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International audience; Objective: To establish international recommendations for the management of spastic equinovarus foot deformity. Design: Delphi method. Setting: International study. Participants: A total of 24 international experts (N=24) in neuro-orthopedic deformities, from different specialties (Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine physicians, neurologists, geriatricians, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons). Interventions: Experts answered 3 rounds of questions related to important aspects of diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of spastic equinovarus foot deformity. Main Outcome Measures: A consensus was established when at least 80% of experts agreed on a statement Results: A total of 52 items reached consensus. Experts recommend assessing effect of the deformity on functional activities before treatment. Before treatment, it is crucial to differentiate spastic muscle overactivity from soft tissue contractures, identify which muscles are involved in the deformity, and evaluate the activity of antagonist muscles. Motor nerve blocks, 2-dimensional video analysis, and radiologic examinations are often required to complement a clinical examination. The treatment of equinovarus foot depends on the correctability of the deformity and the patient's ability to stand or walk. The preoperative assessment should include an interdisciplinary consultation that must finalize a formal agreement between physicians and the patient, which will define personalized attainable goals before surgery. Conclusion: The establishment of guidelines on managing equinovarus foot will help physicians and surgeons, specialists, and nonspecialists to diagnoses and assess the deformity and direct patients to a network of experts to optimize patient functional recovery and improve their autonomy.

Atypical or complex clubfoot constitutes a small number of cases. Due to the difference in complexity of anatomy, standard deformity correction by Ponseti is not effective. Hence a modified Ponseti method was advised which focuses on deformity differences for treatment. We conducted a prospective study to analyze the outcome in atypical or complex clubfoot treated with the modified Ponseti method. All the children of age less than 1 year were included in the study with atypical or complex clubfoot. Every case was treated according to the modified Ponseti method and tenotomy. Pirani scores were measured at pretreatment, each visit, before application of a brace, and at the latest follow-up. Statistical analysis of all continuous and categorical variables was done. A total of 30 patients (47 feet) were included in the study. Mean Pirani score improved from 5.69 at presentation to 0.45 at time of brace application and latest follow-up 0.34 (p.001). Six patients (9 feet) had a relapse which was managed with recasting. The mean Pirani score of relapse was 0.72, which after correction reduced to 0.11 (p = .008). Six patients had cast-related complications which were managed with conservative treatment. With an increase in popularity of the Ponseti method, a greater number of complex clubfoot cases are seen due to inadequate reduction or slippage of cast or improper cast application techniques. All these need to be identified at an early age. This helps in proper treatment and improves the quality of life as well as foot appearance.

This study describes foot bone anomalies and the degenerative changes associated with locomotion adaptations.An adult male (approximately 29-46 years old) from Estremoz, Portugal (13th-15th century).The skeletal anomalies observed in this skeleton were described and measurements were compared between both sides of the individual and with the mean of the adult males from the same collection.The most anomalous bones are the right medial cuneiform and metatarsals. Degenerative changes are more severe on the left lower limb and right upper limb.This skeleton represents a unilateral case of talipes varus of the right foot, with the metatarsals being more affected while previously published cases show more severe anomalies of the hindfoot. The degenerative changes observed in the skeleton suggest that both legs and arms, aided by crutches, were used for locomotion.This case shows that club foot skeletal anomalies are variable and the pattern of bony changes throughout the body can reveal locomotion adaptations.The possibility of a genetic cause cannot be assessed due to the absence of paleogenomic data.Since the anomalies found in this case are different than those previously published, we recommend care when analysing foot bones.

Treatments for idiopathic clubfoot focus on obtaining a functional foot, typical gait pattern, and activity participation. Patients and families are also concerned about practical considerations regarding shoe wear and the appearance of the calf. The purpose of this study was to quantify whether children treated for idiopathic clubfoot have symmetry differences in shoe size and calf girth when presenting with unilateral versus bilateral involvement.Participants with a diagnosis of idiopathic clubfoot (treated with Ponseti or French functional methods) were prospectively recruited along with children who are typically developing. Shoe size and calf girth were measured at 5, 7, and 10 years of age.Sixty-five participants, 45 with a diagnosis of idiopathic clubfoot (26 unilateral and 19 bilateral) and 20 who were typically developing, began the study at age 5. Children with clubfoot treated with the Ponseti versus French methods showed no differences in shoe size asymmetry, calf girth asymmetry, or absolute calf girth at age 5. Participants with unilateral clubfoot demonstrated an average of 1.5 size smaller shoes for the involved side at all 3 ages. Participants with bilateral clubfeet had a significantly smaller,0.75 size difference between both feet. Participants with unilateral clubfoot demonstrated about a 2 cm smaller calf girth on the involved side compared with the uninvolved side at all 3 ages. Participants with bilateral clubfeet had a smaller,0.5 cm calf difference between sides. Calf girths for involved limbs were significantly smaller than for uninvolved limbs.Children with unilateral clubfeet can expect to need a smaller shoe on their involved side. Children with bilateral clubfeet can expect a minimal shoe size discrepancy between limbs. All limbs with clubfoot involvement can expect to have a smaller calf girth than limbs that are typically developing.Level II. This is considered a prognostic study-investigating the effect of a treated clubfoot on shoe size and calf girth. This is a lesser-quality prospective study in which80% of persons completed follow-up.

Disorders that result from de-arrangement of growth, development and/or differentiation of the appendages (limbs and digit) are collectively called as inherited abnormalities of human appendicular skeleton. The bones of appendicular skeleton have central role in locomotion and movement. The different types of appendicular skeletal abnormalities are well described in the report of "Nosology and Classification of Genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 Revision". In the current article, we intend to present the embryology, developmental pathways, disorders and the molecular genetics of the appendicular skeletal malformations. We mainly focused on the polydactyly, syndactyly, brachydactyly, split-hand-foot malformation and clubfoot disorders. To our knowledge, only nine genes of polydactyly, five genes of split-hand-foot malformation, nine genes for syndactyly, eight genes for brachydactyly and only single gene for clubfoot have been identified to be involved in disease pathophysiology. The current molecular genetic data will help life sciences researchers working on the rare skeletal disorders. Moreover, the aim of present systematic review is to gather the published knowledge on molecular genetics of appendicular skeleton, which would help in genetic counseling and molecular diagnosis.

The tibialis anterior tendon transfer (TATT) is the suggested surgical intervention in the Ponseti method for treatment of dynamic recurrent congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) presenting as hindfoot varus and forefoot supination during the swing phase of gait. The indication for surgery, however, is typically based on visual assessment, which does not sufficiently examine the variability of foot motion in this cohort.The aim of this research was to determine whether subgroups, based on foot model kinematics, existed within a clubfoot cohort being considered for TATT surgery.Sixteen children with recurrent clubfoot that had been previously treated with the Ponseti method and were being considered for tendon transfer surgery were prospectively recruited for this study and were required to attend a pre-surgery data collection session at the Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service (QCMAS). Data collected included standard Plug-in-Gait (PiG) kinematics and kinetics, Oxford Foot Model (OFM) foot kinematics, and regional plantar loads based on anatomical masking using the integrated kinematic-pressure method.Results of this study identified two clear subgroups within the cohort. One group presented with increased hindfoot inversion across 91 % of the gait cycle. The second group presented with increased hindfoot adduction across 100 % of the gait cycle. Hindfoot adduction was statistically significantly different between the two groups.The identification of these two groups propose a need for further classification of deformity within this cohort and query the appropriateness of this surgical intervention for both presentations.

