59 results on '"Zhihu Yang"'
Search Results
2. Surface nanostructures formation induced by highly charged ions: Kinetic and potential energy dependence
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Pengfei Li, Hongqiang Zhang, Long Wei, Ben Niu, Hua Yuan, Zidong Cheng, Haowen Zhang, Zhihu Yang, Yipan Guo, Yue Ma, Chengliang Wan, Ying Cui, Ming Li, and Ximeng Chen
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Instrumentation - Published
- 2022
3. NLRP2 in health and disease
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Tongtong Zhang, Fei Xing, Mingcui Qu, Zhihu Yang, Yafei Liu, Yongchao Yao, and Na Xing
- Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2) is a novel member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family. However, our understanding of NLRP2 has long been ambiguous. NLRP2 may have a role in the innate immune response, but its specific functions remain controversial. Although NLRP2 can initiate inflammasome and promote inflammation, it can also downregulate inflammatory signals. Additionally, NLRP2 has been reported to function in the reproductive system and shows high expression in the placenta. However, the exact role of NLRP2 in the reproductive system is unclear. Here, we highlight the most current progress on NLRP2 in inflammasome activation, effector function, and regulation of nuclear factor-κB. And we discuss functions of NLRP2 in inflammatory diseases, reproductive disorders, and the potential implication of NLRP2 in human diseases.
- Published
- 2023
4. A Migration Mechanism With Neighbor Retention Promotes Cooperation
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Liping Zhang and Zhihu Yang
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- 2022
5. Rapid deep-learning-assisted design method for 2-bit coding metasurfaces
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Jiahui Fu, Yuping Zhang, Zhongxin Dou, Zhihu Yang, Meng Liu, and Huiyun Zhang
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Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics - Abstract
This paper proposes a deep-learning-assisted design method for 2-bit coding metasurfaces. This method uses a skip connection module and the idea of an attention mechanism in squeeze-and-excitation networks based on a fully connected network and a convolutional neural network. The accuracy limit of the basic model is further improved. The convergence ability of the model increased nearly 10 times, and the mean-square error loss function converges to 0.000168. The forward prediction accuracy of the deep-learning-assisted model is 98%, and the accuracy of inverse design results is 97%. This approach offers the advantages of an automatic design process, high efficiency, and low computational cost. It can serve users who lack metasurface design experience.
- Published
- 2023
6. Random migration with tie retention promotes cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game
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Zhihu Yang and Liping Zhang
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Applied Mathematics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Mathematical Physics - Abstract
Migration has the potential to induce outbreaks of cooperation, yet little is known about random migration. Does random migration really inhibit cooperation as often as previously thought? Besides, prior literature has often ignored the stickiness of social ties when designing migration protocols and assumed that players always immediately disconnect from their ex-neighbors once they migrate. However, this is not always true. Here, we propose a model where players can still retain some bonds with their ex-partners after they move from one place to another. The results show that maintaining a certain number of social ties, regardless of prosocial, exploitative, or punitive, can nevertheless facilitate cooperation even if migration occurs in a totally random fashion. Notably, it reflects that tie retention can help random migration, previously thought to be harmful to cooperation, restore the ability to spark bursts of cooperation. The maximum number of retained ex-neighbors plays an important role in facilitating cooperation. We analyze the impact of social diversity in terms of the maximum number of retained ex-neighbors and migration probability, and find that the former enhances cooperation while the latter often engenders an optimal dependence between cooperation and migration. Our results instantiate a scenario in which random migration yields the outbreak of cooperation and highlight the importance of social stickiness.
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- 2023
7. Highly-efficient design method for coding metasurfaces based on deep learning
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Jiahui Fu, Zhihu Yang, Meng Liu, Huiyun Zhang, and Yuping Zhang
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Published
- 2023
8. WasNet: A Neural Network-Based Garbage Collection Management System
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Dan Li and Zhihu Yang
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Scheme (programming language) ,Decision support system ,General Computer Science ,Computer science ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,01 natural sciences ,Urban computing ,General Materials Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,computer.programming_language ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Pattern classification ,020801 environmental engineering ,Visualization ,urban computing ,smart city ,smart environments ,Smart environment ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,lcsh:TK1-9971 ,computer ,Garbage ,artificial neural network ,Garbage collection - Abstract
In response to the increasing pollution caused by unseparated garbage, classification systems for garbage separation have become very popular. First, we constructed a complex data augmentation combination for model training. Second, we designed a novel lightweight neural network garbage classification system called WasNet. This proposed network's 1.5 million parameters on the ImageNet dataset are one-half of mainstream neural networks, while at 3 million floating point operations per second (FLOPs) it is one third of mainstream neural networks that have obtained the best performance among known lightweight neural networks. The accuracy on the ImageNet data set is 64.5%, on the Garbage Classification dataset it is 82.5%, and on the TrashNet dataset it is 96.10%. Furthermore, we transplanted the model to the hardware platform and assembled an intelligent trash can; we developed a garbage recognition application to facilitate users to directly identify and receive platform information; we built a visualization and decision support platform to help managers monitor traffic in real time. We combined the intelligent trash can, application, visualization and decision-making platform into a system, which is the most complete and effective system among the known research works. The results of the test we conducted on our platform using our extended dataset showed that our scheme is very reliable. At the same time, we also open source our extended datasets for use by other researchers.
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- 2020
9. Studies on hyperfine structure of Sc I and Sc II using Fourier-transform spectroscopy
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Yang Yang, Yixin Xu, Meina Liu, Huiting Ma, Zhenwen Dai, Die Fang, Hui Fu, and Zhihu Yang
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Materials science ,Analytical chemistry ,Hyperfine structure ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Fourier transform spectroscopy - Published
- 2021
10. State-selective nonradiative electron capture in collisions of 95–197−MeV/uXe54+ with Kr and Xe
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Fangfang Ruan, Yuezhao Zhang, Deyang Yu, Bian Yang, Chenzhong Dong, Kun Ma, Zhongwen Wu, Y. S. Kozhedub, Wei Wang, Zhihu Yang, Rongchun Lu, Caojie Shao, K. N. Lyashchenko, Zhangyong Song, Xiaohong Cai, Yehong Wu, Lu-You Xie, Junliang Liu, Yingli Xue, and Mingwu Zhang
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Physics ,Electron capture ,State selective ,Order (ring theory) ,Electron ,Atomic physics ,Intensity ratio ,Eikonal approximation ,Ion - Abstract
Lyman transitions of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{53+*}$ produced by nonradiative electron capture in collisions of 95, 146, and 197 ${\mathrm{MeV/u}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Xe}}^{54+}$ ions with Kr and Xe atoms have been studied experimentally. It shows that the captured electrons preferentially populate lower states. The intensity ratios $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ and $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ are found to decrease with increasing projectile velocity, and the ratios for Xe decrease faster than those of Kr. The obtained results are compared with the relative cross sections calculated with the relativistic eikonal approximation. For both targets, the theoretical results overestimate the experimental ratio $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ but underestimate $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}).$ Moreover, the theory gives parallel decreasing curves for the two targets, which does not agree with the present experiment. In order to well understand the experimental findings, a more sophisticated theoretical approach is urgently required.
