers in equilibrium, and the dimers dissociate into monomers in the presence of ATP.

Outer membrane phospholipase A (OMPLA) is an integral membrane enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of phospholipids. Enzymatic activity is regulated by reversible dimerisation and calcium-binding. We have investigated the role of calcium by X-ray crystallography. In monomeric OMPLA, one calcium ion binds between two external loops (L3L4 site) at 10 Angstrom from the active site. After dimerisation, a new calcium-binding site (catalytic site) is formed at the dimer interface in the active site of each molecule at 6 Angstrom from the L3L4 calcium site. The close spacing and the difference in calcium affinity of both sites suggests that the L3L4 site may function as a storage site for a calcium ion, which relocates to the catalytic site upon dimerisation. A. sequence alignment demonstrates conservation of the catalytic calcium site but evolutionary variation of the L3L4 site. The residues in the dimer interface are conserved as well, suggesting that all outer membrane phospholipases require dimerisation and calcium in the catalytic site for activity. For this family of phospholipases, we have characterised a consensus sequence motif (YTQ-X-11-G-X-2 -H-X-SNG) that contains conserved residues involved in dimerisation and catalysis. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

A model for the activation of phosphodiesterase by calmoduling based on a conversion of inactive dimers to active monomers, derived from radiation inactivation studies J. Biol. Chem. (1981) 256, 11351–11355 has been re-examined using a simple probability argument. We conclude that the original model is not supported by the radiation inactivation studies, since our analysis of this model would predict that the rate of radiation inactivation of calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase activity be exactly twice that for the decay in total activity in marked contrast with the results obtained.

Centre of Advanced Studies on Natural Products, Department of Chemistry University of Calcutta 92Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta- 700009 The reactions of the piperidides of cinnamic acid, p-methoxycinnamic acid and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid with the single-electron transfer reagent sodium naphthalenide was investigated. Three products were obtained in each case-the corresponding dihydro- erivative and two diastereoisomeric piperidides of 3,4-diaryl- 1,6-hexanedioic acid resulting from reductive dimerisation. The ß,ß'- rather than \(\propto\)\(\propto\)' linkage of the 'dimers', as well as the relative configurations were settled from detailed nmr investigations and reduction studies. The dimethyl ester of 2 3-di(4'-methoxy-benzyl) succinic acid was synthesised for comparison of its nmr characteristics with those of the dimeric products. The mechanistic course of the reductive dimerisation has been rationalised.&nbsp