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The present study longitudinally examined stability and change in the attributional profiles of Finnish student athletes (n = 391) in upper secondary sport schools. Moreover, it examined the extent to which these profiles, and changes in them, were associated with athletes’ level of sport competition and school achievements and dropouts at the end of upper secondary sport school. Using latent profile analysis, five different and highly stable attributional profiles were identified for student athletes: (a) depressive (6.9%), (b) athletic self-serving (23.0%), (c) average (16.4%), (d) learned helplessness (30.9%), and (e) responsible (22.8%). The results further showed that over the 3-year study period, the responsible attributional style, wherein individuals take responsibility for successes and failures, predicted student athletes’ subsequent high grade point average and low sport dropout rates even after controlling for the impacts of their earlier grade point average, gender, and type of sport.

This observational study is meant to research the relationship between people who identify as athletes and attributional style.

Observing on Instagram with 60 participants based on their last 10 posts how high self-esteem and external attributional style to negative events

Finding TikTok users who post about passing or failing a test and seeing how many of their last 10 posts show depressive qualities

I will be conducting an observational research study that aims to find people's internal locus of control and its relationship to a positive attributional style via the social media platform Instagram.

This work is a systematic review of the relationship between attributional style and depressive symptoms in youth. It is based on the class project for ECPY 745, Systematic Reviewing and Meta-Analysis, offered by Jeff Valentine at the University of Louisville.

In this observational study, I will be observing if superstitious beliefs influence how individuals perceive events in their lives. I will be using Reddit to operationalize my causal and outcome variables.

Observational study measuring frequency of indicators for low self-esteem and negative attributional style.

This study will: 1. Investigate the role of individual differences in engagement in attributional thinking in depression by measuring the tendency to engage in attributional thinking and attributional style in currently nondepressed individuals with a history of past depression 2. Determine whether the aforementioned factors predict the development of depressive symptoms prospectively over time 3. Test the validity of a newly developed measure of individual differences in the tendency to engage in attributional thinking

espanolEl estudio analizo la adecuacion del modelo de Indefension Aprendida y la Teoria de la Desesperanza para predecir sintomas y funcionamiento social (FS) en personas con trastornos psicoticos comparando un grupo clinico (n = 25) con una muestra no-clinica (n = 30). Se calcularon correlaciones bivariadas y regresiones lineales para evaluar relaciones entre el cuestionario de Estilos Atribucionales (ASQ), variables clinicas y FS dentro del grupo clinico. Se encontraron diferencias para la mayoria de las dimensiones atribucionales. Un “estilo pesimista” predijo la depresion dentro del grupo clinico. Un sesgo de atribucion inestable predijo los sintomas positivos. La psicopatologia y un estilo de atribucion global predijeron un 50% de la varianza del FS. El modelo de Indefension Aprendida resulto adecuado para predecir la depresion independientemente de los sintomas psicoticos y fue util prediciendo los sintomas clinicos y el FS en personas con trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia. Se discuten las implicaciones teoricas y clinicas. EnglishWe tried to verify whether the reformulated Learned Helplessness Model and its more fully articulated form, the Hopelessness Theory of Depression, were adequate to predict symptoms and social functioning (SF) in persons with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders by comparing a clinical group (n = 25) with a non-clinical one (n = 30). Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regressions were conducted to assess relationships between the Attribution Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), clinical variables, and SF within the clinical group. Differences between groups were found for most of attributional dimensions. A “pessimistic style” predicted depression within the clinical group. An unstable attribution bias predicted positive symptoms. General psychopathology and a global attribution style predicted 50% of the variance in general SF. The Learned Helplessness Model was suitable to predict depression regardless of psychotic symptoms and may be useful to predict clinical symptoms and SF in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clinical and theoretical implications were discussed.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) es una enfermedad multifactorial en la que, por interacción con diversas variables, se incrementa la vulnerabilidad a padecerla. Diversos modelos han explicado las interacciones, como el de diátesis-estrés. Vivir eventos estresantes no siempre lleva a la aparición del TDM, y se ha planteado que la atribución y la valoración de los eventos estresantes podrían ser un mejor predictor de la aparición de los síntomas. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación y el poder predictivo de la frecuencia y la valoración de eventos vitales estresantes en la presencia de sintomatología del TDM. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles con 120 pacientes psiquiátricos y 120 personas de la población general. Se utilizó una entrevista clínica estructurada y el Cuestionario de Sucesos Vitales de Sandín y Chorot. Los datos se analizaron con pruebas no paramétricas y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: El grupo de casos obtuvo significativamente más altos en afecto negativo, frecuencia de eventos estresantes, nivel de estrés percibido, valoración negativa de la situación y percepción de no control. El modelo de regresión logística binaria indicó que la baja percepción de control frente al evento estresante es el factor más determinante, seguido por la evaluación negativa del evento. Conclusiones: Las atribuciones realizadas sobre los eventos estresantes son determinantes en la presentación del TDM, en especial la valoración del control percibido frente a los sucesos vitales, en concordancia con los modelos etiológicos del TDM de diátesis cognitiva al estrés. ABSTRACT Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease in which, due to the interaction of several variables, the vulnerability of suffering from it increases. Several models, such as the diathesis-stress model, have explained these interactions. However, experiencing stressful events does not always lead to the development of MDD, and the attribution and appraisal of stressful events contributing to further development of depression symptoms has been considered as a possible explanation. Objective: To determinate the association and the predictive power of the frequency and appraisal of stressful life events to predict MDD symptomatology. Methods: Case-control study with 120 psychiatric patients and 120 people from the general population. A structured clinical interview and the life events questionnaire (Sandín and Chorcot) were used to evaluate the sample. The data were analysed with non-parametric tests and binary logistic regression. Results: The psychiatric patients reported significantly higher levels of negative affect, frequency of stressful life events, perceived stress, negative appraisal of the situation and lack of perceived control. The binary logistic regression model indicated that poor perception of control of the stressful event is the most determining factor, followed by negative evaluation of the situation. Conclusions: The attributions that are made regarding a stressful event are variables that predict MDD, specifically the assessment of the perceived control over the situation. These results concur with the aetiological models of MDD, such as the cognitive diathesis-stress model.

Polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene are related to individual differences in negative emotions, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety. However, it remains unclear what the potential roles of OXTR polymorphisms are in subjective well-being (SWB), which is negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. We examined attributional styles as mediator between SWB and five polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576, rs2254298, rs1042778, rs2268494, and rs2268490) among 627 full-time college freshmen (Mage = 20.90, SD = 0.82 for male; Mage = 20.81, SD = 0.92 for female) using structural equation modeling. The results showed that individuals with the OXTR rs2254298 AA genotype and rs53576 AA/GA genotype reported higher scores on SWB, which suggested that individuals with this genotype experienced more happiness. Moreover, external attributional style partially mediated the association between OXTR rs2254298 polymorphism and SWB (β = 0.019, 95%CI [0.001, 0.036], p = 0.035). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that the genetic variations of OXTR played a role in the individual differences of SWB, and external attribution style could mediate the association.

Background: Although children’s depressive and anxious symptoms have been broadly construed as internalizing problems, the current study sought to identify factors that may differentially contribute to these two mental health problems in a high-risk sample. Prior research has not adequately tested both depressive versus anxious symptoms simultaneously, nor has it adequately considered the role of negative versus positive parenting simultaneously, thereby neglecting the potential overlap in both sets of constructs. Overlooking such potential statistical overlap obfuscates how factors may differentially contribute to either depressive versus anxious symptoms. Existing research has also focused on lower-risk community samples. Method: The present study investigated whether children’s negative self-concept or maladaptive attributional style mediated the link between both negative and positive parenting in a racially diverse, at-risk sample of 65 primary school-age children recruited from mental health agencies. Results: When tested together, more negative parenting, but not less positive parenting, retained direct effects on both depressive and anxious symptoms. Both negative self-concept and maladaptive attributional style fully mediated the association between less positive parenting and children’s depressive symptoms, whereas positive self-concept, but not attributional style, mediated between less positive parenting and anxious symptoms. Conclusions: The current findings underscore potential differential intervention targets for these two internalizing problems and highlight the need for future research to consider both depressive and anxious symptoms, and related predictors, simultaneously to control for their shared variance.

Contains fulltext : 217705.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background: Attributions are cognitive variables that influence a person's behaviour. Although a large volume of research has been conducted on the attributions of support staff with regard to challenging behaviour (CB) exhibited by people with intellectual disabilities (ID), studies on patterns of attributional dimensions (i.e. attributional styles) are scarce. Method: Using semi-structured interviews, 19 support staff members were asked to describe incidents of aggressive, self-injurious and sexualized challenging behaviour. Data on attributions were analysed using the Leeds Attributional Coding System. Results: Four attributional styles differed significantly for aggressive, self-injurious and sexualized challenging behaviour. In addition, support staff members largely attributed these three types of CB to characteristics and behaviour of clients with ID. Conclusions: The results indicate that it is important to train support staff to recognize and understand the ways in which their attributions and behaviour influence the existence and maintenance of CB. 10 p.

A raíz de la situación provocada por la pandemia causada por el coronavirus en España, se implantaron numerosas medidas de seguridad, entre las más destacables, el decreto del estado de alarma y un periodo de confinamiento que solo permitía salir de casa para realizar necesidades básicas. Seguido a esto y hasta la fecha, el país atravesó cuatro olas de contagio que supusieron la saturación del sistema sanitario en varias ocasiones, así como pequeños confinamientos de menor impacto por comunidades autónomas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las posibles diferencias en ansiedad, estilo atribucional y crecimiento postraumático entre trabajadores y trabajadoras españoles sanitarios y no sanitarios durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2021. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre personas empleadas en el sector sanitario y externas a él. Por el contrario, se encontraron discrepancias en las puntuaciones entre sexos, rangos de edad y experiencia laboral. Se comprobó que las mujeres, las personas con menor experiencia laboral y las que más estabilidad económica y laboral tenían antes de la pandemia, sufrieron un mayor impacto psicológico tanto positivo como negativo. A modo de prospectiva de investigación se plantea llevar a cabo un estudio longitudinal teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la parte cualitativa del estudio que no se incluyeron en el trabajo As a result of the situation caused by the pandemic caused by the coronavirus in Spain, numerous security measures were implemented, the most notable of which were the decree of a state of alarm and a period of confinement that only allowed people to leave their homes for basic necessities. Following this, to date, the country has experienced four waves of contagion that have led to the saturation of the health system on several occasions, as well as smaller confinements of lesser impact by autonomous communities. The aim of this study was to analyze possible differences in anxiety, attributional style and post-traumatic growth between Spanish healthcare and non-healthcare workers during the months of March and April 2021. The results showed no statistically significant differences between people employed in the health sector and those outside it. On the contrary, discrepancies in scores were found between sexes, age ranges and work experience. It was found that women, those with less work experience and those with more financial and work stability before the pandemic suffered a greater positive and negative psychological impact. As a prospective research project, we plan to carry out a longitudinal study, taking into account the results of the qualitative part of the study that were not included in the work