- Published
- 2021
11. Emission of x rays in collisions of xenon ions with metal surfaces
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Yipan Guo, Bitao Hu, Zhongwen Wu, Xiangli Wang, Zhangyong Song, Qiumei Xu, and Zhihu Yang
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General Physics and Astronomy ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Published
- 2022
12. Hyperfine structure measurements of Nb I and Nb II by Fourier transform spectroscopy
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Congcong Jiao, Zhenwen Dai, Zhihu Yang, Yimin Gong, and Yidan Geng
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Radiation ,Materials science ,Solar observatory ,Fourier transform spectrometers ,Atomic physics ,Constant (mathematics) ,Magnetic dipole ,Hyperfine structure ,Spectroscopy ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Fourier transform spectroscopy ,Spectral line - Abstract
Some of the archival data derived from the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) at the US National Solar Observatory ranging from 0 − 36,947 cm−1 were investigated to study the hyperfine structure (HFS) patterns of Nb I and Nb II lines. The analysis of 155 lines in the FTS spectra was performed by a least squares fitting to derive values of the magnetic dipole HFS constant A. In total, the HFS constant A was determined for 68 levels of Nb I between 11,524.65 and 45,719.07 cm−1 and for 57 levels of Nb II between 2356.816 and 73,869.773 cm−1. 26 results for Nb I and 46 results for Nb II are reported for the first time, as far as we know.
- Published
- 2021
13. Visible light emission induced by Krq+ (4 ≤ q ≤ 9) ions colliding with the Cu surface
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Hongyun Zhao, Qiumei Xu, Jieru Ren, Yongtao Zhao, Zhihu Yang, and Yipan Guo
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Surface (mathematics) ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Photon ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Chemistry ,Highly charged ion ,Analytical chemistry ,Charge (physics) ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,Ion ,0103 physical sciences ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Instrumentation ,Line (formation) ,Visible spectrum - Abstract
In this paper, we report visible light emission from 320 keV Krq+ (4 ≤ q ≤ 9) ions on the Cu target. The wavelength range measured is from 300 nm to 656 nm. Two Cu I spectra deriving from different initial states and one Kr I line are detected. Specifically, the two Cu I lines belong to transitions 3d104p(2P03/2) − 3d104s (2S1/2) at 324.78 nm (A) and 3d104p(2P01/2) − 3d104s(2S1/2) at 327.42 nm (B), respectively, and the photon yield ratio of spectra lines (A) and (B) are about 2:1. The Kr I line belongs to transition 4s24p5(2P03/2)11d 2[3/2]0 − 4s24p5(2P03/2)5p 2[1/2] at 486.12 nm (C). In addition, the experimental results show that the photon yields of all lines are increasing with the charge state increase.
- Published
- 2017
14. Evolution of cooperation driven by collective interdependence on multilayer networks
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Zhihu Yang, Te Wu, and Wei Chen
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Microeconomics ,Interdependence ,Computational Mathematics ,Applied Mathematics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Evolutionary game theory ,Public goods game ,Economics ,Pairwise comparison ,Reciprocity (evolution) ,media_common - Abstract
Group interactions, formulated in terms of a public goods game, can not be deduced by the corresponding sum of pairwise interactions. This study proposes a collective interdependence characterizing the functioning of interdependent groups between subnetworks. Via the establishment of global group interactions across subnetwork layers, we show a double-edged sword of collective interdependence in promoting cooperation. Enhancement of collective interdependence hinders the evolution of cooperation whenever global synergy factor is small, while an optimal collective interdependence emerges most favoring the evolution of cooperation for high global synergy factors. However, for such high global synergy factors a low level of interdependence puts cooperators to a most disadvantaged place. A combination of low levels of collective interdependence and high local synergy factors shows that a moderate global synergetic effect most favors the evolution of cooperation. Our work reveals that collective interdependence impacts interdependent network reciprocity significantly and highlights the importance of network reciprocity in enhancing the evolution of cooperation.
- Published
- 2021
15. Evolution of cooperation in a conformity-driven evolving dynamic social network
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Zhihu Yang, Long Wang, and Zhi Li
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0209 industrial biotechnology ,education.field_of_study ,Computer science ,Applied Mathematics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Network science ,02 engineering and technology ,Social dilemma ,Popularity ,Reciprocity (evolution) ,Conformity ,Microeconomics ,Computational Mathematics ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Strategy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Evolutionary dynamics ,education ,media_common - Abstract
Network science provides a powerful methodology to study the evolutionary dynamics in the structured population, however, its current formulation of time-invariant structure does not account for the coevolutionary issue that mainly focuses on structure adaptation in response to the change in the state of nodes. Here we investigate the propagation of cooperation in a conformity-driven dynamic social network where an agent adjusts a social tie sometimes in accordance with a rival’s strategy popularity. To this end, redirecting a link mostly depends on the local popularity of the strategy rather than the strategy itself, constituting the most significant difference from the previous work. The results show that conformity-driven linking dynamics can not only directly cut off the channel by which defection always takes a free ride, yet also dramatically foster the formation as well as the stabilization of the pure strategy group whose members are carrying the same strategy. In this regard, the coevolutionary dynamics often enhances the reciprocity between cooperation and concurrently aggravates the inhibition between defection, whereby the social dilemma can be remarkably alleviated. Our observations will enrich research efforts aimed at exploring cooperation dynamics by means of strategy-neutral linking dynamics and relax the conditions for dynamic networks to uphold cooperation.
