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Background: Given the need to consider different assessors’ perspectives in research on child and adolescent developmental psychopathology and the underrepresentation of fathers in that area, this 10-year longitudinal study examines adolescents with resilient and maladaptive development from the perspectives of their mothers and fathers as well as the adolescents themselves. Objective: The central aim of this study is to compare the results depending on the assessor’s perspective. Methods: The study sample consists of N = 343 children who were examined first in kindergarten (age M = 4 years) and then 10 years later in adolescence. Results: At measurement time pre, 24% of the children belonged to the group with early childhood developmental risks; 61% of these showed resilient development over 10 years from the mothers’ perspective; 68% were resilient from the fathers’ perspective, and 62% from the adolescents’ own perspective. The agreement between mother and father ratings was good (κ = 0.63), whereas agreement between adolescents and their parents was low (mother: κ = 0.30, father: κ = 0.33). Across the three raters’ perspectives, differences between the resilient and maladaptive adolescents were found in 60% of the longitudinal prognostic characteristics, demonstrating at least small effects. The results differed depending on the perspective of the rater. Conclusions: To avoid a rater bias in developmental psychopathology research, different perspectives are needed, especially those of the mother, father and, as far as possible, also those of the children or adolescents.

When compared with mothers, fathers continue to be considerably underrepresented in developmental research on child and adolescent psychopathology. The present study examined the factors contributing to fathers’ participation in such studies in which both mothers and fathers were asked to participate. The sample consisted of 477 families which were examined four times over the course of ten years (Pre to Follow-up after ten years [FU10]). The average age of the children at Pre was 4 years, and that of the adolescents ten years later was 14 years (FU10). On average, 70.4% of fathers participated in the assessments. The average transition probability for participation over four assessment points was 93.1%. Fathers from two-parent families participated significantly more often than fathers from single-parent families. Household income, a good father-adolescent relationship, and joint custody, if applicable, were related to paternal participation. For fathers from two-parent families, participation at previous assessment points was the decisive predictor. For fathers from single-parent families, the relationship between the adolescent and the father was the decisive predictor. Fathers who had participated in previous assessments remained involved in the study over the long run. Therefore, the primary goal should be to encourage as many fathers as possible to participate when starting clinical empirical studies. Monetary incentives could be used to recruit families with low household incomes.

To meet the changing competence requirements for employees in engineering professions, education and training need to adapt accordingly. Learning factories offer various possibilities to design or integrate practice-oriented learning into training measures. Whether this approach in fact facilitates learning and competence development is rarely investigated. For this reason, the objective of this scoping review is to analyze and summarize the existing empirical findings on learning success and competence development in learning factories regarding their evaluation methods and results. Following standardized guidelines (PRISMA, JBI) for scoping reviews, 12 databases were researched. The literature screening led to the identification of 24 publications included in the final analysis. The results indicate that a variety of evaluation methods are used to assess learning and competences at learning factories and that criteria of all four competence facets (professional, methodological, social, and self-competence) can be enhanced at learning factories in general. As many of the identified studies show potential for improvement regarding the quality of the used methods and analysis of results, further studies on these topics are needed. Evaluations should be integrated into all training measures at learning factories to ensure learning success and competence development and to be able to readjust design, structure, and didactics where necessary.

Background Childbirth fear and interventions during childbirth might be related to the mindset and knowledge non-pregnant women have regarding childbirth. Non-pregnant women before their first birth experience may be particularly at risk for childbirth fear. Methods The present study examined the expressions and associations of birth-related mindset, knowledge, and fear among 316 young, non-pregnant women without birth experience. They participated in a cross-sectional online study and completed the Childbirth Fear Prior to Pregnancy, the Mindset and Birth Questionnaire, and a birth knowledge test. Results Most women (44%) had a natural mindset and low fear, 29% had a medical mindset and low fear, 8% natural mindset and higher fear, and 19% medical mindset and higher fear. There were no differences in knowledge between the four groups. Some gaps in knowledge appeared concerning signs of beginning birth, and non-medical approaches to pain relief. From women with natural mindset and low childbirth fear, a higher percentage (13%) has already watched a birth, as compared to the other groups. Natural mindset was associated with lower childbirth fear, whereas knowledge was independent from childbirth fear. Higher knowledge was low associated with natural mindset. Mindset and childbirth fear were independent from age and education degree. Conclusions Gynecologists, midwifes and other health professionals may develop an awareness for birth as a natural event in their non-pregnant patients, and take birth-related fear into account in their counseling, with focus on women’s self-efficacy and non-medical approaches to pain relief.

