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This study demonstrates the feasibility of recovering energy from discarded primary batteries (e.g., alkaline or zinc-carbon) that would be disposed of as normal household waste based on self-adaptive pulse discharge (SAPD) method. The SAPD approach is utilized to search the optimal pulse frequency and duty cycle for different types of used batteries with the maximum allowed discharge current. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, a prototype including improved passive cell balancing circuit, SAPD control circuit, and series-parallel switching circuit of supercapacitor banks was designed and implemented to drain a battery bank that consisted of at least 6 but at most 10 used cells of different brands in series. Discharging experiments showed that the energy recovery with six to ten used batteries ranged from 798 to 1455 joules, and the corresponding recovery efficiency was about 33.49~46.43%. Although outcomes are still far from being satisfactory in the efficiency with the proposed approach, the rate of energy recovery may depend on the remaining capacity of discarded batteries and so may be advantageous if the battery has a high remaining capacity. Therefore, authors conclude that there is possibly a direct link between the recovery efficiency and the remaining capacity of discarded batteries.

With the development of the times and the progress of science and technology, people continue to explore new possibilities; the leap from wired to wireless is one of them, breaking the limitations. Similar to wireless mice and wireless microphones, this paper aims to study an Internet of Things-based smart wireless charger that, by using mathematical analysis and wireless charging technology, requires experiments to include wireless charging stations, associated chip areas, and home gateways that are used in combination with them. In the experiment, the control circuit, transmit circuit, and reception circuit of wireless charger are studied, and the wireless charging system is analyzed and calculated in detail, and a wireless charger is designed. Electromagnetic field sensing, radio wave transmission, and resonance methods are applied to achieve the shortest charging time and the best quality in order to prevent the charger from heating and burning during charging. Experimental data show that this Internet of Things-based smart wireless charger can fully replace wired chargers for 99% of small appliances; the charging efficiency of large electrical appliances such as desktop computer is also 1.4 to 1.6 times increased. Experimental data show that this Internet of Things-based smart wireless charger can efficiently and conveniently charge electrical appliances; however it is relatively expensive; the required technology is relatively complex but can make charging more efficient. It can be seen that wireless charging has a major breakthrough in the concept of future charging.

Microcontroller based trigger control circuit for fast pulsing of electrode potentials on wide range of time scales has been designed, installed, and tested for electron plasma experiments which are carried out in partial toroidal trap SMall Aspect Ratio Toroidal Electron plasma EXperiment in C – shaped geometry (SMARTEX – C), a device to create and confine non-neutral plasma (electron plasma). The sequence of trap operation is inject-hold-dump for which electrodes need to be pulsed with applied voltages at a high switching speed of few nanoseconds. Also this sequence of operation needs to be controlled over a very wide range of time scales from few microseconds to few seconds. As the available COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) high voltage DC power supplies generally do not provide this feature of fast switching at nanosecond time scale, MOSFET based circuit is developed which provides fast switching in the range of 20 – 100 nanoseconds of high voltages (200Vdc - 500Vdc) of multiple electrodes. The timing pulse widths of these trigger pulses are controlled using a microcontroller-based circuit. This experimental set-up also requires the triggering of a high current dc power supply used for an Electro-magnet (Toroidal Field Coil) to generate a toroidal magnetic field, at the start of this experiment. For this purpose, a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) based circuit is used. The gate pulse to trigger the SCR circuit is also generated from this microcontroller-based circuit. National Instrument’s LabVIEW software based Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed for triggering the SCR and electrodes with a programmable time period through the serial link.

The most commonly used electric motor in electric vehicles is the permanent magnet synchronous motor. The primary production and refinement of rare earth materials used in these motors are immensely damaging to the environment. A new wave of technology in the aspect of electric motors is emerging and that is the non-rare earth element magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor. During the development process it is beneficial to keep the expenditures at the minimum. To reach that goal a comprehensive simulation of the designed motor and its control circuit could be the answer. It is reasonable to use software based on finite element calculations such as FEMM and mathematical simulations as Matlab Simulink. By implementing the equations and methods described in this paper the electric powertrain can be created generally. The specification is highly dependent on the input parameters that are extracted from finite element 2D calculations. In this case, the model approximates the expected behaviour of the investigated construction. A complete driving cycle can be examined, operating points can be determined, and the efficiency map can be created to help the research.

