Search

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of soybean yields largely depend on the effectiveness of measures against pathogens caused by phytopathogenic bacteria, which lead to the loss of 30-40% of grain yield. One of the elements of biologization is the use of trace elements in the cultivation of soybeans. The work has been devoted to determining the sensitivity of highly active strains of nodule bacteria and representatives of pathogens of soybean bacteriosis to trace elements preparations Dobrodiy Comfort and Dobrodiy Comfort-Copper, which were obtained by electropulse ablation, and comparing their action with traditional chemical pesticides. For comparison, the drugs of traditional cultivation of soybeans have been used: Rankona, Maxim XL, Rydomil Gold, Propuls. Classical microbiological, phytopathological, statistical method shas been used in the work. In particular, the reliability of the influence of factors has been established by the value of the probability level "p", which was calculated using the program STATISTICA 8. The obtained results have indicated a high sensitivity of yellow pigment pathogens of soybean bacteriosis to preparations Dobrodiy Comfort and Dobrodiy Comfort-copper in native form. The causative agent of angular spot of soybeans has not been sensitive to these compositions. Study have shown that Dobrodiy Comfort and Dobrodiy Comfort-copper are non-toxic to bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium. According to the results of preparations titration, work has been determined that the effect of these preparations on phytopathogens remains in the range of 10 -3 -10 -4 . According to the For the first time absence of antibacterial activity at the specified dilution and toxic effect on nodule bacteria, the use of ecological drugs Dobrodiy-Comfort and Dobrodiy Comfort-Copper in the system of soybean protection against bacterial diseases has been analyzed and recommended.

The data concerning the effects of pesticides of different nature on the phytopathogenic bacteria was examined and summarized. Without extensive research on the mechanisms of interaction between pathogenic bacteria and pesticides in the literature review a similar message about microorganisms of soil and phyllosphere are included. The bacteria can be suppressed permanently by pesticides with a mechanism of action that universally affects biological processes in living systems. Long-term storage, ease of use and fast visible effect are the advantages of synthetic pesticides remedies. But chemical pollution, shifts in the balance of ecosystems, unpredictable effects of chemical pesticides on non-target objects are the drawbacks. Stimulation of resistance response in plants is unifying factor for all types of biopesticides. This is realized through localization of the pathogen during infection, blocking its further penetration, distribution and reproduction. The results of the study of effects of plant protection products on the phytopathogenic bacteria of main crops are described. Among all tested pesticides, thiocarbamate fungicides demonstrated significant inhibitory action on phytopathogens, but their effect may be neutralized by other constituents of multicomponent preparations. Triazole fungicides affect the causative agents of bacterioses of crops at a dose of more than 1% of the active substance in the nutrient medium. Insecticides and herbicides have little or no effect on phytopathogenic bacteria; however they can enhance morphological dissociations of some Pseudomonas strains, thereby increasing their ability to survive. The disadvantage of many biopesticides against phytopathogenic microorganisms is the difference between their efficacy in vitro and in vivo that is why the desired result is not achieved in field condition. In addition, biological pesticides often lose their activity causing the problem of constant search for new active antagonists. The fact that the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to pesticides is strain-dependent should be considered in practice, particularly, assessment of the antibacterial action of various preparations should not be limited to a single bacterial strain.