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el papel de la motivación y del autoconcepto en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). Los resultados mostraron que la autoeficacia académica percibida, las atribuciones del éxito a la capacidad, y el autoconcepto académico predijeron mayores niveles de rendimiento académico. Por otro lado, la motivación de evitación de fracaso, las atribuciones del éxito a la suerte y del fracaso a la dificultad de la tarea predijeron un peor rendimiento académico. Las atribuciones internas del éxito académico (capacidad y esfuerzo), y las atribuciones internas y estables del fracaso (capacidad), predijeron mayores y menores niveles de expediente académico, respectivamente, indirectamente a través de su influencia sobre el autoconcepto académico. Nuestros resultados muestran la importancia del papel del estilo atribucional en el desarrollo del autoconcepto y su influencia en el rendimiento académico en alumnos de Educación Secundaria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of motivational factors and self-concept in predicting academic performance at the end of academic year in secondary school students. Results showed that perceived academic self-efficacy, attributions of academic success to one’s ability, and academic self-concept were predictive of higher levels of academic sucsess. In contrast, motivation to avoid failure, attributions of academic success to good luck, and attributions of failure to task difficulties predicted lower levels of academic success. Results also showed that attributions of academic success to one’s ability and effort, and attributions of failure to one’s ability were indirectly predictive of higher and lower academic performance, respectively, via their influence in academic self-concept. Our results point out the importance of attributional styles in the development of self-concept and their influence in academic performance in secondary school students.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati ulogu kognitivnih i motivacijskih odrednica konstruktivne komunikacije pri rješavanju sukoba u intimnim vezama, odnosno provjeriti može li se konstruktivna komunikacija prilikom sukoba predvidjeti korištenjem modela Teorije planiranog ponašanja. Namjera ponašanja najbolji je prediktor stvarnog kasnijeg ponašanja, a Teorija planiranog ponašanja definira da su za formiranje namjere ključni stav prema ponašanju, socijalna norma izvođenja ponašanja, te percipirana bihevioralna kontrola nad ponašanjem. Vremenska perspektiva i atribucijski stil, kao stabilne karakteristike pojedinca, utječu na formiranje stavova, uvažavanje socijalnih normi te percepciju bihevioralne kontrole nad izvođenjem ponašanja, ali i na samu komunikaciju prilikom sukoba. Stoga nas je zanimalo doprinose li vremenska perspektiva i atribucijski stil, uz elemente koje postulira Teorija planiranog ponašanja, boljem predviđanju ponašanja osoba prilikom sukoba. Provedeno je istraživanje u dvije vremenske točke na uzorku od 240 sudionika mlađe odrasle dobi koji su u trenutku provedbe istraživanja bili u ljubavnoj vezi, ali ne i u braku. U prvoj vremenskoj točki ispitani su stavovi o konstruktivnoj komunikaciji, socijalna norma konstruktivne komunikacije, percipirana bihevioralna kontrola nad konstruktivnom komunikacijom prilikom sukoba, namjera buduće konstruktivne komunikacije, vremenska perspektiva te atribucijski stil sudionika. Mjesec dana kasnije uslijedila je druga točka mjerenja u kojoj ispitana stvarna konstruktivna komunikacija prilikom sukoba u proteklih mjesec dana. Metodologijom strukturalnog modeliranja provjereno je pristajanje podataka modelu koji postulira Teorija planiranog ponašanja, te pristajanje podataka proširenom modelu koji uključuje vremenske perspektive, atribuiranja partnerovog negativnog ponašanja i atribucijski stil. Rezultati pokazuju da je konstruktivnu komunikaciju prilikom sukoba moguće predvidjeti modelom definiranim Teorijom planiranog ponašanja, te da stav o ponašanju, socijalna norma i bihevioralna kontrola ne predviđaju konstruktivnu komunikaciju izravno, već posredno preko namjere konstruktivne komunikacije. Osobe koje izražavaju pozitivniji stav prema konstruktivnoj komunikaciji, koje drže da okolina od njih očekuje da komuniciraju na taj način te koje smatraju da su u stanju komunicirati konstruktivno ako to žele, izražavaju veću namjeru budućeg konstruktivnog komuniciranja prilikom sukoba, te posljedično uistinu i komuniciraju više konstruktivno prilikom sukoba s partnerom. Uključenjem vremenskih perspektiva, atribuiranja partnerovog negativnog ponašanja i atribucijskog stila u model, povećava se prediktivnost modela za konstruktivnu komunikaciju prilikom sukoba, ukazujući na važnu ulogu ovih konstrukata u razumijevanju dinamike bliskih odnosa. Istraživanje daje doprinos razumijevanju kognitivnih i motivacijskih činitelja kao prediktora konstruktivne komunikacije prilikom sukoba u intimnoj vezi, posebno u segmentu njihova međuodnosa. Dobiveni nalazi, predstavljaju teorijski i metodološki doprinos ovom području, a imaju i važne praktične implikacije za razumijevanje partnerskih odnosa. Introduction: Conflicts occur occasionally in every close relationship and they are inevitable. But the way people communicate during these conflicts is predictive for relationship quality, satisfaction and relationship dissolution. The usual ways in which one communicates during relationships conflicts is called a communication pattern. Some patterns help resolve conflicts, while other patterns intensify conflicts. The constructive communication pattern involves both partners equally in resolving the conflict or stress within the relationship. It refers to a pattern whereby one couple member engages in joint problem solving and mutual disclosure during a conflict situation with the other couple member. Since constructive communication is an intentional behavior, it is plausible that the Theory of planned behavior (TPB) model (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977) predicts such behavior. According to the TPB, behaviors can be predicted by behavioral intent which is formed based on attitudes toward the specific behavior, the social norm associated with the behavior and the perceived behavioral control to perform the behavior. Since attitudes, social norm and perceived behavioral control are guided by other cognitive and motivational processes, it is expected that one's time perspective and attributional style should help in understanding relationship communication. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate whether constructive communication during conflicts can be predicted using the TPB and to determine if expanding the model by including time perspectives and attributional style improves this prediction. Methodology: The sample consisted of 240 young adults, aged between 18 and 30, who were in a serious relationship but not married. The research was conducted in two time points. In the first, elements of the TPP (attitudes towards constructive communication, social norm for such behavior, and perceived behavioral control over constructive communication during conflicts) were assessed using a questionnaire constructed according to Ajzen's (2011) guidelines specifically for this study. Time perspectives (Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory, ZTPI, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), attributional style (Attributional Style Questionnaire, ASQ, Peterson, Semmel, Von Baeyer, Abramson, Metalsky, & Seligman, 1982) and attributions of partner's negative behavior (Relationship Attribution Measure, RAM, Fincham & Bradbury, 1992) were also assessed. A month later, actual constructive communication during conflicts in the past month were measured using the Communication Patterns Questionnaire's (CPQ) Constructive Communication subscale (Christensen & Sullaway, 1984). Using structural equation modelling, two models were tested: the basic TPB model, and the extended TPB model which included time perspectives, attributional style and attributions of partner's negative behavior. Results and discussion: The results revealed that constructive communication during conflicts can be predicted using the TPB's model. A more positive attitude towards constructive communication, a stronger social norm for communicating constructively and higher perceived behavioral norm were associated with a stronger intent to communicate constructively in future conflicts. Behavioral intent predicted actual constructive communication during conflicts. Attitudes, social norm, and perceived behavioral control did not have a direct effect on constructive communication, but rather an indirect one through behavioral intent. Examining the extended model, in which time perspectives, attributional style and attributions of partner's negative behavior were included in the TPB model, it was shown that the extended model improved the prediction of constructive communication compared to the basic TPB model. Past positive and negative time perspectives predicted subjective norm, and present fatalistic time perspective was associated directly with lower behavioral intent to communicate constructively. Those more oriented towards the past showed a stronger norm for constructive communication, although those focused on negative aspects of their past believed they were not able to communicate constructively. Lower behavioral intent was predicted by present fatalistic time perspective, which is in line with previous findings indicating present fatalistic oriented individuals generally tend to underestimated their behavioral intent in self –report measures (Van Ittersum, 2012). Perceived behavioral control was also associated with attributional style's stability dimension. The stability dimension of attributions of partner's negative behavior had a direct effect on constructive communication, as well as an indirect one through attitudes towards constructive communication. Assigning blame to the partner for what he did (dimension of blame in the attributions of partner's negative behavior) had only an indirect effect on constructive communication through perceived behavioral control. Therefore, we can say that those who believe their partner's negative behavior was caused by a one-time only cause as well as those who do not blame their partner for what he did are more likely to communicate constructively. Conclusion: The present research contributes to better understanding of intimate relationship conflicts and communication, as well as their antecedents. A deeper understanding of the cognitive and motivational basis of constructive communication, through attitudes, social norm, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intent and factors influencing them provides one of the preconditions for the integration of these constructs into a model that not only broadens the theoretical knowledge of the field, but is also applicable in everyday life couple's therapy and interventions. Indirectly, the research fuels further advancement in the study providing interesting directions for future research.

