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Summary The role of the expert witness is clear in the eyes of the court but that understanding is less consistent for the medical professionals who may be called on in this capacity. The fundamental key is the clinician’s purpose in using their experience, knowledge and training as they provide the court with an unbiased assessment of the clinical issues that have arisen in the case. Using the Australian context, this article provides guidance for clinicians who are asked to provide the court with their expertise through written and spoken representations, drawing upon experience and the use of the “Expert Witness Code of Conduct”.

Improving operational performance is grounded in setting the desired targets for operative and eventually financial performance. When additional ethical targets are involved, target setting for sustainability goals must extend beyond the boundary of the firm. This case study on a sound system producer takes students through a usual process of implementing operational measures and targets in a Balanced Scorecard (BSC), and gauging its impact on different measures of income. In addition, they need to analyze a code of conduct that plays a pivotal role in choosing a new house bank that will support hem in further enacting their business plans. Opinions voiced in this case carry no judgement, but are intended to spark classroom discussion. Target setting for operational performance improvements

Abstract. Deception of research participants has long been and remains a hot-button issue in the behavioral sciences. At the same time, the field of psychology is fortunate to have an ethics code to rely on in determining whether and how to use and report on deception of participants. Despite ongoing normative controversies, the smallest common denominator among psychologists is that deception ought to be a last resort – to be used only when there is no other defensible way to study a question or phenomenon. Going beyond previous normative discussions or inquiries into the mere prevalence of deception, we ask the fundamental question whether common practice is compatible with this interpretation of our field’s ethical standards. Findings from an empirical literature review – focusing on the feasibility of nondeceptive alternative procedures and the presence of explicit justifications for the use of deception – demonstrate that there is a notable gap between the last resort interpretation of our ethical standards and common practice in psychological research. The findings are discussed with the aim of identifying viable ways in which researchers, journal editors, and the scientific associations crafting our ethics codes may narrow this gap.

This code of conduct was developed for theuseR2021ZH Slack, the useR! Working group channel and meetings, the useR! Knowledgebase through GitLab/GitHub, who are expected to abide by this code of conduct and show respect and courtesy to other community members at all times.&nbsp

A key challenge for self-administered questionnaires (SaQ) is ensuring quality responses in the absence of a marketing professional providing direct guidance on issues as they arise for respondents. While numerous approaches to improving SaQ response quality have been investigated including validity checks, interactive design, and instructional manipulation checks, these are primarily targeted at situations where expected responses are of a factual nature or stated preferences. These interventions have not been evaluated in scenarios that require higher levels of engagement and judgment from respondents. While professional marketers are guided by codes of conduct, there is no equivalent code of conduct for SaQ respondents. This is particularly salient for SaQ that require higher levels of reflection and judgment, since in the absence of professional guidance, respondents rely more on their individual ethical ideologies and experience, leaving SaQ responses potentially devoid of the standards that normally set the expectations around data quality for marketing professionals. As marketing professionals are unable to provide guidance directly in a SaQ context, the approach used in this study is to offer varying levels of professional marketing guidance indirectly through specific codes of conduct reminders that are easily consumable by SaQ participants. We demonstrate that reminders and ethical ideologies moderate the relationship between the participant’s experience with SaQ and compliance with a code of conduct. Specifically, SaQ respondents produce fewer code of conduct infractions when receiving reminders than the control group, and this improves even more when the reminders coincide with the SaQ task. The paper concludes with implications for theory and practice.

Economic and social challenges have obliged many organizations to re-evaluate their manner and approach in maintaining sustainable relationships with their customers. It has been witnessed in most successful organizations that implementation of ethical practices in procurement has ensured customers get the best services. The paper’s objective is to establish the relationship between codes of conduct and procurement management. The study was guided by virtue ethical theory. Correlation research design was used with a target population of 1100 tendering committee in 220 public secondary schools. A sample size was 294 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential methods were utilized for data analysis and presentation. The findings indicated that code of conduct had significant effect on procurement management (P=0.000

The darker side of microcredit in India can be seen in five ways: rapid portfolio growth; unhealthy competition and the poaching of clients; coercive collection practices; opaque functioning; and mission drift. The antidote to this is responsible lending. Responsible lending involves the adherence of MFIs to a broad set of client protection principles as included in the sector’s code of conduct. Enforcement of a code of conduct by self-regulatory organizations, regulators, and lenders will enable the microfinance sector in India to overcome its darker side.

Aim: News articles and their use of sensational language have the potential to influence health behaviors and decisions, thus the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of sensational language (i.e., superlatives) describing stem cell therapies in public news articles. Materials & methods: In this study, we conducted a Google News search for news articles using superlatives to exaggerate the efficacy of stem cell therapies. Results: Our analysis included 262 news articles from 193 news outlets using 714 unique superlatives to describe stem cells. Health on the Net’s Code of Conduct certification was applied to determine credibility of each site. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the need for improving news reporting surrounding stem cell research and therapies.

To date, the American Psychological Association Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct does not include direct guidance about how psychologists should navigate social media. Given the variety of rol...

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Code of Professional Conduct (CPC)1 formalizes the standards of professional behavior for AAN members. The CPC provides the ethical principles and professional standards that neurologists and other neuroscience professionals should or must observe in their clinical and scientific activities. While ethical principles do not change with time, developments in technology and social structure may lead to a change in how these principles are applied. One such technological development is social media—a class of communication tools that has rapidly grown in number and popularity in recent years. The AAN developed this position statement to review in-depth how social media use has transformed clinical practice, with a particular focus on neurologic practice, and, by exploring the relevant principles in the CPC,1 to provide an ethical framework for neurology professionals and trainees to consider when engaging in social media. This statement complements the CPC; it is not a replacement for the AAN Web site's Code of Conduct, Privacy Policy, or Terms of Service.

