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O artigo apresenta a proposta de estudar a história da mídia da perspectiva teórica e metodológica das histórias conectadas, sobretudo quando se trata da América Latina, espacialidade em que sobressai o encontro de vários universos e trânsitos culturais que se revelam em modos e práticas comunicacionais. Descreve ainda os caminhos que vêm sendo conduzidos pela Rede Latino-Americana de História da Mídia (Relahm), que reúne mais de 50 pesquisadores de diversos países da América Latina. El artículo presenta la propuesta de estudiar la historia de los medios de comunicación de la perspectiva teórica y metodológica de las historias conectadas, sobretodo cuando se trata de América Latina, espacialidad en que sobresale el encuentro de varios universos y tránsitos culturales que se revelan en modos y prácticas comunicacionales. Describe también los caminos que vienen siendo conducidos por la Red Latinoamericana de Historia de los Medios (Relahm), que reúne más de 50 investigadores de diversos países de América Latina. This article presents the idea of studying the communication history from the theoretical and methodological perspective of the connected stories, mainly when it comes to Latin America, spatiality in which the meeting of many universes and cultural transits that are reflected in communicational ways and practices stands out. Yet, it describes the ways that have been conducted by Latin American Network of Media History (Relahm), that gets together more than 50 investigators from many Latin American countries.

Mit dem Aufstieg der Massenpresse Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts geriet die SPD in einen Zwiespalt zwischen interner Meinungsfreiheit und dem Umgang mit abweichenden Stimmen. Einerseits konnte sie sich nicht zu Meinungsfreiheit bekennen, ohne diesen Grundsatz auch auf sich selbst anzuwenden, andererseits musste sie stärker als zuvor auf ein geschlossenes Auftreten in der Öffentlichkeit achten. Gestützt auf Medialisierungsforschung und Diskursiven Institutionalismus analysiert der Beitrag die Machtkämpfe innerhalb der Partei, die in öffentlichen Diskursen ausgetragen wurden und in die Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsstrukturen sowie politischen Kontexte im Kaiserreich eingebettet waren. Inhalts- und Dokumentenanalysen zeigen, dass sich die Kritik an mangelnder innerer Meinungsfreiheit in einer medialisierten Umwelt seit den 1890er Jahren verstärkte. Abweichler von der Parteilinie forderten Meinungsfreiheit, um Sichtbarkeit und Legitimation für ihre politischen Ideen und Anerkennung für die Parteiredakteure zu bekommen. Die Organisationsmehrheit hingegen stellte Außenwirkung über Meinungsfreiheit und reagierte damit auf die wachsende Bedeutung öffentlicher Kommunikation., The study analyzes the consequences of the emerging mass press for the Social Democratic Party of Germany with regard to the value of freedom of speech. It discusses how one of the largest and most successful political parties at that time dealt with the increasing significance of mass media as part of society’s functional differentiation in the late 19th century. In view of a more or less differentiated media system, public visibility became a main resource for actors in the German Empire as well as in other Western societies to legitimize their goals and mobilize consent. Earlier than other organizations, political parties realized the importance of public communication for gaining attention, acceptance and legitimation. However, the emergence of the mass press created a dilemma for the Social Democratic Party in particular. On the one hand, the party that was rooted in the oppressed labor movement demanded freedom of speech from the authoritarian state and therefore had to respect the right to communicate in its own ranks. Freedom of speech was an important value for the Social Democrats especially due to their experience of the oppressive Anti-Socialist-Laws and even ongoing suppression in the Wilhelmine era. On the other hand, the party was increasingly forced to keep a public image of unity in view of the changing media environment. The Social Democrats felt to be persecuted not only by the state but also by liberal, conservative or plain commercial—in the view of the labor movement bourgeois—newspapers. The study analyzes how freedom of speech became a problem for the Social Democratic Party, although the organization strongly identified with this value. The case of the Social Democratic Party is suitable to analyze the question of freedom of speech in view of the changing media environment in the late 19th century, because of the party’s organizational structures. The party significantly grew and even had one million members on the eve of World War I. This went along with the establishment of a party bureaucracy and different rules to communicate for officials and ordinary members. Furthermore, several factions of the party fought over power and influence of either revolutionary or reformist ideas. Against this background, the study analyzes the struggles over power within the party that were fought in public discourses. Therefore, the study builds on previous research on the Social Democratic press that highlighted the complicated relation to the bourgeois press as well as the Social Democratic journalists’ attempts to gain autonomy from the party administration. Theoretically, the study relies on the approaches of mediatization and discursive institutionalism. Mediatization depicts societal actors’ adaption to a growing importance of media as it can first be detected with the rise of the mass press in the late 19th century. Beyond that, the concept of discursive institutionalism allows describing how actors such as political parties dealt with changes of mediatization via discourses that were embedded in the structures of the press and the public sphere as well as politics in the German Empire. In order to analyze the internal party discourse about the individual right to communicate for Social Democrats, we conducted qualitative content and document analyses. The analyses are guided by categories derived from the theoretical assumptions. The period of investigation covers the time between the foundation of the first unified party of the German labor movement in 1875 and the last party conference before the outbreak of World War I in 1913. The sources comprise minutes of the annual party congresses and by the party steering committee, party journals, brochures and position papers as well as biographical material such as memoirs, (auto-)biographies or letters between party leaders and journalists. The analyses reveal that criticism of insufficient freedom of speech within the party increased in view of a mediatized environment since the 1890s. With the end of the Anti-Socialist-Laws that had united and radicalized the party members, the individual right to communicate became a recurring issue discussed in different contexts on the annual party conferences until 1913. Party members dissident from the official party line demanded freedom of speech in order to gain visibility as well as legitimation of their political ideas. Apart from that, editors of the party press claimed freedom of speech aiming to find recognition for their work and achieve better equipment of the editorial offices. In contrast, members of the organization’s majority put public image before freedom of speech and therefore reacted to the increasing importance of public communication. According to them, public criticism put damage to the party’s image. This view was interwoven with the idea of an own party press. Overall, even among critics the distinction between the Social Democratic party press and bourgeois newspapers remained dominant.