Relapsed, resistant and untreated congenital talipes equinovarus poses significant challenges in view of functional outcome following conventional serial casting and soft tissue release procedures. The Ilizarov ring fixator here offers significant possibilities as an extended conservative treatment modality. The aim of the present study was to critically evaluate effectiveness of the Ilizarov ring fixator with regard to radiological, clinical and functional outcome, in the difficult clubfeet. The study was carried out on patients presenting with relapsed, resistant or untreated congenital talipes equinovarus deformity, who underwent deformity correction using the Ilizarov ring fixator application. All patients were reviewed at 6 monthly intervals for over 3 years following fixator removal with an objective clinical, radiological and functional assessment. Twenty-three patients with 30 clubfeet were enrolled in our study. The mean age was 8.3 +/- 3.6 (range 4 to 17) years. The postoperative clinical, radiological and functional scores showed statistically significant improvement among all patients when compared with the pre-operative data. All 30 feet developed varying complications during treatment with pin track infections being the most common. However, they were managed while continuing the distraction correction process. The Ilizarov ring fixator is an effective and reliable solution for difficult and challenging clubfeet. However, one must be aware of a strict adherence to a bracing protocol to avoid recurrence of deformities. A regular periodical functional and clinical follow up must be ensured among these children for a favourable outcome. Level of clinical evidence: 3

Aims The aim of this study was to gain an agreement on the management of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) up to walking age in order to provide a benchmark for practitioners and guide consistent, high-quality care for children with CTEV. Methods The consensus process followed an established Delphi approach with a predetermined degree of agreement. The process included the following steps: establishing a steering group; steering group meetings, generating statements, and checking them against the literature; a two-round Delphi survey; and final consensus meeting. The steering group members and Delphi survey participants were all British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS) members. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of the Delphi survey results. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation checklist was followed for reporting of the results. Results The BSCOS-selected steering group, the steering group meetings, the Delphi survey, and the final consensus meeting all followed the pre-agreed protocol. A total of 153/243 members voted in round 1 Delphi (63%) and 132 voted in round 2 (86%). Out of 61 statements presented to round 1 Delphi, 43 reached ‘consensus in’, no statements reached ‘consensus out’, and 18 reached ‘no consensus’. Four statements were deleted and one new statement added following suggestions from round 1. Out of 15 statements presented to round 2, 12 reached ‘consensus in’, no statements reached ‘consensus out’, and three reached ‘no consensus’ and were discussed and included following the final consensus meeting. Two statements were combined for simplicity. The final consensus document includes 57 statements allocated into six successive stages. Conclusion We have produced a consensus document for the treatment of idiopathic CTEV up to walking age. This will provide a benchmark for standard of care in the UK and will help to reduce geographical variability in treatment and outcomes. Appropriate dissemination and implementation will be key to its success. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(6):758–764.

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) commonly presents with foot deformities, such as talipes equinovarus (TEV), also known as "clubfoot." Although much is known about the treatment of idiopathic TEV, very little is known about the treatment of TEV in LDS. Here, we summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with LDS and TEV and compare clinical and patient-reported outcomes of operative versus nonoperative treatment.We identified 47 patients with TEV from a cohort of 252 patients with LDS who presented to our academic tertiary care hospital from 2010 to 2016. A questionnaire, electronic health records, clinical photos and radiographs, and telephone calls were used to collect baseline, treatment, and outcome data. The validated disease-specific instrument was used to determine patient-reported foot/ankle functional limitations after treatment. Patients were categorized into nonoperative and operative groups, with the operative group subcategorized according to whether the posteromedial release was performed.Within our TEV cohort, bilateral TEV was present in 40 patients (85%). Thirty-seven patients underwent surgery (14 involving posteromedial release), and 10 were treated nonoperatively. The operative group had a higher incidence of posttreatment foot/ankle functional limitation (71%) than the nonoperative group (25%) ( P =0.04). The pain was the most common functional limitation (54%). The posteromedial release was associated with a higher incidence of developing hindfoot valgus compared with surgery not involving posteromedial release (43% vs. 8.7%, P =0.04) and compared with nonoperative treatment (43% vs. 0.0%, P =0.02).We found that patients with LDS have a high incidence of bilateral TEV. Operative treatment was associated with posttreatment foot/ankle functional limitations, and posteromedial release was associated with hindfoot valgus overcorrection deformity. These findings could have implications for the planning of surgery for TEV in LDS patients.Level III-retrospective comparative study.

This paper aims to report on the last 5 years of relevant research on pediatric foot and ankle pathology with specific focus on clubfoot, congenital vertical talus, toe walking, tarsal coalitions, pes planovalgus with or without accessory navicular, foot and ankle trauma, and talar dome osteochondritis dessicans.The Browzine platform was used to review the table of contents for all papers published in the following target journals related to the treatment of pediatric foot and ankle conditions. Search results were further refined to include clinical trials and randomized controlled trials published from March 1, 2015 to November 15, 2021.A total of 73 papers were selected for review based on new findings and significant contributions in treatment of clubfoot, congenital vertical talus, toe walking, tarsal coalitions, pes planovalgus with or without accessory navicular, foot and ankle trauma, and talar dome osteochondritis dessicans. Also included were several papers that did not fit into any of these categories but provided new insight into specific foot and ankle pathologies.Treatment strategies for children with foot and ankle pathology are continually evolving. We review many of the most recent publications with the goal of improving understanding of these pathologies and highlighting current best practices.Level III.

Backgrounds: Clubfoot is a foot disorder frequently seen. Although, there are several studies about the efficiency of physiotherapy in the treatment of clubfoot, physiotherapy programs may be more efficient if the treatment apply step by step similar to the logic of the serial casting progression of the involved foot. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of three-phase physiotherapy program in children with clubfoot. Methods: Fifty-seven patients (37 males, 20 females; 7.26 ± 1.27 years) with clubfoot which had Ponseti treatment before were included. The ankle dorsiflexion (DF) and plantar flexion (PF) ranges of motion (ROM), one-leg standing time, sit-to-stand test, The Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire (OxAFQ) and treatment satisfaction were evaluated before and after treatment. A three-phase physiotherapy program was applied for 3 months. Results: DF, PF, one-leg standing time, sit-to-stand test, treatment satisfaction and all parameters of OxAFQ except ‘Emotional’ parameter of OxAFQ-Children significantly improved after treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The three-phase physiotherapy program increased the ankle range of motion, improved functional status and treatment satisfaction in children with clubfoot. The three-phase physiotherapy might be a reasonable treatment for clubfoot. Although, there is a need for long-term studies to understand its effects on preventing relapse. © 2021 European Foot and Ankle Society The authors thank to all patients for participating in the study.

Les hautes vallées de la région du mont Bego, dans les Alpes méridionales, abritent un très important corpus d’images rupestres de la Préhistoire récente (IVe-IIe millénaire avant J.-C.). Parmi ces milliers de gravures, quatre anthropomorphes au moins, attribués au Néolithique final, partagent une singularité : leurs pieds sont tournés vers l’intérieur. L’anomalie anatomique n’est pas sans rappeler la pathologie du pied bot varus équin bilatéral. Si l’hypothèse d’identification est exacte, et sachant le contexte qui accompagne ces représentations – à savoir l’accomplissement de la métallurgie du cuivre dans le nord de l’Italie et le sud de l’arc alpin –, il faudrait peut-être distinguer là les plus anciennes occurrences des affections orthopédiques dont souffrent, par nature, les forgerons mythologiques. The high valleys of the Mount Bego region, in the Southern Alps, shelter a very important corpus of rock art from Recent Prehistory (IV-II millennium B.C.). Among these thousands of engravings, at least four anthropomorphic figures, attributed to the Final Neolithic, share a singularity: their feet are turned inward. The anatomical anomaly evokes the pathology of the bilateral clubfoot. If the identification hypothesis is correct, and knowing the context that accompanies these representations – namely the achievement of copper metallurgy in Northern Italy and in the Southern Alps –, maybe we should see there the oldest manifestations of the orthopedic affections from which, by nature, the mythological blacksmiths suffer.

The study aimed to investigate the correlation between baropodometric parameters and the functional score in the evaluation of the results of surgery in patients with clubfoot. Fifty-one patients (77 feet) underwent surgical treatment, with a mean follow-up of 9.58 years (5-15 years), and a mean age of 10.2 years (7-16 years). A total of 39 males and 12 females were included, with 25 unilateral cases and 26 bilateral cases. The patients underwent a functional evaluation and an assessment of plantar pressure distribution using computerized baropodometry. The functional evaluation results were statistically analyzed to investigate any correlations. Unilateral and bilateral cases were studied in two different groups. The Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation tests were used for these analyses. The static contact area, weight bearing time, gait speed, and plantar pressure peak were not correlated with the functional evaluation in the unilateral and bilateral cases. There was a statistically significant correlation (P0.05) among the integral plantar force, distribution of force, total plantar pressure, distance between the center of foot pressure and center of body mass, and dynamic contact area only in the bilateral cases. Baropodometry was correlated with the functional evaluation of several parameters in patients with bilateral involvement.