RESUMEN Se describe un sistema de control electrónico diseñado para obtener una temperatura variable en función del tiempo, especificado en los protocolos para la preservación criogénica de embriones. Se usó el vapor del nitrógeno líquido para lograr un enfriamiento gradual y controlado, desde la temperatura del ambiente hasta -35 °C; el enfriamiento se hizo mediante un circuito electrónico de control ON/OFF, basado en un procesador digital de señales (DSP). Se hicieron pruebas del sistema para obtener la curva temperatura vs. tiempo recomendado por el protocolo de criopreservación de embriones de ovinos; los resultados obtenidos permitieron concluir que el diseño presentado permite controlar adecuadamente la temperatura al interior de la cámara dentro del rango establecido con errores menores a 1 ºC. ABSTRACT An electronic control system designed to obtain a time-varying temperature specified in the protocols for cryogenic embryo preservation is described. Liquid nitrogen vapour was used to achieve a gradual and controlled cooling from room temperature to -35 °C; the cooling was done by means of an electronic ON/OFF control circuit based on a digital signal processor (DSP). The system was tested to obtain the temperature vs. time curve recommended by the protocol for the cryopreservation of ovine embryos; the results obtained allowed the conclusion that the design presented allows the temperature inside the chamber to be adequately controlled within the established range with errors of less than 1 ºC.

The aim of this research is to design a control power circuit which has the ability to operate the solenoid valve, the pump and the DC motor of the bottle filling machine. This circuit contains of three main parts the PIC16F876a, the Interface Circuit and the Snabber Circuit. The power circuit is supplied by 110 V. The (PIC 16F876a) is supplied by 5 V. The power switch MOSFET is supplied by 24 V. The Snabber Circuit and the interface circuit are designed in this research. The purpose and the role of the circuit and the Interface Circuit in the power control circuit are determined in this research.

In this article, the primary-side regulation (PSR) technique to achieve accurate output current in an LLC resonant converter has been studied. A novel PSR control scheme for an LLC light-emitting diode (LED) driver based on the “magnetizing current cancellation method” is proposed. The proposed “magnetizing current cancellation method” can effectively eliminate the effect of magnetizing current in the sampled primary resonant current under both the continuous conduction mode and the discontinuous conduction mode. Thus, the accurate output current can be estimated on the primary side of the LLC resonant converter. The magnetizing current cancellation method for the LLC LED driver with symmetric primary resonant current and asymmetric primary resonant current has been analyzed in detail. Some design considerations have also been presented. Then, an LLC PSR control circuit has been designed based on the theoretical analysis. Finally, a 48-to-78-V/1.3-A laboratory prototype for the LED driver has been built up, and experimental results show that good output current regulation has been obtained.

Agricultural irrigation is a very important link in agricultural production, but in the current situation of water shortage, reasonable control of agricultural water supply can not only achieve the purpose of irrigation, but also save water resources to the maximum extent. Therefore, this paper studies the agricultural water supply control system and its related circuits. According to the actual situation of agricultural irrigation, based on the nine-point controller in logic control, a control system of agricultural water supply based on nine-point controller is designed, and also the corresponding control circuit. The control system is verified by experiments. The results show that the control system circuit can meet the operation requirements under extreme conditions and has high stability. The experimental results of the control system show that the whole control system is obviously superior to the traditional PID control system, while the actual application results show that the whole control system has a good response and can control the water supply system in real time according to the actual situation of agricultural irrigation.

In this paper, we consider the problem of ensuring the detection of all single faults of logic elements in the blocks of the main and complement logic in the embedded control circuits of combinational logic devices based on the Boolean complement method using the “1-out-of-m” constant-weight code. The conditions for ensuring complete self-checking of the embedded control circuit are established. A synthesis method based on the Boolean complement to the “1-out-of-m” constant-weight code is proposed for completely self-checking circuits of embedded control of combinational logic devices.

