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The aim of this article is to analyse sources on a verbal and written mass communication between the organisers of the games (editores) and the audience in ancient Rome. Methods established by the Romans as senders and recipients of the conveyed information gave a range of possibilities to communicate needs and preferences, as well as to express often extreme emotions. The model, the creation of which stemmed from the necessity to inform the audience about the upcoming arena events (by the organiser) and to communicate the experienced emotions (by spectators), became over time the distinctive culture of communication, applied before the games but also throughout the event and after it ended. This communicative social construct typical of ancient Rome was necessary for the efficient distribution of oral and textual messages. The preserved sources allow us to state that the communication model included: 1) verbal/oral information conveyed to the public by the games organisers (via the announcements made by heralds); people’s cheers and chants (including both criticism and praise); 2) written information conveyed by the organisers (edicta munerum advertising the games before the event and announcements presented on placards distributed around the theatres and amphitheatres throughout the event); acclamationes and graffiti, painted and inscribed accordingly, by the audience after the spactacula. This article is to define the individual types of ancient methods of oral and written communication, to determine their function depending on their context, and to establish their effectiveness in the discourse carried out on a mass scale in ancient Rome., Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie źródeł dotyczących masowej komunikacji werbalnej i pisemnej między organizatorami igrzysk (editores) a widzami w starożytnym Rzymie. Metody wykształcone przez Rzymian jako nadawców i odbiorców przekazywanych informacji stworzyły wachlarz możliwości do komunikowania potrzeb i preferencji, a także do wyrażania, często skrajnych, emocji. Model, którego wytworzenie wynikało z konieczności informowania widowni o nadchodzących wydarzeniach na arenie (przez organizatora spectaculum) oraz komunikowania doświadczanych odczuć i wrażeń (przez widza), stał się z czasem swoistą kulturą komunikacji funkcjonującą przed igrzyskami, w ich czasie, ale także już po ich zakończeniu. Ten komunikacyjny konstrukt społeczny typowy dla starożytnego Rzymu był niezbędny do sprawnego przekazywania komunikatów ustnych i tekstowych. Na podstawie zachowanych źródeł można stwierdzić, że model komunikacyjny uwzględniał: 1) informacje ustne przekazywane tłumom na widowni przez organizatorów igrzysk (za pomocą m.in. zapowiedzi ogłaszanych przez heroldów); okrzyki i skandowanie publiczności (zawierające zarówno krytykę, jak i pochwały); oraz 2) informacje pisemne organizatorów (edicta munerum reklamujące igrzyska przed ich wystawieniem i ogłoszenia przedstawione na zapisanych tablicach roznoszonych po teatrach i amfiteartach w czasie danego wydarzenia); acclamationes i graffiti, odpowiednio malowane i wyryte przez widzów po odbytych już spactacula. Artykuł ten ma za zadanie zdefiniować poszczególne rodzaje starożytnych metod komunikacji werbalnej i pisemnej, określić ich funkcje w zależności od kontekstu oraz ustalić ich skuteczność w dyskursie prowadzonym na skalę masową w starożytnym Rzymie.

This article pertains to the heritage of the ancient Rome in the Western European cities as a theme of cultural tourism. The main objective is to describe this heritage and to present it as a tourist value of particularly high historical and cultural worth. The main goal is to develop the authors’ concept of a cultural heritage route named the Rhineland Route of the Roman Civilization that includes 11 cities where 30 selected monuments of legacy of the ancient Roman civilization have been depicted. A cartographic method, namely the signature one, has been applied in the article. It was used to mark, among other locations, towns with Roman roots on a map of the Rhineland, showing a proposed route through the ancient Roman monuments. The heritage of the ancient Rome can serve to raise historical and cultural awareness at many levels – from local and regional to international ones. This historical legacy has a real impact on the tourist attractiveness in all the characterised cities, being well-adapted and attractively developed for tourist use., Artykuł dotyczy dziedzictwa starożytnego Rzymu w miastach zachodnioeuropejskich jako motywu turystyki kulturowej. Celem pracy jest charakterystyka tegoż dziedzictwa i ukazanie go jako waloru turystycznego o szczególnie dużej wartości historyczno-kulturowej. Głównym zadaniem jest opracowanie koncepcji autorskiego szlaku dziedzictwa kulturowego „Nadreński Szlak Cywilizacji Rzymskiej”, który na trasie uwzględnia 11 miast, a w nich 30 wybranych zabytków spuścizny cywilizacji starożytnego Rzymu. W artykule zastosowano jedną z metod kartograficznych, sygnaturową. Posłużyła ona m.in. do zaznaczania na mapie miast o rzymskich korzeniach w Nadrenii, jednocześnie pokazując proponowaną trasę przez starożytne rzymskie zabytki. Dziedzictwo starożytnego Rzymu może służyć podnoszeniu świadomości historycznej i kulturowej na wielu poziomach – od lokalnych i regionalnych po międzynarodowe. Dziedzictwo to w scharakteryzowanych w artykule miastach ma realny wpływ na ich atrakcyjność turystyczną, a także jest dobrze przystosowane i atrakcyjnie zagospodarowane do użytku turystycznego.