Principles of legal ethics, whether written or unwritten, not only regulate the conduct of legal practice but also reflect the basic assumptions, premises, and methods of the legal system within which the lawyer operates. They also reflect the profession’s conception of its own role in the administration of justice. The objective of this paper is to analyse the ethical rules, to define the relationship of a lawyer to the court and his duties in proceedings, competent representation, confidentiality, and personality of the lawyer, and further deal with the legislation contained in the Czech Act on Advocacy and the Code of Conduct.

A school is the only place with a formal and legitimate mandate of duty of care for the learner. Schools are expected to be nurturing environments free of abuse, exploitation, violence, bullying, humiliation, discrimination, harassment, negligence, cultural stereotypes, emotional distress, socio-economic marginalisation and moral prejudices. Some concerns about governance and ethical leadership in schools are therefore inevitable. Drawing from the Eurocentric and Afrocentric theoretical perspectives, this article discusses lapses of ethical leadership practices in Botswana with a deliberate focus on school leadership systems. Secondary data is drawn from the media and government reported cases on the growing systemic social decadence. It is argued that unethical conduct in the education system in the country is heightened by lack of an Africanized ethical code of conduct for educators and double-dipping by the public officers. The article recommends an indigenized research approach on ethical leadership and governance. Key words: Afrocentrism, eurocentrism, ethical leadership, code of conduct, good governance, indigenized research, Ubuntu/Botho.

Nowadays, the higher education institutions in Bulgaria are facing serious challenges, among which are: the demographic collapse in the country, orientation towards foreign universities - in and outside the EU, high competition between higher education institutions, digitization of the educational process, which in turn lead to a significant increase of the free exchange and access of personal data. One of the most important aspects of the information security of individuals is the protection of personal data. It is part of the right to inviolability and is applied in higher education. In accordance with the current legislation in Bulgaria and in accordance with Regulation 2016/679 (EU), higher education institutions, in their capacity as administrators of personal data, should ensure appropriate levels of data protection. In this regard, the aim of this article is to characterize the higher schools in Bulgaria, with the emphasis being placed on the principle of accountability, appearing as a guarantee for the effective application of the rules for the protection of personal data in the field of higher education.

IntroductionSexual health care services must be standard and unbiased, guided by a structured health care system. There is a scarcity of data on how sexual health care is delivered in Tanzania.MethodsTo address this gap, in July 2019 we interviewed eleven key informants: cultural and public health experts, and political, religious, and community leaders, selected from different organizations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants were asked for their opinions about clinical practices of health care professionals when providing care to patients, with an emphasis on sexual health.ResultsParticipants’ responses were classified into three subcategories: strengths, barriers, and gaps in sexual health care. Availability of services, service delivery to adults, and code of conduct were among the strengths observed in clinical care services. Barriers included the health care provider’s attitudes, moral values, and inadequacy in health policies and treatment guidelines. Vulnerable populations including youth were frequently reported to face most challenges when seeking sexual health care services. In terms of gaps, informants emphasized gender equity in sexual health services provision within care settings.Conclusion and ImplicationData indicate that lack of training in sexual health and guidelines for dealing with sexual issues are a barrier to comprehensive health care. These findings can inform the main areas for curriculum developers to focus on, when developing an Afro-centric sexual health curriculum suitable for students in health care professional courses. Moreover, these findings can be useful when developing treatment guidelines and policies that are beneficial to the sexual health wellbeing of individuals.

This review uses a scoping review method to identify what is known about health professionals’ knowledge, awareness and use of their professional codes.

The course of the implementation of the General Election can never be separated from all kinds of ethical and criminal matters that always color in the course of the electoral stage in Indonesia. Several cases of violations of the ethics code and corruption committed by the Commissioners and Secretariat of the KPU at all levels resulted in sanctions imposed by the DKPP against the KPU. Therefore, the results of this study will look at the case of the KPU code of ethics in the DKPP decision for the 2018 to 2020 period, as well as the impact of this decision on election organizers at the KPU. This study using a qualitative descriptive research design. The data used in this study were obtained from literature studies in the form of documents of the results of the verdicts that have been issued by the DKPP obtained through the official portal website of the DKPP, with a period from 2018 to 2020. The document of the decision of the DKPP ethics case was then carefully processed by the author using the application of qualitative data processing Nvivo 12 Plus. The data processing results found that enrichment of the electoral code of conduct by-election organizers in the KPU is still felt less. All parties should highly praise preventive efforts to violate the code of conduct.

The provision of legal assistance at the level of investigation in the law of criminal justice in Indonesia is expected to provide maximum protection of the rights of life of suspects, especially those of weak and poor origin in the form of legal aid since the early stages of examination of suspects, Legal aid is not only interpreted as the right of the suspect since the investigation stage, but also as an obligation that must be fulfilled by every law enforcement apparat, especially investigators before starting an examination of suspects. Protection of the human rights of suspects since the stage of investigation is at least expected to be one of the factors that minimize the possibility of arbitrariness by law enforcement apparat and the possibility of irregularities in the application of criminal procedural legal procedures therefore examination at the level of investigation is important to get justice minimizing violations that can occur at any level that includes intimidation at the time of drafting News Of Inspection event so that apparat law enforcement stick to apparat law enforcement code of conduct and human rights values.