Las posibilidad de registrar, organizar y producir todo tipo de documentos escritos, sonoros, audiovisuales..., en un único formato digital, y de distribuirlos por la red y con posibilidades de interactuar, obliga a un cambio radical del paradigma que ha orientado hasta ahora la producción de contenidos: de la producción y difusión vertical y unidireccional, pasamos a la producción y difusión horizontal y plural, en red, cooperativa e interactiva. La formación de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación los ha de capacitar para producir nuevos contenidos. Con este proyecto queremos poner en común y editar los materiales didácticos desarrollados hasta ahora por el profesorado que imparte Historia de la Comunicación y otras asignaturas, experimentarlos y editarlos de manera que se puedan utilizar en el marco de la wiki Passeig per les xarxes de comunicació des de… (http://dev-oaid.uab.es/geowiki/index.php). Las dos Guías Didácticas que estamos elaborando se sitúan en el marco de la nueva wiki Passeig..., y tienen que permitir identificar y valorar desde diversas perspectivas disciplinares los datos que proporcionan los medios de comunicación como fuente documental para conocer los cambios sociales y las relaciones entre historia colectiva e historias personales, memoria colectiva y memoria personal. The new possibilities of organize and produce all types of documents in digital format, to distribute them by network and their interactive possibilities provoke a radical change in the paradigm that have oriented the content production: from vertical and unidirectional to horizontal, plural, cooperative and interactive. The formation of mass media professionals should explain how to produce this news items. This project summarizes the didactics materials that have been developed by the professors who are teaching History of Communication in order to edit news materials in the framework of the Wiki Passeig per les xarxes de comunicació des de… (http://dev-oaid.uab.es/geowiki/index.php). We present two Didactics Guides in this new Wiki framework that allow us to identify and value mass media as a documental source for understand social changes and the relations between collective history, personal history and collective and personal memory.