The article is an attempt to revise the long-established belief in the alabaster-white exterior shape of Roman antiquity, which in fact turns out to be full of colours that bring life to its image. The authors implement this intention by indicating how intensely the colour red was present in the reality described by classical Latin authors – contrary to the accusation that one of the participants of the discussion on this subject in Aulus Gellius’ Attic Nights (Gell. Noc. Att. 2.26) makes of the alleged poverty regarding various shades of red in Latin terminology. The material presented contradicts the opinion expressed in Gellius’ text, and at the same time makes us realise how colourful and lively the world that emerges from the literary works of the classical Roman period was. In comparison with it, the reality witnessed by the literature of the Christian era – this parallel is what the authors of the article focus on, concluding their deliberations – in which red becomes almost exclusively a sign of shame, turns out to be ascetically sterile and depressingly colourless. L’articolo è un tentativo di rivedere l’antica credenza della realtà romana nella sua visione esterna bianca alabastro. Rievocando la discussione di cui Aulo Gellio narra nel suo scritto “Le notti attiche” (Noctes Atticae 2.26), gli autori ricordano che la lingua letteraria latina rappresenta con sfumature e gradazioni del colore rosso diverse evidenze di un’unica umanità e di una stessa natura di piante, uomini e animali contraddistinti da uno stesso colore cangiante nel tempo e a seconda delle stagioni. Il materiale richiamato giova quindi a smentire l’opinione ventilata da Gellio e allo stesso tempo, proprio attraverso i richiami letterari, fa capire quanto fosse colorato e vivace il mondo che possiamo conoscere grazie alla tradizione letteraria di quell’epoca classica latina. In relazione ad essa sta oggi la visione e la testimonianza che ne dà la letteratura cristiana. Concentrando la loro ricerca su questo parallelo, gli autori osservano che nella letteratura cristiana il colore rosso è diventato per lo più, se non proprio esclusivamente, un segno di vergogna o di ribellione rivelandosi, al fine, come segno di vergogna e di rivolta o opposizione asceticamente sterile e deprimentemente incolore.

In Roman New Comedy, each role is a caricature informed by societal expectations: the passive matrona, the grouchy uir, the abused but patient young uxor, the egotistical adulescens, and the self-serving meretrix. Hecyra stands out among Terence’s plays because it is unclear whether he is reinforcing or deconstructing these familiar stereotypes. Most scholars focus on the role of women, who are more involved in this play than any other by Terence. They seem to drive the plot forward and have more information than the men, but at the same time, they might be said to placate their husbands and sacrifice for their children. This begs the question, “Are the women in Hecyra acting unusually?” This paper will examine the expectations of women in New Comedy in relation to scenes where women in Hecyra might be said to be contradicting their prescribed roles. This discussion will prove that the wives are not acting in unexpected ways. Although they are active characters, they behave as is proper for mothers and wives. The question then becomes, “Why do the Hecyra women appear to be acting unusually to us?” To answer this, it will be necessary to look critically at the ways in which the women interact with the Hecyra men. As a result, it will become clear that it is not the women, but Pamphilus, the adulescens, himself who is defying gender expectations.

The article provides insight into the content of the conciliation agreement as an alternative to settle the legal disputes based on the analysis of the key strategic foundations of the Quirite culture and provisions of the law of Ancient Rome. A special emphasis is placed on the fact that the extrajudicial, pre-judicial, and in some cases in-tra-judicial methods of the settlement of legal disputes are nowadays given a high status in the legal environment that confirms the general tendency to the humanization and democratization of the judicial proceedings. The article substantiates the necessity of going back to the historical context of appearance and formation of the conciliation agreement as a legal institute to improve the understanding of the nature and mechanism of this alternative method of dispute settlement, since the Roman law was and still is a foundation of modern legal systems of the European states. The stages of the development of conciliation agreement as an alternative method of dispute settlement were studied against the background of the culture of Ancient Rome and the main characteristic features of this institute were addressed, mainly: voluntary involvement (the parties pass a voluntary decision on reconciliation), alternativeness (the parties have to choose between the judicial, extra-judicial and pre-judicial dispute settlement), uncertainty (of the party or the party to the dispute is uncertain about the court decision in its favor), compromise (reaching an agreement, the parties arrive at a compromise in certain issues). In this case, it is emphasized that initially to settle the dispute extrajudicially, the Romans did not need any third parties (mediators). Following from the article, the conciliation agreement in the Roman law has formed as a contract, i.e. at its initial stage, it was the material law institute (contract) with the procedural consequences. Within the national sociocultural context, the application of conciliation agreement as an alternative method of dispute settlement is a way of searching for the new efficient methods of settlement of inter-individual relations. The research methodology is represented by a set of philosophical and general scientific methods. Determinants of which are comparative and hermeneutic, as well as socio-cultural and axiological approaches

The creation of statehood in the countries of the ancient world - ancient Athens, ancient Rome and Byzantium. Democracy, as a form of political organization of the urban community (polis) in ancient Athens, became a way to solve the problem of confrontation between different forces of society by looking for the possibility of their rapprochement, focusing on the only, important for all, goal - the achievement of the common good of the polis. The work shows how these attempts of interaction developed and what result was achieved as a result. Another experience in solving the problem of the opposition of the forces of society was obtained in ancient Rome. This form becomes the sole power of the emperor, allowing to unite a significantly expanded space. But at the same time, in Rome, the need to unite the opposing forces is also realized, therefore, representatives of the parties fighting for their rights are allowed to rule, thus causing a mixed form of statehood. An instrument of communication between the first person and society was also found. It becomes the system of Roman Law. The third experience of creating statehood in the territory associated with the ancient world took place in Byzantium. Arising as the heir to the Roman Empire, she adopted a number of features of the imperial rule of Rome. However, the expansion of the territory of the country, where people lived not only close to the culture of antiquity, but also the peoples of other civilizations, determined the course of development of society and statehood, which acquired the features of other types of cultures and, above all, Eastern civilizations, which ultimately affected the fate of Byzantium as predetermining the departure from its fundamental principles and the onset of the final of the empire.

