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Resumen La reintegración en Colombia es una etapa del posconflicto importante para lograr una paz estable y duradera; es la que permite al excombatiente disfrutar de los beneficios y mantenerse en la vida civil. Objetivo. Describir los aportes del apoyo psicosocial a los excombatientes en proceso de reintegración de acuerdo con la evidencia identificada en fuentes secundarias. Metodología. Se realiza una revisión sistemática que incluye artículos científicos vigentes en español e inglés, los cuales son seleccionados de bases de datos especializadas y analizados a través de un Registro Analítico Especializado. De manera posterior, se hace un análisis de los textos seleccionados y discusiones con acuerdos y desacuerdos entre autores, además de una reflexión crítica. Conclusiones. El apoyo psicosocial en el proceso de reintegración debe ser visto más allá de la salud mental; implica análisis de factores internos y externos que afectan el proceso de reintegración. Abstract Reinstatement in Colombia is an important stage of the post-conflict to achieve a lasting and stable peace; is the one which allows the ex-combatants enjoy the benefits and keep living in the social life. Objective. Describe the contributions and the psyco-social support to the ex-combatants in a re-instatement process according to the identified evidence in secondary resources. Methodology. A systematic review that includes current scientific articles in Spanish and English is made. These articles are selected from specialized databases and analyzed through an specialized analytical record. Subsequent an analysis of the selected texts and discussions is made with agreements and disagreements between authors besides a critical reflection. Conclusion. The psyco-social support in the reinstatement process should be seen further the mental health; It implies the analysis of then internal and external elements that affect the reinstatement process.

The recent turn towards legal formalism and the common law of contract in the High Court of Australia’s landmark redefinition of the employment relationship in Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union v Personnel Contracting Pty Ltd and ZG Operations Australia Pty Ltd v Jamsek (a companion appeal), has concerning ramifications for workers. This article explains this decision through critical contract theory, contextualising it as the latest edition to a series of cases that have applied formalist legal reasoning to redefine key areas within Australian labour law including: implied terms; adverse action; prohibited matters; and industrial action. It argues that eclipsing the reality of work with the ‘form’ of an employer’s contract or other narrow, individualistic forms of reasoning, undermines the protective purposes of labour law, enhancing employer power while marginalising workers. The paper concludes with an analysis of proposals — mostly legislative in nature — to stem the destructive influence of formalism and the law of contract upon labour law.

In business it is sometimes more economically viable for a party to intentionally breach their contract with the other party and pay damages than it is to proceed with the agreement. The theory of efficient breach justifies this behaviour on the basis that the innocent party is adequately compensated and the party in breach is ‘better off’ as a consequence of abandoning the contract. There is limited judicial authority suggesting that such a breach may violate the statutory prohibitions against unconscionable conduct in trade or commerce contained in the Australian Consumer Law. The point at which it may do so remains unclear. This article critically considers the relationship between the common law of contract and the Australian Consumer Law in this context and examines the relevant case law to identify when an efficient breach of contract may amount to statutory unconscionability.

This is a spreadsheet with case law and legal articles & commentaries that pertain to updates, interesting discussions, and critiques of Canadian contract law since 2017. This was done for the purpose of updating the Cases and Materials on Contract Law casebook used for first-year Western Law students. The focus of the research is on the Canadian context, but international sources, particularly those from commonwealth nations, are drawn from as well.

Con la Ley 1819 de 2016 se introdujo a la legislación colombiana modificaciones al tratamiento tributario de los contratos de leasing financiero y operativo. En este documento se presentan problemas jurídicos derivados de la nueva configuración tributaria del leasing financiero en el impuesto sobre la renta e IVA, originados en la redacción e interpretación del artículo 127-1 del estatuto. El presente documento se desarrolla bajo la metodología de investigación dogmática, parte del análisis de la legislación colombiana y tiene como insumo importante la investigación de la doctrina emitida por la DIAN como fuente auxiliar, relevante para entender el alcance de esta norma. The enaction of the Law 1819 of 2016, introduced into the Colombian Tax Legislation a change to the special tax treatment of financial and operational leasing contracts. This document presents to the reader different legal problems arising from the wording of the financial leasing contract rules in the income tax and value added tax (VAT), which mainly originate from the drafting and interpretation of the article 127-1 of the Colombian Tax Code, as the special fiscal rule that establishes the treatment of leasing contracts for tax purposes. This document is developed under the dogmatic methodology, to the extent that different legal analyzes are carried out, and counts with the important input of the doctrine (i.e., tax rulings) issued by the Colombian Tax Authority (DIAN by its acronym in Spanish) as a relevant auxiliary source for the understanding of the scope of financial leasing fiscal treatment.