Background Mental health problems (MHP) in children and adolescents (CA) are common. This longitudinal study analyzed the prevalence, course, and persistence of MHP over 10 years from childhood into adolescence based on a sample from the Future Family project (N = 230). Methods At the pre-assessment point the children were on average 5 (SE = 1) and the mothers 35 (SE = 5) years old. Descriptive methods, Chi2-tests, binary logistic regression, and different analytical approaches (number chains, transition probability) were used. Results Approximately 24% of the CA suffered from borderline clinical or clinically relevant MHP. The largest proportion of the sample was stable healthy (70%), whereas 15% of the CA showed chronic mentally ill, 8% transient, 4% negative and 4% positive courses. The mental health of the mother proved to be a decisive predictor for chronic mentally ill courses. Short-term persistence rates ranged between 60 and 70% from one assessment point to the next one. On the other hand, long-term persistence rates (from childhood into adolescence) were lower (51–59%). Conclusion One in seven children in this sample suffered from chronic MHP, while only one third of the CA in Germany with clinically relevant MHP take advantage of psychological or psychiatric care. Prevention programs should be considered as an effective and economic approach to reduce childhood suffering in Germany.

Spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been studied extensively in the past two decades, always requiring either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing. This means that the typical finding of an association of small numbers with left or bottom space and of larger numbers with right or top space could be due to these requirements and not the conceptual representation of numbers. The present study compares explicit and implicit magnitude processing in an implicit spatial-directional task and identifies SNAs as artefacts of either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial- directional processing; they do not reveal spatial-conceptual links. This finding requires revision of current accounts of the relationship between numbers and space.

BACKGROUND: Work capacity demands are a concept to describe which psychological capacities are required in a job. Assessing psychological work capacity demands is of specific importance when mental health problems at work endanger work ability. Exploring psychological work capacity demands is the basis for mental hazard analysis or rehabilitative action, e.g. in terms of work adjustment. OBJECTIVE: This is the first study investigating psychological work capacity demands in rehabilitation patients with and without mental disorders. METHODS: A structured interview on psychological work capacity demands (Mini-ICF-Work; Muschalla, 2015; Linden et al., 2015) was done with 166 rehabilitation patients of working age. All interviews were done by a state-licensed socio-medically trained psychotherapist. Inter-rater-reliability was assessed by determining agreement in independent co-rating in 65 interviews. For discriminant validity purposes, participants filled in the Short Questionnaire for Work Analysis (KFZA, Prumper et al.,1994). RESULTS: In different professional fields, different psychological work capacity demands were of importance. The Mini-ICF-Work capacity dimensions reflect different aspects than the KFZA. Patients with mental disorders were longer on sick leave and had worse work ability prognosis than patients without mental disorders, although both groups reported similar work capacity demands. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological work demands - which are highly relevant for work ability prognosis and work adjustment processes - can be explored and differentiated in terms of psychological capacity demands.