Present day scenario regarding epistemological methods in anatomy is in sharp contrast to the situation during ancient period. This study aimed to explore the evolution of epistemological methodologies in anatomy across centuries. In ancient times Egyptian embalmers acquired anatomical knowledge from handling human bodies and likewise anatomical studies in India involved human dissection. Ancient Greeks used theological principles-based methods, animal dissection and human dissection in practice of anatomy. Human dissection was also practiced in ancient China for gaining anatomical knowledge. Prohibition of human dissection led to use of animal dissection in ancient Rome and the trend continued in Europe through Middle Ages. Epistemological methods used by Muslim scholars during Middle Ages are not clearly chronicled. Human dissection returned as primary epistemological method in Renaissance Europe and empirical methods were reinstated after ancient period in human dissection during 16th century. The situation further improved with introduction of pragmatic experiment based approach during 17th century and autopsy-based methods during 18th century. Advances in anatomical knowledge continued with advent of microscope-based methods and emergence of anatomical sections in practice of human dissection in 19th century. Introduction of human observational studies, medical imaging, and molecular methods presented more options in terms of epistemological methods for investigating the human body during 20th century. Onset of 21st century has witnessed dominance of technology-based methods in anatomy. Limited emphasis on ethics in epistemological methodologies since antiquity is a dark aspect of otherwise an eventful evolutionary journey but recent developments are in positive direction.

Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists in direct patient care concerning optimizing medicines and promoting health awareness and disease prevention. The whereabouts of the field can be traced to Scribonius Largus, a renowned physician and pharmacist in ancient Rome. Although Largus served as an imperial physician, he has also been an exemplary pharmacist authoring a comprehensive pharmacognosy textbook and dedicated a big part of his life to improving pharmacotherapy and advancing ethics in the field. Revisiting his contributions provides valuable lessons for contemporary clinical pharmacists.

Note on professional ethics and fees in the Roman legal practice: jurists, orators, advocates. At first sight, there seems to be an accurate terminology for actors of legal assistance in Ancient Rome. Their understanding, however, must be occasionally reassessed in light of the particular context of Roman society in its respective time (such as the relevance of clientela, amicitia, and bureaucracy). Moreover, the legal practice must be analysed to further clarify their understanding. At the end of the Republic and in the Classical Age, the central topics are the links and contradictions between gratuitousness, gratia and remuneration (Cic. off. 2,65,66; D. 50,13). However, there are some actors that are difficult to grasp, such as iuris studiosi. Furthermore, no ideology can be identified concerning an advocate’s duties and countering an unscrupulous practice (Cic. off. 2,51). In Late Antiquity, the notion of key legal professionals grounds on advocati and iuris periti, as can be derived from the Colloquia scholica and in Edictum de pretiis 7,72. This development led to the creeping introduction of a remuneration for the legal profession until its realisation, manifested in Aug. Epist. 153,23.

Annelien de Dijn’s Freedom: An Unruly History is a rich and thought-provoking work in intellectual history, tracing thinking and debating about political freedom in the West from ancient Greece to our own times. The ancient notion of freedom as self-government (what Quentin Skinner calls neo-roman liberty) is referred to as the ‘democratic conception’. The argument is that this conception survived through the renaissance, the early-modern period and the 18th-century Atlantic revolutions only to be deliberately scrapped in the 19th century in favour of liberal freedom – absence of state interference – thus severing the ancient links between freedom and democracy and turning democracy into a threat to freedom. The book is an impressive achievement and the use of sources staggeringly wide. However, though the liberal turn is certainly a fact of history, I am not convinced that it was such a decisive break, nor that the relations between conceptions of freedom and attitudes to democracy are as clear-cut as de Dijn needs them to be. De Dijn claims, with regret, that the liberal view remains our view and is now an essential part of Western civilization, but I find that to be empirically under-substantiated. By using the liberal turn to define an age, de Dijn lets history play out through the lens of the elite.

The lynching movements, which are often seen in modern societies, for personal and political reasons, oriented towards individuals and groups physically or verbally, have been known in various societies and cultures throughout history. These kinds of practices, aimed at destroying or socially intimidating people and groups in the target, have emerged as a different but effective way for people and political groups to go beyond the boundaries of the defined law to provide their justice or political goals. Looting and intimidation of people or political rivals who do not comply with the norms set by society has been an essential factor in the Roman Empire of the Republican Period. It can be seen that these methods, which can be considered as primitive and cruel practices with a contemporary perspective, were referred to legal channels in ancient Rome in many cases or were accepted by the community layers and even by official institutions due to established practices (mos maiorum)., Modern toplumlarda örneklerine sıkça şahit olduğumuz, kişisel ya da politik nedenlerle, fiziksel ve sözlü bir surette hedefteki şahıs ve gruplara yönelmiş olan linç hareketleri, tarih boyunca birçok farklı toplum ve kültürlerde de sıkça uygulanagelen yöntemler olmuştur. Bu tarz uygulamalar ile hedefteki kişi ve grupları yok etmek veya sosyal yönden sindirmek amacı güdülmüş, halkın, siyasi grupların ve hatta devletle ilişkili kişi ve kurumların, belirlenmiş olan kanun sınırlarının dışına taşarak, kendi adaletlerini uygulamalarının ya da siyasi amaçlarını sağlamalarının kestirme bir yolu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Toplumun koymuş olduğu normlara uymayan kişileri veya politik rakipleri linç etmek ve gözdağı vermek, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Roma’sı (Res Publica) için de özellikle devlet destekli politik şiddetin kökeninde yatan önemli bir etmen olmuştur. Günümüz bakış açısı ile ilkel ve zalimce uygulamalar olarak addedebileceğimiz bu yöntemler, antik Roma’da birçok hallerde yasal kanallara yönlendirilmiş veya atalardan kalan adetler (mos maiorum) gereği çoğu hallerde toplum katmanlarınca ve hatta resmi kurumlarca dahi kabul görmüştür.