In the present condition industrial loading and unloading of heavy loads manually is one of the most important objectives which turn out to be quite difficult, time-consuming and risky for humans. In this modern era robots are being developed for various purposes to accomplish many tasks which seem to be too complex for humans. The advantage of using robots, for industrial purpose have been excellent in terms of speed and efficiency of doing required tasks compared to that of humans. To solve this problem we have designed a robot named SARGoT. This robot has got mainly three features and they are: Path-Tracking. Avoiding Collision, Loading and Unloading heavy industrial goods. The autonomous robot is designed to start its movement from a starting position where goods are loaded on it, then follow a black track and unload goods by itself after reaching a destination place. Infrared sensor has been mounted in the front of the robot so that the sensor can detect path by emitting and receiving signals allowing it to move in the predefined path having left and right turns to carry goods from starting position to the destination position. Arduino Uno has been used for the coding section and the control circuit of the robot has been implemented for controlling the robot’s movement within the defined track. The robot has been designed in such a way that it has the ability to avoid collision with any obstacles that come in its way. Ultrasonic sensor has been used in the robot to send the signal and detect the presence of any obstacle that may appear in the robot’s track and stop momentarily for certain time until the obstacle move away. Building an industrial robot with moderate Speed, good efficiency in loading and unloading purpose within a short time to ease human suffering has been the main objective of this paper.

The current paper shows a derivation of MagAmp regulator control loop small signal model.Corresponding simulation results are reported.

This article reports design, fabrication and analysis of a novel under-transistor (under-FET) in-hole thermal sensor diode structure. Being able to accurately monitor self-heating of individual transistor in-operando, the under-FET temperature sensor enables smart full-chip run-time thermal management with spatial resolution down to single transistor level. The in-hole thermal sensors were fabricated in a CMOS process and validated in measurements. The new chip level thermal management technique was demonstrated using a prototype power amplifier (PA) IC designed in a foundry 40nm CMOS. It opens a door for self-learning based full-chip real-time intelligent thermal management for future ICs.

A fundamental task in the dynamic simulation of parabolic trough power plants (PTPP) is to understand the behavior of the system physics and control loops in the presence of weather variations. This study provides a detailed description of the advanced controllers used in the power block (PB) of a 50 MWel parabolic trough power plant (PTPP). The PB model is achieved using APROS software based on the actual specifications of the existing power plant. To verify the behaviour of the PB model, a comparison between the simulated results and given real data is documented depending on a previous study, and the results indicate a reasonable degree of correspondence. The purpose of this study is to create reference models for the PB. Thereby, developers and engineers will have a better understanding of the state of the art of advanced control loops in these power plants. Moreover, these types of models can be used to specify the most suitable mode of operation for the power plant. In addition, this study gives an overview of dynamic simulation for the design, optimisation and development of power blocks in parabolic trough power plants.

We show that electrical stimulation on the human tongue amplifies the taste sensation of carbonated beverages. We have developed a novel electric taste system with two components: a cup-shaped device and its circuit for stimulation. The cup-shaped device has a double-layer structure. The circuit has a constant current control circuit and a signal generator, which allow adjustment of the electrical parameters. The device is hygiene when we demonstrate electric taste because the device has two-layered. Thus we can change the inner layer that touches the user’s mouth. The device is also inexpensive and easy to manufacture so that many people can experience them.

Measuring the urine output of the patients regularly is critical for the medical treatment of many diseases. Currently, it is done by manually measuring the hourly urine output which is cumbersome, time-consuming, stressful for the caregivers, and prone to errors. This study presents a device that can be used to automatically measure the urine volume using a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor-based sensor and an electronic device. A control circuit was developed to detect drops of urine falling on the disposable thermistor sensor. The circuit amplifies the voltage signal from the sensor in addition to keeping the thermistor at a fixed temperature. The voltage signal was converted to digital form and processed by an algorithm that was developed to identify individual drops. The number of drops was then converted to a volume by multiplying by the volume of a drop. The device was calibrated and tested for accuracy using water. Future work is planned for testing the device for the measurement of urine under clinical settings. This study addresses the problem of manual urine collection of dengue patients and is also applicable for any other drop detecting applications.