- Published
- 2020
16. Production and decay of K-shell hollow krypton in collisions with 52 - 197 MeV/u bare xenon ions
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Yuezhao Zhang, Yehong Wu, Caojie Shao, Deyang Yu, Xiaohong Cai, Ximeng Chen, Bian Yang, Chenzhong Dong, Xi Chen, Y. S. Kozhedub, Yingli Xue, Wei Wang, Jarah Evslin, Yipan Guo, Mingwu Zhang, Fangfang Ruan, Zhihu Yang, Kun Ma, Jianming Zhang, Junliang Liu, Rongchun Lu, and Zhangyong Song
- Subjects
Physics ,Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph) ,Krypton ,Electron shell ,chemistry.chemical_element ,FOS: Physical sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,Charged particle ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Physics - Atomic Physics ,Xenon ,chemistry ,Ionization ,0103 physical sciences ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Nuclear Experiment ,Storage ring - Abstract
X-ray spectra of K-shell hollow krypton atoms produced in single collisions with 52 - 197 MeV/u Xe54+ ions are measured in a heavy-ion storage ring equipped with an internal gas-jet target. Energy shifts of the K{\alpha}_1,2^s, K{\alpha}_1,2^(h,s), and K\b{eta}_1,3^s transitions are obtained. Thus, the average number of the spectator L-vacancies presented during the x-ray emission is deduced. From the relative intensities of the K{\alpha}_1,2^s and K{\alpha}_1,2^(h,s) transitions, the ratio of K-shell hollow krypton to singly K-shell ionized atoms is determined to be 14 - 24%. In the considered collisions, the K-vacancies are mainly created by the direct ionization which cannot be calculated within the perturbation descriptions. The experimental results are compared with a relativistic coupled channel calculation performed within the independent particle approximation., Comment: 5 figures, 9 pages. Accepted by Physical Review A
- Published
- 2017
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17. Effects of payoff-related velocity in the co-evolutionary snowdrift game
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Long Wang, Zhi Li, Te Wu, and Zhihu Yang
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Statistics and Probability ,Geographic mobility ,Computer science ,Monte Carlo method ,Stochastic game ,Econometrics ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Diversity (business) - Abstract
Previous studies concerning mobile populations seldom distinguish mobility on the individual level. In these models, all individuals have the identical moving speed and this moving speed has not been clearly defined in terms of its relevance to other features intrinsic to individual. Here we investigate the evolution of cooperation with a minimal co-evolutionary snowdrift game in which the payoff-dependent velocity as well as velocity diversity is taken into account. We find that the fate of evolution in such scenarios is precisely ruled both by population mobility and the inherent parameter of the snowdrift game. The outside-in and inside-out like attacks on cooperator clusters (C-clusters) are triggered in the Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that low mobility can lead to a plateau of full cooperation provided the challenge to cooperate is not too high, and also that high mobility always inhibits cooperation. Nevertheless, the phase transition diagram implies moderate population mobility most benefits the survival of cooperators when cooperation faces the greater challenge. Finally, the evolution of strategies seemingly rises superior to selection strength once the mobility intensity is fixed. Our findings may shed new light on the evolution of strategies in mobile systems.
- Published
- 2014
18. Evolution of cooperation in synergistically evolving dynamic interdependent networks: fundamental advantages of coordinated network evolution
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Changbin Yu, Zhi Li, Long Wang, Jonghyuk Kim, and Zhihu Yang
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Physics ,Strongly coupled ,Interdependent networks ,Fluids & Plasmas ,Distributed computing ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Social dilemma ,Coevolution - Abstract
© 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Real networks are not only multi-layered yet also dynamic. The role of coordinated network evolution regarding dynamic multi-layer networks where both network and strategy evolution simultaneously show diverse interdependence by layers remains poorly addressed. Here, we propose a general and simple coevolution framework to analyze how coordination of different dynamical processes affects strategy propagation in synergistically evolving interdependent networks. The strategic feedback constitutes the main driving force of network evolution yet the inherent cross-layer self-optimization functions as its compensation. We show that these two ingredients often catalyze a better performance of network evolution in propagating cooperation. Coordinated network evolution may be a double-edged sword to cooperation and the network-Adapting rate plays a crucial role in flipping its double-sided effect. It often economizes the cost and time consumption for driving the system to the full cooperation phase. Importantly, strongly coupled slow-Tuned networks can outperform weakly coupled fast-regulated networks in solving social dilemmas, highlighting the fundamental advantages of coordinated network evolution and the importance of synergistic effect of dynamical processes in upholding human cooperation in multiplex networks.
- Published
- 2019
19. Double effects of projectile charge state on Nb L-shell ionization by slow highly ionized Xe ions
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Zhangyong Song, Qiumei Xu, Zhihu Yang, and Yipan Guo
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Physics ,Projectile ,Ionization ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Charge (physics) ,Atomic physics ,L-shell ,Ion - Abstract
Nb L-shell ionization cross sections induced by Xeq+ (12 ≤ q ≤ 29) ions were measured as a function of the incident charge state q in the energy ranging from 1500 to 2500 keV. In this experiment, w...
- Published
- 2015
20. L-shell X-ray production of molybdenum and niobium induced by 1500–3500keV Xe26+ ions
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Jing Chen, Zhihu Yang, Yipan Guo, Zhangyong Song, Qiumei Xu, and Bian Yang
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Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,chemistry ,Projectile ,Molybdenum ,Niobium ,X-ray ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation ,Spectral line ,Ion ,L-shell - Abstract
L-shell X-ray production cross sections are measured for molybdenum and niobium target induced by Xe26+ ions. The incident energy range varies from 1500 to 3500 keV. The experimental results are well reproduced by the binding-energy-modified binary encounter approximation model in the united-atom limit. In addition to target L-shell X-ray spectra, we also observe a weak spectrum which corresponds to the forbidden transition 3d → 2s from the projectiles.
- Published
- 2013
21. Role of recommendation in spatial public goods games
- Author
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Te Wu, Zhi Li, Long Wang, and Zhihu Yang
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Statistics and Probability ,Microeconomics ,Social system ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public goods game ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Quality (business) ,Public good ,media_common - Abstract
We study the role of recommendation in a co-evolutionary public goods game in which groups can recommend their members for establishment of new relationships with individuals outside the current group according to group quality. Intriguingly, for square lattices and ER graphs there exists optimal group quality for recommendation that induces positive feedback between cooperation and recommendation. Snapshots of spatial patterns of cooperators, defectors, recommended cooperators and recommended defectors show that if group quality is appropriate for recommendation, cooperation and recommendation can simultaneously emerge. Moreover, we find that local recommendation improves cooperation more than global recommendation. As an extension, we also present results for Barabasi–Albert networks. The positive effect of recommendation on cooperation for Barabasi–Albert networks is independent of group quality. Our results provide an insight into the evolution of cooperation in real social systems.
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- 2013
22. X ray spectra induced by 129Xe30+ impacting the Au surface
- Author
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FuLi LI, YongTao ZHAO, XiaoAn ZHANG, ZhiHu YANG, GuoQing XIAO, and XiMeng CHEN
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Surface (mathematics) ,Materials science ,Analytical chemistry ,X ray spectra - Published
- 2012
23. X-ray emission of Xe30+ ion beam impacting on Au target
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Xiaoan Zhang, Guoqing Xiao, Dieter H. H. Hoffmann, Zhongfeng Xu, Zhihu Yang, Yongtao Zhao, Ximeng Chen, and Fuli Li
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Materials science ,Ion beam ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Ion gun ,Kinetic energy ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Ion ,symbols.namesake ,Ion beam deposition ,Yield (chemistry) ,Rydberg formula ,symbols ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Rydberg state ,Atomic physics - Abstract
X-ray emission from Xe30+ ions at 350–600 keV impacting on an Au target was investigated at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou. Characteristic X-rays of Xe ions at energy of about 1.65 keV were observed. This X-ray emission is induced by the decay of very high Rydberg states of Xe ions. It was also found that the yield of such characteristic X-rays is decreasing with increasing the projectile kinetic energy. Simultaneously, the yield of the characteristic Au X-rays from the M shell increases also. These phenomena are qualitatively analyzed with the classical Coulomb over the Barrier Mode (COBM) for highly charged ions interacting with solid state surfaces.