Arbeitsbezogene Ängste gehen oft mit Arbeitsplatzproblemen einher oder mit Langzeitarbeitsunfähigkeit. Psychopathologisch-differentialdiagnostisch können arbeitsbezogene Sorgenängste, phobische Ängste, Insuffizienzängste und krankheitsbezogene Ängste unterschieden werden. Eine Evaluation arbeitsorientierter Behandlungsansätze zeigte, dass die Beschäftigung mit dem Thema Arbeit während einer stationären Reha für den weiteren Verlauf günstig wirkt. In arbeitsbezogenen Fähigkeiten-Trainings oder einer verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung können typische Alltagsphänomene am Arbeitsplatz geübt werden (Selbstpräsentation, Soziale Spielregeln im Rudel, Arbeitsorganisation und Problemlösen, Umgang mit chronischer Erkrankung und Beeinträchtigung). Initiatives Verhalten und Kommunikation (dem Chef verständlich machen was das Problem ist) sind hilfreich, ebenso wie ggf. Erwartungskorrekturen und Normalisierung von alltäglichen Arbeitsproblemen (Alltagskonflikte und Anforderungen dürfen vorkommen und sind normal)., Work-anxieties are often going along with workplace problems and long-term sick leave. Psychopathologically, different qualities of work anxiety can be distinguished: worrying, phobic anxiety, health-related anxiety, anxiety of insufficiency. An evaluation of a work-anxiety treatment showed that confronting patients with the topic work during medical rehabilitation leads to a better course. In work-oriented capacity trainings or behavior therapy groups, coping with everyday phenomena at work may be trained (self-presentation, social rules, work organization and problem solving, coping with chronic illness and impairment conditions). Active coping and communication (explaining impairment to the supervisor and occupational physician for making problem solving possible) are helpful. In some cases, correction of expectations must be done, and normalizing everyday work problems (conflicts and achievement requirements are normal at work, work does not make happy all the time).

Background/Objective The present research investigated potential effects of mindfulness training on emotion regulation and mood of future schoolteachers in a nonrandomized pre–post design, and whether these are influenced by the yoga component of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) and/or by homework practice. Method N = 169 university students received either mindfulness training (experimental groups), awareness activities (active control group), or no training (passive control group), in the context of university seminars. Allocation to groups was bound by the seminar chosen by participants, and in that sense was self‐selected. Mindfulness was trained in two adapted MBSR courses, one of which including yoga, and the other excluding yoga. Results Specific benefits of both mindfulness training groups were observed for emotion regulation in terms of an increase in cognitive reappraisal and a reduction in symptom‐focused rumination as well as depressive mood. No benefits of mindfulness training were observed for reductions in expressive suppression, self‐focused rumination, anxious, and negative mood or an increase in distraction and positive mood respectively. Mindfulness training with and without yoga was mostly equally effective. Outcomes were largely not moderated by practice quantity or quality, but reductions in depressive mood were mediated by gains in reappraisal and distraction. Conclusions Mindfulness training can be implemented in the context of university seminars to foster advantageous emotion regulation strategies and lower depressive mood in future schoolteachers. Discontinuing yoga within mindfulness interventions does not seem to reduce training benefits.

In the early career phase of higher education, the social relationships with peers are a critical source of developmental support. Peer support relationships tend to be reciprocal and multiplex, such that the actors of the relationships both give and receive multiple facets of developmental support from one another. However, reciprocity and multiplexity alone cannot cover ties that are anti-aligned across the layers of the multiplex network (i.e., one type of support received, and another type of support given in exchange). Therefore, the goal of this study is to integrate reciprocity and multiplexity in order to give consideration to such real-world multilayer relationships. We transferred the approach on multireciprocity introduced by Gemmetto et al. (Phys Rev E 94: 042316, 2016) to weighted network data of 61 university students and explored the possible beneficial effect of reciprocity, multiplexity, and multireciprocity in terms of career outcomes (i.e., objective performance, subjective performance, satisfaction with life). Results revealed no general benefit of mutuality and balance in support relationships. Rather, positive effects emerged for specific constellations of mutuality and support types. Career support in combination with socioemotional support showed to be particularly relevant for early career factors.