Islam is a complete code of conduct which is an excellent system of practical guidance in all walks of life. The perfection of Islam is clear and there is no room for increase or decrease in it. The basic teachings of Islam are preserved in the form of Qur'an and Sunnah. From the Shari'ah point of view, the second source of Islam side by side with the Qur'an which fulfills the requirements of faith and action is obedience to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) whose only source is the blessed Sunnah. Sometimes he would issue an order to guide the ummah in a particular issue and in some cases it would be more effective to present a practical example. By remaining silent, you seem to justify this act. In the same way, sometimes you seem to be giving up a task and guiding the ummah, that is, those actions are not a part of your action. Such actions are called Al-Sunnah Al-Tarkiah. The types of Al-Sunnah Al-Tarkiah and its legal status have been discussed in the research under review.

There has been a call to identify populations who are at-risk for harassment. At our institution, participant-perpetrated harassment led to the development of an institution-wide program called Cultivating Respect in Research Environments (CuRRE). In this article, we describe the proactive and multipronged approach used to promote and implement the CuRRE program. We describe a policy created to set guidelines and expectations for research participants and discuss the educational and skills-based trainings delivered to principal investigators and research staff members. Research staff members completed anonymous surveys before and after the training. Over half of the attendees reported having been harassed by a participant/patient. Attendees responded favorably to the training; they felt more confident and better equipped to address participant-perpetrated harassment at the conclusion of the training. Given the dearth of literature in this area, we offer our experiences to encourage others to address this issue within their own research environment and institution.

High quality, readable health information is vital to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the quality and readability of online COVID-19 information using 6 validated tools. This is a cross-sectional study. “COVID-19” was searched across the three most popular English language search engines. Quality was evaluated using the DISCERN score, Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria and Health On the Net Foundation Code of Conduct. Readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Gunning-Fog Index. 41 websites were suitable for analysis. 9.8% fulfilled all JAMA criteria. Only one website was HONCode certified. Mean DISCERN score was 47.8/80 (“fair”). This was highest in websites published by a professional society/medical journal/healthcare provider. Readability varied from an 8th to 12th grade level. The overall quality of online COVID-19 information was “fair”. Much of this information was above the recommended 5th to 6th grade level, impeding access for many.

The position of an advocate as a law enforcer is often referred to as an officer of the court. As Officer of the court, advocates must obey the rules in court; besides that, advocates must have an attitude that follows the dignity and dignity of the court so as not to tarnish the values of honour and dignity. Every lawyer must have work ethics. In carrying out their duties, an advocate needs to fulfil the limitations stipulated in Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates. However, the community is sometimes trapped in the stigma or the thought that hiring a legal expert or lawyer is very expensive and their ignorance of the judicial process so that many still ignore the law.This research is normative, empirical research wherein legal research examines the direct application of normative law (laws) to any particular law in society.

This research goal is to analyze the influence of business ethics, code of conduct, shareholder and Good Corporate Governance (GCG) policy toward the implementation of GCG at Bank of North Sumatra.The type of research used is the study of causal associative, with a sample of 50 respondents from the employees of Bank of Sumut. The type of data is primary, directly obtained from questionnaires that are sent to respondents. The analysis method that is used in this research is multiple regression analysis. Data quality was authentically tested by validity and reliability test data. Classical assumption tests that are used are normality and heteroscedasticity tests. Furthermore, the significance partial test (t-test) and coefficient of determination test (R2) are used for the hypothesis test. The results of this research shows that business ethics, code of conduct and GCG policy were partially and positively affect the implementation of GCG at Bank of North Sumatra; however, shareholders have no significant impact on the implementation of GCG at the Bank of North Sumatra.

This research included in the study puantitatif. While the research design used in this research is the analysis of correlation, namely the type of research conducted with the aim of detecting the extent to which variations in one factor are associated (correlated) with one or more other factors based on the correlation coefficient. The purpose of the research, namely to explain the influence and hypothesis testing by analyzing the various data in the field. In the context of this study is to obtain the facts of the phenomena that exist and find information in a factual description of the factors increase employee engagement in PT PLN (Persero) Parent Unit is the Region of North Sumatra. The population in this research is all employees PLN (Persero) Parent Unit is the Region of North Sumatra. This time recorded as many as 181 employees with the status of a permanent employee. The technique of determining the number of samples used Method Slovin so that the number of samples in this study amounted to 65 respondents. Data Collection method used in this research are primary data and secondary data. The results showed that the Values of the Company as a significant influence on the formation of Employee Engagement in PT PLN (Persero) Parent Unit is the Region of North Sumatra. PT PLN (Persero) also has a program to foster employee engagement, namely: Employee Gathering, the Visit of a Senior Leader, LIQUID and Code of Conduct. On the basis of this, the researchers enter the Program of Development of Corporate Culture as a moderating variable, with the assumption that the program is able to drive employee engagement through the value of the company. The results showed that the Program of Development of the Culture of the Company contained in PT PLN (Persero) to be able to participate moderating variable value of the Company in influencing employee engagement. This means that the understanding of the employees against the Values of the Company will be more effective with the Program of Development of Corporate Culture in PT PLN (Persero) Parent Unit is the Region of North Sumatra. Keywords: Corporate Culture, Corporate Values, Employee Engagement.