- Published
- 2011
24. Evolution of cooperation driven by majority-pressure based interdependence
- Author
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Long Wang, Jonghyuk Kim, Zhi Li, Changbin Yu, and Zhihu Yang
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Physics ,Fluids & Plasmas ,0103 physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Economic system ,010306 general physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas - Abstract
© 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The evolution of cooperation on interdependent networks is arousing increasing concern based on the fact that more and more complex systems in the real-world have been proven to be organized in the form of multi-layer networks rather than single-layer networks. In this study, we examine the effects of self-organized interdependence on the evolution and stabilization of cooperation with social dilemmas depicted by the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) and the Public Goods Game (PGG) in which agents with the most common strategy have the chance to be rewarded proportionally to the fitness of corresponding agents belonging to the other network. We show that such a type-free rewarding rule, independent of game strategy, establishes a time-varying interdependence between two initially independent populations whereby cooperation is highly promoted as well as stabilized both in the two-player PDG and in the multi-player PGG. Majority-pressure based interdependence at stake has proven pretty neutral in regard to game strategy because it is contingent on strategy configuration rather than strategy itself, which thus gives birth to homologous communities, including cooperative as well as non-cooperative, and thereby an enhanced spatial reciprocity between non-identical networks is triggered. Of particular interest is the double-edged sword effect of network interdependence on cooperation although in most instances the heavier the interdependence, the better the evolution of cooperation. Furthermore, interpretations of the nontrivial relationship between cooperation and benchmark threshold measuring the strategy's local popularity highlight that rewarding the minimum majority is optimal for the evolution of cooperation in such scenario. Finally, we claim our observations are also quite robust with respect to mutation.
- Published
- 2018
25. Near infrared lights emission of 40Ar16+ impacting on metal surfaces
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Li Wang, Guoqing Xiao, Xiaoan Zhang, Wenlong Zhan, and Zhihu Yang
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symbols.namesake ,Materials science ,Infrared ,Atom ,symbols ,Highly charged ion ,Electron ,Atomic physics ,Kinetic energy ,Spectral line ,Bohr model ,Ion - Abstract
The highly charged ion 40Ar16+ with the velocity (kinetic energy EK=150 keV, velocity V=8.5×105 m/s) smaller than Bohr velocity (VBohr=2.9×106 m/s) was found to hove impacts on the surfaces of metals Ni, Mo, Au and Al, and the Ar atomic infrared light lines and X-rays spectra were simultaneously measured. The experimental results show that the highly charged ion that captures electrons is neutralized, and the multiply-excited hollow atom forms. The hollow atom cascade decay radiates lights from infrared to X-ray spectrum. The intensity of infrared lights shows that the metallic work functions play an important role in the neutralization process of highly charged ions during their interaction with metallic surfaces, which verifies the classical over-the-barrier model.
- Published
- 2009
26. An outlook of heavy ion driven plasma research at IMP-Lanzhou
- Author
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Pengming Zhang, Guoqing Xiao, Jiawen Xia, Zhongfeng Xu, Fuli Li, Di Zhao, Huan-Yu Zhao, Yongtao Zhao, Zhihu Yang, Xinwen Ma, Wenlong Zhan, Deihui Li, Ximeng Chen, Hu-Shan Xu, Yong Liu, Gen-Ming Jin, Hongwei Zhao, and Yuyu Wang
- Subjects
Nuclear physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Chemistry ,Energy density ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Heavy ion ,Plasma ,Successful completion ,Instrumentation ,Beam (structure) ,Storage ring - Abstract
Since the successful completion of the cooling storage ring (CSR) project in China at the end of 2007, high qualitative heavy ion beams with energy ranging from keV to GeV/u have been available at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou (HIRFL). More than 10 9 1 GeV/u C 6+ particles or 10 8 235 MeV/u Xe particles can be stored in the CSR main-ring and extracted within hundred nano-seconds during the test running, the beam parameters will be improved in the coming years so that high energy density (HED) conditions could be achieved and investigated there. Recent scientific results from the experiments relevant to plasma research on HIRFL are summarized. Dense plasma research with intense heavy ion beams of CSR is proposed here.
- Published
- 2009
27. X-ray spectra induced by slow highly charged Ar q+ ions in collision with Nb surface
- Author
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Jianxiong Shao, ZhiMing Gao, Juan Du, Xiaohong Cai, YuWen Liu, Deyang Yu, Fangfang Ruan, Ying Cui, KeXin Zhu, Zhangyong Song, Zhihu Yang, Hongqiang Zhang, Ximeng Chen, and Xiaoan Zhang
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,Materials science ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Excited state ,Atom ,Highly charged ion ,Electron shell ,Electron ,Atomic physics ,Kinetic energy ,Ion - Abstract
The X-ray spectra of Nb surface induced by Arq+ (q = 16,17) ions with the energy range from 10 to 20 keV/q were studied by the optical spectrum technology. The experimental results indicate that the multi-electron excitation occurred as a highly charged Ar16+ ion was neutralized below the metal surface. The K shell electron of Ar16+ was excited and then de-excited cascadly to emit K X-ray. The intensity of the X-ray emitted from K shell of the hollow Ar atom decreased with the increase of projectile kinetic energy. The intensity of the X-ray emitted from L shell of the target atom Nb increased with the increase of projectile kinetic energy. The X-ray yield of Ar17+ is three magnitude orders larger than that of Ar16+.
- Published
- 2008
28. Kinetic energy and charge state effects in the X-ray emission of Mo surface induced by Xe q+ (q = 25, 29) ions
- Author
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Hongqiang Zhang, Yanping Zhang, Xiaoan Zhang, ShengSheng Yang, X. Xu, Jianxiong Shao, Zhaoyuan Liu, Ximeng Chen, Yongtao Zhao, Guoqing Xiao, Ying Cui, Zhihu Yang, and Jinzhang Xu
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,Materials science ,Projectile ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,X-ray ,Charge (physics) ,Atomic physics ,Kinetic energy ,Spectral line ,Intensity (physics) ,Ion - Abstract
L-shell X-ray spectra of Mo surface induced by Xe25+ and Xe29+ were measured. The X-ray intensity was obtained in the kinetic energy range of the incident ions from 350 to 600 keV. The relationship of X-ray intensity with kinetic energy of the projectile and its charge state were studied, and the simple explanation was given.