Based on economizing resources (e.g., time, energy), leaders tend to develop different quality dyadic relationships (i.e., LMX, leader-member exchange differentiation) with different team members, which has several divergent consequences for team effectiveness and team performance. While initial findings indicate that LMX differentiation divides the team, where the high-quality relationship group (in-group) benefits from receiving the resources of the leader while the lower-quality relationship group (out-group) suffers from the resource constraints, this study focuses on how LMX differentiation is related to personal initiative, helpfulness, and proactive meeting interaction depending on group membership. According to a sample of 50 videotaped innovation team meetings (273 members, 50 leaders), the multilevel results supported the moderating role of group membership on the relationship between LMX differentiation and proactive behavior—whereas this relationship is negative for the out-group (apart from personal initiative, which was non-significantly related to LMX differentiation for the out-group), in-groups’ proactive behavior increases as LMX differentiation increases.

Work perception is an important predictor for work ability and therefore of interest for rehabilitation. Until now it is unclear to which extent different psychological aspects explain work perception. This study investigates in which way workplace problems on the one hand, and mental health and coping on the other hand, contribute to work perception. A heterogeneous sample of 384 persons in working age with and without mental health problems was recruited. Participants gave self-reports on workplace problems, mental health problems, work-coping, work-anxiety, and work perception. Persons with mental health problems and workplace problems (M+W) perceive the highest degree of work demands, followed by persons with workplace problems but without mental health problems (NM+W). Work-anxiety appeared as the strongest factor explaining perception of high work demands, whereas general mental health problems did not contribute significantly to variance explanation. Persons with specific mental health problems in terms of work-anxiety may be expected to perceive higher work demands. They may be detected when asking for work perception, e.g. within the frame of return-to-work interventions in rehabilitation, or in occupational health settings by mental hazard analysis.

Aims: Work-anxiety may come along with a negative view of the workplace and is therefore an important factor of influence in work ability assessment. Work ability assessment requires to distinguish between descriptive workplace characteristics, work ability, and work-anxiety. This study explores the empirical relationships between patient-reported workplace characteristics, work-anxiety, and subjective and objective work ability measures. Methods: 125 patients in medical rehabilitation before vocational reintegration were interviewed concerning their vocational situation, and filled in a questionnaire on work-anxiety (WPS), subjective mental work ability (WAI) and perceived workplace characteristics (KFZA, JATS). Treating physicians gave independent socio-medical judgments concerning the patients´ work ability and impairment, and need for supportive means for vocational reintegration. Results: Patients with high work-anxiety reported workplace characteristics systematically more negative. Also low subjective work ability went along with reports of problematic workplace characteristics. When controlled for work-anxiety, subjective work ability remained related only with social workplace characteristics and with work achievement demands, but independent from situational or task characteristics. Sick leave duration and physicians´ judgment of work ability are not systematically related with patient-reported workplace characteristics. Conclusions: In socio-medical work ability assessment, patients with high work-anxiety must be expected to report more problematic workplace characteristics and lower work ability. For detecting potentially biased patient´s view on work characteristics and work ability, the patient must be explored concerning work-anxiety. Detecting work-anxiety is important in order to initiate early work-directed treatment, and avoid long-term sick leaves.