Tardigrades must negotiate heterogeneous, fluctuating environments and accordingly utilize locomotive strategies capable of dealing with variable terrain. We analyze the kinematics and interleg coordination of freely walking tardigrades (species: Hypsibius exemplaris). We find that tardigrade walking replicates several key features of walking in insects despite disparities in size, skeleton, and habitat. To test the effect of environmental changes on tardigrade locomotor control circuits we measure kinematics and interleg coordination during walking on two substrates of different stiffnesses. We find that the phase offset between contralateral leg pairs is flexible, while ipsilateral coordination is preserved across environmental conditions. This mirrors similar results in insects and crustaceans. We propose that these functional similarities in walking coordination between tardigrades and arthropods is either due to a generalized locomotor control circuit common to panarthropods or to independent convergence onto an optimal strategy for robust multilegged control in small animals with simple circuitry. Our results highlight the value of tardigrades as a comparative system toward understanding the mechanisms—neural and/or mechanical—underlying coordination in panarthropod locomotion.

Ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET) is used to measure ion concentration in liquid solutions. An ISFET that is used to measure ion concentration in liquid solutions for the first time, requires certain amount of time before actual measurements can be realized. This amount of time is called stabilization time. Typically, this stabilization time varies with external conditions such as type and conditions of the solution under test and performance of the ISFET sensors. The aim of the study is to determine stability criterion to automatically determine the stabilization time of ISFET sensors by utilizing a readout and control circuit and microcontroller. Our results show that the stabilization time of sensors used is about 50 to 60 seconds. The authors have tested commercial Ta 2 O 5 pH ISFET sensors. In the future the authors wish to analyze other ions as well.

This paper presents the efficiency investigation of a fully on-chip DC-DC step-up converter realized in a standard 130 nm CMOS technology and its comparison to previous works. Research is mainly focused on finding the optimum operation point to provide the high output power and conversion efficiency of the on-chip converter solution. The obtained output voltage of 1.2 V shows 98.6 % efficiency of power conversion, and the maximum output power of 6 mW is achieved. Another performed analysis has been focused on impact of inductor properties as well as impact of the control circuit on the main parameters of the developed boost voltage converter.

Traditional wireless power transfer systems typically adopt the single-frequency control method to ensure a constant output voltage and current for different applications. This paper presents a different side of the control circuit of a wireless energy transfer system, i.e. input is made with two frequencies aiming to optimize the wireless energy transfer.The purpose of this paper is to show how it can be increased the efficiency of a wireless power system, in comparison with the traditional wireless power transfer systems with a single command frequency. An experimental prototype will be buit in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed wireless energy transfer system and the control method.

In this paper, an MTJ writing and reading control circuit applied in XOR is presented. To improve ADC performance, MTJ can be used as storage device. To achieve writing and reading for MTJ, a logic control circuit is designed. Under the control of clock, the circuit control MTJ switches between writing and reading modes. Simulation results show that, applying the circuit, writing operation to MTJ can be achieved reliably in writing mode and don’t impact logic calculation in reading mode.

The research presents the design and simulation of an LLC resonant boost converter with an input directly connected to a solar cell and the converter’s output connected to a three-phase inverter. The three-phase inverter implements an induction motor drive. The output voltage of the converter is set by a control circuit, the dynamics of which are also examined by the research. The study briefly describes the LLC converter in general, explains in more detail the design of the values of the resonant elements, and then the result of the simulation based on the designed parameters. The simulation was implemented in a MATLAB based graphical development environment (Simulink).

In recent decades, the installed capacity of wind power is increased greatly, and doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) occupies a dominant position among wind power generators due to its excellent characteristics. However, how to improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) success rate of doubly fed induction generator during the grid fault especially unsymmetrical grid fault of great value. Based on an improved crowbar control strategy, this paper designs a new control circuit, optimizes the control process, and improves its control speed. Finally, the simulation of MATLAB/Simulink shows that the rationality of this control circuit.