Background: Clubfoot or Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) treatment in newborn infants involves simple, non-invasive manipulation and is primarily managed non-surgically if identified early. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), less than 15% of patients with CTEV access treatment. This cross-sectional questionnaire study conducted descriptive and regression analysis of institutional reasons for CTEV management in LMICs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 1,489 medical institutions in 62 LMICs. Data were evaluated from the “World Health Organization Situation Analysis tool” database. We analyzed characteristics of institutions that manage and did not manage CTEV. With the use of a multivariate linear regression model, we identified a set of factors linked to referral for non-management of CTEV. Results: A total of 72.7% (1,083/1,395) of institutions surveyed did not manage CTEV. The most common reason cited for not managing CTEV was a lack of sufficient skills, 92.1% (668/725, P

The approach to treatment of severe untreated or recurrent congenital talipes equinovarus deformities is very different in the world where patients are mobile, have access to repeated return visits for follow-up treatment, and where more sophisticated options for gradual correction with external fixation are available. For treatment, talectomy may be the only option to treat certain neglected clubfoot deformities during humanitarian programs and it may still have to be used as a salvage procedure used in modern foot surgery. Our extensive experience with these deformities has been on global humanitarian programs.

The adolescent neglected clubfoot is mostly treated in humanitarian programs by those with a great deal of surgical experience. This deformity needs a major correction, which can compromise the blood circulation and wound healing. A bony correction is preferable over an isolated soft tissue release. The extreme Lambrinudi arthrodesis with a double incision is therefore a preferred tool to correct a neglected clubfoot.

The Ponseti method for treatment of congenital clubfoot is well established and has been introduced in most pediatric orthopedic centers worldwide. However, reported rates of recurrence are largely variable and open joint surgery is still performed frequently, even in the age group younger than 6 years of age. Preventing recurrence and residual deformity can be achieved by strict adherence to the Ponseti method, ensuring and enforcing brace compliance, frequent follow-up, and early treatment of recurrence. This review discusses reasons for clubfoot recurrence, prevention of clubfoot recurrence, and the treatment of recurrent congenital clubfoot within the realm of the Ponseti method.

BACKGROUND Lower extremity brace-wear compliance has been studied in pediatrics, but failure to acquire a prescribed brace has not been included. The purpose of this study was to evaluate brace acquisition as a component of brace-wear compliance. METHODS Records of patients (0 to 21 y) prescribed lower extremity braces from 2017 to 2019 were reviewed. Diagnoses included cerebral palsy, spina bifida, short Achilles tendon, clubfoot, and other. Brace type was categorized as clubfoot foot abduction orthosis, ankle-foot orthosis, knee, hip, or custom/other braces. Brace prescription and acquisition dates were recorded. Insurance was classified as government, private, or uninsured. Patient demographics included age, sex, race, and calculated area deprivation index. RESULTS Of the 1176 prescribed lower extremity braces, 1094 (93%) were acquired while 82 (7%) were not. The odds ratios (OR) of failure to acquire a prescribed brace in Black and Hispanic patients were 1.64 and 2.71 times that in White patients, respectively (95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.71, P=0.045; 1.23-5.6, P=0.015); in patients without insurance, the OR was 8.48 times that in privately insured patients (95% confidence interval: 1.93-31.1, P=0.007). The ORs of failure to acquire were 2.12 (P=0.003) in patients 4 years or more versus 0 to 3 years, 4.17 (P

Although Achilles tenotomy is performed to increase the ankle dorsiflexion in clubfoot patients, it may also increase the amount of the foot abduction due to the unique oval field of motion property of the ankle and subtalar joint complex. This study investigated the effect of Achilles tenotomy on foot abduction in patients with clubfoot.Equinus deformity before tenotomy (EBT), equinus deformity after tenotomy (EAT), abduction before tenotomy (ABT), and abduction after tenotomy (AAT) were measured. The decrease in the amount of equinus after tenotomy (Δ equinus) and the increase in the amount of abduction (Δ abduction) after tenotomy were then calculated.The Achilles tenotomy was performed on 22 feet of 16 patients. The results (Mean ± standard deviation) were as follows: EBT: 28° ± 19 (range, 8-76), EAT: -27° ± 7 (-36- -11), ABT: 54° ± 16 (21-72), AAT: 77° ± 5 (66-85), Δ equinus: 55° ± 15 (38-87), Δ abduction: 23° ± 15 (5-51). The change between EBT-EAT and ABT-AAT was statistically significant (both p 0.001). EBT was correlated negatively with ABT (r = -0.648; p = 0.001) and Δ equinus was correlated positively with Δ abduction (r = 0.522; p = 0.013).The Achilles tenotomy in clubfoot patients not only increases ankle dorsiflexion but also increases the foot abduction due to oval field of motion of the ankle and subtalar joint complex. It should be considered that an increase of the foot abduction may be achieved after the Achilles tenotomy. Therefore, the maximum foot abduction may be achieved after the Achilles tenotomy, not before the Achilles tenotomy.

Congenital changes related to Spina Bifida (SB) include congenital clubfoot (PTC), also known as equinovarus congenital clubfoot. Skin pressure ulcers represent a frequent complication associated with SB and PTC, determined by both sensitivity deficits and skeletal alterations of plantar support. This conditions can lead to the onset of frequent neurotrophic skin ulcers.72-year-old female patient suffering from spina bifida with congenital clubfoot condition, complicated by ulcerative lesion in the plantar region with fistula and infection (Proteus Mirabilis). An infectious disease evaluation with monitoring of the inflammatory-infectious hematochemical values and targeted antibiothic-therapy was performed. The patient performed a scintigraphic examination in order to exclude the osteomyelitis process. The dressing protocol set up was: Disinfection with disinfectant based on Poliesanide and Betaine, with the use of Nelaton 6 Fr catheter (and subsequent dressings with 18 G needle cannula), inside the fistulous channel. Subsequent abundant washing with 0.9% saline solution. Application of oily phyto-product Mix of Neem Oil and Hypericum Perforatum (1-Primary Wound Dressing), inoculating it with the catheter inside the medium and checking its leakage from both sides and cover with sterile gauze and bandage with cohesive bandage. After 4 weeks there was a reduction in the size of the fistula and the disappearance of serum-corpuscular secretions. At 7 weeks, complete re-epithelialization of the skin ulcerative lesion was observed.This case report refers to the conservative medical treatment of a complex case of non-healing pressure skin ulcer with distant fistulization. The main difficulty in managing this lesion was identifying the right dressing that could reach and spread within the fistulous channel, favoring the reduction of the inflammatory-infectious process. The dressing used, as it was in an oily formulation, therefore had the right characteristics as it was easy to inoculate. The oily mix of Neem and Hypericum Perforatum (1-Primary Wound Dressing) has in fact performed a prolonged antiseptic function while maintaining the right degree of local hydration, essential for the correct carrying out of the reparative processes.In undermined or fistulous ulcers, the use of oil-based dressings, such as the oily mix of Neem and Hypericum Perforatum (1-Primary Wound Dressing), can represent a valid local therapeutic choice.Congenital clubfoot, Neurotrophic skin ulcer, Wound Care.Tra le alterazioni congenite correlate alla Spina Bifida (SB) va annoverato il piede torto congenito (PTC), noto anche come piede torto congenito equinovarus. Le ulcere da pressione cutanee rappresentano una frequente complicanza associata a SB e PTC, determinata sia da deficit di sensibilità che da alterazioni scheletriche del supporto plantare. Queste condizioni possono portare all’insorgenza di frequenti ulcere cutanee neurotrofiche.paziente donna di 72 anni affetta da spina bifida con condizione congenita del piede torto, complicata da lesione ulcerosa nella regione plantare con fistola e infezione (Proteus Mirabilis). Nel tentativo di salvataggio d’arto, in prima istanza è stata eseguita una valutazione della malattia infettiva con monitoraggio dei valori ematochimici infiammatorio-infettivi e terapia antibiotica mirata. La paziente ha eseguito dunque esame scintigrafico che escludeva processo osteomielitico. Il protocollo di medicazione predisposto è stato: Disinfezione con disinfettante a base di Poliesanide e Betaina, con utilizzo di catetere Nelaton 6 Fr (e successive medicazioni con cannula ago 18 G), all’interno del canale fistoloso. Successivo lavaggio abbondante con soluzione fisiologica allo 0,9%. Applicazione del fitoprodotto oleoso Mix di Olio di Neem e Hypericum Perforatum (1-Primary Wound Dressing Spray), inoculandolo con il catetere all’interno del tramite fistoloso e verificandone la fuoriuscita da entrambi i lati, ricopriendo successivamente il piede con garza sterile e bendaggio con bendaggio coesivo. Dopo 4 settimane si osservava una riduzione delle dimensioni della fistola e la scomparsa delle secrezioni siero-corpuscolate. A 7 settimane è stata osservata una completa riepitelizzazione della lesione ulcerosa cutanea DISCUSSIONE: Questo Case Report si riferisce al trattamento medico conservativo di un caso complesso di ulcera cutanea non-healing da pressione con fistolizzazione a distanza. La principale difficoltà nella gestione di questa lesione è stata individuare la giusta medicazione che potesse raggiungere e diffondersi all’interno del canale fistoloso, favorendo la riduzione del processo infiammatorio-infettivo. La medicazione utilizzata, essendo in formulazione oleosa, aveva quindi le giuste caratteristiche in quanto facile da inoculare. La miscela oleosa di Neem e Hypericum Perforatum (1-Medicazione Primaria per Ferite) ha infatti svolto una prolungata funzione antisettica mantenendo il giusto grado di idratazione locale, fondamentale per il corretto svolgimento dei processi riparativi.Nelle ulcere sottominate o fistolose, l’uso di medicazioni a base oleosa, come la miscela oleosa di Neem e Hypericum perforatum (1-Medicazione per Ferita Primaria), può rappresentare, in casi selezionati, una valida scelta terapeutica locale.