Objective The aim of this study was to study the effects of a short-term cognitive behavior therapy on work-anxiety and sickness-absence in patients with work-anxiety. Methods Three-hundred forty-five inpatients who suffered from cardiologic, neurological, or orthopedic problems and additionally work-anxiety were randomly assigned into two different group interventions. Patients got four sessions of a group intervention, which either focused on cognitive behavior-therapy anxiety-management (work-anxiety coping group, WAG) or unspecific recreational activities (RG). Results No differences were found between WAG and RG for work-anxiety and subjective work ability. When looking at patients who were suffering only from work-anxiety, and no additional mental disorder, the duration of sickness absence until 6 months follow-up was shorter in the WAG (WAG: 11 weeks, RG: 16 weeks, P = 0.050). Conclusion A short-term WAG may help return to work in patients with work-anxieties, as long as there is no comorbid mental disorder.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic mental disorders may occur with different affect qualities. Best known is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a conditioned anxiety reaction with intrusions. Another event-related mental disorder is posttraumatic embitterment (PTED), characterized by affect of embitterment and thoughts of revenge, occurring after an event deeply hurting basic beliefs. Knowing about associated disability is important for treatment and sociomedical decisions. This is the first study to explore work-disability in patients with PTSD, PTED, and not-event-related common mental disorder (CMD). METHOD In this observational study, 101 soldiers (85% men, 31 years, 50% experienced expedition abroad) with different mental disorders were investigated concerning common mental disorders (MINI) and accompanying work capacity impairment (Mini-ICF-APP). Interviews were conducted by a state-licensed psychotherapist with expertise in sociomedical description of (work) capacity impairment. Patients with PTSD, PTED, and other CMD were compared concerning their degrees and pattern of work capacity impairment. RESULTS PTSD patients (n = 23) were more strongly impaired in mobility as compared to patients with other CMD (n = 64) or PTED. Patients with PTED (n = 14) were more impaired in interactional capacities (contacts with others, group integration) as compared to patients with other CMD or PTSD. CONCLUSIONS PTSD patients need support to improve mobility in (work-relevant) traffic situations. Apart from this, they are not specifically more or less impaired than patients with other CMD. PTED patients should get attention concerning their interactional problems as these may disturb esprit de corps, which is an essential requirement for service in the armed forces. (PsycINFO Database Record

Psychische Erkrankungen führen zu Beeinträchtigungen in alltäglichen Lebensvollzügen. In der Verhaltenstherapie spielten Fähigkeitstrainings und Aufbau kompensatorischer Verhaltensweisen schon immer eine wichtige Rolle. In diesem Artikel wird ein anwendungsorientierter Überblick gegeben, in welcher Weise verhaltenstherapeutische Methoden und Techniken zur Verbesserung der häufig bei psychischen Erkrankungen beeinträchtigten ICF-basierten Fähigkeitsdimensionen genutzt werden können., Mental disorders come along with impairment of daily live activities and capacities. Behavior therapy often uses capacity trainings for improving compensatory behavior, beside symptom reduction as such. This article gives an overview how behavior therapy techniques can be used to improve compensatory behavior in different capacity domains which were conceptually derived from the ICF.

This paper studies performance predictions in the 7-item Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) and whether they differ by gender. After participants completed the CRT, they predicted their own (i), the other participants’ (ii), men’s (iii), and women’s (iv) number of correct answers. In keeping with existing literature, men scored higher on the CRT than women and both men and women were too optimistic about their own performance. When we compare gender-specific predictions, we observe that men think they perform significantly better than other men and do so significantly more than women. The equality between women’s predictions about their own performance and their female peers cannot be rejected. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on the underpinnings of behavior in economics and in psychology by uncovering gender differences in confidence about one’s ability relative to same and opposite sex peers.

Objective: Job anxiety is a severe problem in many patients with chronic mental disorders, as it usually results in specific participation problems in the workplace and long-term sick leave. The aim of this study was to explore the development of sick leave in dependence on general psychosomatic complaints and job anxiety from admission to a psychosomatic inpatient treatment until 6 months after discharge. Method: A convenience sample of 91 patients, suffering from multiple mental disorders, filled in self-rating questionnaires on job anxiety (Job Anxiety Scale) and on general psychosomatic symptom load (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) at the beginning, the end, and 6 months after discharge from an inpatient psychosomatic treatment. Additionally, sick leave status and employment status were assessed before and 6 months after the treatment. Results: 15.4% of 91 patients were on sick leave before inpatient treatment and at follow-up (SS group), 20.9% were fit for work at intake and follow-up (FF group), 6.6% were fit for work initially and on sick leave later (FS group), and 57.1% on sick leave first and working at follow-up (SF group). In regard to general psychosomatic complaints, there were initially high scores on the SCL, a marked reduction during inpatient treatment, and a bouncing back to initial levels at follow-up for all 4 patient groups. SS and FS patients showed the highest scores at intake and follow-up. Concerning job anxiety, SS patients had the highest scores at all three assessments, while FF patients had significantly lower scores, with only low variation between assessments. SF patients started with comparatively high scores of job anxiety, which even increased before reentering work, but decreased in the follow-up period when they were confronted with work again. FS patients started low (like the FF patients) at intake, reduced their job anxiety further till discharge, but increased to higher scores at follow-up. Conclusions: General psychosomatic symptom load and job anxiety show a different course during treatment and are differently related to sick leave. General psychosomatic symptom load can be understood as a measure of the degree of the chronic illness status, whereas job anxiety reflects specific additional context-related problems, i.e. problems with work. A core finding is that job anxiety is related to work avoidance, but work exposure may reduce job anxiety. This has direct consequences for putting patients on sick leave or not.