According to part of the US scholarship, the use of big data and prediction algorithms could entail a paradigmatic change in contract law: No longer would one have general and abstract legal norms, but rather granular and personalized ones, customized on the needs and features of the contracting parties. This shift to a law tailored to specific individuals could affect both default and mandatory rules and provide for a more efficient and just legal system. The argument goes that such a flexible and technology-driven regulation is also capable of addressing the issue of unfair personalized pricing schemes applied by businesses in online transactions. The present contribution adopts a futuristic approach and investigates whether these doctrinal proposals could possibly pave the way for an amendment of the Directive 93/13 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. In doing so, the main elements of the unfair terms control are highlighted, together with their link with national default rules, which serve both as a benchmark for the assessment of the unfair character of the clause and as gap-fillers. Based on a comparison with the findings of US scholars, it then explores how the unfair terms control may change in order to reduce cross-subsidies to a minimum and tackle discriminatory pricing schemes. Finally, this article elaborates further on how the modifications could be implemented within a new enforcement mechanism, using a technology that would also cover so-called smart contracts. personalization, unfair terms control, big data, consumer contracts. Motsclés: Personnalisation, Contrôle de clauses abusives, Grandes bases de données, Contrats conclus avec les consommateurs Schlüsselwörter: Personalisierung, Kontrolle missbräuchlicher Klauseln, Big Data, Verbraucherverträge

The article focuses on whether, in the case of a breach of a sales contract, the buyer can remedy the non-conformity of the goods independently and claim damages for the cost of repair without giving the seller an opportunity to cure his failure to perform. The analysis is based on the solutions adopted in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The issue has recently given rise to divergent approaches in the literature. The article seeks to shed new light on the problem and offers a way of resolving the question of the interplay between the seller’s right to cure and the buyer’s right to claim damages for the cost of repair. The principal conclusion is that the buyer’s right to claim damages for the cost of repair and the seller’s right to cure do not stand on an equal footing. Rather, the seller’s right to cure has priority over the buyer’s damages claim. As long as the seller is entitled to remedy his failure to perform under the Convention, the buyer cannot cure the nonconformity independently. If he does so, he cannot claim compensation for the costs incurred as a result of the repair. The right to cure; United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; CISG; damages; breach of contract; remedies; sales contract; repair; avoidance; favour contractus

In this contribution I try to describe the ‘Lando method’ for harmonization or model rules, based on the writings of Ole Lando himself and my own experience in the Lando Commission. Harmonization, contract law, European private law, restatements

The emergence and development of civil law as an independent branch of law was associated with the development of commodity-money relations and first developed in ancient Rome. Roman law was formed on the basis of customary law as well as the judicial practice of masters who resolved property disputes. Therefore, it was in Roman law that the main provisions of modern civil law were first formed. A powerful impetus to the development of civilization thought was the rapid development of commodity-money relations in the Russian Empire.The high level of development of civil law science in pre-revolutionary Russia influenced the formation of civil law in the Kazakh region. A prominent social and political figure, professional lawyer, one of the leaders of «Alash», the head of the Western branch of «Alash-Orda», Zhakhansha Dosmukhamedov was at the forefront of the development of civil law thought in the territory of modern Kazakhstan.His political and legal views were formed under the influence of progressive ideas of representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia, Russian socio-political thought of the 19th – early 20th centuries, Western thinkers and lawyers. In this article, the author first examined the role of Zhakhanshi Dosmukhamedov as a civilist in the formation and development of civil law in the Kazakh region. Also the autorth identified main stages of him political and legal views.

In the article on the basis of analysis of current and former Ukrainian legislation and doctrinal sources are considered some issues of classification of civil law contracts into consensual and real contracts. Approach to divide contracts into two aforementioned groups originates in Roman law; however, its sufficient theoretical model is produced only in XIX century. In Soviet period this method to classify contracts was sharply criticized. Current Civil code of Ukraine uses both types (models): consensual and real contracts. Contract is to be treated as consensual unless the opposite is prescribed in civil legislation. In order to conclude real contract, in addition to sufficient agreement, transfer of property or execution of other action is needed. Such transfer of property or other action are not considered as a part of fulfillment of contractual obligation; they take place at the stage of contract formation and are prerequisite for the very existence of real contract. Based on these considerations, direct application of norm regulating contractual transfer of ownership to conclusion of real contract is complicated and cannot be conducted without certain adjustments. Another issue related to the formation of real contract is transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money. These civil law objects following a common approach are not regarded as things (res). Therefore, transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money in a procedure of formation of real contract cannot be qualified as transfer of property in its traditional meaning.