Objectives: Patients with schizophrenia are characterized with deficiencies in various aspects of social functioning. Given the relationship between social functioning deficits and relapse in these patients, identification of underlying factors is of significant importance. Thus, in this study, the contribution of each dimension of social cognition (Emotion Perception [EP], Theory of Mind [ToM] and Attributional Style [AS]) in predicting the social function of schizophrenic patients were examined. Methods: The statistical population included all patients with chronic schizophrenia hospitalized in Shiraz chronic healthcare centers. Of them, a total of 62 patients with schizophrenia disorder were selected based on purposive sampling method from three chronic care centers and were evaluated using social cognition tools (Hinting Task, Face Emotion Identification Task, and The Ambiguous Intentions and Hostility Questionnaire) and the Social Functioning Scale (SFS). Results: The results showed that ToM and EP predicted social functioning in people with schizophrenia but attributional style was not associated with social functioning. Discussion: On the whole, ToM and EP are general abilities contributing in explaining social functioning. However, the importance of attributional bias is significant when evaluating the performance of a person in specific areas such as aggressive behaviors.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attributional style and spiritual intelligence (SI) with job performance of employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Methods: The study population consisted of the employees of 8 faculties of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (n = 647), of which 243 staff members were selected using a stratified sampling method. Data collection was performed using standard Amram Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, Paterson Job Performance Questionnaire and Rotter Locus of Control Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions using SPSS. Results: Based on Pearson correlation coefficient, SI was significantly correlated with job performance among the employees. In addition, there was a significant correlation between internal locus of control and job performance; however, external locus of control did not exhibit any correlation with job performance. Furthermore, the results showed a significant relationship between SI components and job performance (P = 0.000). The results of the regression analysis revealed that all the components of SI were predictors of variables for job performance (R2 = 0.26). Conclusion: Considering the tests, it was revealed that there is a positive and meaningful relation between the internal control of attributional style and the elements of the SI with personnel job performance. However, based on the result of the regression with the fixed amount of 26 percent, it seems necessary to pay attention to other effective elements on the performance of personnel, except internal control and elements of SI.