Background: The resurgence and long duration of treatment of the Ponseti method in recent years has been punctuated by less than favourable long-term outcomes for surgically treated feet. Objectives of the study were to compare the two treatment techniques accelerated vs standard Ponseti technique among children’s having Congenital Talipes Equinovarus. Methods: This was two years randomized control trial study carried out among total 104 idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus patients in Orthopaedics and Spine Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. A convenient sampling technique was used in this study. Informed written consent was taken from each respondent. Patients in group A was subjected to accelerated ponseti technique and patients in group B was subjected to standard ponseti technique. At one month after treatment, all the patients were re assessed on the basis of pirani score. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: This study included a total 104 clinically diagnosed Congenital Talipes Equinovarus patients with mean age 5.5±2.1 months and 52 in each treatment group. Out of total 104 patients 68 (65.4%) were male and 36 (34.6%) were female. They’re found significant difference in the mean ponseti scores of these two-group p=0.042 provided comparatively low mean pirani score in accelerated ponseti group. All female child in accelerated ponsati group was responded to the treatment with 100% effectiveness rate. The difference of effectiveness of treatment was significant p=0.015 for children age range 4–8 months divided in two treatment group with good effectiveness 80.8% in accelerated ponseti group. Conclusion: Accelerated ponseti technique is more effective than standard ponseti technique for Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.

Background Rigid talipes equinovarus (TEV) is a complex foot deformity in which the foot is fixed in a plantarflexed, inverted, and adducted position. This pathology has the potential to severely limit basic life activities, which can be devastating for patients in developing countries. The objective of this study was to present the outcomes of patients with mature bones presenting with severe rigid TEV deformity who were operated on during a humanitarian mission to Vietnam using a single lateral approach and a simple and inexpensive fixation technique. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. We analyzed the outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for a severe rigid TEV that prevented them from walking minimal distances unaided. All feet were fixed in a non-plantigrade position. The surgeries were conducted as part of two International Extremity Project (IEP) missions in Can Tho, Vietnam (2013 and 2018). Pre- and post-operative AOFAS scores were compared using the paired sample t-test. Results We operated on 14 feet of 12 patients, 6 (50%) of whom were males, aged 34.42 ± 11.7 (range 12 to 58). Four patients were followed for three months, two patients were followed for 12 months, and eight patients were followed for three years. On the final follow-up visit of each patient, all 14 operated feet were plantigrade with good alignment, and patients reported an improvement in daily activity. After 3 years of follow-up, the mean AOFAS score of eight patients with available data improved by 42.88 ± 3.91 points (95% CI 39.61 to 46.14, P Conclusions Using low-technical surgical modalities, we were able to achieve plantigrade and walkable feet in patients with mature bones who had fixed rigid equinovarus. Level of evidence Level IV- Case Series.

Congenital equinovarus clubfoot (EVC) is the second most common congenital anomaly of the musculoskeletal system in children and one of the most common causes of childhood disability in Ukraine. The frequency of EVC reaches 1–3 cases per 1 000newborns (35–40% of all foot deformities). Objective. To determine the features ofthe children ability with EVC recurrences, before and after surgical treatment by «traditional» methods and Ponseti method. Methods. Biomechanical examinations of 65 children with EVC recurrences were performed. They were divided into two groups: group I (33 patients) — treated by «traditional» methods, which provided initial surgery, in order to completely correct all components ofthedeformity; group II (32 patients) — treatment by Ponseti method. Weight-bearing function was studied for all patients, before treatment, after 6 and 12 months after surgery, with statography. Results. It was determined that thestanding parameters in thegroups were not statistically different. After 6 months after the treatment, according to the statograms, the weight-bearing displacement remained, under the conditions oftwo weight-bearing standing towards the contralateral limb, in both groups ofpatients. In group I, after treatment, this parameter did not change (p=0.924), and in group II it decreased by (2.7±4.7)% (p = 0.013). Weight-bearing on the operated limb in both groups, in 12 months from surgery increased by 45%. Conclusions. In patients, after treatment of EVC recurrences by Ponseti method, the weight-bearing function indicators, in the case of two weight-bearing standing, changed statistically significant. During the recovery process, when patients began to load the operated foot, a slight deterioration of standing parameters was observed in patients ofgroup I in 6months from surgery. In patients of groupII, acomplete restoration of statographic parameters occurred earlier, in 6 months, anormalization of weight-bearing and stability was observed. Thus, it can be argued that the use of Ponseti method in the complex treatment ofEVC allows to restore the ability ofweight bearing much earlier than with the «traditional» method. Key words. Congenital talipes equinovarus, children, Ponseti method, statography., Уроджена еквіноварусна клишоногість (УЕВК) є другою за частотою серед усіх уроджених аномалій кістково-м’язової системи в дітей і однією з найпоширеніших причин дитячої інвалідності в Україні. Частота УЕВК сягає 1–3випадки на 1000 новонароджених (35–40% усіх деформацій стоп). Мета. Визначити особливості опороспроможності дітей із рецидивами УЕВК до та після хірургічного лікування за «традиційними» методами та методикою Понсеті. Методи. Проведено біомеханічні обстеження 65 дітей із рецидивами УЕВК, яких розподілили на дві групи: І (33па­цієнти) — «традиційні» методи, які передбачали початкове хірургічне втручання для повного виправлення всіх компонентів деформації; ІІ (32) — методика Понсеті. Усім хворим до лікування, через 6 і 12 міс. після операції проводили дослідження опороспроможності методом статографії. Результати. Визначено, що параметри стояння в групах статистично не відрізнялися. Через 6 міс. після лікування за даними статограм відмічали збереження зміщення опори за умов двохопорного стояння у бік контралатеральної кінцівки в обох групах хворих. У І групі після лікування цей параметр практично не змінився (р=0,924), а у ІІ — зменшився на (2,7±4,7)% (р=0,013). Опора на оперовану кінцівку через 12 міс. після хірургічного лікування вобох групах збільшилася на 45%. Висновки. У хворих після лікування рецидивів УЕВК за методикою Понсеті показники опороспроможності в разі двохопорного стояння статистично значуще змінилися. У процесі відновлення, коли пацієнти починали навантажувати оперовану стопу, спостерігали незначне погіршення параметрів стояння впацієнтів Ігрупи через 6 міс. після операції. У хворих ІІгрупи повне відновлення статографічних параметрів відбувалося раніше, уже через 6 міс. спостерігали нормалізацію опор­ності та стійкості. Таким чином, можна стверджувати, що використання методики Понсеті вкомплексному лікуванні УЕВК дозволяє відновити опороспроможність нижніх кінцівок пацієнтів значно раніше, ніж застосування «традиційних» методів. Ключові слова. Уроджена клишоногість, діти, методика Понсеті, статографія