The paper is an attempt to analyze the dominant role of the male community in Afghan society. Western Feminists such as Judith Butler claim that all women face the same problems. However, their claim is challenged by Chandra Talpade Mohanty (1991) who is of the view that the claim of universal sisterhood is based on ethnocentricity. This paper analyses the inferior status of women in the patriarchal system of Afghanistan where people live under their cultural code called Pashtunwali. Pashtunwali assigns an active role to the male community under their privileged status while women are restricted to homes. In this society, a man has to be rigid, authoritative and must keep women under his iron hands. A man of weak nerves has no respect in Afghan society; he has to be strong enough to protect the honor of his family. The study is based on textual analysis of Khaled Hosseini's novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, in the light of Mohanty's views (1991). Hosseini (2008) criticizes the marginalized status of women in Afghan society. Though the Afghan society is influenced by globalization which gives some space to women for social activities, male chauvinism remains the main feature of Pashtun culture wherein people are ruled by a male-oriented code of conduct called Pashtunwali.

Despite the clarity of the South African Schools Act (SASA) 84 of 1996 on the need to craft and implement a learners’ Code of Conduct by school governing bodies (SGBs), there seems to be a gap between the espoused learner disciplinary policies and practice at schools. Using the case study research design, the knowledge scope on education policies by the school disciplinary committees (SDCs) was examined at two secondary schools in a predominantly rural South African district. The study employed a qualitative approach to gather data from purposefully selected informants using focus group and face-to-face interviews. The study sample was composed of 35 participants who were school disciplinary policy duty bearers, comprising 10 SGBs, 10 school management teams (SMTs) and 10 SDC members, as well as five class teachers. The main findings from the thematically analysed narrative data pointed to inadequate knowledge of policies by most SDC committee members. In addition, although the two schools had learners’ codes of conduct that were aligned to SASA, the SDCs were loosely adhering to the provisions of the disciplinary policies in their operations. The gap between the espoused policy and policy in action was found to be due to the policy duty bearers’ inadequate knowledge of the national policy that governs school discipline. This calls for the Department of Basic Education (DBE) to offer policy enhancement workshops for SDCs and to employ a policy monitoring instrument on the functioning of SCDs. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.4.17

The process of organizing regional head elections is certainly not without constraints and dynamics. There are many violations found in every stage of both administrative violations, violations of the code of conduct and criminal violations. After several changes and changes in the rules on the election of regional heads (Governors, Regents/Mayors), in the end even though Law No. 6 of 2020 describes the special crimes of elections in it, but in its application can not override the provisions of the Criminal Code. One of them is related to the criminal act of probation contained in Article 53 and Article 54 of the Criminal Code. The research conducted is normative juridical research using secondary data by processing data from primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the handling of electoral crimes of regional heads in Indonesia, namely through integrated law enforcement (Gakkumdu) centers consisting of Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu), Police and Prosecutors. Furthermore, criminal liability for perpetrators of Criminal Trials in the General Election of the Regional Head must first meet the criminal elements in Article 187A paragraph (1) Law No. 6 Year 2020 concerning the Election of Governors, Regents and Mayors and Article 53 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. Once both elements of the article are fulfilled, against the severity of the prison sentence and the fine should be reduced by one-third of the maximum penalty in Article 187A paragraph (1) that is to a maximum of 4 years in prison. The last legal analysis of the Pekanbaru High Court's Decision No. 40/Pid.Sus/2021/PT.PBR the judge's decision has been appropriate the judge gave a sanction of 3 (three) years in prison to the perpetrator. It is in accordance with the provisions of Article 187A of Law Number 6 of 2020 Jo Article 53 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. Because the intention of the act and the nature of harming the interests of others are fulfilled.

The rapid growth of open source software necessitates a deeper understanding of moderation and governance methods currently used within these projects. The code of conduct, a set of rules articulating standard behavior and responsibilities for participation within a community, is becoming an increasingly common policy document in open source software projects for setting project norms of behavior and discouraging negative or harassing comments and conversation. This study describes the conversations around adopting and crafting a code of conduct as well as those utilizing code of conduct for community governance. We conduct a qualitative analysis of a random sample of GitHub issues that involve the code of conduct. We find that codes of conduct are used both proactively and reactively to govern community behavior in project issues. Oftentimes, the initial addition of a code of conduct does not involve much community participation and input. However, a controversial moderation act is capable of inciting mass community feedback and backlash. Project maintainers balance the tension between disciplining potentially offensive forms of speech and encouraging broad and inclusive participation. These results have implications for the design of inclusive and effective governance practices for open source software communities.