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit beabsichtigen wir, die rechtliche Anwendung des Testaments im Falle einer Pandemie, die im Artikel 701 des spanischen Zivilgesetzbuches (1888-1889) geregelt ist, zu untersuchen. Obwohl es im xxi. Jahrhundert eine unanwendbare Art des Testaments zu sein schien, haben wir nach der durch das Coronavirus weltweit erzeugten Epidemie gesehen, dass diese Vorschrift derzeit nicht anachronistisch ist und zum ersten Mal volle Kraft hat. In diesem Sinne werden wir in einem ersten Schritt von seinen Ursprüngen und seiner rechtlichen Anerkennung aus dem römischen Recht selbst ausgehen, welches das sogenannte Testamentum Tempore Pestis (C. 6.23.9.) —oder Testament im Falle einer Pest oder Pandemie, wie es sie in Rom gab—, in einer unserer heutigen Zeit sehr ähnlichen Weise ausgestaltet hat; um dann seine Anforderungen an Inhalt und wesentliche Form zu untersuchen, damit es heute verwendet werden kann. Schließlich werden wir die Rechtsnatur des Testaments angesichts der aktuellen Epidemie, die durch das Covid-19 hervorgerufen wird, analysieren und auf diese Weise verstehen, dass wir es innerhalb der Typologie oder der Klassen möglicher Testamente einordnen können. By this piece of work, we aim at looking into the legal implementation of wills in the event case of a pandemic as established in article 701 of Spanish Civil Code (1888-1889) since, even if it not entitled to the concept of will suitable for 21 century, after such a global pandemic like Covid-19, we have noticed that this one law is not only up-to-date but actually in force. Therefore, we will first look back at Roman Law, its source, and at how it approached the subject, mainly as part of the so-called Testamentum Tempore Pestis (C. 6.23.9.) —that is to say, the writing of a will in case of peste or pandemic (and in ancient Rome there were quite a few)—, in a similar way to the ones our time. Secondly, we will study its main requirements regarding content and shape so as to still be in force today. Last but not least, we will look into the legal nature of wills in view to the current pandemic and so we will frame it within the different categories of wills. Con la realización del presente trabajo, pretendemos investigar sobre cuál es la aplicación jurídica del testamento en caso de pandemia regulado en el art. 701 del Código Civil español (1888-1889), dado que, si bien parecía un tipo de testamento inaplicable en pleno siglo xxi, tras la epidemia generada a nivel mundial por el coronavirus hemos visto que actualmente dicho precepto no es anacrónico y, por primera vez, tiene plena vigencia. En este sentido, en un primer momento partiremos de sus orígenes y reconocimiento jurídico desde el propio Derecho romano, el cual configuraba el llamado Testamentum Tempore Pestis (C. 6.23.9) —o testamento en caso de peste o pandemia como las que hubo en Roma—, de modo muy similar a nuestros días; para, seguidamente, examinar sus requisitos de contenido y forma esenciales para que hoy pueda ser usado. Para finalizar, analizaremos la naturaleza legal del testamento ante la epidemia actual generada por el Covid-19 y, de ese modo, entendemos que podremos encuadrarlo dentro de la tipología o clases de testamentos posibles.

Freud’s fascination with the ruins of ancient Rome was an element in the formation and development of psychology. This article concerns the intersection of psychoanalysis with archaeology and history in the study of that city. Its substantive content is an analysis of the life and career of Andrea Carandini, the best-known Roman archaeologist of the past 40 years. He has said and written much about his changing views of himself and about what he is trying to do in his approach to the recuperation of the Roman past. His scholarly publications and autobiographical testimonies are at the core of this article. After an early commitment to Marxism that ended in disenchantment and a crisis in his personal life, Carandini spent a decade undergoing psychoanalysis with the Chilean-born expatriate Ignacio Matte-Blanco. The latter gained a following as a theorist who built upon Freud’s ideas about the unconscious by producing a set of mathematically inspired concepts concerning the workings of temporality in human history in which emotional intuition took priority over the rational(izing) logic of empiricism. Much influenced by his psychoanalyst, Carandini developed a highly personal approach to the writing of archaeology and history. These writings are explored here in terms of Roman historiography, and in the wider arena of formulations of how the past is to be addressed and written about.

Roman and American physicians treated novel pandemics without existing cures or vaccines with similar protocols. Methodology: Historiography and conceptual analysis of the writings of physicians in ancient and modern times. Results: Ancient and modern physicians used a similar protocol for the study of unfamiliar pandemics. This protocol included: 1) subjective information from the patients, 2) the objective findings of physicians, 3) assessment of these findings and their correlation with other patients with similar subjective and objective data, 4) formulating a treatment plan. They also used a similar protocol for treatment of novel pandemics. This protocol included: 1) Mitigation, 2) Treatment of symptoms, and 3) Experimentation with novel therapies. Conclusion: Roman and American physicians treated novel pandemics without existing cures with similar protocols. The change involves modern vaccines, serums, scientific testing methods, personal protective equipment, advanced therapies, and mechanical devices unknown to the ancient Romans. © Common Ground Research Networks, Valentine J. Belfiglio, Some Rights Reserved

The article analyses the historical process of dividing the original fideicommissum institution into separate types: family fideicommissum, singular fideicommissum and universal fideicommissum. Family fideicommissum appeared in the inheritance law of Ancient Rome due to the legislator’s desire to limit the freedom of disposition of property that a legatee and other members of his family used to have. The aim of such a limitation was to keep the estate within one Roman family. The author concludes that the legal nature of fideicommissum was based on the transfer of the estate’s assets only (and not liabilities) from an heir to a legatee. This led to the gradual unification of bequests and singular fideicommissa in Roman law. The author bases the analysis of peculiarities of universal fideicommissum on its comparison with legatum partitionis. As a result, it is found that there was a fundamental change in the legal nature of universal fideicommissum. A universal fideicommissum was originally based on the singular succession principle, but the Trebellian senate’s decree (senatusconsultum Trebellianum) permitted the transfer of liabilities, which were a part of estate property, from an heir to a legatee as well as assets, thus permitting universal succession. Due to this, the merger of universal fideicommissa with the bequest became impossible and universal fideicommissum retained its independence in the Roman inheritance law. In course of the research, the author uses translations of fragments from the most important monuments of Roman law — the Justinian Novels, which have not been published in Russian before.