Much attention has been directed towards digitization's potential effect on both transaction costs and organizational designs over the past few years. In particular, digitalization is argued to dramatically lower transaction costs, not only within organizations but also across multiple entities. Blockchain technology firmly positioned itself within mainstream awareness as the groundbreaking emerging technology. The emerging blockchain technology holds the promise of removing the requirement for trustworthy entities (central intermediaries) to secure transactions through digital systems. This paper explores the positions of this technology in cost management through the prism of the institutional transaction costs economy approach We argue that technology based on blockchain has significant promise to help to reduce both economic and social cost impact on the transaction. We employ the setting for developing better insight into different industries & corporate functions in which information asymmetries between the buyer and real estate promoter as well as the associated transaction costs involved in the property transfer are large and frequently intractable. We outline the ways in which blockchain technologies embedded in a decentralized transaction-based system can help overcome these issues in the area of asset management. Our results suggest that information sharing regarding assets performance moderates both the effects of contractors-side adverse choice as well as decrease the vertical moral hazard of assets through generating a disciplinary incentive. Additionally, in this work, we find evidence of an incentive for assets to exhibit opportunistic behavior when value-added Information of the asset nature are available. JEL Classification: D00 Paper type: Theoretical Research, Au cours des dernières années, une grande attention a été portée à l'effet potentiel de la digitalisation tant sur les coûts de transaction que sur les conceptions organisationnelles. En particulier, la numérisation est censée réduire considérablement les coûts de transaction, non seulement au sein des organisations, mais aussi entre plusieurs entités. La technologie blockchain s'est fermement positionnée dans la conscience du grand public comme une technologie émergente révolutionnaire. Cette technologie émergente promet de supprimer l'exigence d'entités de confiance (intermédiaires de confiance) pour sécuriser les transactions par le biais de systèmes numériques. Ce papier explore les positions de cette technologie dans la gestion des coûts à travers le prisme de l'approche de l'économie des coûts de transaction institutionnels. Nous soutenons que la technologie basée sur la blockchain est très prometteuse pour contribuer à réduire l'impact des coûts économiques et sociaux dans la transaction. Nous employons les paramètres pour développer une meilleure compréhension de différentes industries et fonctions d'entreprise dans lesquelles les asymétries d'information entre l'acheteur et le vendeur de biens immobiliers ainsi que les coûts de transaction associés impliqués dans le transfert de propriété sont importants et souvent insolubles. Nous exposons les moyens par lesquels les technologies blockchain intégrées dans un système décentralisé basé sur les transactions peuvent aider à surmonter ces problèmes dans le domaine de la gestion des actifs. Nos résultats suggèrent que le partage d'informations concernant la performance des actifs modère à la fois l'effet du choix défavorable du côté des entrepreneurs et diminue l'aléa moral vertical des actifs en générant une incitation disciplinaire. De plus, dans ce travail, nous trouvons des preuves d'une incitation pour les actifs à avoir un comportement opportuniste lorsque des informations à valeur ajoutée sur la nature de l'actif sont disponibles. Classification JEL: D00 Type de l’article : Article théorique. &nbsp

The breach of contract is the primary cause of the conflict of interest between the parties to the contract, so it is a core issue of contract law. Therefore, the comparative law study perspective provides a perfect reference for the purpose of this investigation. After a brief discussion of the concept of non performance -whichI will focus on in Chapter one -I will focus on the last chapter of my work the so-called remedies for non performance. The investigation will emphasize the similarities and differences between respective systems, as well as the approaches taken in the absence of common ground and the obvious need for legal protection. In this regard, it is worth noting that although many comparative law studies are aimed at understanding the differences and similarities between the civil law and the common law, there is a gap in this area of comparative law in the Asian system. Therefore, I think it is important to introduce these documents through the current research work, taking the theme of non performance as an example of CISG's current impact on internal systems andas a factor of coordination and modernization, we believe that CISG is a tool that enables us to achieve a greater degree of legal security quotas in the international market. El incumplimiento del contrato es la primera causa de conflictos de intereses entre los contratantes y, por consiguiente, constituye una materia central en el Derecho de contratos. Por esta razón, su estudio comparado sirve como perfecta referencia para el objetivo de este estudio. Tras una breve aproximación al concepto de incumplimiento -a los que dedicaré el primer capítulo, me centraré– en el último capítulo del trabajo, en una descripción de los denominados remedios frente al incumplimiento contractual (en inglés, remedies), que pongan de relieve las semejanzas y diferencias existentes entre nuestros respectivos sistemas, así como las vías de aproximación cuando no existe coincidencia, ante la evidente necesidad de seguridad jurídica. Al respecto, conviene tener en cuenta que, aunque abundan los estudios de Derecho comparado que tienen por objeto conocer diferencias y semejanzas entre el Civil Law y el Common Law, existe una laguna en este ámbito del Derecho comparatístico relativa a los sistemas asiáticos[1]. Por esta razón, he considerado importante introducirlos o presentarlos a través del presente trabajo de investigación, tomando la materia del incumplimiento contractual como muestra del influjo que la CISG está teniendo en la actualidad sobre los sistemas internos como factor armonizador y de modernización. Encontramos así en la CISG un instrumento que nos permite avanzar en la consecución de cuotas mayores de seguridad jurídica en el mercado internacional. [1] ASAMI, E.: Los sistemas del Derecho internacional privado japonés y europeo desde una perspectiva comparada, tesis doctoral para optar al grado de doctorado en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 2012, p. 31.

Debido a la pandemia por Covid-19, los fondos en el caso de mass torts toman su relevancia al ser considerados como una forma de compensar a la responsabilidad civil. Esta solución de rápido y fácil acceso deben contar con una regulación debida que permita conservar aquellos aspectos generales y específicos de la aplicación de esta figura. Por eso, este artículo se centra en el análisis de los fondos en casos de agravios masivos por la posible efectividad que podrían tener para responder al daño causado por la pandemia Covid-19 para suplir las brechas en la responsabilidad civil mediante un estudio conceptual, doctrinario y normativo. Lo importante es que no se transformen en herramientas para escapar de la responsabilidad. Palabras clave: derecho civil, responsabilidad civil, estatus jurídico, derecho de los contratos, acuerdos., Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, mass tort funds are becoming increasingly important as a form of compensation for civil liability. This quick and easy access solution must be duly regulated to preserve the general and specific aspects of the application of this figure. For this reason, this article focuses on the analysis of mass tort funds for their possible effectiveness in responding to the damage caused by the Covid-19 pandemic to fill the gaps in civil liability through a conceptual, doctrinal, and normative study. What is important is that they do not become tools for escaping liability. Keywords: civil law, civil liability, legal status, contract law, agreements.