- Published
- 2008
29. L-shell x-ray yields and production cross-sections of molybdenum induced by low-energy highly charged argon ions
- Author
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Jinzhang Xu, Ying Cui, Hongqiang Zhang, Juan Du, Zhi-Min Gao, Zhihu Yang, Jianxiong Shao, Ximeng Chen, and YuWen Liu
- Subjects
Materials science ,Argon ,Binding energy ,X-ray ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,L-shell ,Ion ,chemistry ,Molybdenum ,Ionization ,Atom ,Atomic physics ,Mathematical Physics - Abstract
L-shell x-ray yields of molybdenum bombarded by highly charged Arq+ ions (q = 11-16) are measured. The x-ray production cross-sections are extracted from the yields data. The energy of the incident Ar ions ranges from 200 to 350 keV. After the binding energy correction, experimental data are explained in the framework of binary-encounter-approximation (BEA). The direct ionization is treated in the united atom (UA) limit (Lapicki and Lichten 1985 Phys. Rev. A 31 1354), not in the separate atom (SA) limit. The calculation results of BEA (Gacia and Fortner 1973 Rev. Mod. Phys. 45 111) are much lower than the experimental results, while the results of binding energy modified BEA are basically in agreement with the experimental results.
- Published
- 2007
30. X-ray emission of hollow atoms formed by highly charged argon and xenon ions below a beryllium surface
- Author
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Fuli Li, Zhihu Yang, Xiaoan Zhang, Wenlong Zhan, Guoqing Xiao, Ximeng Chen, Yongtao Zhao, and Yanping Zhang
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Argon ,Xenon ,Chemistry ,Shell (structure) ,X-ray ,Electron shell ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Beryllium ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation ,Spectral line ,Ion - Abstract
The X-ray emission induced by highly charged argon and xenon ions impinging on a beryllium surface is investigated. It is found that spectra of the X-ray induced by Ar 17,18+ interacting with the surface are very different from those of the X-ray induced by Ar 17,18+ interacting with residual gases. The result provides an experimental evidence for the existence of hollow atoms below the surface. Several unexpected X-ray lines are also found in the experiment. Firstly, K X-rays are observed when Ar 16+ ions which initially have no K shell holes interact with the surface. Secondly, if there are more than 2 M shell vacancies at the initial time, strong Mαα two-electron-one-photon (TEOP) transitions are found in the collisions of Xe 28+,29+,30+ ions with the surface.
- Published
- 2007
31. Electronic structures of [001]- and [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb free-standing nanowires
- Author
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Ke-Qiu Chen, Ning Luo, Gaohua Liao, Hongqi Xu, and Zhihu Yang
- Subjects
Physics ,Valence (chemistry) ,Condensed matter physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Hexagonal crystal system ,Degenerate energy levels ,Nanowire ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Lanczos resampling ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Quantum dot ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,Empirical formula ,Edge states - Abstract
We report on a theoretical study of the electronic structures of InSb and GaSb nanowires oriented along the [001] and [111] crystallographic directions. The nanowires are described by atomistic, spin-orbit inteaction included, tight-binding models, and the band structures and the wave functions of the nanowires are calculated by means of a Lanczos iteration algorithm. For the [001]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires, the systems with both square and rectangular cross sections are considered. Here, it is found that all the energy bands are double degenerate. Furthermore, although the lowest conduction bands in these nanowires show good parabolic dispersions, the top valence bands show rich and complex structures. In particular, the topmost valence bands of these nanowires with a square cross section show a double maximum structure. In the nanowires with a rectangular cross section, this double maximum structure is suppressed and top valence bands gradually develop into parabolic bands as the aspect ratio of the cross section is increased. For the [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires, the systems with hexagonal cross sections are considered. It is found that all the bands at the \Gamma-point are again double degenerate. However, some of them will split into non-degenerate bands when the wave vector moves away from the \Gamma-point. Furthermore, although the lowest conduction bands again show good parabolic dispersions, the topmost valence bands do not show the double maximum structure but, instead, a single maximum structure with its maximum at a wave vector slightly away from the \Gamma-point. We also investigate the effects of quantum confinement on the band structures of the [001]- and [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires and present an empirical formula for the description of quantization energies of the band edge states in the nanowires., Comment: 17 pages, 19 figures
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. X-ray spectroscopy of hollow argon atoms formed on a beryllium surface
- Author
-
Fuli Li, Yongtao Zhao, Guoqing Xiao, Zhihu Yang, Xiaoan Zhang, Ximeng Chen, and Wenlong Zhan
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,X-ray spectroscopy ,Argon ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Analytical chemistry ,Electron shell ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Electron ,Ion ,chemistry ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Yield (chemistry) ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Particle ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,Physics::Chemical Physics ,Beryllium ,Instrumentation - Abstract
The X-rays induced during interaction of highly charged argon ions with a beryllium surface are reported. It is found that the K shell X-ray yield of single particle during interaction of hydrogen-like argon ions was 3.6 × 10 −3 , which is five orders more than that of helium-like argon ions. Moreover, due to the screening the 2s electron, no K X-ray was emitted during interaction of lithium-like argon ions with the beryllium surface. It is also found that the X-ray spectrum induced by Ar 17+ interacting with residual gases is very different from that induced by Ar 17+ interacting with the surfaces, that provided an experimental evidence for the existence of the hollow atoms below the surface.
- Published
- 2006
33. X-ray spectra induced in highly charged 40Ar q+ interacting with Au surface
- Author
-
X. Xu, Jianxiong Shao, Fuli Li, Yongtao Zhao, Yinping Zhang, Guoqing Xiao, Xiaoan Zhang, Ying Cui, Zhihu Yang, Hongqiang Zhang, Ximeng Chen, and Wenlong Zhan
- Subjects
Argon ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Projectile ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Highly charged ion ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Electron configuration ,Atomic physics ,Ground state ,Kinetic energy ,Spectral line ,Ion - Abstract
By use of optical spectrum technology, the spectra of X-ray induced by highly charged 40 Ar q + ions interacting with Au surface have been studied. The results show that the argon Ka X-ray were emitted from the hollow atoms formed below the surface. There is a process of multi-electron exciting in neutralization of the Ar 16+ ion, with electronic configuration 1s 2 in its ground state below the solid surface. The yield of the projectile Kα X-ray is related to its initial electronic configuration, and the yield of the target X-ray is related to the projectile kinetic energy.