Background. In the case of relapses of congenital equinovarus clubfoot (CEVC) at the age of 3–10 years, the approaches to treatment differ significantly. Thus, the treatment of recurrent CEVC at the age of 3–10 years after primary conservative treatment by the Ponseti method is carried out with the transposition of the tendon of the tibialis anterior to the 3rd sphenoid bone. The treatment of recurrent CEVC in children of 3–10 years old after traditional methods of treatment is more complex and less effective. The purpose was to determine the features of the recovery of strength of the foot muscle groups in children with recurrent CEVC before and after surgical treatment by the Ponseti method and after traditional treatment methods. Materials and methods. Dynamometric studies were carried out in 65 children with recurrent CEVC. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group I (33 children) included traditional techniques, which included initial surgical intervention to completely correct all components of the deformity; group II (32 people) — Ponseti method. All patients underwent dynamometry of the muscle groups of the dorsal flexors and plantar extensors of the foot. The study was carried out before treatment, after 6 months, after surgery, and after 1 year. Results. The results of the study showed that in patients who were treated by the Ponseti method (group II), the strength of the dorsal flexor muscle groups of the foot increased statistically significantly (p = 0.002) to the 6th month after surgery. In patients who were treated by traditional methods, statistically significant changes in the strength of the dorsal flexors of the foot were observed only to the 12th month after surgery. In group I patients, a statistically significant increase (at the p < 0.05 level) in the strength of the muscle groups of the plantar extensors of the foot was observed at all stages of the study. In patients who were treated by the Ponseti method, a statistically significant (p = 0.028) increase in the strength of the plantar extensors of the foot was observed only at the first stage (up to 6 months). Subsequently, the increase in the strength of the muscles of the plantar extensors of the foot significantly slowed down and averaged 0.2 ± 2.3 kg, which is not statistically significant (p = 0.880). Conclusions. In children of group I, the increase in muscle strength occurs more slowly than in group II, and the percentage increase in muscle strength compared to the initial va-lues is much less. Twelve months after the operation, the ratio of the strength of the dorsal flexors to the plantar extensors is almost completely restored in children, which justifies the advisability of using the Ponseti method as the primary method of treating CEVC in children.

Purpose To compare the histological healing and radiographic effects of tendons transferred to ossified or unossified bone using different tendon fixation techniques Methods Nine new-born piglets underwent bilateral tendon transfers to either the ossified boney calcaneal body or unossified apophysis. The tendons were fixed using metallic suture anchors, sutures alone or a bone tunnel. At six weeks of age, calcanei were harvested, radiologically imaged and then prepared for histology. A semi-quantitative aggregated scoring system with values ranging from 0 (poor) to 15 (excellent), was used to grade healing at the surgical enthesis and the apophyseal ossification was graded by five independent reviewers in triplicate using a modified (1 to 4) validated scoring system. Results Histologically, the cartilaginous transfers utilizing the tunnel and suture techniques also demonstrated the best average aggregated scores of entheses healing rivalling that measured in transfers using the classic bone tunnel technique (clinical benchmark), whereas suture anchor fixation demonstrated the worst healing in both the ossified and unossified samples. All three transfer techniques caused at least minor alterations in apophyseal ossification, with the most significant changes observed in the metallic suture anchor cohort. The tunnel and suture techniques demonstrated similar and more mild abnormalities in ossification. Conclusion Tendon transfers to unossified bone heal histologically as well as transfers classically performed through tunnels in bone. Suture fixation or tunnel techniques appear radiographically and histologically superior to suture anchors in our newborn porcine model. Level of evidence

Purpose We aimed to compare our parent-based exercise programem's efficacy with the foot abduction brace (FAB) Ponseti manipulation as a retention programme. Methods We conducted this prospective multicentre cohort study between August 2009 and November 2019. The included children were allocated into one of two groups according to the retention protocol. The Pirani and Laaveg-Ponseti scores were used to assess the feet clinically and functionally. Radiological assessment was performed using standing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the feet. We assessed the parents’ satisfaction and adherence to the retention method. SPSS version 25 was used for the statistical analysis. Results A total of 1265 feet in 973 children were included. Group A included 637 feet managed with FAB, while group B included 628 feet managed with our retention programme. All patients were followed up to the age of four years. At the final follow-up, Pirani scores in group A participants were excellent, good and poor in 515, 90, and 32 feet, respectivel, while in group B the scores were excellent, good and poor in 471, 110 and 44 feet, respectively. The mean total score of Laaveg-Ponseti was 87.81 (sd 19.82) in group A and 90.55 (sd 20.71) in group B (p = 0.02). Group B participants showed higher satisfaction with the treatment method (p = 0.011) and more adherence to the treatment (p = 0.013). Conclusion The deformity's recurrence related to the brace's non-compliance in the Ponseti method might be reduced by substituting the brace with our home-based daily stretching exercises. Level of Evidence II

Objective.Based on an analytical assessment of the results of surgical treatment of children with equinovarus foot deformity of various origins (idiopathic clubfoot, syndromic clubfoot), to determine a way of rational selection of surgical techniquesin each specifc case.Materials and methods.The results of the treatment of 78 children with congenital idiopathic clubfoot over the period 2010–2018 were assessed in comparison with the results of the treatment of 41 children with recurrent congenital clubfoot, whose primary treatment had been carried out before 2010. We have gained the experience in treating 30 children with severe clubfoot syndrome (meningomyelocele, CNS lesions, chromosomal diseases and others).Results.In the treatment of congenital clubfoot with the Ponseti method, recurrences occur in 21.79 % of the cases, and in the traditional treatment — in 57.74 %. The Ponseti surgical treatment of recurrences consists in performing release operations on the tendon-ligament apparatus from mini-accesses. Cases of rigid, long-standing deformities require extensive releases on soft tissues, as well as resection and arthrodesis interventions on the joints of the foot. The treatment of clubfoot syndrome requires “surgically aggressive” methods of correction in early childhood.Conclusion.In the idiopathic variants of clubfoot and its relapses, it is possible to correct the vicious position of the feet by minimally invasive operations with minimal damage to the tissues of the circumflex joints and without damage to the flexor tendons and their sheaths in the medial ankle area. Long-standing recurrent rigid variants, as well as syndromic clubfoot, presuppose the performance of extensive releases, osteotomies and arthrodetic resections of the joints of the foot at an early age. A promising direction for clubfoot correction in the process of child development is a surgery with the use of the bone growth potential of the lower leg and foot.

Approximately half of treated clubfoot patients initially corrected with the Ponseti method experience relapse that requires additional treatment. The consequences of relapse on childhood activity levels have not been well studied. Ponseti noted lower functional ratings at 18-year follow-up in clubfoot patients who had undergone tibialis anterior tendon transfer for relapse.Clubfoot Activity and Recurrence Exercise study (CARES) is an observational, prospective cohort study that compares physical activity in 30 clubfoot patients without and with relapse. Eligible participants were 5 to 10 years old, diagnosed with idiopathic clubfoot at birth, and had not received any clubfoot treatment for at least 6 months before study. Recruitment for this study occurred in-person and through Facebook clubfoot groups. Consented participants wore Fitbits secured to their wrists for at least 14 days, and completed a demographic survey, Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), and the clubfoot disease-specific instrument (CDSI). Participants' daily activity was monitored through Fitabase.Participants without and with clubfoot relapse had similar daily step counts, distance walked, and step intensities, except for moderately active step intensity, which was higher in the clubfoot relapse group. Total steps, total distance, distances (very active, moderately active), minutes (very active, fairly active), and lightly active intensity of steps were significantly higher for participants whose families earn more than $100,000 per year. Various physical activities and sports were reported by both groups in daily activity sheets. Neither demographics nor the CDSI or the CHQ scores significantly differed between the 2 groups. Step counts of children with clubfoot with or without relapse were similar to published levels for healthy children.Children with clubfoot initially treated with the Ponseti method who undergo treatment for relapse have comparable physical activity to those who have not relapsed. They also have comparable step counts to that of the general pediatric population. These reassuring findings can guide conversations with parents when addressing concerns regarding their children's physical activity after treatment for relapse of clubfoot deformity.Level II-therapeutic studies-investigating the results of treatment.