Objective Health practitioners’ Codes of Conduct and Codes of Ethics articulate practice standards across multiple domains, including the domain of cultural safety. As key tools driving individual practice and systems reform, Codes are integral to improving health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It is, therefore, critical that their contents specify meaningful cultural safety standards as the norm for institutional and individual practice. This research assessed all Codes for cultural safety specific content. Methods Following the release of the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency’s (Ahpra) Health and Cultural Safety strategy 2020–25, the 16 Ahpra registered health practitioner Board Codes of Conduct and professional Codes of Ethics were analysed by comparing content to Ahpra’s new cultural safety objectives. Two Codes of Conduct, Nursing and Midwifery, met these objectives. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Practitioners Code partially met these objectives. Results Most Codes of Conduct (14 of 16) conflated Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities undermining the sovereignty of Australia’s First Peoples. Eleven professions had a Code of Ethics, including the Physiotherapy Code of Conduct, which outlined the values and ethical principles of practice commonly associated with a Code of Ethics. Of the 11 professions with a Code of Ethics, two (Pharmacy and Psychology) articulated specific ethical responsibilities to First Peoples. Physiotherapy separately outlined cultural safety obligations through their reconciliation action plan (RAP), meeting all Ahpra cultural safety objectives. The remaining eight advocated respect of culture generally rather than respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures specifically. Conclusions The review identified multiple areas to improve the codes for cultural safety content for registered health professions, providing a roadmap for action to strengthen individual and systems practice while setting a clear regulatory standard to ensure culturally safe practice becomes the new norm. It recommends the systematic updating of all professional health practitioner Board Codes of Conduct and professional Codes of Ethics based on the objectives outlined in Ahpra’s Cultural Safety Strategy. What is known about the topic? Systemic racism and culturally unsafe work environments contribute to poor health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. They also contribute to the under-representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the health workforce, denying the system, and the people who use and work in it, much needed Indigenous knowledge. Creating a culturally safe healthcare system requires all health practitioners to reflect on their own cultural background, to gain appreciation of the positive and negative impacts of individually held cultural assumptions on the delivery of healthcare services. Competence in cultural safety as a required standard of practice is therefore essential if broad, sustainable and systemic cultural change across the health professions and ultimately across Australia’s healthcare system is to be achieved. Given that Codes of Conduct and Codes of Ethics are integral in setting the practical and moral standards of the professions, their contents with respect to cultural competence are of great importance. What does this paper add? A review of this type has not been undertaken previously. Following the establishment of the Ahpra Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Strategy Group, release of Ahpra’s 2018 Statement of intent, and the 2019 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Cultural Safety strategic plan and Reconciliation Action Plan, we analysed the content of each of the 16 registered health professions Codes of Conduct and Code of Ethics looking for content and guidance in accordance with the new national cultural safety definition. Several opportunities to improve the Codes of Conduct and Codes of Ethics were identified to realise the vision set out in the statement of intent including through the application of the National Law. This analysis provides a baseline for future improvements and confirms that although some current health practitioner Codes of Conduct and Codes of Ethics have begun the journey of recognising the importance of cultural safety in ensuring good health outcomes for Australia’s Indigenous peoples, there is broad scope for change. What are the implications for practitioners? The gaps identified in this analysis provide a roadmap for improvement and inclusion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and cultural safety as a required standard in Codes of Conduct and Codes of Ethics for all registered health practitioners. Although it is recognised that Codes alone may not change hearts and minds, codifying the clinical competency of cultural safety provides a portal, and a requirement, for each individual practitioner to engage meaningfully and take responsibility to improve practice individually and organisationally.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate the feasibility of investing the religious heritage in anti-corruption efforts in public organizations in Palestine. The study sought to measure the current status of public organizations, if they are investing the religious heritage in the efforts of encountering corruption. Further, the study sought to measure the attitudes and future expectations if there is an integration of the religious heritage in the current anti-corruption efforts. Design/methodology/approach This study combines two folds: First, theoretical and qualitative, through research in previous studies, texts and religious attitude of corruption, historical models and international experiences that have tried to invest in it and incorporate it in anti-corruption efforts, which are generalizable generic models; and the second: a field empirical part, through the researcher use of a questionnaire tool and analyzing it statistically, in addition to ensuring the possibility of using religion in anti-corruption efforts within the Palestinian public institutions which will eventually enable us to answer the study questions. Findings The study found that the reality of investment in the religious heritage in anti-corruption efforts in the Palestinian public sector is present in a moderate degree (56.8%), both in rules and regulations, in strategic plans or policies, or in the internal systems and the organizational culture of the public institutions. With regard to the attitudes of the employees toward corruption and the way of their formulation to these attitudes either if they are influenced by the religious heritage or the law or by the eight reasons mentioned previously in this study, it is obvious that the employees attitudes toward corruption are formulated first from a religious perspectives and second from a legal perspective. Regarding their attitudes and their agreement level toward the investment of the religious heritage in anti-corruption in the Palestinian public sector was high (75.9%), as well as their future expectations in case the religious heritage is invested in anti-corruption efforts was in a high degree (74.1%). Therefore, the authors conclude that there is a feasibility of religious heritage investment in anti-corruption efforts in the Palestinian public sector in case it is accredited and integrated in anti-corruption strategies as a supportive factor but not as a substitute of other efforts. The study recommended that decision makers should adopt new anti-corruption policies and strategies compatible with these striking results through the rules, regulations and administrative decisions, or in the internal institutional system and the cultural organization, in the publications and declarations of the public institution, in special code of conduct based on the religious heritage, in the training of the employees and designing new proposals to integrate the religious heritage in anti-corruption efforts in parallel with the permanent evaluation of these efforts after its application. Originality/value This study, The feasibility of investing in religious heritage in anti-corruption efforts, is different from the previously reviewed studies, as the previous studies were either philosophical or theoretical in nature, looking at the relationship between religion and corruption or empirical, but in a different environment and society than the society of this study. The general purpose of this research is to identify the impact of religious perceptions on corruption in the behavior of public officials in the Palestinian public sector as it is on the ground, and whether their attitudes were affected by corruption with their religious beliefs? Do they welcome the investment of religion in the fight against corruption and what are their expectations if this is done in institutional, strategic or policy context.