(Globale) Pandemien stellen das Gesundheitshandeln und die Gesundheitskommunikation von Gesellschaften seit jeher vor enorme Herausforderungen. Obgleich sich Pandemien im Laufe der Geschichte stark unterschieden haben und sich in divergierenden historischen Kontexten ereigneten, so ähnelt sich dennoch der Umgang mit und die Kommunikation zu pandemischen Krisen zu unterschiedlichen historischen Zeitpunkten. In diesem Beitrag blicken wir auf die Gesundheitskommunikation rund um pandemische Krisen in verschiedenen Epochen und unterschiedlichen Medien- und Kommunikationslandschaften und fokussieren auf die historischen Gemeinsamkeiten der Pandemiekommunikation. Auf Basis einer inhaltlichen Strukturierung und in Anlehnung an die Lasswell-Formel arbeiten wir dabei die historischen Analogien der Pandemiekommunikation mit Blick auf die Kommunikator*innen, Medieninhalte, Medien- und Kommunikationskanäle, das Publikum sowie deren Medienwirkungen heraus und identifizieren spezifische überzeitliche Phänomene und Muster der pandemischen Kommunikation., (Global) pandemics have always posed enormous challenges to societies' health actions and health communication. Although pandemics have varied greatly throughout history and have occurred in divergent historical contexts, the way pandemic crises have been handled and communicated at different historical stages is nevertheless similar. In this chapter, we look at health communication about pandemic crises in different eras and within different media and communication landscapes and focus on the historical commonalities of pandemic communication. On the basis of a content-based structuring and following Lasswell's formula, we delineate the historical analogies of pandemic communication with regard to communicators, media content, media and communication channels, the audience as well as media effects, and identify specific overarching phenomena and patterns of pandemic communication., Gesundheitskommunikation und Geschichte: interdisziplinäre Perspektiven

This book focuses on the history of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), from its origins in the mid-19th century to nowadays. ITU was the fi rst international organization ever and still plays a crucial role in managing global telecommunications today. Putting together some of the most relevant scholars in the fi eld of transnational communications, the book covers the history of ITU from 1865 to digital times in a truly global perspective, taking into account several technologies like the telegraph, the telephone, cables, wireless, radio, television, satellites, mobile phone, the internet and others. The main goal is to identify the long-term strategies of regulation and the techno-diplomatic manoeuvres taken inside ITU, from convincing the majority of the nations to establish the offi cial seat of the Telegraph Union bureau in Switzerland in the 1860s, to contrasting the multi-stakeholder model of Internet governance (supported by US and ICANN). History of the International Telecommunication Union is a trans-disciplinary text and can be interesting for scholars and students in the fi elds of telecommunications, media, international organizations, transnational communication, diplomacy, political economy of communication, STS, and others. It has the ambition to become a reference point in the history of ITU and, at the same time, just the fi rst comprehensive step towards a longer, inter-technological, political and cultural history of transnational communications to be written in the future.

This thematic issue of Media and Communication features articles that address the workings of democracy as understood through the lens of media history. The intersection of democracy and media history brings together two impossibly expansive terms, so expansive that the articles herein cannot provide any meaningful closure to the questions that even a cursory consideration of media history and democracy would provoke. Instead of closure, what these authors develop is a demonstration of the value of media history to our understandings of democracy. Historical methods of inquiry are necessary components for any meaningful understanding of media or democracy, and the authors gathered here work from a multi-hued palette of historiographical approaches. One finds in this issue a careful attention to how issues related to media history and democracy can be investigated through consideration of intellectual history, the history of political debates, journalism history, and the history of media organizations and institutions. These articles make a strong case for the continued relevance of media history to understanding the democracy and the media.