Background: Workplace-related anxieties are often connected with sick leave. There are no established instruments which allow to assess this phenomenologically heterogeneous group of disorders. Method: One hundred and thirty-two psychosomatic inpatients were interviewed with a standardized diagnostic interview in respect to mental illnesses, especially primary anxiety disorders, and in addition in respect to different work-related anxiety disorders. Results: Seventy-one percent of women and 54% of men complained about work-related anxiety. 20.5% of participants are suffering from work-related panic, 58% from work-related phobia, 34.1% from work-related social phobia, 39.4% from work-related generalized anxiety, and 1.5% from work-related PTSD. There is a moderate relation between mental disorders or primary anxiety disorders and work-related anxiety. Fourteen percent of the participants did only suffer from workplace-related anxiety and did not report any other anxiety disorder outside the workplace situation. Conclusion: There are various types of workplace-related anxieties. They are partly independent clinical phenomena deserving special diagnostic and therapeutic attention.

As early as the 1930s, certain European scholars had already started to focus their attention on the "body" as a crucial category of cultural historiography.1 This particular focus on the "body" was mainly generated by these scholars' insight into the shortcomings of political and economic structural history in the investigation and subsequent restructuring of social changes. The focus of research gradually shifted from "man" as a trans-historical fictive stereotype to the "body" as the new historical category, i.e., only by placing the body as a spatio-temporal category in the centre of our research can we acquire deeper insights into historical change which has significantly shaped lives.2 I do not intend to discuss the wider field of research on the body, since this would mean discussing every existing field of study within the cultural-historical field. Instead I am going to focus on just one single aspect of the history of the body which is related to both the history of translation and the history of "expertise," i.e., medical discourses on the body. This particular aspect is also linked to cultural transfer and the history of the early missionaries in China.

In dem Literaturessay wird in einem ersten Teil anhand einer Auswahl deutschsprachiger Literatur dargelegt, wie Feuerbach gegenwärtig rezipiert wird. In Skizzierung der Theorieentwicklung bei Feuerbach wird sich in einem zweiten Teil mit einem Desiderat der gegenwärtigen Feuerbach-Rezeption beschäftigt: mit der Begründung der geschichtlichen Vergesellschaftung der Menschen auf reziproken Ich-Du-Beziehungen.

Objective: Childhood overweight is related to higher sensitivity for external food cues and less responsiveness towards internal satiety signals. Thus, cognitive psychological models assume an enhanced food attention bias underlying overeating behavior. Nevertheless, this question has only been sparsely investigated so far in younger children and it remains open whether restrained eating behavior plays a correlative role. Methods: The present study investigated this specific information processing bias for food relevant stimuli in 34 overweight children between 6 and 10 years and 34 normal weight children matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Children completed a computerized Food Picture Interference task that assessed reaction time interference effects towards high and low calorie food pictures. Level of hunger and restrained eating were assessed via self-report. Results: Results indicated that while finding no group difference in general processing speed or hunger level before the task, overweight children showed a higher attentional bias to food pictures than normal weight children. No effect of caloric density was found. However, surprisingly, the interference effect was negatively related to restrained eating in the overweight group only. Conclusion: The found hypersensitivity for food cues independent of calorie content in overweight children appears to be related to dysfunctional eating, so that future research should consider strategies for attentional retraining.