Purpose. Study of the cultural-morphological and physiological and biochemical properties of Pseudomonas putida collection strains and their possible use in biotechnological developments and plant protection technologies. Methods. Biotechnological methods were used (obtaining and subcultivation of strains P. putida 8617, 8618, 8619, 8672 in vitro), microbiological (obtaining an isolated colony of bacteria, studying the growth of microbes on cups, studying the nature of growth on beveled agar, morphological, cultural, biochemical and physiological properties of experimental test cultures), statistical methods, light microscopy.. Results. The results we obtained were completely consistent with the data presented in the literature on the absorption of carbon and nitrogen, as the only source of power in the taxonomy of experimental crops. We have described that for the species differentiation Pseudomonas putida can be used and negative indicators than the similarity was demonstrated in this experiment. A very interesting feature is that the representatives of this species do not hydrolyze gelatin, it distinguishes them from other representatives of the fluorescent group of pseudodonoses. Also, the presence of a positive oxidation reaction is atypical. The isolates which we are studying for morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, we attributed to the genus Pseudomonas. Scientists use carbon sources of glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, maltose, rhamnose, as well as reference strains as sources of carbon energy. Do not use trehalose and sucrose. At the same time, many indicators were different from those of P.syringae, a pathogen. This again demonstrates the non-affiliation of Pseudomonas putida to phytopathogens.Consequently, we determined that the collection strains Pseudomonas putida, which for a long time were stored in the collection of the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of D.K. Zabolotniy kept their basic biological properties and can be used for further microbiological and biotechnological research. Pseudomonas putida is saprophytic microorganisms and are potential antagonists for pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes of plants that capture the rhizosphere environment. Phytopathogenic bacteria that cause diseases of agricultural and ornamental plants are widespread in Ukraine and cause significant damage to the economy of Ukraine. Therefore, we determined the possible antagonistic effects of Pseudomonas putida on a wide range of representatives of the most common and highly aggressive phytopathogenic bacteria. The conducted experiments showed that all the experimental strains Pseudomonas putida were homogeneous, not contaminated and not mutated, retained their cultural-morphological and physiological and biochemical properties. It was determined that the collection strains Pseudomonas putida, which for a long time remained in the collection of IVB (Institute of Microbiology and Virology named after DK Zabolotny), have retained their basic biological properties and can be used for further microbiological and biotechnological research. Conclusions. According to the results of research and analysis of literary sources, Pseudomonas putida has been shown to differ from other typical representatives of its kind. The obtained results are completely consistent with the data presented in the literature on the absorption of carbon and nitrogen, as the only source of power in the taxonomy of experimental crops.

The effect of plants growth regulators (Agrostimulin, Emestim S, Biolan)onsoybeanplantbacterialdiseaseswhenpresowingseedtreating has been tudied. It was established positive impact of Agrostimulin, which guarantees plant growth stimulation, high resistance against bacterial diseases during vegetation in the condition of both natural infection and artificial introduction with agents and yield increase.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from seven Pantoea agglomerans strains isolated from various plants were purified and chemically identified. LPS of the studied P. agglomerans strains were heterogeneous in monosaccharide composition. Thus, the LPS of P. agglomerans 8606 differed considerably from the LPSs of other strains, containing mannose as the predominant monosaccharide (69.8%), as well as ribose (15.1%) and xylose (12.6%), while the content of rhamnose, one of the predominant monosaccharides in other LPS samples, was 2.5%. Analysis of the fatty acid composition revealed the presence of C12-C16 acids. In lipids A of all the studied strains, 3-OH-C14:0 was the predominant acid (31.7 to 39.1%, depending on the strain). C12:0 (8.2 to 31.5%), C14:0 (12.9 to 30.8%), and C16:0 acids (3.4 to 16.9%) were also revealed. The studied P. agglomerans strains fell into three groups according to their fatty acid composition. The differences stemmed from the presence or absence of two fatty acids, 2-OH-C14:0 and C16:1. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion in agar revealed that all the LPS under study exhibited antigenic activity in homologous systems. The results of serological cross reactions indicated immunochemical heterogeneity of the species P. agglomerans. Comparative investigation of the complex of parameters of peripheral blood cells from a healthy donor before and after treatment with LPS solutions showed that the values of no parameters exceeded the normal range.

A new phytopathogen has been identified and investigated as a result of ecosystem monitoring of bacterial soybean diseases in Ukraine which is identified as Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens according to its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The pathogen is highly aggressive to soybean and can potentially be a threat of infection to other legumes.