"Kommunikationsgeschichte Digitalisieren" ist eine 2017 gegründete Initiative, die im Feld der deutschsprachigen kommunikations- und medienhistorischen Forschung aktiv ist. Neben der fachpolitischen Bewusstseinsbildung und Selbstreflexion innerhalb des kommunikations- und medienhistorischen Gebiets sowie der praktischen Kompetenzvermittlung von Digital Literacy für Kommunikations- und Medienhistoriker*innen ist die Vermittlung von Historical Literacy für die Kommunikationswissenschaft ein wesentliches programmatisches Anliegen der Initiative. Vor diesem Hintergrund versteht sich die Initiative als ein interventionistisches und kritisches Projekt, dessen Kritikverständnis und kritisches Potential im Beitrag vorgestellt werden., "Digitizing Communication History" is an initiative founded in 2017 that is active in the field of German-language research in communication and media history. In addition to raising awareness and self-reflection within the field of communication and media history as well as the practical teaching of digital literacy skills for communication and media historians, the transfer of historical literacy for communication studies is a key programmatic concern of the initiative. Against this background, the initiative sees itself as an interventionist and critical project, whose critical understanding and potential are presented in the paper., Kritik (in) der Kommunikationswissenschaft

La transición española, el proceso político por el cual España dejó de ser una dictadura para pasar a ser una democracia, vino acompañada de la disolución del Movimiento Nacional en abril de 1977, soporte institucional de la cadena de Prensa del Movimiento desde sus inicios. Este hecho, entre otros, contribuyó a que /Sur/, diario de referencia regional de la cadena en Andalucía, evolucionara tanto estructural como ideológicamente para adaptarse al nuevo régimen político. El presente estudio, a través del análisis de contenido aplicado a editoriales, artículos y columnas de opinión publicados por el diario entre 1975 y 1978, explora el proceso por el cual la cabecera regional editada en Málaga abandonó su función propagandística con respecto al Gobierno, considerándolo antidemocrático, y apoyó al PSOE, presentándolo como la mejor alternativa a la UCD al frente del estado español, habiendo asumido así su rol como agente político. The Spanish transition, the political process through which Spain ceased to be a dictatorship to become a democracy, was accompanied by the dissolution of the National Movement, the institutional support for the chain of the Movement Press from its beginnings, in April 1977. This fact, among others, contributed to the /Sur/, the regional reference newspaper for the chain in Andalusia, evolving both structurally and ideologically to adapt itself to the new political regime. This study applies content analysis to editorials, articles and columns published by the newspaper between 1975 and 1978, exploring the process through which the regional newspaper edited in Málaga abandoned its propaganda function with regard to the Government, considering it undemocratic, and supported the PSOE, presenting it as the best alternative to the UCD in the Spanish Executive, thus taking on its role as a political agent.