BACKGROUND: In 2010, 2 authors of this current study reported the results of Ponseti treatment compared with primary posteromedial release (PMR) for congenital talipes equinovarus in a cohort of 51 prospective patients. This current study shows outcomes recorded at a median of 15 years after the original treatment. METHODS: Patient health records were available for all 51 patients at a median of 15 years (range, 13 to 17 years) following treatment of congenital talipes equinovarus with either the Ponseti method (25 patients [38 feet]) or PMR (26 patients [42 feet]). Thirty-eight of 51 patients could be contacted, and 33 patients (65%) participated in the clinical review, comprising patient-reported outcomes, clinical examination, 3-dimensional gait analysis, and plantar pressures. RESULTS: Sixteen (42%) of 38 Ponseti-treated feet and 20 (48%) of 42 PMR-treated feet had undergone a further surgical procedure. The PMR-treated feet were more likely to undergo osteotomies and intra-articular surgical procedures (15 feet) than the Ponseti-treated feet (5 feet) (p < 0.05). Of the 33 patients reviewed with multimodal assessment, the Ponseti group, compared with the PMR group, demonstrated better Dimeglio scores (5.8 compared with 7.0 points; p < 0.05), Disease Specific Instrument (80.7 compared with 65.6 points; p < 0.05), Functional Disability Inventory (1.1 compared with 5.1; p < 0.05), and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Foot and Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire scores (52.2 compared with 46.6 points; p < 0.05), as well as improved total sagittal ankle range of motion in gait and ankle plantar flexion range at toe-off. The PMR group with clinical hindfoot varus displayed higher pressures in the lateral midfoot and the forefoot. CONCLUSIONS: Although the numbers of repeat surgical interventions following Ponseti treatment and primary PMR were similar, the PMR-treated feet had greater numbers of osteotomies and intra-articular surgical procedures. Functional outcomes were improved at a median of 15 years for feet treated with the Ponseti method compared with feet treated with PMR, with advantages seen in the Ponseti group over several domains. This study provides the most comprehensive evaluation of outcomes close to skeletal maturity in prospective cohorts, reinforcing the Ponseti method as the initial treatment of choice for idiopathic clubfeet. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Background. The clubfoot is a severe deformity of the foot. The birth rate of children with congenital clubfoot is 0.1–0.4 %. Since the end of the 1980s, when the technique of I. Ponseti gained worldwide recognition, early conservative treatment using staged plaster casts has been the main feature. The effectiveness of this technique reaches 93 % and can significantly reduce the number of surgical interventions. However, delayed treatment, the absence or non-compliance with the mode of wearing braces, concomitant neurological pathology lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of conservative treatment and the use of surgery. The objective of the study is a retrospective analysis of the results of applying our surgical method for congenital clubfoot in children. Materials and methods. From 2009 to 2017, 87 children (57 boys (78 feet) and 30 girls (37 feet)) with congenital clubfoot were treated surgically in the orthopaedics and trauma unit of National Children Specialized Hospital “OHMATDYT”. During the study, we have taken into account the age, sex, type of deformity, volume of surgical intervention, immediate results of surgical treatment (up to 1 year), frequency of relapses. Sixty seven patients (83 feet) were operated for the first time, and in 20 children (32 feet), surgical treatment was repeated. The average age of patients was 4.5 years. Results. The immediate results of treatment (1 year after the operation) were good in 65 patients (74.7 %), satisfactory — in 14 (16 %) and unsatisfactory — in 8 (9.3 %). Two (2.3 %) patients had elements of excessive correction of deformity, which was manifested by pronation with valgus deformity of the heel. Relapses manifested by the appearance of one of deformity elements were detected in 8 (9.2 %) cases. The main their causes were non-compliance with the recommendations at the stages of rehabilitation (6 patients) and postoperative complications (2 patients). Conclusions. Immediate results of treatment (1 year after surgery) indicate the correctness of our approach for surgical reconstruction of the foot in patients with clubfoot., Актуальность. Косолапость является тяжелой деформацией стопы и находится на первом месте среди врожденных заболеваний опорно-двигательного аппарата. Рождаемость детей с врожденной косолапостью составляет 0,1–0,4 %. Начиная с конца 80-х годов, когда во всем мире широкое признание получила методика І. Ponseti, основным является раннее консервативное лечение с использованием этапных гипсовых повязок. Эффективность данной методики достигает 93 % и позволяет значительно уменьшить количество хирургических вмешательств. Однако позднее начало лечения, отсутствие или несоблюдение режима ношения брейсов, сопутствующая неврологическая патология ведут к снижению эффективности консервативного лечения и применению в дальнейшем хирургических методик. Цель — ретроспективный анализ результатов выбранной нами тактики хирургического лечения врожденной косолапости у детей. Материалы и методы. За период с 2009 по 2017 год в ортопедо-травматологическом отделении НДСБ «Охматдет» хирургическое лечение проведено 87 детям (115 стоп) с диагнозом врожденной косолапости. В ходе исследования учитывались возраст, пол, тип деформации, объем оперативного вмешательства, ближайшие результаты оперативного лечения (до 1 года), частота рецидивов. Среди пациентов было 57 мальчиков (78 стоп) и 30 девочек (37 стоп). В том числе у 67 пациентов (83 стопы) операция была первой и у 20 детей (32 стопы) выполнялось повторное хирургическое лечение. Средний возраст пациентов составил 4,5 года. Результаты. Ближайшие результаты лечения через 1 год после оперативного вмешательства показали, что хорошие результаты были у 65 пациентов (74,7 %), удовлетворительные — у 14 (16 %) и неудовлетворительные — у 8 (9,3 %). У 2 (2,3 %) пациентов наблюдались элементы чрезмерной коррекции деформации, что проявлялось пронацией стопы с вальгусной деформацией пятки. Рецидивы, которые проявлялись появлением одного из элементов деформации, отмечались в 8 (9,2 %) случаях. Основной причиной их возникновения у 6 пациентов было несоблюдение рекомендаций на этапах реабилитации и у 2 пациентов — послеоперационные осложнения. Выводы. Ближайшие результаты лечения через 1 год после оперативного вмешательства свидетельствуют о правильности выбранного нами подхода к хирургической реконструкции стопы при косолапости., Актуальність. Клишоногість є тяжкою деформацією стопи, що знаходиться на першому місці серед вроджених захворювань опорно-рухового апарату. Народжуваність дітей із вродженою клишоногістю становить 0,1–0,4 %. Починаючи з кінця 80-х років, коли у всьому світі широкого визнання набула методика І. Ponseti, основним є раннє консервативне лікування з використанням етапних гіпсових пов’язок. Ефективність даної методики досягає 93 % і дозволяє значно зменшити кількість хірургічних втручань. Проте пізній початок лікування, відсутність або недотримання режиму носіння брейсів, супутня неврологічна патологія призводять до зниження ефективності консервативного лікування та застосування в подальшому хірургічних методик. Мета — ретроспективний аналіз результатів обраної нами тактики хірургічного лікування вродженої клишоногості в дітей. Матеріали та методи. За період із 2009 по 2017 рік в ортопедо-травматологічному відділенні НДСЛ «Охматдит» хірургічне лікування проведене 87 дітям (115 стоп) із діагнозом вродженої клишоногості. Під час дослідження враховувались вік, стать, тип деформації, обсяг оперативного втручання, найближчі результати оперативного лікування (до 1 року), частота рецидивів. Серед пацієнтів було 57 хлопчиків (78 стоп) та 30 дівчаток (37 стоп). У тому числі в 67 пацієнтів (83 стопи) операція була першою та у 20 дітей (32 стопи) виконувалось повторне хірургічне лікування. Середній вік пацієнтів становив 4,5 року. Результати. Найближчі результати лікування через 1 рік після оперативного втручання показали, що добрі результати були в 65 пацієнтів (74,7 %), задовільні — у 14 (16 %) та незадовільні — у 8 (9,3 %). У 2 (2,3 %) пацієнтів спостерігались елементи надмірної корекції деформації, що проявлялось пронацією стопи з вальгусною деформацією п’яти. Рецидиви, що проявлялися появою одного з елементів деформації, відмічалися у 8 (9,2 %) випадках. Основною причиною їх виникнення у 6 пацієнтів було недотримання рекомендацій на етапах реабілітації та у 2 пацієнтів — післяопераційні ускладнення. Висновки. Найближчі результати лікування через 1 рік після оперативного втручання свідчать про правильність обраного нами підходу до хірургічної реконструкції стопи при клишоногості.