The High Court’s decision in Mann v Paterson Constructions Pty Ltd has severely limited the availability of restitution in quantum meruit where a party accepts repudiation of a contract. The High Court has adopted a restrictive approach by reserving quantum meruit for work where a contractual right to payment has not accrued. In circumstances where a contractual right to payment has accrued, a claim in damages for breach of contract is the appropriate remedy. Valuation of restitution in quantum meruit is now, generally, limited to the original contract price. This ensures that parties are no longer able to cherry-pick a claim in damages or restitution. Australia’s approach harmonises the primacy-subsidiary nature of the law of contract and restitution by generally limiting restitution to the parties’ original contractual allocation of risk.

El presente trabajo está referido a las nuevas tecnologías informatizadas que han permitido la creación de organizaciones, la mayoría de carácter transnacional, que no se encuentran sometidas a los requerimientos de las empresas tradicionales. En este caso, se hace referencia a las empresas de servicios a través de plataformas y algoritmos, que se impuso con mayor intensidad en la época de pandemia. Las actividades fundamentales consisten en intermediar mediante dispositivos electrónicos. Se trata de un trabajo precario, flexible y no asalariado. Con la estrategia de que no hay empleador ni empleados, estas nuevas formas se implantaron en el mundo al margen de toda legalidad, no solo laboral, sino fiscal y tributaria. La empresa es el mayor recaudador, ya que no se hace cargo de ninguna de las cargas sociales y la protección social, el cuidado de la salud y los riesgos del trabajo quedan a cargo del trabajador. Es un modelo de empleo desde una concepción del desarrollo neoliberal. Se hace un recorrido por las diferentes modalidades de servicios que existen en nuestro país y se realizan recomendaciones para que el Estado regule este trabajo y quienes lo realizan puedan ser incluidos en la Ley de Contrato de Trabajo., The present work is referred to the new computerized technologies that have enabled the creation of organizations, most of which are transnational, that are not under the requirements of traditional companies. In this case, it is about service companies through platforms and algorithms. The main activities consist of intermediating through electronic devices. The work mode is flexible and non-salaried; it is considered precarious work. These companies, using the strategy nor employer nor employees, were implanted in the world outside legality, not only labor but fiscal and tax legality. A review of the different types of services that exist in our country is performed. The company is the largest collector, since it is not responsible for any of the social charges. This mode of work through platforms was imposed with greater intensity during the pandemic. Social protection, health care and work risks are workers’ responsibility. Young people, mostly from neighboring countries, must pay a tax and health insurance. This employment model is based on a neoliberal conception of development. Recommendations are made so that the state regulates this work mode to enable its inclusion in the Employment Contract Law., Facultad de Psicología

This is an excel spreadsheet with a list of cases, secondary sources and statutes pertaining to illegality in contract law (with a focus on the Canadian context).

In the article on the basis of analysis of Ukrainian legislation and doctrinal sources are considered issues of classification of civil law contracts. The article analyzes a number of aspects of legal regulation and determination of certain theoretical and practical issues of classification of civil law contracts, designation of approaches to determination of contract classification criteria and explores the problems of application of certain methods of contract classification. There can be no doubt that economic life objectively involves the need of society in some methods and ways of organizing and determining relationships between individuals. The most important and universal legal construction which satisfies that need is a contract: contract is prerequisite for functioning of private relationships. Aforementioned causes necessity in legal researches in the sphere of classification of civil law contracts. Such scientific studies can serve as a fundament for development of legislation and provide the great support in filling the gaps in existing law. Special attention is paid to the legal classification of contracts determined by Civil code of Ukraine. In article is emphasized that doctrine is not unified in questions related to the grounds for the classification of contracts and thus different approaches to such classification are analyzed. Two major methods of classification of contracts are distinguished. The dichotomy of division constitutes the essence of the first method of classification. The drawback is, however, that this way of categorization does not cover all existing types of contracts. According to the second method, contracts are divided into different groups, but there exist no uniform criterion for the classification. This article therefore contains accurate exploration of logical consistency of criteria used for classification of contracts and practical importance of different ways to categorize civil law contracts.

This study focuses on teaching Chinese for Special Purposes (CSP) and explores how terminology used in Chinese commercial contracts can be taught using a contrastive terminology analysis. Firstly, we outline the contextual differences that exist between commercial contracts drafted in Chinese and those drafted in English. Secondly, we describe the method of contrastive semantic analysis and show how it can be paired with corpus linguistics in order to help L2 Chinese learners acquire vocabulary used in Business Chinese, focusing specifically on Chinese commercial contracts. Thirdly, we shall explore the semantic equivalence between lexical items of different languages. Lastly, we present a semantic analysis of terminology found in Chinese and English commercial contracts. We hope that the theoretical framework presented in this paper will be of use to teachers of Chinese for Special Purposes.