The topic of our study is journalism as a narrative genre. Before becoming periodical, newssheets adopted many forms at the end of the sixteenth and throughout the seventeenth centuries, which we aim to typologize before conducting a corpus-based analysis (Biber, 2009, 2012), in which pre-determined categories will be applied in search of patterns. In order to prove the validity and productivity of this approach in an exploratory manner, we have applied those methods to a reduced corpus of some of the first gazettetype printed newssheets in the Spanish language, so as to longitudinally extend this strategy in further research to many other corpora of miscellaneous newssheets. This first tentative sample is composed of four newssheets published from 1597 to 1621, our goal being to trace the patterns and continuities of a narratological model for the early days of Spanish journalism. In our opinion, and following an Italian style detailed by Panfilo Persico in Il Segretario (Venice, 1620), narrative newswriting strategies, at least in the Mediterranean area, were most especially consolidated during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), and were even present in Spanish gazettes in one of the most flourishing periods of activity, the decade of 1683, because of the Turkish Wars (Díaz Noci, 2008). El periodisme com a gènere narratiu és el tema d’aquest article. Abans d’esdevenir periòdics, els fulls de notícies adoptaren diverses formes entre finals del segle XVI i principis del XVII, de les quals tractem de fer una tipologia abans de procedir a una anàlisis basada en el corpus (Biber, 2009, 2012), en la qual es poden aplicar categories predeterminades per cercar patrons. Per provar la validesa i productivitat d’aquesta aproximació de manera exploratòria, hem aplicat diversos mètodes a un corpus reduït d’algunes de les primeres gasetes impreses en llengua castellana que es pugui estendre properament a altres corpora de fulls de notícies miscel·lanis o gasetes. Aquesta primera mostra temptativa es compon de quatre fulls de notícies tipus gaseta publicats entre 1597 i 1621. El nostre propòsit és comprovar els patrons i les continuïtats d’un model narratològic aplicat als primers temps del periodisme espanyol. Segons el nostre parer i seguint un estil italià explicat per Panfilo Persico a la seva obra Il segretario (Venècia, 1620), les estratègies narratives de redacció periodística, almenys a l’àrea mediterrània, es van consolidar molt especialment durant la guerra dels Trenta Anys (1618–1648) i són encara presents fins i tot en un dels períodes més fructífers d’activitat de producció informativa a Espanya, la dècada de 1680, a causa de la guerra contra els turcs (Díaz Noci, 2008). El periodismo como género narrativo es el tema de este artículo. Antes de convertirse en periódicos, las hojas de noticias adoptaron diversas formas entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVII, de las cuales tratamos de ofrecer una tipología antes de proceder a un análisis basado en corpus (Biber, 2009, 2012), en el que se pueden aplicar categorías predeterminadas para buscar patrones. Para probar la validez y la productividad de esta aproximación de manera exploratoria, hemos aplicado diversos métodos a un corpus reducido de algunas de las primeras gacetas impresas en lengua castellana que se puedan extender próximamente a otros corpus de hojas de noticias misceláneas o gacetas. Esta primera muestra tentativa se compone de cuatro hojas de noticias tipo gaceta publicadas entre 1597 y 1621. Nuestro propósito es comprobar los patrones y la continuidad de un modelo narratológico aplicado a los primeros tiempos del periodismo español. Según nuestra opinión, y siguiendo un estilo italiano explicado por Panfilo Persico en su obra Il Segretario (Venecia, 1620), las estrategias narrativas de redacción periodística, al menos en el área mediterránea, se consolidaron muy especialmente durante la guerra de los Treinta Años (1618–1648) y todavía están presentes incluso en uno de los períodos de actividad de producción informativa más fructíferos en España, la década de 1680, debido a la guerra contra los turcos (Díaz Noci, 2008).

This article analyses the role of the television personality on Soviet television in its early years in the 1950s and 1960s. Using primary source materials from Russian archives, articles from the professional press, and analysis of a number of television shows, the article argues that television’s appearance in Soviet everyday life brought about a key change in the form of mass communication from a Stalinist model that focused on the pre-prepared and based on written Russian to a more spontaneous model that was closer to everyday speech forms. Analysing the role of continuity announcers, programme hosts, and ordinary individuals on Soviet television, the article suggests that while early television professionals held high hopes for the possibility of television to democratise the post-Stalin Soviet Union, these hopes were in fact riven with contradictions.

Internet traffic is experiencing rapid growth, with the majority of traffic generated from video steaming, web data services and Internet of Things. As these services include the transmission of small data, such as web pages, video chunks and sensing data, data latency affects the quality of experience rather than the throughput. Therefore, this study aims to decrease latency to improve the quality of the user experience. To this end, we measure the web service delay and throughput in mobile networks. The results indicate a low quality experience for mobile users, even though mobile networks support a large throughput. We therefore propose a light-weight latency reduction scheme for the Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) protocol. The proposed scheme calculates the average congestion window, which is utilized as the initial congestion window when a new connection is established. The proposed scheme is evaluated through experiments on a testbed. The results show that our scheme reduces latency significantly. The results of this study can help improve user experiences of video streaming and web data services.