Series-connected induction motors (SCIM) is considering as a modern modification of conventional wound-rotor induction motors (WRIM). It is claimed that SCIM has higher starting torque and lower starting current comparing with the conventional WRIM. The main objective of this paper is to study and investigate possibilities of using SCIM in industrial applications that require variable speed operation. In this paper, direct torque control (DTC) was used to control the performance of MATLAB/SIMULINK model of SCIM. It was concluded that the computer model of the motor shows acceptable transient response to control circuit’s operation commands.

This research presents a low-cost solar emulator for solar power experiments in the laboratory. It is designed to use light from Tungsten-halogen lamps instead of real sunlight and uses a single-phase AC control circuit to control the lamp's illumination. This solar emulator uses 12 Tungsten-halogen tubes with a total power capacity of 12kW and used six solar panels of 300W rated. According to the results, the solar emulator can provide irradiation to solar panels from 0 – 900 W/m2 by adjusting the AC voltage supplied to the lamp from 0 to 230V, respectively. The proposed solar simulator can test solar power generation by connecting solar panels in series and parallel for laboratory use at a satisfactory level from the experimental results.

This letter presents a broadband active Van Atta array system at $X$ -band, which is used for monostatic radar cross section (RCS) modulation and enhancement. The active system mainly consists of two uniform linear arrays (ULAs) and an active four-channel radio frequency (RF) amplifying circuit. By introducing the electrically modulated attenuator (EMA) into the active system, the transmission gain of the proposed four-channel RF amplifying circuit is controlled by a voltage signal from a control circuit and the backscattering field of the system can be sequentially modulated. The system’s performance of RCS modulation and retrodirectivity are validated through measurement over a relative bandwidth of 40% centered at 10 GHz. The modulation range of monostatic RCS is generally more than 20 dB at the $X$ -band. Its 3-dB retrodirective range and maximum equivalent RCS are 70°–120° and 1.4–3.9 dBsm varying from 8 to 12 GHz, respectively.

Increasing expectations of customers on the appearance of cars force the automotive paint shops to inspect all car bodies with great care. Currently, skilled workers visually inspect each car body to detect and repair occurring paint defects. However, humans can neither detect nor judge the blemishes objectively and reliably over a longer period. Hence, this paper focuses on the development and validation of an algorithm for a surface inspection system, which improves the accuracy of detecting paint defects through an image processing system. Once they are detected, a reliable classifier is necessary to gain further information about the paint defects. The generated data can be utilized for improving the paint application process and for identifying the perpetrator of the paint defects once the defect classification is operational. As a consequence, the quality control circuit can be shortened, the surface quality of different paint formulae can be evaluated objectively, and actions can be taken in order to reduce the occurrences of certain defect types. This paper presents the physical setup of the visual inspection system and a detailed description of the algorithm for detecting the defects in the acquired images. Further research is essential to generate a classifier to differentiate the types of paint defects.

This paper presents a high step-up fully soft switching interleaved Sheppard-Taylor converter to be used in PV applications. The proposed converter utilizes only one auxiliary switch to create the soft switching conditions for all semiconductor devices. The converter has a simple structure, and its control circuit remains PWM. Moreover, the auxiliary switch is not located in the main power path; therefore, the conduction losses are decreased, and the overall efficiency is improved. Besides, the rate of the auxiliary switch current will be very low. On the other hand, the proposed converter has a high-voltage gain. Furthermore, all switches and other circuit elements have low current stress due to the interleaved structure in the proposed converter. The guidelines for the design consideration are presented. A 250 W, 25–250 V laboratory prototype operating at 100 kHz is implemented to verify the performance of the converter and an efficiency of 96% at full load can be achieved.

Conventional triac based dimmer for light dimming of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) results in poor power factor (PF) and light flickering. In this paper a feed-forward control circuit based on p...