Where there have been violations of labour standards or human rights by organisations operating overseas, but such entities are either owned or controlled by a transnational corporation (‘TNC’) based in a Common Law system such as England and Wales, the current position in company, tort, contract and private international law is that the right of injured overseas workers (of those overseas entities) or citizens to recover the losses they have suffered from TNC is negligible to zero. This is startling in light of policies underpinning product liability and private laws. The question is whether modifications of existing private and company law doctrines could facilitate a change in the position whereby transnational corporations are held liable. Other possibilities for addressing the TNC accountability gap are also discussed.

�� ������������ ���������� �������������������������� ���������������������� ������������������ �������������������������������� �� �������������������� �� �������������� �������������������� ���������������������� ���������� (���������������������������� ������������������������������ ������������, ����������������������������, ��������������������, �������������� ����������������). ������������������, ������������������������������ ������ �������������������������������� (������������������������������ ������������), ������������������������ �������������������������� ���������� ������������������������ �������������������� ����������������. ������ ���������������������� ���������������� ������������������������ ������������������ ������������������������������ ������������, �������������� ���������� �������� ������������������������, �� ������ ����������, �� ���������� ������������������ ������������������ ��������������������������������., In the article, the author considers the relationship of the principles of good faith and reasonable with other principles of contract law (inadmissibility of abuse of law, fairness, reasonable, freedom of contract). Conduct characterized as unfair (abuse of law) is disclosed by the legislator through the listing of specific examples. This greatly simplifies the study of the institution of abuse of law, which can be used, among other things, to reveal signs of good faith.

This paper discusses the right-terminating legal facts in the civil law of obligations. The separation of grounds for termination of liabilities and property rights has been analyzed. The nature of the categories that are used to denote the right-terminating the legal facts in the field of personal liability has been determined., Статья посвящена видам правопрекращающих юридических фактов в обязательственной сфере гражданского права. Проведен анализ разделения оснований прекращения обязательств, а также вещных прав. Определена природа категорий, которые используются для обозначения правопрекращающих юридических фактов в обязательственной сфере.

Більшість дослідників єдині у своїх позиціях, що дійсний правочин є одним з юридичних фактів, з якими закон пов’язує динамічний розвиток правовідносин, зокрема їх припинення. У той же час недійсний правочин, як вказується в частині першій статті 216 Цивільного кодексу України, не створює юридичних наслідків крім тих, що пов’язані з його недійсністю (відповідно, не впливає на правовідносини) і є недійним з моменту його вчинення. Існування правоприпиняючих юридичних фактів у оболонці недійсних (оспорюваних) правочинів може поставити під сумнів правомірність наслідків, до яких він призводить, але не встановлює цю обставину заздалегідь. У цьому у випадку можна змоделювати три основні ситуації: 1) юридичний факт мав місце у зв’язку з чим правова модель була реалізована на практиці, але в той же час, наслідки спричинені цим юридичним фактом, мали лише фактичний характер; 2) юридичний факт мав місце в реальній дійсності, але в той же час породив лише юридичні наслідки; 3) юридичний факт мав місце, у зв’язку з чим правова модель була реалізована на практиці, але в той же час, наслідки, спричинені цим юридичним фактом, мають як юридичний, так і фактичний характер. Cторони або сторона правовідносин, в залежності від того односторонній чи двосторонній правочин було укладено, здатні конвалідувати його. Тобто вчинити дії, які доводять усім іншим учасникам обороту й державі як регулятору цивільних відносин те, що в даному випадку вони (сторони) бажали настання саме цих наслідків і саме в такій формі, навіть не заважаючи на його вади. У такому ключі можна казати про існування механізмів об’єктивної конвалідації. Тобто сторони нікчемного або оспорюваного правочину можуть вчинити дії, які призведуть до визнання наслідків їх правочину державою та іншими учасниками цивільного обороту лише в тому випадку, коли існують правові механізми виправлення ситуації та обставини дозволяють це зробити, у іншому випадку конвалідація є неможливою.

Vanwege het nieuwe coronavirus (COVID-19) overwegen veel bedrijven de lonen van werknemers te verlagen. Sommige bedrijven vragen van de werknemers om 'een steentje bij te dragen', andere eisen loonoffers. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op het juridisch kader voor eenzijdig wijzigen van arbeidsvoorwaarden, maar wordt ook gekeken naar de recente ontwikkelingen met betrekking tot deeltijdontslag die een interessante invalshoek op loonmatiging kunnen bieden. "This content was supported by the H2020 WorkYP project (GA number 870619) and reflects only author’s view.”

International audience; The article is devoted to the question of discount as a right-depriving jural fact. The analysis of conditions of the discount as a right-depriving jural fact si conducted. The moment of termination of obligation on the basis of such type of right-depriving jural fact is certain.

The article is devoted to research of mechanism of discontinuance of obligation on the basis of assig nation of indemnity. The nature of assignation of indemnity and conditions of its application are analised in the article. The features of indemnity as a rightdepriving jural fact in the obligation sphere of civil law are explored, in particular the moment of discontinuance of obligation by indemnity, its forms and order of legalization.