Although menstrual cycle-related changes in psychological and physical symptoms have been the focus of study for decades, important gaps remain in our understanding of these changes. In the present study we test for individual differences and covariations in cyclical changes across diverse symptom domains, including physical symptoms, affective disturbances, and attributional style. Using prospective daily reports across two full menstrual cycles from n = 163 young adult women ( M = 19.54 years), the present study applies a combination of within-person analyses (cosine function regressions) and structural equation modeling to examine individual differences, factor structure, and symptom-specific associations. Results suggest that (a) individual differences in cyclical change are consistently significant and relatively more important than average levels of change, (b) cyclical change across diverse symptom types are best modeled as separate but correlated factors, and (c) future research should also consider attributional style, along with cyclical changes in affective and physical symptoms.

El propósito del estudio fue analizar la ansiedad y la tristeza-depresión desde la teoría de la indefensión-desesperanza. Doscientos veintinueve adultos completaron cinco medidas de autoinforme: el Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad, el Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado Rasgo, el Cuestionario Tridimensional para la Depresión, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck, y el Cuestionario de Estilo Atribucional. Los resultados de los análisis correlacionales y los modelos de regresión efectuados arrojaron asociaciones fuertes entre los diferentes componentes de la ansiedad y la depresión. Además, el estilo atribucional negativo predijo de manera significativa la ansiedad y la depresión, especialmente a nivel cognitivo, en mujeres y varones. Se concluyó que el elemento común a dichas emociones puede ser un estilo atribucional característico relacionado con un constructo más amplio, la “emocionalidad negativa”, que comprende tanto la ansiedad como la depresión. Abstract: Anxiety and sadness-depression: An approximation from the perspective of the helplessness-hopelessness theory. The purpose of the study was to analyse the constructs of anxiety and sadness-depression from the perspective of the helplessness-hopelessness Theory. Two hundred twenty-nine adults completed five self-reported measures: The Anxiety Situations and Responses Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Tridimensional Depression Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis and regression models showed strong associations between the different components of anxiety and depression. Moreover, negative attributional style significantly predicted anxiety and depression, especially the cognitive dimension of these constructs, for both female and male participants. We concluded that these emotions share a common element: a characteristic attributional style related to a broader construct, the “negative emotionality”, that includes both anxiety and depression. Sitio web de la revista (Consulta: 07-10-2019)

Background Cognitive models predict that vulnerability to major depressive disorder (MDD) is due to a bias to blame oneself for failure in a global way resulting in excessive self-blaming emotions, decreased self-worth, hopelessness and depressed mood. Clinical studies comparing the consistency and coherence of these symptoms in order to probe the predictions of the model are lacking. Methods 132 patients with remitted MDD and no relevant lifetime co-morbid axis-I disorders were assessed using a phenomenological psychopathology-based interview (AMDP) including novel items to assess moral emotions (n=94 patients) and the structured clinical interview-I for DSM-IV-TR. Cluster analysis was employed to identify symptom coherence for the most severe episode. Results Feelings of inadequacy, depressed mood, and hopelessness emerged as the most closely co-occurring and consistent symptoms (≥90% of patients). Self-blaming emotions occurred in most patients (>80%) with self-disgust/contempt being more frequent than guilt, followed by shame. Anger or disgust towards others was experienced by only 26% of patients. 85% of patients reported feelings of inadequacy and self-blaming emotions as the most bothering symptoms compared with 10% being more distressed by negative emotions towards others. Limitations Symptom assessment was retrospective, but this is unlikely to have biased patients towards particular emotions relative to others. Conclusions As predicted, feelings of inadequacy and hopelessness were part of the core depressive syndrome, closely co-occurring with depressed mood. Self-blaming emotions were highly frequent and bothering but not restricted to guilt. This calls for a refined assessment of self-blaming emotions to improve the diagnosis and stratification of MDD., Highlights • Feelings of inadequacy were part of the core major depressive syndrome • Self-blaming emotions occurred in most patients • Self-disgust/contempt was slightly more frequent than guilt • Only a minority of patients was most distressed by negative emotions towards others • This demonstrates a central role of self-blaming emotions in major depression