Duisburg, Essen, Univ., Diss., 2014 Der vorliegende Beitrag verbindet Aspekte der historischen und der angewandten Linguistik. Er beschreibt den Interpunktionswandel mit Schwerpunkt des Kommas auf Grundlage mehrerer Textkorpora und eines Schreibexperiments. Ausgehend von der These, dass der Interpunktionszeichengebrauch multikausal versursacht ist (Müller 2007), werden (text-)pragmatische Einflüsse beim Gebrauch untersucht; Probleme, die systematisierende Beschreibungsmodelle mit sich bringen können, beschrieben sowie metasprachliche Kodifizierungen bzw. normative Äußerungen in diesem Kontext analysiert. Ferner zeigt die vorliegende Untersuchung, dass Veränderungen im Interpunktionsgebrauch, im System und schließlich in der Norm im Spektrum einer sich seit Jahrhunderten verkürzenden, komprimierenden Schriftsprache stehen. Die Arbeit bietet einige Anknüpfungspunkte für weitere Untersuchungen auf textlinguistischer und pragmatischer Ebene – sowohl diachron als auch synchron.

Objective Similar to the spectrum of the traditional anxiety disorders, there are also different types of workplace-related anxieties. The question is whether in different professional settings different facets of workplace-related anxieties are predominant. Methods A convenience sample of 224 inpatients (71% women) from a department of psychosomatic medicine was investigated. They were assessed with a structured diagnostic interview concerning anxiety disorders and specific workplace-related anxieties. Results Office workers suffer relatively most often from specific social anxiety, insufficiency, and workplace phobia. Service workers suffer predominantly from unspecific social anxiety. Health care workers are characterized by insufficiency, adjustment disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and workplace phobia. Persons in production and education are least often affected by workplace-related anxieties. Conclusions Different types of anxiety are seen in different professional domains, parallel to workplace characteristics.

Background: The aim of occupational health care management programs (OHMP) is to improve the health status of employees, increase work ability and reduce absence time. As better health is associated with better coping abilities, work-related self-efficacy and self-management are important abilities that should be trained within OHMPs. Objectives: To study the effectiveness of an OHMP including special interventions to enhance self-efficacy and self-management. Methods: Effects of an OHMP on sickness absence was studied by comparing an intervention group of 159 employees and two control groups with 250 employees from the German Federal Pension Agency. A core feature of the OHMP were group sessions with all members of working teams, focussing on self-efficacy and self management of the individual participant as well as the team as a group (focus groups). Participants in the OHMP were asked for their subjective evaluation of the focus groups. Rates of sickness absence were taken from the routine data of the employer. Results: Participants of the OHMP indicated that they had learned better ways of coping and communication and that they had generated specific intentions to make changes in their working situation. The rate of sickness absence in the intervention group decreased from 9.26% in the year before the OHMP to 7.93% in the year after the program, i.e. by 14.4%, while there was an increase of 7.9% and 10.7% in the two control groups. Conclusions: The data suggest that OHMP with focus on self-efficacy and self management of individuals and teams are helpful in reducing work absenteeism.

OBJECTIVE Job-related distress has often been found to be related with low social support at work. The question is whether dimensions of social support outside work have a similar relation with job-anxiety or whether they are independent. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 154 employed inpatients from a psychosomatic rehabilitation center (70% women) participated in this study. METHODS Participants completed self-rating questionnaires on perceived symptom load in the domain of work (job-anxiety) and in general life (general psychosomatic symptom load), and on perceived social support at work and outside work. RESULTS Job-anxiety showed moderate correlations with the perceived level of social support through colleagues. Thereby the social support dimensions of "consolation and encouragement" and "criticism, overload, rejection" were more strongly related to job-anxiety than the dimension of "practical support". There were no significant correlations between job-anxiety and social support through household members, leisure time partners or neighbors. CONCLUSIONS Social support is in a specific way important in the context of work other than concerning general mental health outside the work-context. Job-anxiety is a domain-specific clinical phenomenon and independent from perceived social support outside the workplace.