This article reviews the development of Chinese and western translation theories. Firstly, it introduces the three stages of the development of Chinese traditional translation theory, namely, from the initial emphasis on “faithfulness” to the emphasis on “literary grace”, and then to the later debate on the priority on grace or content. Then, it focuses on the development history of western translation theory from ancient Rome to the 20th century, and summarizes two main periods, namely, the period of rhetoric aesthetics and the period of historical comparative linguistics. The former period began with Cicero, who was deeply influenced by Plato, and in turn influenced the later Bible translation and literary translation; the latter period was divided into two stages: before 1950s, it was mainly influenced by structuralist linguistics, and after 1950s, it was profoundly influenced by emerging language schools and modern ideological trends. Through these introductions, it presents the macro framework of the development history of Chinese and western translation theories.

In the last few decades, there has been an increase in the interest aroused by Classical Studies. At the same time, technologies have evolved, as have teaching methods. One of the themes present in research projects on the past of Rome is Roman Law. And, currently, for their teaching, active methodologies using technology are researched. This research aims to present a work proposal for the teaching-learning of Roman Law based on active methodology using scenes from films and television series. A filmographic survey is carried out focused on the theme of Roman Law, carried out in movie and series streaming channels. Some possible analyzes are then exemplified on the approach of certain institutes of Roman Law in selected films. The didactic activity plan with practices of searching for films and scenes, reflection on the institutes and relational analysis and interpretation is proposed. We conclude that there is ample potential for contributing, to Classical Studies, from the use of films and series for reflection on the society of ancient Rome and Roman Law. Nas últimas décadas, percebeu-se o aumento do interesse despertado pelos Estudos Clássicos. Ao mesmo tempo, as tecnologias evoluíram, assim como os métodos de ensino. Um dos temas presentes nos projetos de investigação sobre o passado de Roma é o Direito Romano. E, atualmente, para o seu ensino, são pesquisadas metodologias ativas com uso de tecnologia. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de trabalho para o ensino-aprendizagem do Direito Romano com base em metodologia ativa com uso de cenas de filmes e séries de televisão. É realizado um levantamento filmográfico focado no tema Direito Romano, realizado em canais de streaming de filmes e séries. São, então, exemplificadas algumas análises possíveis sobre a abordagem de determinados institutos do Direito Romano em filmes selecionados. É proposto o plano de atividade didática com práticas de busca de filmes e cenas, reflexão sobre os institutos e análise e interpretação relacional. Conclui-se que há amplo potencial de contribuição, para os Estudos Clássicos, do uso dos filmes e séries para reflexão sobre a sociedade da Roma antiga e o Direito Romano.

The article examines the concept of religious symbols, the history of the origin of religious-mystical symbols in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, their essence and content and meaning today. Also, the author’s views on the introduction of the concepts of symbol and religious symbols into scientifc circulation are expressed, various defnitions of these concepts by Western scientists are given, the role of symbols in society is determined. It is noted that in ancient Egyptian beliefs, each tribe worshiped and revered not only its own god, but also a certain animal that was somehow connected with this god, regardless of whether they were both in separate forms or zoo-anthropomorphic, that is, presented in the form religious symbol «man-animal». In particular, from the article you can learn a lot about such popular symbols as the Ankh Amenti, Ba, Shenu, Jed, The pen Maat, Urey, Ujat. Also, the work contains information about the symbols represented in the religious beliefs of Ancient Greece from various sources that have come down to us, ancient Greek epics, the works of Greek philosophers. Since the ancient Greeks and Romans often deifed several animals and birds, the moon and the sun, gods in human forms, based on the mythologies of these peoples, a comparative analysis of some religious and mystical symbols was carried out, such as Ares - Mars, Asclepius, harpies, Hermes - Mercury, Zeus - Jupiter, Nika - Victoria, Pegasus, Themis. Besides, this scientifc study reflects the scientifc views that the religious worldview of the ancient Romans was associated with agriculture, rituals deifying nature, mysticalreligious images and ancestral spirits, which were usually carried out by the head of the family. Shows the essence and content of attributes and symbols that appeared later in ancient Roman beliefs as a result of rituals of animal and plant sacrifces, worship and special rituals

This paper surveys and evaluates the range of methods recommended mostly to promote but also to prevent pregnancy in ancient Rome, and then discusses the practices of adult adoption and infant exposure in more detail in order to interrogate the notion of ‘fertility control’ from an ancient historical perspective. Is this formulation sufficiently flexible to encompass Roman procreative projects and the resources they were able to bring to bear on them? Were the methods deployed sufficiently effective to qualify as ‘control’, and was it ‘fertility’ that was being acted on through adoption and exposure? This essay answers these questions positively and argues that the Roman case has plenty to offer wider debates about the history of reproduction as it includes the desires to have and not to have children, to limit and increase offspring, to shape families in different ways.

Helena Rosenblatt sets out to tell ‘a story that has never been told’ (p. 2): a history of liberalism that she claims is now lost to us. She says that in the Western context, liberalism today is se...