Application of biological preparations such as Phytotsid and Planryz favoures the growth of the general number of soil's bacteria population compared with control by 13.0-36.1% in the variant of potato variety Scarbnytsya and by 4.5-24.6% of potato variety Oberig. It also decreases 1.2-1.8 times the number of soil phytopathogens--Fusarium and Alternaria. During the application of Rovral Akvaflo the Shenon's ecological index of species biodiversity was lower than during the bioprepation application. One could observe a decrease of species biodiversity and dominance of dark pigmentation in fungi--Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Phoma sp., Doratomyces sp., and pigmented bacteria.

The effect of separate and combined 10-day treatment with phenobarbital (PB) in a single daily dose of 35 mg/kg and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a dose of 25 microg/kg was studied in white rats. The results were evaluated by the rate of DNA synthesis in the culture of T mitogen stimulated thymocytes, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDG) in the thymus, and the activity of acetylcholine esterase (ACE) and the content of catecholamines (CA) in the nerve fibers of this organ. It was established that the 10-day treatment with PB inhibits the proliferative activity in concanavalin A stimulated lymphocytes of rat thymus, decreases the ACE activity, and increases the CA content in the nerve fibers. The repeated injections of E. coli LPS on the background of PB led to more pronounced negative changes in the functional activity of lymphoid cells in the thymus, manifested by a decrease in the G-6-PDG activity and the rate of DNA synthesis in the thymus and by an increase in the level of biogenic amines in the nervous fibers of this organ.

Interrelations among changes in 11-oxycorticosteroids (11-OSC) in blood plasma, catecholamines (CA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in nerve fibres of the thymus, as well as qualitative content and proliferative capacity of thymic and blood cells under the effect of the rat recombinant interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) normally and under conditions of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical depression, were studied. The changes were the most obvious within 15 and 120 min following the IL-2 beta administration: elevation of the 11-OSC, increase in the CA content, and decrease in the AChE activity in thymic nerve fibres. Preliminary administration of dexamethasone prevented the effects.

Lipopolysaccharide and extracellular glyco polymers were isolated from cells of phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. It was established that the O-specific polysaccharides are characterized by a linear structure, composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units containing three L-rhamnose residues and one of N-acetylglucosamine residue. Core oligosaccharide along with typical monosaccharides such as rhamnose, glucose, heptose, KDO and glucosamine included fucose, galactose and arabinose. Serological activity of lipopolysaccharide is due to both O-specific polysaccharide and lipid A component. Extracellular glyco polymers contained both neutral (GP 1) and charged (GP 2 and GP 3) components. Rhamnose and glucose (GP 1, GP 2) or galactose (GP 3) were predominant monosaccharides, GP 2 displayed a high phytotoxic action in respect to tomato plants.

The interaction of the antiserum against Burkholderia solanacearum ICMP 8110 cells with lipopolysaccharides from 19 strains of B. solanacearum differing in O-specific polysaccharide structure has been studied using ELISA. No correlation was found between the O-specific polysaccharide structure and serological activity of the lipopolysaccharide. Most of the lipopolysaccharides isolated from B. solanacearum strains (except for 4157, 767 and 7942) displayed cross-reactivity with the tested antiserum. These data indicate that the strain under study pertains to the same serogroup. It cannot be excluded that some nonidentified components in the O-specific polysaccharide structure are responsible for the serological activity of the lipopolysaccharide.

The proliferative response of thymic and splenic cells and the production of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 by splenocytes were studied a day, three and six months after 25-fold separate and combination radiation (total dose 0.5 Gy) and heat (37 degrees C, 4h). The proliferative activity of lymphocytes of both organs was found to enhance a day after heating. No changes were found three months later. The proliferative activity of thymocytes in rats exposed to radiation and combination of the two factors was inhibited after six months. The production of interleukin-1 was lowered after irradiation.

The article deals with the study of the influence produced by pulmonary surfactant on the activity of interleukin-1 secreted by macrophages which were isolated from the lungs of Wistar male rats 3 weeks after they were given a one-time administration of bleomycin or sodium chloride isotonic solution. Under conditions of prostaglandin synthesis stimulated by lipopolysaccharides and simultaneously inhibited by indomethacin macrophages of the lungs with forming fibrosis secrete an increased amount of interleukin-1. Cultivation of macrophages isolated from fibrosis-affected lungs with surfactant was also accompanied by enhanced activity of this monokine. Interleukin-1 secretion by macrophages of animals with fibrosis was drastically increased in the presence of polymyxin B. Under the same conditions pulmonary surfactant significantly stimulated the activity of monokine which was secreted both by cells of the normal animals and by those obtained from the lungs with fibrosis. Consideration is given to the importance of this phenomenon for the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.