This paper investigates the constitutionalisation of the test for statutory illegality (the test) in South African contract law, firstly through a careful evaluation of the manner in which the Constitutional Court (CC) applied the test in Cool Ideas v Hubbard, secondly through the manner in which the CC purports to constitutionalise the test in the said case, and thirdly through asking if such a method is desirable in the constitutional dispensation. It can be conceded that the approach taken by the main judgment to the application of the test in this case is more compelling than that taken by Froneman J. However, the fundamental differences in these approaches, particularly in the determination of the impact of the Constitution and its underlying values, highlight the need for an investigation into the test and the way it should operate in the constitutional dispensation. The paper begins by setting out the test and shows that it is capable of reflecting the values that underlie the Constitution (while maintaining a workable level of legal certainty) and that the test can operate in a manner that enhances the vision and goals of the Constitution. It also proposes a framework within which the various factors of the test should be weighed up, with a view to determining whether the contract under investigation is valid or invalid. Then the paper evaluates the CC's application of the test. It criticises the main judgment for its incomplete undertaking of the enquiry envisaged in sections 8(1) and (2) of the Constitution, as it took into account neither the "spirit, purport and objects" underpinning section 25(1), nor the fundamental values of the Constitution. It also criticises Froneman J's judgment for not connecting the value of fairness with the "spirit, purport and objects" underpinning section 25(1) or the broader fundamental values of the Constitution. Thereafter, it considers the manner in which the CC purports to constitutionalise the test. It points out that equity considerations apply in all matters, whether a substantive right is implicated or not, as they ensure that the "application" and "interpretation" of a statute enhance and are in line with the "objective normative value system" that is the Bill of Rights. Lastly, it considers the desirability of the CC's approach to the application of the test and its constitutionalisation. It points out that the main judgment goes to the extremes of objectivity in interpreting the relevant provisions of the Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act, 1998 (within the application of the test), while Froneman J goes to the extremes of subjectivity. In this regard, it suggests that courts can use the "balance of convenience" test to adjust their decisions to accommodate the circumstances of each case. Therefore, it concludes that the approach to constitutionalising the test lies somewhere between that of the main judgment and that of Froneman J. Keywords : Contract law; statutory illegality; constitutionalisation; Cool Ideas v Hubbard.

In fast-paced and knowledge-intensive environments, licensing partnerships can be powerful levers for market expansion. Research on the management of technology-oriented licenses has nonetheless pointed out the risks of corrosive disputes caused by conflicting interests or misunderstandings among licensing partners. The choice made ex ante on mechanisms for resolving potential disputes is of prime importance in the execution of licensing exchanges. Although the legal literature has widely emphasized the advantages of arbitration towards litigation, public ordering remains the “default” option in managers’ eyes. By adopting a transaction cost economics logic, our study explores the conditions under which licensing partners may prefer arbitration over public ordering during the contractual-design phase. In accordance with our theoretical arguments, findings show that the occurrence of arbitration provisions increases when the coordination orientation adopted by licensing partners is extensive. In situations where both monitoring and coordination orientations are simultaneously extensive, results reveal a greater propensity to prefer arbitration over public ordering. Our research therefore supports the view that corporate decision-makers tend to favor the conciliatory stance and compromising awards typically associated with arbitration, only when exchanges are expected to be highly coordinative. Their preference for arbitration over litigation is magnified when the coordination orientation develops alongside the monitoring orientation.

The paper analyses the reasons for a correct formation of the exchange contract in a market economy, in order to safeguard its operation in a competitive sense. In particular, it highlights the importance of protecting the trust of the contracting parties with respect to reciprocal disclosure obligations that prevent the conclusion of asymmetric contracts, which by definition are unfair and inefficient.

Contract farming in seed production has played an instrumental role in bringing private investment into seed research and production. As developing countries have predominantly small and marginal farmers, the number of inefficiencies that arise from seed contractual agreements hinders producers from realizing the full potential benefits from seed contracts. We carried out an economic experiment with real producers and organizers currently engaged in seed production to analyze their preference for group seed contracts, its sustainability and welfare implications in the seed value chain. The producers are offered two types of group contracts: B and C. Contract B involves a company-organizer-seed producer group (SPG) whereas contract C removes the organizer and directly engages with the SPG (company → SPG). In the experiment, producers are asked to choose between an existing contract and either of the proposed group contracts. The experiment consists of two treatments: (i) concealed and revealed price information between agents, and (ii) presence and absence of a local organizer while making the decision. We find that the preference for group contract B is higher than for group contract C, suggesting the need for producers bargaining which can be achieved through group contract in the existing contract, Bargaining is high (6.3 percentage points) when price information is concealed. SPGs survive for about four out of five rounds and more than half of the groups (53%) formed in the first round survived throughout the five rounds, indicating a very high group sustainability.

The concept of an abnormally low tender is not defined in EU public procurement law. This article takes an interdisciplinary law and economics approach to examine a dataset consisting of Swedish and Danish judgments and verdicts concerning the concept of an abnormally low tender. The purpose is to determine how the concept has developed in practice in two Scandinavian countries with similar legal traditions, and whether the national solutions are economically efficient. The data indicate that economic operators use various pricing strategies which may result in tenders being rejected as abnormally low or the awards of contracts to such tenders being contested. The pricing strategies will (over time) result in the contracting authorities paying too high a price and they are, therefore, economically inefficient. It is concluded that diverse solutions to the handling of abnormally low tenders have developed in the two countries and, notably, that the approaches differ with regard to how they treat different pricing strategies. Thus, the solutions are also different in terms of economic efficiency.