В статье рассматривается история раскопок крупнейшей римской гробницы, а именно мавзолея императора Цезаря Августа. Основное внимание уделяется результатам недавних археологических работ и тому, как они повлияли на представление о памятнике. Гробница первого римского императора в пост-античную эпоху претерпела различные трансформации и неоднократные грабежи, в результате которых сильно пострадала. Памятнику находили практическое применение вплоть до 1930-х гг. За многовековую историю мавзолей использовали как каменоломню, крепость, которую не раз разрушали, виноградник, сад, амфитеатр для корриды, театр и концертный зал. Первые археологические работы на территории памятника проводились уже в XVI в. Именно с них начинается история исследования монумента и результаты, полученные тогда, до сих пор имеют большое значение для науки. На протяжении длительного времени после эпохи Ренессанса объект изучался только периодически, в связи с какими-либо строительными работами, проводившимися на его территории. Работы на памятнике активизируются с начала XX в. Масштабные раскопки состоялись в 1920-30-е гг. Их проведение диктовалось не научными целями: Бенито Муссолини стремился использовать римское наследие в своей пропаганде. Тем не менее, в результате проведенных работ мавзолей был не только освобожден от пост-античных наслоений, но полученные тогда результаты заложили современное представление о памятнике. Интерес к мавзолею возобновляется только через семьдесят лет. Непосредственным толчком было решение реконструировать мавзолей и площадь вокруг него. В результате раскопок, проведенных департаментом культурного наследия столицы Рима, были получены археологические данные, изменяющие взгляд на внешний облик монумента и позволяющие поставить точку в дискуссии по данному вопросу. 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Vol. 27. №3. S. 161–168. Carnabucci E., Agnoli N., Maria Loreti E. Mausoleo di Augusto. 2012. URL: http://www.fastionline.org/excavation/micro_view.php?fst_cd=AIAC_2307&curcol=sea_cd-AIAC_4480. Дата обращения 30.05.2020 Coletti C.M., Naria Loreti E. Piazza Augusto Imperatore, excavations 2007–2011: the late antiquetransformations // MAAR. 2016. № 61. P. 304−325. Collini M. A., Ciglioli G.Q. Relazione della prima campagna di scavo nel Mausoleo di Augusto // BCom.1926. №54. Р. 191−237. Davies P.J.E. Death and the Emperor: Roman Funerary Monuments from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 256 p. Diebner S. Tombs and Funerary Monuments // A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic / Ed. J. DeRose Evans. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. P. 67−80. Fugate Brangers S. L. Political Propaganda and Archaeology: The Mausoleum of Augustus in the Fascist Era // International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2013. № 3. Р. 126–135. Fugate Brangers S. L. The mausoleum of Augustus: expanding meaning from its inception to present day. PhD diss. Louissville, 2007. 220 p. Gatti G. Nuove osservazioni sul Mausoleo di Augusto // L'Urbe 1938. № 3. P. 1–17. Giglioli, G.Q. and A. M. Colini. II Mausoleo d'Augusto. Milan and Rome: Bestetti e Tumminelli, 1930. 51 p. Hase Salto M. A. von «L'augusteo» Das Augustusmausoleum im Wandel der Geschichte // Antike Welt. 1997. № 28. S. 297–308. Hesberg H., Panciera S. Das Mausoleum des Augustus. Der Bau und seine Inschriften. München: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1994. 199 p. Johnson M.J. The Mausoleum of Augustus: Etruscan and Other Infl uences on its Design // Etruscan Italy. Etruscan Infl uences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era / Ed. John F. Hall. Provo, 1996. P. 217–239. La Manna S., G. Caruso, Agnoli N., Carnabucci E., Loreti E., Documento preliminare alla progettazione. 2008 URL: http://sovraintendenzaroma.it/sites/default/fi les/storage/original/application/368fc32a188973a80557f3f49e3409f3.pdf. Дата обращения 28.05.2020. Lanciani R. Storia degli scavi di Roma e notize intorno le collezioni Romane di antichità. Vol. II. Roma: Ermanno Loescher&Co, 1903. 277 p. Lanciani R. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. London: Mac Millan, 1897. 700 p. McFeaters, A. P. The Past Is How We Present It: Nationalism and Archaeology in Italy from Unifi cation to WWII // Nebraska Anthropologist. 2007. №33. P. 49–69. Mirabilia Romae e codicibus vaticanis emendate / G. Parthey (ed.). Berolini: in aedibus Frederici Nicolai, 1869. 85 p. Nash E. Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Vol .I. London: A Zimmer Ltd., 1961. 532 p. Ortolani G. Ipotesi sulla struttura architettonica originaria del Mausoleo di Augusto // BCom. 2004. Vol. 105, P. 197–222. Parker J. Politics, Urbanism, and Archaeology in "Roma capitale": A Troubled Past and a Controversial Future // The American Journal of Archaeology. 1989. № 93. P. 137-141. Reeder J.C. Typology and Ideology in the Mausoleum of Augustus: Tumulus and Tholos // Classical Antiquity. 1992. № 11. P. 265–307. Riccomini A.M. La Ruina di si bela cosa. Vicende e transformationi del Mausoleo di Augusto. Milano: Electa, 1996. 202 p. Sovraintendenzaroma.it. URL: http://www.sovraintendenzaroma.it/i_luoghi/roma_antica/monumenti/mausoleo_di_augusto. Дата обращения 01.06.2020 Tittoni M.E. Introduzione // Il Mausoleo di Augusto. Metamorfosi di un monument Mausoleo di Augusto. Demolizioni e scavi. Fotografi e 1928/1941 / Ed. F. Betti. Milano: Electa, 2011. P. 11−14. Urbanistica.comune.roma.it. URL: http://www.urbanistica.comune.roma.it/citta-storica-mausoleoaugusto.html. Дата обращения 25.05.2020. Vögtle S. »ubi saepe sedebat Octavianus« Das Augustusmausoleum – Innen und Aussen eines imperialen Grabbaus // Das Marsfeld in Rom : Beiträge der Berner Tagung vom 23./24. November 2007 / Ed. J. Albers. Bern: Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 2008. P. 63-78.

Сформированная императором Августом преторианская гвардия выполняла самые разные задачи. Например, преторианцы занимались поддержанием общественного порядка на мероприятиях, проводимых в Риме, а также иногда подавляли беспорядки в других городах и районах государства; осуществляли шпионаж для нужд принцепсов и расправлялись с их врагами. Однако эти и некоторые другие обязанности являлись для гвардейцев второстепенными. В статье рассматривается главная функция преторианской гвардии – обеспечение стационарной и мобильной безопасности римских императоров и членов их семей. Хронологические рамки этой работы – правление династии Юлиев – Клавдиев. При написании мы опирались на труды Тацита, Светония, Диона Кассия, а также на произведения некоторых других античных историков, повествующих о событиях 27 г. до н. э. – 68 г. н. э. Автор с учётом современных публикаций по теме продемонстрировал исполнение преторианцами на службе у принцепсов этого времени (отАвгуста до Нерона) их основной задачи – осуществление вооруженного эскорта римских Цезарей и их родственников.