- Published
- 2006
34. INTERACTION OF HIGHLY CHARGED <font>Xe</font>q+ (q = 26, 27, 30) IONS WITH MOLYBDENUM SURFACE
- Author
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Jianxiong Shao, Zhaoyuan Liu, Yanping Zhang, Hongqiang Zhang, Zhihu Yang, Xiaoan Zhang, Yongtao Zhao, Ximeng Chen, Jinzhang Xu, Guoqing Xiao, X. Xu, and Cui Ying
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,Materials science ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Charge (physics) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Spectral line ,Ion ,chemistry ,Molybdenum ,Vacancy defect ,Atom ,Electron configuration ,Atomic physics - Abstract
Experimental investigation of Molybdenum L-shell X-ray emission is reported in the collision of highly charged Xe q+ (q = 26,27,30) ions with Molybdenum surface in the energy range 400 to 600 keV. Based on the X-ray spectra obtained and by the extrapolation of experimental data to the lower incident energy range, a limit was found for the energy of the incident ions. The influence of initial charge state on X-ray emission from the target L-shell was observed. The difference of the initial charge state and electron configuration of the incident ions may lead to observably different contribution to the target atom vacancy production and L-shell X-rays emission. Based on COB model, a simple explanation was presented to interpret the features of the experimental results.
- Published
- 2005
35. PLASMON-ASSISTED VISIBLE LIGHT EMISSION IN THE INTERACTION OF HIGHLY CHARGED IONS WITH SURFACES
- Author
-
Guoqing Xiao, Yongtao Zhao, Fuli Li, W. L. Zhan, X. A. Zhang, and Zhihu Yang
- Subjects
Wavelength ,Materials science ,Excited state ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Atomic physics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electric charge ,Plasmon ,Spectral line ,Excitation ,Ion ,Visible spectrum - Abstract
The measurements of spectra with wavelengths from 200nm to 1000nm emitted from solid surfaces excited by highly charged ions(HCIs) are reported. The results show that the spectral line of specimen materials can be excited by HCIs, and when the quantity of electric charge is more than a critical number, the intensity of the excited spectral line will be sharply enhanced. Theoretical analysis gives that, this mutation is tied up with the excitation of the conducting-electron gas plasmon in the metal surface.
- Published
- 2005
36. TRANSFER IONIZATION IN COLLISIONS OF PARTIALLY STRIPPED <font>F</font>q+ WITH HELIUM ATOMS
- Author
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Zhaoyuan Liu, Deyang Yu, Hongbin Fu, Baowei Ding, Qiang Wang, Zhihu Yang, Ximeng Chen, and Zhengmin Liu
- Subjects
Physics ,Chemical ionization ,Helium atom ,Electron capture ,Thermal ionization ,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Ion source ,Ion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Ionization ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Atomic physics ,Electron ionization - Abstract
The cross-section ratios R of transfer ionization to single electron capture of Helium atom induced by fluorine ions in the strong-interaction region were measured by means of the position-sensitive-detection and the time-of-flight (TOF) technologies. The velocity and charge state dependence of R were studied. It is found that the R decreases when the 2q/v increases, where q and v are the charge state and velocity of projectile respectively. In this energy region the transfer ionization can be look as Two-Step process that one target electron is captured, and another electron is ionized.
- Published
- 2005
37. Experimental study of highly ionized spectra of titanium
- Author
-
Hong Su, Shouting Ren, Zhihu Yang, Xiantang Zeng, Yan-ping Zhang, and Shu-bin Du
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Laser ,Spectral line ,law.invention ,Ion ,chemistry ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,Ionization ,Excited state ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Atomic physics ,FOIL method ,Titanium - Abstract
The spectra of highly charged titanium ions produced by the interaction of 120 MeV titanium ions with carbon foil were investigated with the so-called beam-foil technique using the HI-13 tandem accelerator in China Institute of Atomic Energy. Spectral lines emitted from fifty-three excited energy levels were observed in the wavelength range 120–220 A, among which eleven lines were new. Our experimental results show good agreement with the results of laser plasma experiments, and are in reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations.
- Published
- 2004
38. The characteristic spectral lines of target atoms in the impact of40Ar q+ ions on metal surfaces
- Author
-
Xiaoan Zhang, Guoqing Xiao, Fuli Li, Zhihu Yang, Wenlong Zhan, and Yongtao Zhao
- Subjects
Metal ,Materials science ,Projectile ,visual_art ,Atom ,Highly charged ion ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Atomic physics ,Kinetic energy ,Radiant intensity ,Spectral line ,Ion - Abstract
We report the measured results of the 200 nm—1000 nm characteristic spectral lines of target atoms when highly charged ions40Ar q+(6≤q≤14) with the same kinetic energy and40Ar6+ with different kinetic energies are incident upon Al, Ti, Ni, Ta and Au surfaces, respectively. The results for129Xe6+,129Xe10+ and129Xe15+ with the same kinetic energy (150 keV) incident upon a Ta surface are also reported. These results show that when the projectile and target are properly selected (40Ar12+ impinges on Al,129Xe6+ impinges on Ta), the spectral intensity of characteristic spectral lines of the target atom is effectively enhanced, and is not strongly dependent on the kinetic energy of the incident ions.
- Published
- 2004
39. Observation of K- and L-REC in 200MeV/u Xe54+-N2 collisions at HIRFL-CSR
- Author
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Jing Chen, Rongchun Lu, Bian Yang, Zhihu Yang, Zhangyong Song, Xiaohong Cai, Caojie Shao, Fangfang Ruan, Deyang Yu, C.Z. Dong, Wei Wang, Yingli Xue, and Jianjie Wan
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Ion beam ,Chemistry ,Ion gun ,Ion ,law.invention ,Nuclear physics ,Momentum ,Ion beam deposition ,law ,Molecule ,Atomic physics ,Instrumentation ,Electron cooling - Abstract
The 200 MeV/u Xe 54+ ions were utilized to collide with N 2 molecules and the K- and L-REC, as well as the Lyman lines of Xe 53+ were observed. After electron cooling, the ion beam momentum spread Δ P / P ≈ 2.2 × 10 −5 was achieved and the target thickness was stabilized at about 10 13 atom/cm 2 . As the first atomic experiment at HIRFL-CSR with the internal target, its feasibility and stability were verified.