Tardigrades must negotiate heterogeneous, fluctuating environments, and accordingly utilize locomotive strategies capable of dealing with variable terrain. We analyze the kinematics and inter-leg coordination of freely walking tardigrades (species: Hypsibius dujardini). We find that tardigrade walking replicates several key features of walking in insects despite disparities in size, skeleton, and habitat. To test the effect of environmental changes on tardigrade locomotor control circuits, we measure kinematics and inter-leg coordination during walking on two substrates of different stiffnesses. We find that the phase offset between contralateral leg pairs is flexible, while ipsilateral coordination is preserved across environmental conditions. This mirrors similar results in insects and crustaceans. We propose that these functional similarities in walking co-ordination between tardigrades and arthropods is either due to a generalized locomotor control circuit common to panarthropods, or to independent convergence onto an optimal strategy for robust multi-legged control in small animals with simple circuitry. Our results highlight the value of tardigrades as a comparative system towards understanding the mechanisms – neural and/or mechanical – underlying coordination in panarthropod locomotion.

The measurement and control circuit is the key to angular velocity measurement within the CVG, and its performance directly influences the gyroscope’s ability to detect angular velocity. This chapter introduces the measurement and control technologies based on the structure of the gyroscope. This includes model identification, drive control, balance control and angular velocity detection.

The paper is devoted to the consideration of existing methods of deposition of hardening coatings. The paper discusses the relationship between the coating deposition process and the control circuit for the ion current density and energy control. The analysis of deposition methods is carried out and on the basis of this analysis the CIB deposition method of hardening coatings is selected. The authors studied the features of each of the considered methods, which made it possible to identify the main advantages and disadvantages. Based on the data obtained, it шs revealed that for equal-thickness coatings, it is necessary to use control circuits for the ion current density and energy.

This paper presents a new scheme and procedure for implementation of selective harmonic mitigation (SHM) control scheme for single phase inverter systems. The detailed design of the control circuit has been discussed in detail. The unexplored facts and results of selective harmonic mitigation based single phase inverter system have been included in this paper.

As the new types of operating mechanisms, electromagnetic repulsion mechanism and magnetic mechanism have the advantages of simple structure, easy control and high reliability. Firstly, the principle of repulsion mechanism and magnetic mechanism is introduced in this paper. Then, the simulation models of 1100kV bypass switch repulsion mechanism and magnetic mechanism are established. The dynamic characteristics of the mechanism are simulated and analyzed, and the corresponding optimal parameters are obtained. Finally, the action speed, the output force and the control circuit current of the repulsion mechanism and magnetic mechanism are compared. The simulation results show that the initial output of the repulsion mechanism is too large and the later output is insufficient, while the driving current of the magnetic mechanism is moderate and the output is uniform, so the magnetic mechanism is more suitable for long stroke bypass switch.

In this paper, multiple power supply system for the Type-C USB power delivery (PD) chip is presented. It can provide a reliable V DD-INT internal power rail for the PD chip from a $V_{BAT}$ battery source of 2.7-5.5V or a $V_{BUS}$ source of 4-20V with seamless transition between them. $V_{BAT}$ will be the primary source whenever it is available and $V_{BUS}$ will act as source when $V_{BAT}$ doesn't exist or goes away. The implemented power system in 0.14um CMOS technology delivers up to 30mA of current from each of the $V_{BAT}$ or $V_{BUS}$ sources and takes a die area of 0.308mm 2 . The $V_{BAT}$ control circuit consumes 10uA of current from $V_{BAT}$ while $V_{BUS}$ control circuit consumes 400uA of current from $V_{BUS}$ to provide VDD-INT.

A fully implantable artificial pancreas system with intraperitoneal glucose sensing and insulin releasing has the advantage of a fast insulin response and no psychological burden to diabetic patients. However, it may require frequent surgical interventions to refill insulin after insulin is used out. By studying the metabolic pathway of insulin, in this paper we propose a mechatronic system for releasing and recycling of nanomagnetic -insulin to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving magnetic-assisted insulin recycle and reuse, which may reduce the needs of insulin refill and mitigate hypoglycemia. In the prototype developed in this study, the mechanical structure, driving principle, control circuit and related programming of the mechatronic system are introduced. Finally, the basic functions of the mechatronic prototype are verified by ex vivo experiments.

In a study, a control scheme with adaptation of the PID controller coefficients based on a neural network (neural network optimizer) was implemented. The neural network optimizer was used as a add-on the PID controller in the control circuit for the blast of a solid fuel boiler with a periodic injection of fuel. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the use of a neural network optimizer can increase the efficiency of the boiler.