BACKGROUND Clubfoot, a congenital deformity that presents as a rigid, inward turning of the foot, affects approximately 1 in 1000 infants and occurs as an isolated birth defect in 80% of patients. Despite its high level of heritability, few causative genes have been identified, and mutations in known genes are only responsible for a small portion of clubfoot heritability. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Are any rare gene variants enriched (that is, shared) in unrelated patients with isolated clubfoot? (2) Are there other rare variants in the identified gene (Filamin B) in these patients with clubfoot? METHODS Whole-exome sequence data were generated from a discovery cohort of 183 unrelated probands with clubfoot and 2492 controls. Variants were filtered with minor allele frequency < 0.02 to identify rare variants as well as small insertions and deletions (indels) resulting in missense variants, nonsense or premature truncation, or in-frame deletions. A candidate deletion was then genotyped in another cohort of 974 unrelated patients with clubfoot (a replication cohort). Other rare variants in the candidate gene were also investigated. A segregation analysis was performed in multigenerational families of individuals with clubfoot to see if the genotypes segregate with phenotypes. Single-variant association analysis was performed using the Fisher two-tailed exact test (exact p values are presented to give an indication of the magnitude of the association). RESULTS There were no recurrent variants in the known genes causing clubfoot in this study. A three-base pair in-frame codon deletion of Filamin B (FLNB) (p.E1792del, rs1470699812) was identified in 1.6% (3 of 183) of probands with clubfoot in the discovery cohort compared with 0% of controls (0 of 2492) (odds ratio infinity (inf) [95% CI 5.64 to inf]; p = 3.18 x 10-5) and 0.0016% of gnomAD controls (2 of 125,709) (OR 1.01 x 103 [95% CI 117.42 to 1.64 x 104]; p = 3.13 x 10-8). By screening a replication cohort (n = 974 patients), we found two probands with the identical FLNB deletion. In total, the deletion was identified in 0.43% (5 of 1157) of probands with clubfoot compared with 0% of controls and 0.0016% of gnomAD controls (OR 268.5 [95% CI 43.68 to 2.88 x 103]; p = 1.43 x 10-9). The recurrent FLNB p.E1792del variant segregated with clubfoot, with incomplete penetrance in two families. Affected individuals were more likely to be male and have bilateral clubfoot. Although most patients had isolated clubfoot, features consistent with Larsen syndrome, including upper extremity abnormalities such as elbow and thumb hypermobility and wide, flat thumbs, were noted in affected members of one family. We identified 19 additional rare FLNB missense variants located throughout the gene in patients with clubfoot. One of these missense variants, FLNB p.G2397D, exhibited incomplete penetrance in one family. CONCLUSION A recurrent FLNB E1792 deletion was identified in 0.43% of 1157 isolated patients with clubfoot. Given the absence of any recurrent variants in our discovery phase (n = 183) for any of the known genes causing clubfoot, our findings support that novel and rare missense variants in FLNB in patients with clubfoot, although rare, may be among the most commonly known genetic causes of clubfoot. Patients with FLNB variants often have isolated clubfoot, but they and their family members may be at an increased risk of having additional clinical features consistent with Larsen syndrome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Identification of FLNB variants may be useful for determining clubfoot recurrence risk and comorbidities.

Objectives: Clubfoot is a burden affecting 150,000 newborns worldwide every year. This study looked at the prevalence of clubfoot at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) and examined the risk factors associated with clubfoot in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were collected through the medical system (Medisys) and the database of the orthopedic department intern at KSMC to determine the prevalence of clubfoot using the births recorded from 2015 to 2019 and reviewing their medical files. The epidemiological description of Saudi clubfoot patients was attained by collecting a sample of 100 patients from the clubfoot clinic database. Results: A total of 18,515 births at KSMC from 2015 to 2019 were evaluated. It was found that 42 patients were affected by clubfoot resulting in a birth prevalence of 2.3/1000 (0.23%) among Saudis at KSMC. Out of 100 clubfoot patients, 93% had no maternal history of chronic disease, while 31% of the cases were a product of consanguineous marriages. About 15% of the patients had an associated developmental dysplasia of the hip. Conclusion: This study estimates the prevalence of clubfoot in one major medical center in Saudi Arabia to be 2.3/1000. The findings support the data reported in the literature that males are more affected by clubfoot than females, with twice the likelihood that males will be affected by clubfoot. This study will provide an initial look at clubfoot in Saudi Arabia, which can build a base for future studies.

We questioned whether indications of Achilles tenotomy and standards of equinus correction as used for infants/young children hold true for use of the classical Ponseti technique in older children as well. Children aged 2-12 years with previously untreated unilateral/bilateral idiopathic clubfeet were included. For the purpose of this study, the subjects were treated by the classic Ponseti technique and underwent percutaneous tenotomy when talar head was reduced. A successful outcome and braceable feet were considered to be achieved when there was at least 10 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion post-tenotomy. The feet were classified into success and failure groups based on the above outcome and compared statistically. Furthermore, we documented the overall foot abduction and ankle dorsiflexion achieved post-tenotomy in older children. Final evaluations were done in 27 patients (39 feet; bilateral 12). Post-tenotomy, 16 feet (41%) constituted the success group. The average age (3.3 versus 5.8 years), foot abduction (39.4 versus 28.7 degrees) and ankle dorsiflexion (14.7 versus 4.1 degrees) for the success group were statistically different from the failure group. There were several residual foot deformities post-tenotomy, chiefly empty heel, varus, equinus and rotation. The reduction of lateral head of talus was not a reliable indicator for planning Achilles tenotomy in the older child. A 10-degree ankle dorsiflexion postclassical Ponseti method was achievable in only 41% feet for older children. Further, several residual deformities were present in treated feet post-tenotomy.

Congenital clubfoot is the most common disease of the musculoskeletal system, causing deformities in the musculature of the foot and requiring long-term motor rehabilitation. This article shows the design and development of a serious game to support the process of motor rehabilitation of clubfoot through dorsiflexion and plantarflexion exercises. The game is controlled by a wearable device (Papeteshoes), where the accelerometers are responsible for detecting the movement of the foot. A pilot test was carried out withtwo children with and without clubfoot (Congenital Talipes Equi-novarus-CTE) to examine the feasibility of the game as a therapy instrument. Usability and applicability questionnaires were applied after using the game. The results show that both children reacted in the same way to the proposals, performing the necessary movements for the motor recruitment of the muscles related to the leg and foot and maintaining the range of motion of the ankle joint.

Introduction Idiopathic clubfoot (IC), also referred to as congenital talipes equinovarus, is one of the most common lower limb deformities observed in newborns, leading to significant functional impairment when left untreated. Early minimally invasive treatment has been praised as one of the most successful practice of modern pediatric orthopedics. This review aims to report current knowledge and controversies about clubfoot treatment. Material and methods We describe the main trends in clubfoot managing, identifying peculiarities, difficulties and prognostic factors related to the treatment. Results Many treatment techniques either conservative, surgical or hybrid have been used over the past decades. Based on good and excellent results during long-term follow-up, Ponseti method has been globally accepted by paediatric orthopaedic surgeons as standard method of treatment. However, some other conservative methods are still widely applied in the clinical setting, such as the French Physical Therapy method. Adherence to the bracing protocol is critical for the long-term success of the treatment, being a better predictor for relapse than severity of the deformity at birth. Conclusions Taking care of the manipulation and casting details by trained professionals, together with enhancing the child and patents’ adherence to the brace, are essential for the success of conservative treatment. Surgery should be performed only when strictly needed, preferably on a “a la carte” approach.

To examine the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) in singleton pregnancies with isolated fetal clubfoot.Clinical data from singleton pregnancies with a sonographic diagnosis of isolated clubfoot and ES results between 2018 and 2021 were retrospectively obtained from a single referral medical center. The recorded data include maternal age, gestational age at sonographic diagnosis, the indication for genetic testing, ES results, and pregnancy outcomes.During the study period, 38 fetuses were prenatally diagnosed with isolated clubfoot by ultrasound and underwent ES after the copy number variant analysis was non-diagnostic. Through the trio-ES analysis, pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were detected in 4 of 38 (10.5%) with the following genes: BRPF1, ANKRD17, FLNA, and KIF1A. All are de novo with three of autosomal dominant inheritance and one of X-linked recessive inheritance.Sonographic diagnosis of clubfoot, even isolated, increases the risk for monogenic syndromes. Exome sequencing should be an option for genetic investigation for such pregnancies.