- Published
- 2011
40. Aspiration-based partner switching boosts cooperation in social dilemmas
- Author
-
Zhi Li, Te Wu, Long Wang, and Zhihu Yang
- Subjects
Computer and Information Sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Models, Psychological ,Altruism ,Statistical Mechanics ,Microeconomics ,Interpersonal relationship ,Order (exchange) ,Learning theory ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Cooperative Behavior ,lcsh:Science ,Social Behavior ,Computerized Simulations ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Mechanism (biology) ,Physics ,lcsh:R ,Social dilemma ,Interpersonal ties ,Prosocial behavior ,Physical Sciences ,lcsh:Q ,Research Article ,Computer Modeling - Abstract
Most previous studies concerning linking dynamics often assumed that links pairing individuals should be identified and treated differently during topology adjusting procedure, in order to promote cooperation. A common assumption was that cooperators were expected to avoid being exploited by quickly breaking up relationships with defectors. Then the so-called prosocial links linking two cooperators (abbreviated as CC links hereafter) would be much favored by evolution, whereby cooperation was promoted. However, we suggest that this is not always necessary. Here, we developed a minimal model in which an aspiration-based partner switching mechanism was embedded to regulate the evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas. Individuals adjusted social ties in a self-questioning manner in line with the learning theory. Less game information was involved during dynamic linking and all links were tackled anonymously irrespective of their types (i.e., CD links, DD links, or CC links). The main results indicate that cooperation flourishes for a broad range of parameters. The denser the underlying network, the more difficult the evolution of cooperation. More importantly, moderate aspirations do much better in promoting the evolution of altruistic behavior and for most cases there exists the optimal aspiration level that most benefits cooperation. Too strong or too weak selection intensity turns out to be pretty conducive to the evolution of cooperation in such a dynamical system.
- Published
- 2014
41. Measurement of excitation spectra for highly ionized sulphur
- Author
-
Hong Su, Deyang Yu, Huiping Liu, Zhihu Yang, Youde Wang, and Xinwen Ma
- Subjects
chemistry ,Wavelength range ,General Mathematics ,Ionization ,Excitation spectra ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Atomic physics ,Sulfur ,Excitation ,Spectral line ,Mathematics ,Ion - Abstract
The excitation spectra in the wavelength range of 19—40 nm for highly ionized sulphur ions were measured by using the beam-foil method at the Heavy lon Research Facility in Lanzhou. In this experiment, more than 30 spectral lines were observed, which belonged to the transitions of the excitation energy levels for highly ionized SX—SXV ions, and 5 new lines were determined. The experimental results were compared with those from other experiments and theoretical calculations.
- Published
- 2000
42. A coincidence experimental setup for investigating multiple electron processes
- Author
-
Huiping Liu, Shujin Wang, Zhaoyuan Liu, Zhihu Yang, Ximeng Chen, Xiaohong Cai, Xinwen Ma, Ziyong Shen, Youde Wang, and Kui Lu
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear physics ,Data acquisition ,Spectrometer ,Position (vector) ,General Mathematics ,Detector ,Spectrum (functional analysis) ,Electron ,Atomic physics ,Nuclear Experiment ,Coincidence - Abstract
The coincidence experimental setup for studying multiple electron processes at low energies established at the Institute of Modern Physics was presented. The setup includes time-of-flight spectrometer, position sensitive detector, and multi-parameter data acquisition system. Presented were a TOF spectrum for Ar12+ on Ar collisions, a position spectrum obtained in O2+ + He collisions, and a two-dimension spectrum for Ar8+ + Ar collisions at 104 keV. The experimental results were analyzed in detail and 12 subprocesses were identified from the two-dimension spectrum.
- Published
- 1998
43. Measurements of excitation spectra and level lifetimes for highly charged neon ions
- Author
-
Tianrui Guo, Mengchun Zhao, Huiping Liu, Youde Wang, Yifei Du, Chunfang Wang, Xinwen Ma, and Zhihu Yang
- Subjects
Neon ,chemistry ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,General Mathematics ,Excitation spectra ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Atomic physics ,Beam (structure) ,FOIL method ,Ion ,Mathematics - Abstract
Beam foil experiments were carried out for 47 MeV Ne ions passing through C (39 μg/cm2) and A1 (3.4mg/cm2) foils. Highly charged H-, He-., Li-, and Be-like ions were obtained after the foils. The excitation spectra and level lifetimes for these ions were measured, and transition configurations for most measured lines were identified.
- Published
- 1997
44. Visible light emission in collisions between O5+ ions and He atoms
- Author
-
Liu Zhanwen, Mengchun Zhao, Sixin Zhou, Xuezhen Zhang, Xinwen Ma, Dawan Li, Xiaohong Guo, Zhihu Yang, Huiping Liu, Youde Wang, Feng Yang, Guangyan Pan, and Wen Zhang
- Subjects
Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,Projectile ,General Mathematics ,Excited state ,Emission spectrum ,Atomic physics ,Spectral line ,Excitation ,Visible spectrum ,Ion - Abstract
Visible light emission spectra during collisions between O5+ ions and He atoms in the range of 200–800 nm at different projectile energies (4.06–5.31 keV-u−1) have been measured. Emission spectra show that there are three channels of excitation in the O5+-He collision system: (i) single-electron capture into excited states; (ii) double-electron capture into excited states; (iii) direct excitation of target atoms. There are transitions between states with comparably high quantum numbersnl. The absolute emission cross-sections of every spectral line are calculated. The relations of these cross-sections with the energy of the projectiles are studied.
- Published
- 1997
45. Experimental study of electron capture excitation in collisions between Li-like N4+ ions and Na atoms
- Author
-
Xuezhen Zhang, Xiaohong Guo, Zhihu Yang, Sixin Zhou, Wen Zhang, Xinwen Ma, Feng Yang, Mengchun Zhao, Huiping Liu, Youde Wang, Dawan Li, Guangyan Pan, and Liu Zhanwen
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Electron capture ,Excited state ,Atomic physics ,Excitation ,Ion - Published
- 1997
46. Effects of adaptive dynamical linking in networked games
- Author
-
Te Wu, Zhihu Yang, Long Wang, and Zhi Li
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Mathematical optimization ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Context (language use) ,Altruism (biology) ,Network topology ,Interpersonal ties ,Public goods game ,Selfishness ,Pairwise comparison ,education ,media_common - Abstract
The role of dynamical topologies in the evolution of cooperation has received considerable attention, as some studies have demonstrated that dynamical networks are much better than static networks in terms of boosting cooperation. Here we study a dynamical model of evolution of cooperation on stochastic dynamical networks in which there are no permanent partners to each agent. Whenever a new link is created, its duration is randomly assigned without any bias or preference. We allow the agent to adaptively adjust the duration of each link during the evolution in accordance with the feedback from game interactions. By Monte Carlo simulations, we find that cooperation can be remarkably promoted by this adaptive dynamical linking mechanism both for the game of pairwise interactions, such as the Prisoner's Dilemma game (PDG), and for the game of group interactions, illustrated by the public goods game (PGG). And the faster the adjusting rate, the more successful the evolution of cooperation. We also show that in this context weak selection favors cooperation much more than strong selection does. What is particularly meaningful is that the prosperity of cooperation in this study indicates that the rationality and selfishness of a single agent in adjusting social ties can lead to the progress of altruism of the whole population.