This research examines the impact of Chinese cultural values on the application of law on contractual damages. Following an experimental design, 43 in-depth interviews were conducted with Chinese judges in 13 cities and provinces across China. The data reveal two patterns. First, the judges took the cultural values into account when determining the amount of damages. Second, the consideration of cultural value factors reduced the judges’ consideration of legal factors. The local cultural values did not change the Chinese judges’ understanding of law. Instead, the judges compromised the legal requirements and cultural desires by using the discretion offered to them or by recommending mediation. The consideration of cultural values is not only the result of judges’ personal preferences, but also of judges seeking social approval. The motivation of Chinese judges to obtain social approval may be enhanced by the assessment criteria and the institutional constraints of Chinese courts.

© The Author (2017). The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) provide a comprehensive set of contract rules that may apply to contract cases irrespective of the legal system; whether it is civil law, common law, Islamic law, or a mixed jurisdiction. In fact, the PICC have had a significant impact on the reform of many contract laws. Most recently, the French Civil Code was amended following many of the principles and rules embodied in the PICC. In this article, I argue that Arab Civil Codes, which mainly follow the French model of codification, may and should utilize the PICC in supplementing the statutory provisions as well as in interpreting them. I also argue that many of the traditional rules of these civil codes should be amended to meet the new developments in modern transactions. I will focus, in particular, on establishing a duty of good faith that is not limited to the performance of the contract but, rather, extends to all phases of the contract: making process, providing for a rule for liability during negotiations, allowing for remedies in cases of detrimental reliance, and interpreting the concept of public order to include principles of international human rights. I will rely on the PICC in introducing these notions to Arab Civil Codes.

It is a fact that the American contractual models and the American drafting style dominate the business environment. Professional operators use such models not only in international business relationships, but also when they enter into a purely domestic agreement. This means that professional operators circulate US contractual models for which the law of a civil law country is applicable.This paper explores the reasons underpinning such practice and how US contractual models react when they are subject to the law of a civil law country. In particular, considering the peculiarities of the US contract law, it is worth focusing on integration and interpretation that are based on two rules (parol evidence rule and plain meaning rule) that are quite the opposite of the principles applicable under the civil law.The analysis will specifically focus on the merger clause, which is unknown to the civil law tradition and instead is iconic of the US contract law sentiment, investigating if and how this clause can work under the law of a civil law country.

Analysis of complications and limitations in using smart contracts in practice, focusing on the topic of excuses for breach of contract

Doing Business in Kazakhstan 2019 focuses on business regulations and their enforcement across four Doing Business areas. It goes beyond Almaty City to benchmark the cities of Nur-Sultan and Shymkent, as well as thirteen other Kazakhstani regions across four regulatory areas. This report contains data current as of December 15, 2018 and includes comparisons with other economies based on data from Doing Business 2019: Training for Reform. Doing Business measures aspects of regulation that enable or hinder entrepreneurs in starting, operating or expanding a business—and provides recommendations and good practices for improving the business environment.

Doing Business in Mozambique 2019—the first subnational Doing Business study for Mozambique—assesses the regulatory environment for small and medium-size enterprises in the country. It measures ten provinces in the areas of starting a business, registering property and enforcing contracts: Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo City, Niassa, Nampula, Sofala, Tete and Zambezia. It also measures trading across borders in three major seaports, Beira port, Maputo port and Nacala port, as well as one land border crossing, Ressano Garcia.

Following the 2007-2009 financial crisis, governments around the world passed laws that marked the beginning of new period of enhanced regulation of the financial industry. These laws called for a myriad of new regulations, which in the U.S. are created through the so-called notice-and-comment process. Through examining the text documents generated through this process, we study the formation of regulations to gain insight into how new regulatory regimes are implemented following major laws like the landmark Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Due to the variety of constituent preferences and political pressures, we find evidence that the government implements rules strategically to extend the regulatory boundary by first pursuing procedural rules that establish how economic activities will be regulated, followed by specifying who is subject to the procedural requirements. Our findings together with the unique nature of the Dodd-Frank Act translate to a number of stylized facts that should guide development of formal models of the rule-making process.

Sports, as a profession is rapidly gaining popularity and the need for a codified system of law with sports as its sole focus is the need of the hour. Taking specifically the case of India, the scope of sports in India is finally widening from just cricket, with the emergence of tournaments such as Premier Futsal, with some of the greatest legends the sport has ever seen, and the Indian Super League India is finally trying to break the stereotype that Indians are not good at sports other than cricket.Furthermore, there are various other competitions conducted to increase popularity and help develop other sports such as badminton, tennis and even indigenous sports such as kabaddi are finally being given the chance to develop.Sports law is a tried and tested segment of law in countries such as the United States, though it is considered to overlap various other segments such as labour and contract law, sports law is granted the authority to act as a decision-making body in the realm of sports in the United States. This has helped in the advancement of sports in the country and shows the need for India to follow suit and opt for such a legal system.