Effects of oxytocin on pyrogenal or endogenous pyrogen-induced fever were studied. Intramuscular injection of oxytocin (0.2 micrograms/kg every half an hour) did not significantly affect the pattern of pyrogenal-induced fever. Constant intravenous injection of oxytocin (0.4 and 4 micrograms/kg/h) 2-4.5 h after pyrogenal decreased the rectal temperature, on an average, by 24% and 31%, respectively. Endogenous pyrogen fever was not attenuated by intravenous oxytocin (4 micrograms/kg/h). The antipyrogenic effect of oxytocin is related to inhibition of endogenous pyrogen synthesis rather than to blockade of its action, which is indicated by a decreased second peak of the temperature curve, inhibition of endogenous pyrogen synthesis in vitro, and persistence of the hyperthermic effect of endogenous pyrogen.

The simplest way of increasing the chemical stability of glass containers is to treat their inner surfaces with acid gases; as a result sodium from the glass passes into a compound, which forms an easily removable deposit on the surface. Removal of sodium ions from the surface layer leads to some changes in its structure and the ratio of Si--Ononbridge/bridge bonds. These bonds can be distinguished well in the IR reflection spectra of simple glasses. Infrared spectroscopy is used successfully to study the changes that occur in the surface layer of binary glasses under the action of a corrosive medium.

Results are described of investigations of local and average heat transfer between a single sphere and an airstream at normal and reduced pressures in the Reynolds number range 50 to 97·103.

Effects of oxytocin on pyrogenal or endogenous pyrogen-induced fever were studied. Intramuscular injection of oxytocin (0.2 micrograms/kg every half an hour) did not significantly affect the pattern of pyrogenal-induced fever. Constant intravenous injection of oxytocin (0.4 and 4 micrograms/kg/h) 2-4.5 h after pyrogenal decreased the rectal temperature, on an average, by 24% and 31%, respectively. Endogenous pyrogen fever was not attenuated by intravenous oxytocin (4 micrograms/kg/h). The antipyrogenic effect of oxytocin is related to inhibition of endogenous pyrogen synthesis rather than to blockade of its action, which is indicated by a decreased second peak of the temperature curve, inhibition of endogenous pyrogen synthesis in vitro, and persistence of the hyperthermic effect of endogenous pyrogen.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from seven Pantoea agglomerans strains isolated from various plants were purified and chemically identified. LPS of the studied P. agglomerans strains were heterogeneous in monosaccharide composition. Thus, the LPS of P. agglomerans 8606 differed considerably from the LPSs of other strains, containing mannose as the predominant monosaccharide (69.8%), as well as ribose (15.1%) and xylose (12.6%), while the content of rhamnose, one of the predominant monosaccharides in other LPS samples, was 2.5%. Analysis of the fatty acid composition revealed the presence of C12–C16 acids. In lipids A of all the studied strains, 3-OH-C14:0 was the predominant acid (31.7 to 39.1%, depending on the strain). C12:0 (8.2 to 31.5%), C14:0 (12.9 to 30.8%), and C16:0 acids (3.4 to 16.9%) were also revealed. The studied P. agglomerans strains fell into three groups according to their fatty acid composition. The differences stemmed from the presence or absence of two fatty acids, 2-OH-C14:0 and C16:1. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion in agar revealed that all the LPS under study exhibited antigenic activity in homologous systems. The results of serological cross reactions indicated immunochemical heterogeneity of the species P. agglomerans. Comparative investigation of the complex of parameters of peripheral blood cells from a healthy donor before and after treatment with LPS solutions showed that the values of no parameters exceeded the normal range.