BackgroundThe sense of self-agency, i.e., experiencing oneself as the cause of one's own actions, is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Normally, inferences of self-agency are enhanced when actual outcomes match with pre-activated outcome information, where this pre-activation can result from explicitly set goals (i.e., goal-based route) or implicitly primed outcome information (i.e., prime-based route). Previous research suggests that patients show specific impairments in the prime-based route, implicating that they do not rely on matches between implicitly available outcome information and actual action-outcomes when inferring self-agency. The question remains: Why? Here, we examine whether neurocognitive functioning and self-serving bias (SSB) may explain abnormalities in patients’ agency inferences.MethodsThirty-six patients and 36 healthy controls performed a commonly used agency inference task to measure goal- and prime-based self-agency inferences. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and the SSB was assessed with the Internal Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire.ResultsResults showed a substantial smaller effect of primed outcome information on agency experiences in patients compared with healthy controls. Whereas patients and controls differed on BACS and marginally on SSB scores, these differences were not related to patients’ impairments in prime-based agency inferences.ConclusionsPatients showed impairments in prime-based agency inferences, thereby replicating previous studies. This finding could not be explained by cognitive dysfunction or SSB. Results are discussed in the context of the recent surge to understand and examine deficits in agency experiences in schizophrenia.

Se analiza longitudinalmente la capacidad predictiva de un conjunto de variables motivacionales sobre el rendimiento matemático. Los análisis se realizan, en una muestra de 180 sujetos, con datos evaluados en dos momentos (Educación Infantil 5 años y 2º curso de Primaria). También se estudian las diferencias entre dos grupos, con rendimiento matemático medio y bajo al finalizar el primer ciclo de Primaria, en las variables motivacionales evaluadas en el primer momento. Los resultados muestran un importante poder predictivo sobre el rendimiento matemático posterior de la competencia percibida. También la persistencia, la actitud y la dimensión atribucional de internalidad positiva aportan una contribución significativa adicional. Los resultados muestran igualmente que los grupos con rendimiento medio y bajo al finalizar 2º de Primaria presentaban diferencias significativas a los 5 años, tanto en internalidad positiva como en persistencia. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de los resultados. This longitudinal study analyzes the predictive value of a set of motivational variables on academic performance in mathematics area. Analyses were performed, in a sample of 180 subjects, with the data evaluated in two stages in formal educational settings (from kindergarten through 2nd grade of Primary School). Likewise, differences between groups, with average (AM) and low math performance (LM) at the end of the second year of Primary School, in motivational and attributional variables assessed at the first moment, are also studied. The results show a significant predictive power on later mathematics achievement for self-competence. Also persistence, attitude and positive attributional dimension of internality have an additional significant contribution. The results also show that average and low yield groups at the end of 2nd grade of Primary School, showed significant differences at 5 years both positive internality and persistence. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.

Depression among elite athletes is a topic of increasing interest and public awareness. Currently, empirical data on elite athletes’ depressive symptoms are rare. Recent results indicate sport-related mechanisms and effects on depression prevalence in elite athlete samples; specific factors associated with depression include overtraining, injury, and failure in competition. One such effect is that athletes competing in individual sports were found to be more prone to depressive symptoms than athletes competing in team sports. The present study examined this effect by testing three possible, psychological mediators based on theoretical and empirical assumptions: namely, cohesion in team or training groups; perception of perfectionistic expectations from others; and negative attribution after failure. In a cross-sectional study, 199 German junior elite athletes (Mage = 14.96; SD = 1.56) participated and completed questionnaires on perfectionism, cohesion, attribution after failure, and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis using path analysis with bootstrapping was used for data analysis. As expected, athletes in individual sports showed higher scores in depression than athletes in team sports [t(197) = 2.05; p < 0.05; d = 0.30]. Furthermore, negative attribution after failure was associated with individual sports (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), as well as with the dependent variable depression (β = 0.26; p < 0.01). Mediation hypothesis was supported by a significant indirect effect (β = 0.07; p < 0.05). Negative attribution after failure mediated the relationship between individual sports and depression scores. Neither cohesion nor perfectionism met essential criteria to serve as mediators: cohesion was not elevated in either team or individual sports, and perfectionism was positively related to team sports. The results support the assumption of previous findings on sport-specific mechanisms (here the effect between individual and team sports) contributing to depressive symptoms among elite athletes. Additionally, attribution after failure seems to play an important role in this regard and could be considered in further research and practitioners in the field of sport psychology.

Depression among elite athletes is a topic of increasing interest and public awareness. Currently, empirical data on elite athletes' depressive symptoms are rare. Recent results indicate sport-related mechanisms and effects on depression prevalence in elite athlete samples; specific factors associated with depression include overtraining, injury, and failure in competition. One such effect is that athletes competing in individual sports were found to be more prone to depressive symptoms than athletes competing in team sports. The present study examined this effect by testing three possible, psychological mediators based on theoretical and empirical assumptions: namely, cohesion in team or training groups; perception of perfectionistic expectations from others; and negative attribution after failure. In a cross-sectional study, 199 German junior elite athletes (M age = 14.96; SD = 1.56) participated and completed questionnaires on perfectionism, cohesion, attribution after failure, and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis using path analysis with bootstrapping was used for data analysis. As expected, athletes in individual sports showed higher scores in depression than athletes in team sports [t(197) = 2.05; p0.05; d = 0.30]. Furthermore, negative attribution after failure was associated with individual sports (β = 0.27; p0.001), as well as with the dependent variable depression (β = 0.26; p0.01). Mediation hypothesis was supported by a significant indirect effect (β = 0.07; p0.05). Negative attribution after failure mediated the relationship between individual sports and depression scores. Neither cohesion nor perfectionism met essential criteria to serve as mediators: cohesion was not elevated in either team or individual sports, and perfectionism was positively related to team sports. The results support the assumption of previous findings on sport-specific mechanisms (here the effect between individual and team sports) contributing to depressive symptoms among elite athletes. Additionally, attribution after failure seems to play an important role in this regard and could be considered in further research and practitioners in the field of sport psychology.