In the first century BCE, political instability set the Roman Republic on edge. Researchers have found evidence of an eruption that may have catalyzed the republic’s end.

Esta investigación se propone aplicar los estudios de género a la historia antigua, con el objetivo de mostrar la existencia de movimientos sociales reivindicativos protagonizados por las mujeres en la antigua Roma. La hipótesis que sustenta este trabajo es que las mujeres comenzaron a ocupar el ámbito público y a protagonizar reivindicaciones muchos siglos antes de la aparición del feminismo a finales del s. XVIII. Debido a la amplitud del ámbito de estudio considerado este artículo se limita a la época republicana, específicamente en el siglo II a.C. Por ello, se ha decidido analizar un caso concreto: la manifestación de las matronas romanas para la derogación de la ley Opia (195 a.C.). La metodología de la investigación ha consistido en la lectura crítica y el análisis con perspectiva de género de las fuentes clásicas junto con una revisión de la bibliografía moderna. La ley Opia impuso severas restricciones en los bienes y libertades de las mujeres romanas de la élite, lo que provocó que veinte años después de su promulgación tuviera lugar un movimiento organizado liderado por ellas, que obtuvo el apoyo de buena parte de su grupo social. Mientras estas matronas salían a las calles de Roma de forma multitudinaria, en el foro tuvo lugar un debate entre Catón, representando a la facción conservadora de la sociedad en contra de la derogación de la ley Opia, y Valerio, tribuno de la plebe, que estaba a favor de dicha derogación.

Este artículo estudia la representación de Clodia Metela en el discurso En Defensa de Celio de M. Tulio Cicerón. El análisis pretende extraer y describir cada uno de los elementos que componen el retrato de Clodia y que conforman un arquetipo de mujer concreto: la mulier – meretrix. Como se sabe por diversas fuentes historiográficas, Clodia Metela poseía una inmensa fortuna, por lo que meretrix no representa en este caso a una mujer que ejerce la prostitución. El orador es consciente de que tales alegaciones contra Clodia le beneficiarán en el juicio, pues el efecto censor y despectivo del término meretrix desprestigiarán la imagen de esta patricia romana y su testimonio será invalidado por los jueces y el público. Así, el orador juega con la dicotomía matrona vs. prostituta, una dualidad que se fundamenta en discursos ontológicos normativos sobre las categorías de género en la antigua Roma y que evoluciona hasta nuestros días. El personaje de Clodia también será reivindicado, en la idea de que, fueren cuales fueren sus actos reales, es descrita como una mujer que subvierte los roles de género tradicionales estipulados para una patricia romana y que se define por oposición a la matrona romana o materfamilias.

Nero (37–68 ce) was the fifth Roman emperor and the last representative of Rome's first imperial dynasty, the Julio-Claudians. His reputation for villainy and ruthless depravity is arguably unmatched by that of any other ancient Roman. Keywords: authority; political history; Roman history

What do ancient Stoicism and cognitive behavioural therapy have in common? As shown by Scottish psychotherapist Donald Robertson, they might well share the very core principles. The new edition of ...

The case for an unprecedented penetration of life mechanisms into the politics of Western modernity has been a cornerstone of 20th-century social theory. Working with and beyond Foucault, this article challenges established views about the history of biopower by focusing on ancient medical writings and practices of corporeal permeability. Through an analysis of three Roman institutions: a) bathing; b) urban architecture; and c) the military, it shows that technologies aimed at fostering and regulating life did exist in classical antiquity at the population scale. The article highlights zones of indistinction between natural and political processes, zoē and bíos, that are not captured by a view of destructive incorporation of or over life by sovereign power. In conclusion, the article discusses the theoretical potential of this historical evidence for contemporary debates on ‘affirmative biopolitics’ and ‘environmental biopower’.

Ephemeral architecture was the antithesis of the permanent buildings typical of the ‘Fascism of stone’, and yet many architects took advantage of this paradox to create an imaginary Rome. A widespread use of ephemeral structures was made around 1938, during the Mostra Augustea della Romanità and Hitler's state visit to Italy, in order to support a political programme that marked the totalitarian turn in the Fascist regime after the foundation of the empire and aimed at strengthening the alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Relying on methodologies of particular relevance to Roman art history and on various sources unknown to date, this paper investigates the relationships between ephemeral architecture and romanità. The case study is a monumental tribune built in via dei Trionfi that inevitably suffered a damnatio memoriae: a combination of classicizing and futuristic decorations, it looked back at ancient Rome and, at the same time, highlighted the Fascist regime's aspirations to might and modernity.

All persons professionally interested in or merely curious about Rome’s history, from shadowy beginnings in legend to the well-documented first centuries of Empire, should welcome this synthesis of...

The study gives a new outlook on the activities of the first Tyumen printing house, which was founded by K. N. Vysotsky in 1869 and existed until 1909. The scientific novelty of the research is due to the following: 1) book publishing is considered as part of the media revolution carried out by K. N. Vysotsky thanks to the opening of the first photography studio (1866), lithography studio (1867), printing house (1869), and a newspaper publishing news and advertisements (1879) in a provincial Siberian town; 2) publishing activities of K. N. Vysotsky and L. K. Vysotskaya are linked with the history of Siberian steam navigation in the 1870–1890s. The purpose of the article is to characterize Russian dorozhniki - itinerary books as a special type of publications in the Vysotskys’ printing house, to identify their diversity and role in the activities of steamship companies, in particular the Kurbatov and Ignatov Partnership. A bibliological analysis based on the structural-typological method within the context and system approaches allows a new interpretation of the role and place of the Vysotskys’ printing house in the history of Siberian book culture. The author comes to the conclusions that about 20% of the repertoire (11 of 56 books) of the Vysotskys’ printing house are books about steamboats and rivers. They represent a semantic unity, a unique series structured by space (more than 3000 km along West Siberian rivers from Tyumen to Tomsk) and the idea of industrialization and cultural development of new lands. The structural dominance of the series belongs to a special publication type: dorozhnik (an itinerary book), the purpose of which was to indicate the distance between settlements and to serve as a travel guide on Siberian rivers. Publication of such books, which are known to exist since the ancient Rome, testifies to the high print culture of the Vysotskys publishers. These books are very diverse: brief guidebooks coexisted with lithographic cartographic editions and advertising catalogs in the genre of history writing and ethnographic travel essays. The significance of the itinerary books published by the Vysotskys lies in the cultural brand they formed for Tyumen as a town and the birthplace of all navigation along West Siberian rivers.