We conducted a survey about the 2014 FIFA World Cup that measured attitudes about FIFA, players, and officials in 18 languages with 4600 respondents from 29 countries. Sixty percent of respondents perceived FIFA officials as being dishonest, and people from countries with less institutional corruption and stronger rule of law perceived FIFA officials as being more corrupt and less competent running the tournament than people from countries with more corruption and weaker rule of law. In contrast, respondents evaluated players as skilled and honest and match officials as competent and honest. We discuss the implications of our findings for perceptions of corruption in general. ispartof: Plos One vol:14 issue:9 pages:1-19 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Derecho. Curso académico 2017-2018, [ES] El trabajo aborda el tema de las cláusulas suelo abusivas. Se explica la problemática surgida en España en relación con éstas y las consecuencias de la inclusión de las mismas en los contratos de préstamo hipotecario ofertados por las entidades de crédito a sus clientes, en concreto, este trabajo se centra en los adherentes consumidores. Se lleva a cabo una explicación detallada de los conceptos claves necesarios para entender lo que podría denominarse el núcleo del trabajo, esto es, la explicación de las cláusulas suelo. En la parte final, el trabajo se aparta un poco de lo puramente teórico para reflejar una realidad habitual, que suele ocasionar problemas y generar dudas en la práctica, sobre todo a los afectados por cláusulas suelo., [EN] The work is about the floor clauses, explains the problems that have arisen in Spain in relation to these clauses and the consequences of including them in the mortgage loan contracts offered by credit entities to their clients, specifically, this exhibition focus on the consumers adherents. A detailed explanation of the key concepts necessary to understand what could be called the core of work, that is, the explanation of the floor clauses in the mortgage loan. In the final part, the work depart a bit from the purely theoretical to reflect an habitual reality, which usually causes problems and generate doubts in practice, especially those affected by floor clauses.

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Derecho. Curso académico 2017-2018, [ES] La acción de rescisión por fraude de acreedores tiene una importancia relevante en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, en tanto en cuanto supone un medio de tutela del derecho de crédito de los acreedores que se vean perjudicados por actos realizados por el deudor, actos los cuales provocan una lesión o perjuicio económico que sufre el propio acreedor. Por ello, el propósito de la acción pauliana tiene que ver con remediar precisamente esa lesión que sufre el acreedor. Dicha lesión se manifiesta en el perjuicio que supone para el acreedor ese acto, por cuanto se disminuye con el mismo la garantía patrimonial del deudor y, con ello, la frustración de la satisfacción del derecho de crédito del acreedor. De ahí que dicha acción se articule como un remedio para conservar dicha garantía y poder así defender y garantizar el derecho de crédito de los propios acreedores. La doctrina así como la jurisprudencia son las que han ido matizando y estableciendo el régimen de la acción pauliana; llevando a cabo, asimismo, una paulatina objetivación del concepto de fraude como presupuesto de la acción que se ha visto reflejada en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo desde hace bastantes años., [EN] The action of rescission for creditors´ fraud has a relevant importance in our legal system, as long as that supposes a kind of way of guardianship of the creditors´ credit right, who meet harmed by acts realized by the debtor, acts which provoke an injury or economic damage that the own creditor suffers. For it, the purpose of paulian action has to see in spite to remedy precisely this injury that the creditor suffers. The above mentioned injury is manifested in the damage that this act supposes for the creditor, since the patrimonial guarantee of the debtor is decreased by the same one and, with that, the frustration of the satisfaction of the creditors´ credit right. Hence the above mentioned action it is articulated as a remedy to preserve the above mentioned guarantee and to be able to defend and to guarantee the credit right of the own creditor. The doctrine as well as the jurisprudence are those that they have been qualifying and establishing the regime of paulian action; carrying out, likewise, a gradual objectification of the fraud´s concept as budget of the action that has been reflected in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court.

This article analyses the recent Supreme Court case of Carlyle v Royal Bank of Scotland [2015] UKSC 13, considering in particular what it says about unilateral promise and collateral warranties.

The Italian legislative provisions pertaining to penalty clauses are based on the French model in the Code civil. In contrast to the typical approach in common law systems, Italian law does not distinguish between penalty and liquidated damages clauses. A contractual penalty, agreed upon with the aim of causing the creditor to cease performance, is regarded as effective; however the extent of such penalty can be lowered by the court if it is clearly too high. Due to different matters at the European level, contract theory in the field of penalty clauses has focused on private law sanctions. Recent key decisions by the Italian Court of Cassation have, however, brought the compensatory function of the penalty clause to the fore. In this context, it is thus necessary to examine the relationship between contractual penalties, claims to performance, and compensation in order to assess the parties' autonomy when determining the function of penalty clauses. Where compensation is concerned, it is to be clarified whether the loss suffered is one of the criteria to be considered when assessing whether the extent of the penalty is appropriate. This article also refers to the content of the consumer code as well as other provisions concerning similar clauses, e.g., deposits. Finally, the Italian rules on contractual penalties will be compared with the corresponding rules in projects aimed at the harmonization of private law.