Does positive thinking predict variance in school grades over and above that predicted by cognitive ability? Six hundred and thirty nine high school students participated in a three-year longitudinal study that predicted grades using cognitive ability and three positive thinking variables – self-esteem, hope, and attributional style. Hope, positive attributional style and cognitive ability predicted higher grades, whilst self-esteem was a less consistent predictor of academic performance. Structural equation modelling revealed significant paths from cognitive ability, gender, and a second order positive thinking factor to grades. The results suggest that intelligence, gender, and positive thinking each play a unique role in predicting academic performance in youth. Some suggestions for further research are made.

The article presents an analysis of the concepts of attributional style and hubristic motivation, presented their relationship. There were described the scientific approaches to the study of attributive style, characterized by its parameters. It is proved that the pursuit of excellence is largely due to the positive parameters of optimistic attributional style - stability, globality and control of success. It is shown that the pursuit of perfec-tion is largely due to the control of failures

This study examines the relationship between attributional style and destructive responses to job dissatisfaction among internal migrant workers in mainland China. Contrary to previous studies conducted in the West, we found that internality of bad events was negatively related to destructive responses to job dissatisfaction. Stability and globality were positively related to destructive responses to job dissatisfaction. We suggest that the concept of interdependent self-construal may explain the unique positive meaning of internality of bad events among Chinese migrant workers. The practical significance of the findings is discussed.

The role of cognitive vulnerability in the development of depressive symptoms in youth might depend on age and gender. The current study examined cognitive vulnerability models in relationship to depressive symptoms from a developmental perspective. For that purpose, 805 youth (aged 10-18, 59.9% female) completed self-report measures. Stress-reactive rumination was strongly related to depressive symptoms. Negative cognitive style (i.e., tendency to make negative inferences) in the domains of achievement and appearance was more strongly and consistently related to depressive symptoms in girls compared to boys. Negative cognitive style in the interpersonal domain was positively related to depressive symptoms in both girls and boys, except in early adolescent girls reporting few stressors. To conclude, the cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction may be moderated by the combination of age and gender in youth, which may explain inconsistent findings so far. Current findings highlight the importance of taking into account domain specifity when examining models of depression in youth.

L'auto-monitoraggio (self-monitoring) rientra nel più ampio ambito delle strategie di auto-regolazione, competenza trasversale, questa, che facilita la gestione autonoma del proprio processo di apprendimento e che rende l'individuo capace di "imparare a imparare". é una strategia che grazie a un controllo costante sul percorso di apprendimento promuove e sviluppa consapevolezza nel soggetto che la pratica. Componenti essenizali dell'auto-monitoraggio sono l'auto-osservazione o auto-valutazione, l'auto-registrazione del comportamento target, unitamente alla rappresentazione grafica dei risultati. Esistono, oggi, due tipologie di auto-monitoraggio particolarmente utilizzate in ambito educativo e sulle quali la ricerca si sta maggiormente focalizzando: auto-monitoraggio dell'attenzione (SMA-self-monitoring of attention, Hallahan e Sapona, 1983) e auto-monitoraggio della performance (SMP-self-monitoring of performance, Reid e Harris, 1989). Entrambe le procedure mirano ad incrementare nei soggetti, specifi aspetti del comportamento attentivo (comportamento on-task) e migliorare la performance scolastica, sia in termini di accuratezza che di velocità. Lo studio indaga gli effetti dell'applicazione delle procedure di auto-monitoraggio, sia SMA che SMP, sul comportamento on-task e sulla performance scolastica in matematica (operazioni e problemi aritmetici) di alunni della scuola primaria, in un contesto di classe. Si valuta, inoltre, se una metodologia così centrata sull'alunno può influenzare anche variabili meta-cognitive, come lo stile attributivo, in una direzione funzionale all'apprendimento. I dati raccolti indicano che le procedure di auto-monitoraggio possono influenzare positivamente i fattori monitorati e possono essere facilmente applicate anche durante il normale svolgimento della lezione senza compromettere lo stile della classe.

В статье обсуждается гипотеза о том, что глобальные отношения, как базовые свойства личности проявляются в особенностях оценочного, эмоционального и атрибутивного стилей. В результате эмпирического исследования выявлено, что на стилевые особенности влияет модальность (позитивность или негативность) глобальных отношений к себе и к миру, вариативные особенности их сочетания и внутренняя структура каждого из них. The Theoretical analysis of correlation between global evaluations and psychological styles into the personality structure allow making a conclusion that global evaluations (as basics personal traits) effect on evaluation style, attributional style, emotional style. The mode (positive/negative) of global selfevaluation and global world-evaluation, their combination and internal structure each of them are significant for psychological styles according to the result of empirical study. Гудкова Елена Владимировна. Старший преподаватель кафедры психологии развития Южно-Уральского государственного университета: helen73@yandex.ru. Elena V. Gudkova. Assistant of professor of Department of Developmental Psychology, South Ural State University: helen73@yandex.ru.