La transición española, el proceso político por el cual España dejó de ser una dictadura para pasar a ser una democracia, vino acompañada de la disolución del Movimiento Nacional en abril de 1977, soporte institucional de la cadena de Prensa del Movimiento desde sus inicios. Este hecho, entre otros, contribuyó a que /Sur/, diario de referencia regional de la cadena en Andalucía, evolucionara tanto estructural como ideológicamente para adaptarse al nuevo régimen político. El presente estudio, a través del análisis de contenido aplicado a editoriales, artículos y columnas de opinión publicados por el diario entre 1975 y 1978, explora el proceso por el cual la cabecera regional editada en Málaga abandonó su función propagandística con respecto al Gobierno, considerándolo antidemocrático, y apoyó al PSOE, presentándolo como la mejor alternativa a la UCD al frente del estado español, habiendo asumido así su rol como agente político. The Spanish transition, the political process through which Spain ceased to be a dictatorship to become a democracy, was accompanied by the dissolution of the National Movement, the institutional support for the chain of the Movement Press from its beginnings, in April 1977. This fact, among others, contributed to the /Sur/, the regional reference newspaper for the chain in Andalusia, evolving both structurally and ideologically to adapt itself to the new political regime. This study applies content analysis to editorials, articles and columns published by the newspaper between 1975 and 1978, exploring the process through which the regional newspaper edited in Málaga abandoned its propaganda function with regard to the Government, considering it undemocratic, and supported the PSOE, presenting it as the best alternative to the UCD in the Spanish Executive, thus taking on its role as a political agent.

Yugoslavia no longer exists. There is only yugonostalgia i.e. nostalgia for all those things which is no longer in common state boundaries. There remains common corpus of historical memory which is imposed to researchers as a good basis for affirmation. After the tragic decomposition of Yugoslavia, nationalist tendencies, interruption of communication channels and national re-awakening in all former republics, the period of transition has arrived. But in the minds of ordinary people, political, economical and social changes have not brought long-expected “better life". Therefore more and more collective memory of everyday life, culture and social relations in the former Yugoslavia was revitalized. Yugonostalgia for a Yugoslav Union that no longer exists as a concept of studying the history of communication, can contribute to better understanding of the past and the future. For this reason, this paper attempts to explore the role of the concept of yugonostalgia as an important factor in studying the history of communication in the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav context.

The research about the research done in Communication has been tackled in Spain in recent time. Howe-ver, there is a lack of this kind of research in the specific area of Communication History. This piece of research aims to offer one of the first studies in this field, focused in the main characteristics of current research in Communication History. A quantitative content analysis was applied to every article publi-shed between 2002 and 2012 in the most influential IN-RECS-index journals. En España se ha empezado recientemente a abordar la investigación sobre la propia investigación que se hace en el ámbito de la Comunicación. Sin embargo, en el campo más concreto de la Historia de la Comunicación existe una carencia de este tipo de estudios. Este trabajo busca cubrir en parte esa esca-sez, investigando las características de la investigación actual sobre Historia de la Comunicación. Para ello se aplicó un análisis de contenido cuantitativo a todos los artículos sobre esta disciplina publicados entre 2002 y 2012 en las revistas fuente del índice bibliométrico IN-RECS.

Security History is a new field in historical research. Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories have attracted since some years great attention, both in historical and in social research. A thorough study of those both opposed and mirroring key phenomena and concepts does not exist. This contribution tries to outline a sketch of the development of their interwoven history, how (imagined) conspiracies challenged new means of security production and vice versa. The main assumption is that a) a translocal public sphere, b) concepts, practices and means of institutionalized security production, and c) developed narratives that contain conspiracy theories only emerge together from the Renaissance onwards. Only if there is a public sphere in which conspiracy theories can circulate anonymously they become themselves an element of historical agency. Security as a leading principle of politics emerges only with the development of the state. The contribution outlines the steps of change from confessional age to Enlightenment, to the Revolutionary age and to Modernity, identifying mainly two important systematic changings which affect the security/conspiracy combination (Emergence of observability alongside the politics/religion and Ancien Régime/Bourgeois Society distinctions). It finally asks if there is currently happening a third epochal shift of comparable importance.