Purpose This paper aims to retrace the genesis of private share company in Ancient Rome as one of the greatest innovation in the history of management. Design/methodology/approach Relying on a thorough and systematic analysis of the available historical material, and modern research, the author reconstructs the first known form of private share company and the way it came into being under late Republic and early Empire. Findings The scope of commercial partnerships and bounds preventing them from concentration of capitals are shown. The popular myth of private corporations allegedly existing in Ancient Rome is debunked. The author reveals how existing business elements (union of co-owners, the module “slave – peculium – free administration” from individual enterprise, and the principle of inseparability of joint ownership) had been combined to form private share company. Are demonstrated its chief differences from corporation, and the untenability of attempts to deny the real existence of private share companies in Ancient Rome. By way of summing up, the pattern of innovations is brought into relief. Research limitations/implications The material opens new vistas for historians and allows them to draw an exacter and more comprehensive picture of Roman private entrepreneurship. Experts in management get an opportunity to retrace the background of modern forms of business organizing. A broader circle of researchers may see what the real path of radical novelties – from the need for them to their implementation – is. And altogether, the author’s conclusions provide scholars with a key to understanding breakthrough phenomena of history. Practical implications The results obtained may be used in many courses related to the history of economics, business, management, innovations, etc. Besides, they allow practitioners to discern plainly the origins of new business forms and learn how to make for them or facilitate their growth. Social implications The author's conception of viable novelties sheds light on the processes of social development and modernization. It may serve as an effective instrument in planning reforms and managing them. Originality/value The framework of Roman private share company and many allied issues are investigated for the first time. This type of enterprise is presented as a response to the functional request from private entrepreneurs. That is why the new organizational form, despite its radical nature, proved to be quite efficient, and caught on in business. The author infers from his findings a generalized pattern of innovations able to get integrated into reality.

Frontline rescue archaeology was not an unusual pursuit during the First World War, particularly in the Middle East. One example, undertaken by members of the Australian and New Zealand forces, was...

Exile is a form of punishment that has been in practice since the time of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In Ancient Greeks, it was practiced chiefly in cases of murder, whereas, in Ancient Romans, exile emerged as a result of avoiding capital punishment. Exile continues to exist in the countries where the principles of democracy do not stand on the firm and strong foundations by the banishment of people due to political or punitive reasons. The exile’s return to the forsaken native home will revive a sense of connection, reassemble pieces of his/her broken identity, and restore the fabrics of history destroyed by involuntary displacement. This article attempts to explore and to analyze the issues of exile and homecoming concerning two main characters in Orhan Pamuk’s two novels, Black in My Name is Red and Ka in Snow, and to gain insight into their reasons that prompted their exiles as well as their homecoming. It employs comparative research, one of the research methodologies in Social Sciences, to comply with the aim of the study.

The article highlights the role of Lesya Ukrainka's idiolect in the history of the Ukrainian literary language. The writer enriched her artistic, scientific and journalistic styles, supplemented her epistolary and translated literature. Lesia Ukrainka's idiolect significantly expanded the expressive possibilities of literary language, took it beyond Ukrainian realities, and brought the Ukrainian reader closer to classical and European literature: translations of works by Homer, Dante, Byron, Shakespeare, and others. The linguistic aesthetics of Lesya Ukrainka's poetry was formed on the basis of vernacular and folk poetic language in combination with the literary and written traditions of the Ukrainian classics. The vocabulary of Lesya Ukrainka's poems demonstrates a high level of the Ukrainian literary language development. Lesya Ukrainka's poetry conveys complex concepts of art, aesthetics, science, including philosophy, psychology, history, art, and aesthetics. We can find verbal incarnations of the image of the Word in the idiolect of the writer. Most of the events in Lesya Ukrainka's plays take place in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Spain, Egypt, Germany, North America and other countries. Lesya Ukrainka's dramas are rich in aphorisms - individual-author maxims. Most of the aphorisms concern the artistic theme of slavery, slavery - freedom, liberty. Various socio-political topics are among the civic interests of the writer, which are reflected in her journalistic works. Lesya Ukrainka is the author of literary-critical and scientific works. The idiolect of the writer significantly complements her epistolary legacy. She adhered to Eastern Ukrainian language traditions and consistently used lexical and grammatical language forms of Western Ukraine.

Ancient sources indicate that aluminum was known at Ancient Rome. The article attempts to reconstruct the ancient technological process of production of metallic aluminum based on the currently available information about the properties of aluminum and modern production methods.

This thesis argues that Dio Chrysostom’s self-identification as a philosopher mattered a great deal more than what previous scholarship had suggested. Against the cultural and intellectual atmosphere of the first two centuries CE, it is argued that Dio had deliberately chosen to identify as a philosopher in his public activity in order to position himself at the apex of the intellectual pyramid. It is shown that Dio mixed philosophy, especially the public philosophy of Socrates and Diogenes, and the public speech, instead of the intimate dialogue, and that by doing so Dio had fashioned for himself – and as a legacy – a new model of public intellectual: a philosopher who is active in the public, civic space, and who intervenes in the political lives of cities by virtue of his identification as a philosopher. Instead of being a teacher, or a writer, like many other philosophers of his time, Dio urged philosophers to step out onto the public space and become active moral and political guides for their communities.