The article prepared for the ‘Psychological and Methodological Aspects of Professional Personnel Training at Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation’ scholar tradition looks at the applied aspect of handling security issues by traffic police officers. It presents the results of empirical study of the employees’ psychological characteristics conducted to substantiate their attributional style, which determines the specific character as well as the qua-lity and reliability of traffic police officers’ performance. Traffic police officers’ attributional style of behavior is researched with the help of attributional cognitive techniques for hazard phenomena detection as well as social perception and attribution technique and is viewed as the most stable entity, which reflects the employee’s personal and professional focus.Goal: to provide empirical substantiation of attributional style in traffic police officers’ behavior as an integral personality characteristic that ensures timely detection of hazard phenomena.

El optimismo ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años y contamos con investigación suficiente para poder definirlo, evaluarlo e intervenir sobre él. En este artículo se presentan las ideas principales acerca de los términos optimismo y pesimismo y los resultados más relevantes encontrados al respecto. El objetivo es acercar esos contenidos al profesorado, relacionándolos con algunos de los conceptos más importantes del ámbito educativo. El profesor puede reflexionar sobre ello con el fin de descubrir pautas para intervenir en el aula., Optimism has achieved greater importance in recent years and, nowadays, we possess enough pieces of research to be able to define it, evaluate it and work with it. This article deals with the main ideas regarding the terms ‘optimism’ and ‘pessimism’ as well as with the most relevant findings concerning to them. The aim of this article is to enable teachers to access these findings building a connection between optimism and some of the most important concepts in the educational system. The teacher, then, can reflect upon them with the aim of discovering strategies to use in the classroom.

Recent efforts to understand and predict the onset and maintenance of aggression have considered the heterogeneity of this behavior. Dodge (1980) and others, have suggested a distinction in aggression based on two primary subtypes: reactive and proactive aggression. The form, severity and persistence of these aggressive subtypes may depend on an on-going interaction between individual characteristics and environmental characteristics that elicit varying antecedents and consequences (Frick, 1998; Lahey et al., 1999). In particular, there exists some empirical support for the existence of relations among social likeability, attributional style, and particular subtypes of aggression symptomology. However, the exact nature of this relation is unclear. The current study examined two competing models, the mediator and moderator models, to assess the nature of the relations among social likeability, attributional style, and aggression subtypes in a sample of 419 youth in a non-clinical community setting. Results suggest that the external, stable, global attributional style serves to mediate the relation between social likeability and reactive, but not proactive aggression. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression in adolescents are discussed. Master of Science

Investigations of children's adjustment following the experience of a residential fire or other disaster has indicated that the level of PTSD symptoms experienced by the child victims varies as a function of exposure and degree of loss incurred due to the trauma in a dose-response relationship. Additionally, other variables may interact with the level of exposure and loss to increase or decrease children's risk of posttraumatic symptomatology following the fire. Children's use of coping strategies has also been shown to significantly predict children's level of posttraumatic stress symptomatology. This study examined the mediating role of coping as well as the contributions of children's attributional style and family environment in the explanation of children's posttraumatic symptomatology following residential fire. In the current study, 108 children and their parents were assessed approximately one to three months and again approximately seven to ten months following their experience of a residential fire. Results indicated that at the second assessment, attributional style served as a moderator between the degree of loss children experienced and children's use of coping strategies. Children with helpless attributional styles reported low levels of active and avoidant coping regardless of their level of loss due to the fire. Children with positive attributional styles reported using low levels of coping only if they also reported low levels of loss; in contrast, those children who reported positive attributional styles and high levels of loss reported using considerably higher levels of coping. In addition, the data indicated that coping acted as a mediator between loss and posttraumatic stress symptoms both at the first and the second assessments. Children's coping activities following a trauma like residential fire may be the avenue through which loss exerts its influence on children's psychological symptoms following residential fire. Master of Science

Objective Attributional style, especially external personal attribution bias, was found to play a pivotal role in clinical and non-clinical paranoia. The study of the relationship of the tendency to infer/perceive hostility and blame with theory of mind skills has significant theoretical importance as it may provide additional information on how persons process social situations. The aim of this study was whether hostility perception bias and blame bias might be associated with theory of mind skills, neurocognition and emotional factors in healthy persons. Methods Total 263 participants (133 male and 130 female) were recruited. The attributional style was measured by using the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ). Participants were requested to complete a Brüne's Theory of Mind Picture Stories task, neurocognitive task including Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and digit span, and other emotional dysregulation trait scales including Rosenberg's self-esteem, Spielberg's trait anxiety inventory, and Novaco anger scale. Results Multiple regression analysis showed that hostility perception bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with theory of mind questionnaire score and emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale. Also, composite blame bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale and Spielberg's trait anxiety scale. Conclusion The main finding was that the attributional style of hostility perception bias might be primarily contributed by theory of mind skills rather than neurocognitive function such as attention and working memory, and reasoning ability. The interpretations and implications would be discussed in details.