Radio Sutatenza y Acción Cultural Popular crearon durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX un modelo exitoso e innovador de alfabetización de adultos en Colombia, mediante el uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación. Tras cuatro décadas, esta institución relacionada con la Iglesia Católica cayó tan rápido como se construyó. Aunque pocos de sus antiguos colaboradores se animan a hablar de ello, algunas voces culpan de este declive a la Campaña de Procreación Responsable (una estrategia revolucionaria que ofreció orientación a la población campesina ante el crecimiento demográfico). Mediante la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias, el artículo reconstruye la historia de la campaña, y plantea visiones alternativas sobre el ocaso de esta obra. Radio Sutatenza and Acción Cultural Popular created during the second half of the twentieth century a successful and innovative adult literacy model using radio as a powerful tool. After four decades, this institution related to the Catholic Church fell as fast as it was built. Although not all of its former associates are willing to talk about it, some of them blame for this decline to the Responsible Procreation Campaign (a revolutionary strategy that provided guidance to the colombian peasants about population growth). After reviewing primary and secondary sources, the article traces the history of the campaign and presents alternative views about the decline of this initiative.

Esta comunicación propone otra forma de hacer historia de la comunicación social, poco convencional, que se apoya en la excepcionalidad metodológica y en el uso de lecturas interdisciplinares. Más que construir modelos y paradigmas, la historia de la comunicación social debe localizar nuevos problemas, así como ver viejos problemas de formas nuevas. Debe incluir la historia de la gente corriente. En concreto, nuestra apuesta metodológica parte de Michel Foucault para apropiarse de los conceptos de discurso y de estrategias de poder. A partir de ahí aúna las aportaciones de varias corrientes historiográficas, tales como la historia desde abajo, la historia cultural o la microhistoria italiana. This article brings up another way of making Social Communication History, not conventional, based on exceptional methodology and interdisciplinary readings. Social Communication History must find new subjects and study old subjects in new ways. It must include People’s History. Particularly, this proposal begins in Foucault’s concepts of speech and strategies of power, and goes on with History from below, Cultural History and Italian Microstoria.

This dissertation investigates the Swedish postal service, focusing on its organization from approximately 1600 to 1720. The purpose of the study is to explain why the Swedish state, at different points of time, chose one form of postal organization over another. The principle question of the dissertation has been: How was the Swedish postal service organized during the 1600s, what were the forms of organization chosen, and why did the state shift between these? In a broader perspective, the dissertation has investigated how the answers to these questions affect our perception of how the Swedish state organized its agencies in the seventeenth century. The analysis relies on a theoretical model inspired by economist Oliver E. Williamson’s transaction cost theory, modified to function for a study of seventeenth-century Swedish society. The concepts “market” and “hierarchy” is central to this theory. They denote the ways in which enterprises and agencies can be organized. How choices can be made between the two alternatives has been explained by the aid of a transaction cost analysis. The concept of market has been reformulated in the dissertation, and instead of market, the term “contract” has been used. This term denotes an organization where the crown handed over the leadership of the postal organization to some private individual. The analysis focuses on the shifts between the state’s centralized control of the postal organization, labeled hierarchy, and the above-mentioned form of contract. The principle question is why these shifts in the organization of the postal service took place, and what changes these shifts entailed. The investigation is based on a wide variety of sources, complementing material from the central administration — e.g. minutes, ordinances and fiscal material — with, for example, letters written by persons who were central actors in the Swedish state. The dissertation shows that the Swedish postal service during the 1600s was organized according to both contractual and hierarchical principles. During the period under research, the postal service alternated between being incorporated into the government administration and being contracted out to some private individual. The state occasionally relinquished control over the postal service, leaving it to entrepreneurs to handle. At other times, the state centralized the postal service’s administration, putting it under direct government control. The investigation has problematised a formerly standard picture of the Swedish postal service. Hereafter, the Swedish postal service must be regarded as an organization in which both models coexisted. The Swedish state tried both contract-oriented and hierarchical organizations during the 1600s; indeed the organization oscillated between these two poles. Det svenska postväsendet grundades 1636 genom en kunglig förordning om postbud. Under det följande århundradet byggdes postnätet ut över riket och alla större städer fick postkontor. Från början sköttes verksamheten av staten, men under stormaktstiden förändrades organisationen flera gånger och lades vid ett par tillfällen ut på entreprenad. I doktorsavhandlingen Postgång på växlande villkor undersöker historikern Magnus Linnarsson hur det svenska postväsendet var organiserat under 1600-talet. Med inspiration från modern organisationsteori analyserar han verksamheten med en uttalad ambition att belysa strukturerna och den dåtida ledningens strävanden. Undersökningen är koncentrerad till postväsendets olika organisationsformer och med hjälp av ett brett källmaterial kartläggs de olika överväganden och beslut som låg bakom postens olika organisationsmodeller. Resultaten visar hur administrationsformerna avlöste varandra och vilka argument som gavs för olika alternativ. Både privata och statliga organisationsformer var alternativ för den svenska statsledningen under 1600-talet och båda användes för att organisera posten. I ett vidare perspektiv visar undersökningen hur den svenska staten fungerade under stormaktstiden (1611–1721) och hur den staten organiserade vad vi i dag skulle kalla för offentliga verksamheter. Till skillnad från den tidigare ensidiga bilden av posten som ett typiskt statligt ämbetsverk tecknar Linnarsson här en mångfacetterad bild av postväsendet och de statliga myndigheterna under stormaktstiden. Avhandlingen fördjupar därför kunskaperna i ett förut relativt outforskat fält inom svensk historievetenskap.