Job-related anxiety, in contrast to general trait-anxiety, is by its very nature associated with problems of participation at work. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between general trait-anxiety and specific job-related anxiety and to examine whether job-anxiety and trait-anxiety are differently associated with sick leave. 190 inpatients of a psychosomatic and orthopaedic rehabilitation center with mental and somatic disorders filled in the Job-Anxiety-Scale (JAS) and the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI-T). Additionally, informations on age, gender, the current duration of sick leave in weeks, employment status, duration of unemployment, and position at the workplace were collected. Highest scores of job-anxiety were found for the JAS-dimensions "job-related worries" and "health anxieties", followed by "cognitions of insufficiency," "stimulus-related anxieties," and "social anxieties." JAS and STAI-T were significantly correlated. Job-anxiety, in contrast to trait-anxiety, was significantly related to duration of sick leave. Women showed higher scores on the STAI-T but not on the JAS. It can be concluded that job-anxiety is related to but not identical with trait-anxiety. Job-anxiety is important to understand sick leave and appears as a multidimensional and clinically important phenomenon.

Objective: Workplace phobia is defined as a phobic anxiety reaction with symptoms of panic occurring when thinking of or approaching the workplace. People suffering from workplace phobia regularly avoid confrontation with the workplace and are often on sick leave. The specific characteristics of workplace phobia are investigated empirically in comparison to established anxiety disorders. Method: 230 patients from an inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation hospital were interviewed concerning workplace phobia and established anxiety disorders. Additionally, the patients filled in self-rating questionnaires on general and workplace phobic symptom load. Subjectively perceived degree of work load, sick leave and therapy participation were assessed. Results: Participants with workplace phobia reached significantly higher scores in workplace phobia self-rating than did participants with established anxiety disorders. A similar significant difference was not found concerning the general psychosomatic symptom load. Workplace phobics were more often on sick leave than patients with established anxiety disorders. Conclusions: Workplace phobia can occur as an alonestanding anxiety disorder. It has an own clinical value due to its specific consequences for work participation. Workplace phobia requires special therapeutic attention and treatment instead of purely “sick leave” certification.

Das Lob bei Festen der Erinnerung ist immer am richtigen Platze, ist es doch der einzig mögliche Ausdruck des Glücks, der Dankbarkeit, der Anerkennung für geleistete Dienste, für das gegebene Vorbild, für erwiesene Menschlichkeit, für die Übertragung von Generation zu Generation eines großen nachahmungswürdigen Beispiels das wir feiern, in der Hoffnung uns auch selbst daran zu bilden und erbauen. Es ist das Setzen eines Denkmals, einer der schönsten Aufgaben der Kunst die leider jetzt nicht oft gewürdigt wird, weil man glaubt, daß Denkmäler, die ja ihrer Natur entsprechend, rühmliches über den Gegenstand ihrer Verherrlichung aussagen, lügen. Doch dem ist nicht so. Sie rühmen ja nur was sie zeigen und lügen oder betrügen nur dann wenn das, was sie zeigen nicht schön und lobenswert, sondern nur eitel und keck oder gar unmenschlich ist, auch dann wenn die Künstler und ihr Publikum eben gerade das Unmenschliche für lobenswert halten und das Häßliche, die Härte, für Tapferkeit ausgeben. Es mag ja sein, daß sie es nicht besser wissen und wir müssen alle in Demut einsehen, daß wir, wenn wir Werturteile fallen, uns irren können, ja zum unweigerlichen Irrtum verurteilt wären, wenn uns nicht, aus dem großen Schatz der Vergangenheit, Kunst und Geschichte Vorbilder zeigten, die uns besser begreifen lassen, was die Kultur des verdienten Ruhmes und der Liebe uns zu bieten hat und wir erkennen, wie sehr wir diesem historischen Betrachten das, wenn wir einmal mit ihm angefangen haben, uns nicht mehr los läßt, für die Gestaltung unseres eigenen Lebens in Dankbarkeit verpflichtet sind.