Functioning in children consists of different aspects, including their ability to execute activities and participate in life situations. Several studies on children with clubfeet showed limited motor abilities and walking capacity compared with healthy control children, while other studies showed comparable athletic abilities and gross motor development. Although participation in activities of daily life plays an important role in the development of children, this has not yet been investigated in children with clubfeet. The study aims to determine the level of parents' perceived motor ability and participation in Ponseti-treated children with clubfeet compared with age-matched healthy controls.Parents of children aged 5 to 9 years with and without idiopathic Ponseti-treated clubfeet were asked to complete an online questionnaire about their child's motor abilities and participation level using the Dutch version of the Assessment of Life Habits for Children (LIFE-H) version 3 to assess participation and the Dutch Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 Checklist (MABC-2 Checklist) to assess motor abilities. Statistical analysis focused on differences between groups and the relationship between motor abilities and level of participation.Questionnaires of 86 children with clubfeet (mean age 7.1, 73% boys) and 62 controls (age 6.7, 53% boys) were analyzed. Despite a large variation, results showed no significant differences between groups on the total scores of the LIFE-H and the MABC-2 Checklist. Children with clubfeet, however, scored lower on Mobility and better on the categories Communication and Responsibility of the LIFE-H. Furthermore, children with clubfeet showed lower scores on the MABC-2 Checklist subscale "movement in a static and/or predictable environment." High levels of the parents' perceived participation correlate with good results, as perceived by the parents, in motor ability.Although differences on some aspects of motor ability and participation existed, children with clubfeet in general showed high levels of parents' perceived motor ability and participation. High levels of participation correlated with good results in motor ability.Level II.

Congenital talipes equinovarus or clubfoot is a common birth defect which affects the foot and ankle. In most cases, the underlying cause is unknown. The Ponseti method has become the gold standard of treatment for clubfoot. It is a non-invasive technique using series of plaster casts and orthoses. Complementary Achilles tenotomy is usually necessary. However, surgery is generally salvaged for more severe, rigid cases of clubfoot, including syndromic clubfeet arisen in neurological and neuromuscular disorders, which is summarized in this review.

TARP syndrome (Talipes equinovarus, Atrial septal defect, Robin sequence, and Persistence of the left superior vena cava) is a rare genetic condition, caused by developmental defects during embryogenesis. The phenotypic spectrum of TARP shows high clinical variability with patients either missing cardinal features or having additional clinical traits. Initially, TARP was considered a lethal syndrome, but patients with milder symptoms were recently described. The TARP-locus was mapped to the gene RNA-binding motif protein 10 (

Congenital clubfoot is a common pediatric malformation that affects approximately 0.1% of all births. 80% of the cases appear isolated, while 20% can be secondary or associated with complex syndromes. To date, two genes that appear to play an important role are

We aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of early Achilles tenotomy which was performed before Ponseti method in PEV deformities. 37 feet of 26 patients with Dimeglio type 3 and 4 deformities were included in the study. Unlike the classical Ponseti method, patients underwent a mini-open Achilles tenotomy before the first cast. 6-month follow-up of the foot deformities were assessed using Dimeglio classification clinically and lateral talocalcaneal and tibiocalcaneal angles radiologically. There were 20 male and 6 female patients with the median age of 14 days (4-37 days) and 11 bilateral and 15 unilateral deformities. The average follow-up period was 7 months (6-12 months). The mean Dimeglio scores before the Achilles tenotomy and Dimeglio score at the 6 th month follow-up were 14 (11-16) and 4 (4-6) for the right feet, 13 (10-16) and 4 (4-6) for the left feet respectively. The mean number of casting was 3.8 ± 0.4 for right feet and 3.7 ± 0.4 for left feet. The mean talocalcaneal angle was 24 ± 8.2 degrees for the right feet and 27 ± 8.2 degrees for the left feet. The mean tibiocalcaneal angle was 69 ± 12 for the right feet and 72 ± 14 degrees for the left feet. Early Achilles tenotomy can decrease the total number of cast for deformity correction in Ponseti method and provide good clinical and radiological outcomes at 6 th month follow-up in severe PEV deformities according to Dimeglio classification.

Idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus is the most commonly encountered congenital deformity of the foot. Ponseti technique of manipulation is the treatment of choice. The Pirani classification is a reliable scoring system for clinical evaluation of clubfeet. The role of radiographic parameters in the evaluation and treatment of clubfeet is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of radiological parameters with clinical correction in patients with idiopathic clubfeet undergoing correction using Ponseti method. Between March 2018 and March 2019, 42 feet in 27 patients with idiopathic clubfeet were treated in our hospital. We used the Pirani scoring system for clinical evaluation. Anteroposterior and lateral views of the feet were taken before and after correction and at the last follow-up. The anteroposterior view was evaluated for the talocalcaneal angle and talo-first metatarsal angle, while the lateral view was only evaluated for the talocalcaneal angle. Twelve were boys (44.4%), and 15 were girls (55.6%). The deformity was bilateral in 15 patients (55.6%) and unilateral in 12 patients (44.4%). The average age was three months. According to the Pirani score, the mean Pirani Total score was 4.4 before correction and reduced to 0.4 after correction. The mean talocalcaneal angle in anteroposterior and lateral views was 15.1° and 7.8° before correction, increased to 32.7° and 31.8° after correction, respectively. The mean talocalcaneal index increased from 23.2 before correction to 64.5 after correction. The mean talo-first metatarsal angle in anteroposterior view improved from 25.7° before correction to − 1.6° after correction. The relation between the differences in Pirani scores before and after correction and the differences in measured radiographic parameters before and after correction revealed a statistically significant correlation. Radiographic parameters showed a statistically significant correlation with the clinical outcome. Thus, evaluation of clubfeet correction treated by Ponseti technique can rely mainly on clinical scores with limited utilization of radiological assessment.

Purpose The systematic review study aimed to investigate the following details in the clubfoot children treated with the Ponseti technique: (1) to review the various designs and prescriptions of unilateral limb orthosis described in literature (2) to find the outcome following use of this orthosis, especially patient adherence and recurrence (3) comparison with standard bilateral limb foot abduction orthosis. Material and methods A literature search was performed for articles published in 'Pubmed (includes Medline indexed journals)' electronic databases for broad key words: 'Clubfoot or CTEV or congenital talipes equinovarus', 'orthosis or brace or splint'. Included were studies that addressed the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot in children up to 2 years of age using the Ponseti technique and use of unilateral limb orthosis for the subsequent maintenance phase. We excluded studies reporting Ponseti technique for nonidiopathic clubfoot, child age older than 2 years at the time of primary treatment, studies where unilateral limb orthosis was used as a tool for primary correction of all or some components of clubfoot and design descriptions of orthosis without practical usage data. Results Of the 1537 articles from the database, 10 articles were included in the final review. Most studies were retrospective, underpowered and had a short term follow-up. In some series, the use of this orthosis was driven by personal experiences and regional preferences rather than a just scientific explanation. The tested designs were variable and nonstandardized. Being less restrictive, unilateral limb orthosis may have an edge over bilateral limb orthosis in terms of patient adherence. The available comparative studies however showed inferiority of unilateral orthoses when compared to the bilateral limb orthosis in preventing recurrences in clubfoot treatment. Conclusions There is insufficient evidence to support use of unilateral limb orthosis for maintenance of deformity correction following treatment of clubfoot with the Ponseti technique. Their use was found associated with high recurrence rates.

Children with clubfoot often present after the walking age, especially in low- and middle-income countries where approximately 80% of children with clubfoot are born. With advancing age, there is increased stiffness of the soft tissue structures and decreased remodeling potential of the bones of the foot. Not all clubfeet in older children are rigid—some are flexible and amenable to stretching and conservative treatment. Hence, the initial evaluation of the deformity must include an assessment of correctability. The treatment of clubfoot in the older child is challenging and was traditionally performed using complex soft tissue and bony surgeries, often with poor outcomes in the long term. Recent literature has focused on the role of conservative treatment utilizing Ponseti principles of serial manipulation and casting, combined with limited surgery. The purpose of this review is to report the changing trends in the management of clubfoot in the walking child, to review the current literature regarding various treatment modalities, and to recommend a practical approach to treatment based upon age, inherent flexibility of the foot, available resources, and contextual factors. How to cite this article Penny N, Aroojis A, Mehtani A, et al. Clubfoot Correction in Walking-age Children: A Review. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia Pacific) 2021;8(3):102–109.