Introduction. The introduction of ethical principles and Euro-Atlantic values in the military-professional environment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires adjustment of the entire sphere of professional relations and taking into account the direct influence on the formation of thinking and behavior of the subjects of these relations. Purpose. The goal of the article is description of international aspects of the patriotism principle into military servicemen mentality formation in the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the way of The NATO integration. Methods. Methodologically, the author proceeds from the position of the sociocultural approach that the change in external conditions and environment inevitably entails changes (positive or negative) of the inner world of the individual, personal formations, that is, a change in the motivational and value sphere of the personality under the influence of socio-cultural factors leads to a transformation of mentality . The author pays special attention to the analysis of contemporary democratic values defined in the ethical code "The NATO Code of Conduct" among which unity, impartiality, loyalty, responsibility and professionalism are considered basic. These five core values constitute the axiological basis of the Code of Ethics, which defines the requirements for the conduct of civilian and military personnel of all NATO units. Originality. Patriotism - defending the national interests of the state, respect and love for the Motherland, its state symbols, national values, culture, history, language, ideological conviction, devotion, willingness to sacrifice for the freedom and independence of people. At the international level, the principle of patriotism is revealed through the values of unity and loyalty to the professional community, the military organization, member countries and partners, the interests of the Alliance, international commitment and humanity as a whole. Conclusion. That is, the principle of patriotism acquires an international content and requires the expansion of worldview and the formation of critical thinking and relevant ethical beliefs of servicemen and employees serving in multinational contingents. Articulation in the normative-legal field and introduction in the process of professional training of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine of the principle of patriotism and such Euro-Atlantic values as unity, loyalty, impartiality, responsibility and professionalism will allow to form a legal basis for purposeful influence on their consciousness and conviction. formation of their proper moral and psychological condition, as well as the ability to perform the tasks assigned to them and participate in joint combat operations with NATO units. Key words: patriotism; loyalty; Euro-Atlantic values; professional ethics; democratization of the Ukrainian arm; military activity.

The formulation of the Outer Space Treaty signaled to all space actors that space exploration would be bounded by certain ethics and code of conduct and as most countries have ratified this treaty,...

The UK Government’s Code of Conduct for data-driven health and care technologies, specifically artificial intelligence (AI)-driven technologies, comprises 10 principles that outline a gold-standard of ethical conduct for AI developers and implementers within the National Health Service. Considering the importance of trust in medicine, in this essay I aim to evaluate the conceptualisation of trust within this piece of ethical governance. I examine the Code of Conduct, specifically Principle 7, and extract two positions: a principle of rationally justified trust that posits trust should be made on sound epistemological bases and a principle of value-based trust that views trust in an all-things-considered manner. I argue rationally justified trust is largely infeasible in trusting AI due to AI’s complexity and inexplicability. Contrarily, I show how value-based trust is more feasible as it is intuitively used by individuals. Furthermore, it better complies with Principle 1. I therefore conclude this essay by suggesting the Code of Conduct to hold the principle of value-based trust more explicitly.

Purpose The barrage of corporate scandals has become pervasive such that it collapsed high-profile organizations worldwide. Prior studies show that reporters of corporate scandals encounter a number of challenges which discourages them from disclosing wrongful acts to appropriate authorities to effect action. Thus, this study aims to examine the remediation of the challenges of reporting corporate scandals in governance. Design/methodology/approach The study used cross-sectional survey design. Primary data was obtained from 400 employees of selected organizations and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression techniques in Statistical Package of Social Science. Findings The results confirm that reporters of corporate scandals are confronted with challenges such as victimization, fear, suspension/dismissal, sideline and high power distance. However, these challenges can be remediated through award, code of conduct, free expression, participation/consultation and safeguard regulations to encourage and protect reporters of corporate scandals. Practical implications The findings imply that there should be an award scheme for reporters, and this must be made known to all employees. Furthermore, code of conduct for employees should include reporting of scandals together with its associated benefits and sanctions. Also, organizations would have to practice consultative/participatory governance system to minimize the effect of high power distance. Finally, regulations should be enacted and enforced to safeguard reporters of corporate scandals. Originality/value This research consolidated the challenges associated with reporting corporate scandals and provides remedies to curtail such challenges so as to encourage employees to report corporate scandals.

In the past decade, policy-makers in science have been concerned with harmonizing research integrity standards across Europe. These standards are encapsulated in the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. Yet, almost every European country today has its own national-level code of conduct for research integrity. In this study we document in detail how national-level codes diverge on almost all aspects concerning research integrity-except for what constitutes egregious misconduct. Besides allowing for potentially unfair responses to joint misconduct by international collaborations, we argue that the divergences raise questions about the envisaged self-regulatory function of the codes of conduct. ispartof: BIOETHICS vol:35 issue:5 pages:414-428 ispartof: location:England status: published

SMK XYZ is a vocational high school with approximately 2550 students with various majors and backgrounds, so there are many problems. For subscribers, each student gets a notebook on discipline and order; if a student commits a violation, it will be written by the discipline taught in the book. Furthermore, the counseling guidance teacher, together with the class teacher, conducts coaching; this activity is a manual system that has not been computerized. It hinders the performance of these teachers. From these problems, an order information system's analysis and design are carried out, which can facilitate and accelerate teachers in planning, directing, and monitoring. The SMART method's application to the discipline information system is based on the science of facts, which states a criterion with value; each weighted value can show and reflect comparisons between standards related to planning, direction, and supervision of students carried out by teachers. Subscription to violations using the discipline information system with the SMART method is carried out computerized, including determining sanctions and their actions to support the performance of teachers.