- Published
- 2013
47. Hunting for wealthy encounters promotes cooperation in spatial Prisoner’s Dilemma games
- Author
-
Zhi Li, Long Wang, Te Wu, and Zhihu Yang
- Subjects
Microeconomics ,Dilemma ,education.field_of_study ,Population ,Economics ,Prisoner's dilemma ,Condensed Matter Physics ,education ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Abstract
We consider an evolutionary Prisoner’s Dilemma game on the lattice where a parameter α is employed to determine with whom individuals aspire to interact in future iterations. Specifically, for positive α, rich environments are preferentially considered when individuals hunt for new surroundings, while for negative α, the opposite holds. When α = 0, individuals adopt ‘random move’-like migration. The results indicate that aspiring for wealthy ambience makes cooperation survive and even thrive under certain circumstances. Moreover, there exist the optimal population densities that most uphold cooperation. We also investigate the expansion of cooperators. And the discovery of utmost salience is that cooperators can spontaneously break out for the population consisting of full defectors in the presence of strategy mutation. Our results relax the requirements for cooperation to outbreak and suggest that spying into others’ strategies is not always necessary for the cooperation to burst. Finally, we deepen our studies by exploring the situation that each individual has an independent α and find that the fate of evolution is mainly determined by the population composition in this scenario.
- Published
- 2013
48. Production of projectile and targetK-vacancy in near-symmetric collisions of 60–100 MeV Cu9+ions with thin Zn target
- Author
-
Hongwei Chang, Zhihu Yang, Qingliang Xia, Shubin Du, Yipan Guo, and Qiumei Xu
- Subjects
Physics ,Range (particle radiation) ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Projectile ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Collision ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ion ,Ionization ,Vacancy defect ,0103 physical sciences ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Excitation - Abstract
We report studies on both target and projectile K-shell ionization by collisions of Cu9+ ions on the thin Zn target in the energy range of 60–100 MeV. In this work, the relative ratio for the production of the target to projectile K-vacancy is measured. The result shows that it almost remains stable over this energy range and has good consistency with the predictions by vacancy transfer via the 2pσ–1sσ rotational coupling, which gives experimental evidence for K-vacancy sharing between two partners. Furthermore, the discussion for comparisons between the experimental ionization cross sections and the possible theoretical estimations is presented. These comparisons suggest that the experimental data agree well with those predicted by the Binary–Encounter approximation (BEA) model but are not in good agreement with the modified BEA calculations. It allows us to infer that the direct ionization (and/or excitation) is of importance to initial K-vacancy production before 2pσ–1sσ transitions in the present collision condition.
- Published
- 2016
49. Multiple ionization of argon by 170 MeV S9+ ions
- Author
-
Kui Lu, Zhihu Yang, Zhaoyuan Liu, Xiaohong Cai, Xinwen Ma, Ximeng Chen, Ziyong Shen, Huiping Liu, and Youde Wang
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Argon ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Chemistry ,Projectile ,Monte Carlo method ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ion source ,Ion ,Recoil ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,Coincident ,Ionization ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,Atomic physics ,Nuclear Experiment ,Instrumentation - Abstract
Multiple ionization in collisions of 170 MeV S9+ ions on Ar target atoms was investigated by using time-of-flight (TOF) technique. The charge state distribution of the recoil ions produced in the collisions were determined by the coincident TOF between the projectiles and the recoil ions. The relative recoil ion productions were extracted and compared with the theoretical calculations of n-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo methods.
- Published
- 1998
50. Slow isocharged sequence ions with helium collisions: Projectile core dependence
- Author
-
Zhihu Yang, Deyang Yu, X. Xu, Xiaohong Cai, Caojie Shao, Hongqiang Zhang, Jun Lu, Rongchun Lu, Ximeng Chen, Ying Cui, Baowei Ding, Jianxiong Shao, Zhaoyuan Liu, and Fangfang Ruan
- Subjects
Physics ,Scaling law ,Sequence ,chemistry ,Electron capture ,Oxygen ions ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Dominant factor ,Charge (physics) ,Atomic physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Helium ,Ion - Abstract
The collisions of the isocharged sequence ions of $q=6$ (${\text{C}}^{6+}$, ${\text{N}}^{6+}$, ${\text{O}}^{6+}$, ${\text{F}}^{6+}$, ${\text{Ne}}^{6+}$, ${\text{Ar}}^{6+}$, and ${\text{Ca}}^{6+}$), $q=7$ (${\text{F}}^{7+}$, ${\text{Ne}}^{7+}$, ${\text{S}}^{7+}$, ${\text{Ar}}^{7+}$, and ${\text{Ca}}^{7+}$), $q=8$ (${\text{F}}^{8+}$, ${\text{Ne}}^{8+}$, ${\text{Ar}}^{8+}$, and ${\text{Ca}}^{8+}$), $q=9$ (${\text{F}}^{9+}$, ${\text{Ne}}^{9+}$, ${\text{Si}}^{9+}$, ${\text{S}}^{9+}$, ${\text{Ar}}^{9+}$, and ${\text{Ca}}^{9+}$) and $q=11$ (${\text{Si}}^{11+}$, ${\text{Ar}}^{11+}$, and ${\text{Ca}}^{11+}$) with helium at the same velocities were investigated. The cross-section ratios of the double-electron transfer (DET) to the single-electron capture (SEC) ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{DET}}∕{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{SEC}}$ and the true double-electron capture (TDC) to the double-electron transfer ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{TDC}}∕{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{DET}}$ were measured. It shows that for different ions in an isocharged sequence, the experimental cross-section ratio ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{DET}}∕{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{SEC}}$ varies by a factor of 3. The results confirm that the projectile core is another dominant factor besides the charge state and the collision velocity in slow ($0.35\ensuremath{-}0.49{v}_{0}$; ${v}_{0}$ denotes the Bohr velocity) highly charged ions (HCIs) with helium collisions. The experimental cross-section ratio ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{DET}}∕{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{SEC}}$ is compared with the extended classical over-barrier model (ECBM) [A. B\'ar\'any et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 9, 397 (1985)], the molecular Coulombic barrier model (MCBM) [A. Niehaus, J. Phys. B 19, 2925 (1986)], and the semiempirical scaling laws (SSL) [N. Selberg et al., Phys. Rev. A 54, 4127 (1996)]. It also shows that the projectile core properties affect the initial capture probabilities as well as the subsequent relaxation of the projectiles. The experimental cross-section ratio ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{TDC}}∕{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{DET}}$ for those lower isocharged sequences is dramatically affected by the projectile core structure, while for those sufficiently highly isocharged sequences, the autoionization always dominates, hence the cross-section ratio ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{TDC}}∕{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\text{DET}}$ is always small.
- Published
- 2007
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