Con demasiada frecuencia, la investigación de la historieta desde revistas no especializadas en este medio descuida aspectos concernientes al trasfondo y el entorno del mismo, tales como su partencia geográfica e histórica, su formato editorial o su ubicación en el ecosistema mediático. En muchos casos, los análisis de historietas poseerían un mayor alcance si sus autores tuvieran en cuenta esos aspectos. El texto siguiente propone un marco mínimo de referencia a ser considerado por cualquier estudioso de la historieta independientemente de su metodología. En primer lugar, se discuten el origen y la conformación del medio, destacando los hitos históricos y caracterizando los principales mercados y productores nacionales de historietas. A continuación, el artículo ofrece una clasificación de los formatos de publicación, incluyendo los distintos modos en que cada uno determina sus contenidos en cierta medida. Por último, el texto atiende a las relaciones de la historieta con otros medios, centrándose tanto en las interacciones competitivas como en las cooperativas. Comics’ research in non-comics specialized journals too often neglects background and surrounding aspects of the medium such as its historical and geographical belonging, the editorial format or its place in the media ecosystem. In many cases, comics’ analysis would reach much further if their authors took into account those aspects. The following text proposes a minimal frame of reference to be considered by any comics’ researcher whatever methodology they are to use. To begin with, it discusses the origin and shaping of the medium, highlighting its historical milestones and characterising the most important national markets and producers of comics. Then, the article offers a classification of publishing formats, including the different ways each one determines its content to some extent. Finally, the text attends to how comics relates to other media, focusing on either competitive or cooperative interactions.

The article proposes a way of defining the research subject of the history of communication. It concentrates on the use of philosophical tools in the study of the collective views of communication practices. The study distinguishes three aspects in the research subject: the means and forms of communication, the collective views of communication practices and communication practices as such. On the theoretical level, these aspects are reflected in various studies undertaken in the fields of media history, the history of the idea of communication and the history of communication practices. The analysis is conducted from a meta-theoretical point of view which places the argument within two orders: that of the research subject and that of the discipline. To give an outline of the current state of research, a distinction is introduced between an implicit and an explicit history of communication. The effect of these considerations is presented in a diagram that specifies the aspects of the research subject as well as the relationships between them.