Having a Code of Ethics (COE) has become a common practice within large companies since the 1980s. A COE serves multiple functions for organizations: as an internal control mechanism to guide employees during ethical dilemmas, a benchmark for fostering ethical corporate culture, and as a communication tool to signal organizational commitment to stakeholders. Four major theoretical frameworks underpin the extant academic scholarship on COEs. In particular, organizational justice and stakeholder theories highlight the role of individuals in adopting and shaping a COE, and the institutional theory emphasizes the influence of the exogenous environment on the convergence and/or divergence of COEs across firms and contexts. Integrative social contracts theory captures the significance of both individuals and the institutional environment and views COEs as a contractual obligation that guides managers and employees to manage contradictions between local and global norms. Within these theoretical framings, significant variations in the nature and stakeholder orientations of COEs have been detected across the developed and developing world. In the developed contexts, a comparative institutional analysis using the national business system approach shows that while in the compartmentalized cluster (the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Japan), expectations of market participants and firm owners are key drivers of COEs; in the collaborative cluster (Germany, Ireland, and the Netherlands), firms develop COEs that have a wider focus oriented towards multiple stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, and the environment. Whereas in the state-organized cluster (South Korea, Spain, Greece, and Slovakia) the role and the nature of the state are important guiding factors. The coordinated industrial district cluster (Italy) characterized by alliances among smaller artisanal firms demonstrates a human-centric view of business embedded within their COEs. Excluded from the national business systems categorization, the Nordic cluster displays a unique distinctiveness in its approach to COEs through the presence of a structured moral apparatus within firms. In the developing world, country-specific institutional characteristics play a vital role behind adoption of localized a COE, yet nonstate actors—namely multinationals enterprises, and international and supranational institutions—promote the diffusion of hyper-norms. Given the pervasiveness of corporate misconduct despite the global diffusion of COEs, scholars must pay heed to understand the conditions under which gaps between a COE adoption and implementation arise. Equally, more scholarly attention needs to be accorded to a systematic investigation of COEs in transitional and emerging contexts. This becomes particularly necessary in the face of sociological changes, a fast-evolving landscape of local and transnational regulations including those arising from global events such climate change, and COVID-19, and the co-existence of multilevel COEs at the industry, firm, and professional levels.

A descriptive analysis using a survey among early PhD students in The Netherlands.

This study aims to analyse the funeral welfare for the Muslim elders and to suggest guidelines regarding the funeral welfare management for the Muslim elders. The guidelines might help stakeholders to investigate and manage the welfare more effective and stable through participatory process. Further, this would help the group to get more members which would lead to a quality and sustainable funeral welfare for Muslim elders in the Kayohmati community.The design of this study is mixed method. First, the researchers employed phenomenological research to explore the community’s life experience for the primary data. The researchers investigated the meaningful aspects and understandings through conversations, in-depth interviews, focus-group interviews, and questionnaires. The researchers used content synthesis to form guidelines of the funeral welfare management, which was classifying and categorizing topics and arranging concepts. The qualitative data was carefully reconfirmed, and the quantitative data was analysed into frequency, average, and percentage. Moreover, to conduct the research professionally the researchers followed research ethics firmly and this research had been approved for research ethics code of conduct. The findings regarding needs of the funeral welfare were as follows: the elder members who are low-income need career workshops to support their finance. Furthermore, it was found that community leader plays a key role in facilitating and encouraging collaboration among the community, government, and academic sectors to form public policy. Therefore, the government sector should collaborate with the community which the people could express their performance and self-autonomy and the findings confirmed that we can develop it to public policy and guidelines for the welfare founders, committees, and members to improve the welfare’s management system. Also, there could be guidelines to increase medical welfare and income for the elders. The novelty or originality of this studyproposed the funeral welfare management model is getting from the management of Muslim welfare that is sustainable and fit with the local context, religion, knowledge, self-value, and belief in a particular area

The Theravadi Bhikku Kathikawath (Registration) Bill, presented to the parliament of Sri Lanka in January 2016, is a proposed framework for formulating codes of conduct for Buddhist monks. The bill...

The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of corporate attributes proxied by green strategy, institusional shareholding, and board of director with the code of conduct as a moderating variable on carbon emission disclosure. Previous research has used many variables that affect carbon emission disclosures, but there are a few literatures that use a corporate code of conduct to strengthen the relationship between each variable and disclosure of carbon emissions. This study is the use of the measurement of the corporate code of conduct which is based on the highest index results for disclosing carbon emissions. This study uses quantitative approach and panel data regression using 140 Observations of 28 consumer goods companies listed in IDX for the period 2015-2019, and analyzed by using moderating regression analysis. The results of this study found that green strategy has a positive and significant influence on carbon emission disclosure, while institusional shareholding and board of director have no influence on carbon emission disclosure. Then, the code of conduct can strengthen the green strategy's relationship to carbon emissions disclosure. Meanwhile, the code of conduct cannot moderate the relationship between institutional ownership and the board of directors on carbon emission disclosure. Companies must take advantage of opportunities from the impacts of climate change through a green strategy and supported by the implementation of an effective corporate code of conduct will strengthen the company's competitive advantage through disclosure of carbon emission information.

River basin organizations have taken shape in different parts of Africa partly under the influence of international aid institutions that aimed to help prevent water conflicts among basin countries. The code of conduct and the Volta Basin Authority (VBA) exemplify one of most recent efforts to collaboratively govern a major transboundary basin of western Africa. The question, however, remains as to the extent to which culturally diverse local communities can be mobilized and integrated in water governance. No study has clarified this point. This paper, therefore, attempts to better understand local stakeholders’ perceptions and needs to collaboratively govern transboundary water between Ghana and Burkina Faso. For this research, we conducted preliminary field visits and questionnaire surveys in both countries. We found that 84% of the respondents in Burkina Faso and 91% in Ghana did not know about the VBA. Some respondents, especially educated ones in both countries, did hear about the code of conduct. Regarding local needs for water governance, most respondents in Ghana expressed concerns about frequent flooding due to Bagre Dam spillage in upstream Burkina Faso that devastated their farms. This research then discusses how transboundary water governance in the Volta River Basin can be improved in the future.

Space Traffic Management (STM) is a new concept referring to space activities. The highest priority is the safety and security of outer space and all conducted operations. There is no definition of STM. There is an urgent need to regulate STM providing safety and security regulations at the international, regional, and national levels. Because there is no STM definition, the regulator might use the example of existing regulations of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Air Traffic Management (ATM). European EUSST is a good example of being a “precursor” of STM. However, many questions are still open regarding specific regulations needed to create an STM system, such as at which level they should be made: globally, regionally, or nationally.

El fenómeno del double-hatting; esto es, el ejercicio de múltiples roles por parte de los profesionales vinculados al arbitraje, puede tener un importante impacto en las necesarias cualidades de independencia e imparcialidad que todo árbitro debe tener. La regulación de este fenómeno vuelve a poner sobre la mesa la recurrente discusión sobre los conflictos de interés derivados de la inevitable interacción en el grupo de profesionales que se dedican a arbitrajes de inversión. La inclusión de artículos que abordan expresamente este fenómeno en recientes tratados internacionales y la discusión que se viene sosteniendo por su expresa regulación en el "Proyecto de Código de Conducta para adjudicadores en solución de controversias inversionista-Estado" preparado por las Secretarías del CIADI y UNCITRAL, nos lleva a proponer algunos lineamientos para dicha regulación. The phenomenon of double-hatting, that is, the exercise of multiple roles by professionals in the field of arbitration, can have a significant impact on the necessary qualities of independence and impartiality that every arbitrator must have. The regulation of this phenomenon brings back to the table the recurrent discussion on conflicts of interest derived from the inevitable interaction in the group of professionals involved in investment arbitration. The inclusion of articles expressly addressing this phenomenon in recent international treaties and the discussion that has been held about its express regulation in the "Draft Code of Conduct for adjudicators in investor-state dispute settlement" prepared by the ICSID and UNCITRAL Secretariats, leads us to propose some guidelines for such regulation.

This research is conducted to investigate the impact of auditor’s competency, integrity, and ethics on audit quality from the perceptions of auditors. The data is collected through questionnaires distributed to auditors in auditing firms in Saudi Arabia. The sample used was amounted to 102 auditors. The study surveyed different external auditors to explore their audit process attributes for achieving quality of audit. The findings show that the attributes of competence, integrity, and ethics have significant impact on audit quality. The findings indicate that the most important elements of attributes affecting audit quality are auditors’ continuous improvement and training programs, ways of carrying out their duties, and their compliance to code of conduct. This study extends the literature on audit quality and provides useful insights for audit firms and professional bodies for the policies and producers to be adopted and implemented to enhance audit quality.

Nowadays, companies are not only required to provide information on financial accountability but also about corporate performance related to social and environmental aspects in order to promote shareholder values and sustainable practices, which eventually lead to the concept of corporate governance. This study aims to discuss the implementation of corporate governance, in palm oil companies in Aceh Province. A qualitative research method is applied with an empirical juridical approach. Data were collected by interviewing respondents and analyzing corporate reports. The result found that the implementation of corporate governence by the companies through the availability of code of good corporate governance (GCG) and code of conduct. Although it does not necessarily guarantee the implementation applied properly, but it can show company commitment to run a good business. Some companies also implement corporate social and environmental responsibility in a different approach. However, some of the activities are actually not in accordance with existing regulations, but is only limited to activities that have no direct impact on community.

Introduction: Behavioral problems are commonly prevalent worldwide. It is important to diagnose and treat timely as if untreated, increase the risk of getting psychiatric illnesses. Present review is aimed at providing Ayurvedic guidelines in the form of Sadvritta (Code of conduct), Achar rasayan-AR (ethical principles) and few Ayurveda interventions corelating with recently developed interventions of Psychology which may prove helpful in prevention and management of behavioral problems in children. Material and Methods: This review is based on data collected from classical Ayurvedic literature, published research works in various journals and counseling experiences. Observations and Results: Behavioral problems are generally multi-factorial in origin and arise as a result of conflict between the children’s personality, attitudes of parents, teacher or peers. Counseling with family and adoption of Ayurveda principles can manage and prevent further progress of behavioral problems in children. Satvavjay Chikitsa-SC (non-drug psychotherapy), Achar Rasayana and Sadvritta, Yog are Ayurvedic ways to balance Satva (good qualities of mind), (Passionate, agitated), Tama (Laziness, lack of concentration) applicable in prevention of behavioral problems. Conclusion: Ayurvedic principles such as AR, Sadvritta and SC are best non-pharmacological modalities required for early detection and prevention of behavioral problems. Knowledge, education and proper expressions of code, conduct or etiquettes along with Ayurveda interventions such as use of Medhya (nervine tonic/nootropic) drugs, Panchkarma pre-procedures can prove to be a significant therapeutic way to combat behavioral disorders.

The distribution of news and information about Covid-19 occurred amid a pandemic. It certainly creates a panic impact on some people, especially those who do not have adequate media literacy skills. This panic leads to uncontrolled behavior and unfiltered acceptance of information. This study seeks to investigate how the West Java Regional Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPID) Role in Preventing Citizen Panic Regarding News and Information Regarding Covid-19. Official broadcast media with high credibility have often ignored because people tend to prefer media with high accessibility, such as the internet and social media. From this condition, news and information about Covid-19 have often mixed with hoaxes readily accepted by some people. This research uses qualitative methods with case study research, with data collection techniques carried out through interviews, literature study, and observation. The results showed that in overcoming public panic, KPID West Java encourages broadcast media to always pay attention to the Broadcasting Code of Conduct and Broadcast Program Standards (P3SPS) and health protocols in every broadcasting activity. Also, media literacy has consistently remained calm and aware of various hoax information, such as Covid-19