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IntroductionThe anti-tumor vindoline and catharanthine alkaloids are naturally existed in Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), an ornamental plant in many tropical countries. Plant-specific TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors play important roles in various plant developmental processes. However, the roles of C. roseus TCPs (CrTCPs) in terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis are largely unknown.MethodsHere, a total of 15 CrTCP genes were identified in the newly updated C. roseus genome and were grouped into three major classes (P-type, C-type and CYC/TB1).ResultsGene structure and protein motif analyses showed that CrTCPs have diverse intron-exon patterns and protein motif distributions. A number of stress responsive cis-elements were identified in promoter regions of CrTCPs. Expression analysis showed that three CrTCP genes (CrTCP2, CrTCP4, and CrTCP7) were expressed specifically in leaves and four CrTCP genes (CrTCP13, CrTCP8, CrTCP6, and CrTCP10) were expressed specifically in flowers. HPLC analysis showed that the contents of three classic TIAs, vindoline, catharanthine and ajmalicine, were significantly increased by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in leaves. By analyzing the expression patterns under UV-B radiation and MeJA application with qRT-PCR, a number of CrTCP and TIA biosynthesis-related genes were identified to be responsive to UV-B and MeJA treatments. Interestingly, two TCP binding elements (GGNCCCAC and GTGGNCCC) were identified in several TIA biosynthesis-related genes, suggesting that they were potential target genes of CrTCPs. DiscussionThese results suggest that CrTCPs are involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of TIAs, and provide a basis for further functional identification of CrTCPs.

To figure out the influence of smoke-proof air curtains on the law of tunnel fire smoke spread, this paper set a simulated fire scene of passenger bus with a fire source power of 25 MW in Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), a software for stimulating fire dynamics, to study the law of fire smoke spread in tunnels. At first, this paper analyzed the distribution of smoke temperature, visibility, and CO concentration in each area of the tunnel under the conditions of different jet velocities and angles of the air curtain, and explored the influence of air curtain on the law of fire smoke spread in the tunnel. The research results showed that, when the fire source power was 25MW and the smoke exhaust rate was 100m3/s, in order to effectively control the spread of smoke, the jet velocity of the air curtain should not be less than 7m/s. With the increase of jet velocity, the smoke-proof effect of the air curtain exhibited a trend of increasing first and decreasing later, and the optimal effect was reached at a jet angle of 20°. The influence of jet velocity on the smoke-proof effect was more significant, in case of a fire source power of 25MW and a smoke exhaust rate of 100m3/s, after comprehensively considering the effect and economy of smoke-proof, it’s determined that the best smoke-proof effect could be achieved under the conditions of a jet velocity of 10m/s, and a jet angle of 20°. Our research results proposed reasonable parameters for the smoke-proof of air curtain, which had improved the economy and provided useful guidance for smoke-proof in tunnels.

This paper aims to disclose the influence of different ambient pressures over the smoke flow and smoke ventilation in the shaft tunnel. For this purpose, numerical simulations were carried out on the shaft tunnel, using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. The results show that: Under the same fire power, the smoke of tunnel fire spread faster and faster, with the falling ambient pressure. The longitudinal temperature curves of tunnel fire have basically the same features, at different ambient pressures. With the increase of ambient pressure, the longitudinal smoke temperature on the roof of the shaft tunnel gradually declines. The declining rate is positively correlated with the proximity to the fire source. Compared with that in small power fire, the roof temperature difference between low pressure and normal pressure is large in large power fire. The CO concentration in the shaft falls with the rise of ambient pressure. The smoke ventilation efficiency is better in the low-pressure environment, which facilitates the ventilation of fire smoke. The increase of fire power enhances the horizontal inertial force of smoke, and reduces the probability of plug holing. In addition, the ambient pressure has a small effect on the shaft smoke ventilation in small power fire.

Based on the diversity and importance of phycospheric microorganisms as well as their complex interaction with algae, their ecological correlation with algal bloom events has become a research topic of great interest that remains unclear in the natural dynamic process of harmful macroalgal blooms (HMBs). The world’s largest green tides caused by macroalgae Ulva prolifera have occurred in the Yellow Sea for 16 consecutive years, and seriously affected the coastal ecosystem. Here, we monitored the spatiotemporal dynamics of the phycospheric bacterial community during the U. prolifera green tide bloom. The 73-day continuous field survey covered the whole process of initial invasion until the extinction of the green tide. The phycospheric bacterial community has a higher richness than the control seawater bacteria; in addition, it has more enriched taxa with organic nutrition preference and environmental pressure adaption, such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Desulfobacterota. The same differences in populations and functional profiles were observed among the epiphytic bacterial and phycospheric seawater bacterial communities, which may be driven by the spatial heterogeneity of biogenic elements (e.g., organic nutrients and oxygen) among the habitats. Significant succession occurred in both the epiphytic bacterial and phycospheric seawater bacterial communities; their diversity and richness exhibited significant heterogeneity variation patterns, and their community structure became more similar in late phases. Our study revealed that macroalgal phycospheric microbial communities have a highly complex and dynamic composition and variable ecological functions, which indicate that phycospheric microorganisms are closely related to the fate of HMBs and may have the profound effect coastal biogeochemical cycles.

CuxO/Bi2O3 oxides grown on nickel foam were synthesized via an electrodeposition method to degrade indoor HCHO under visible light irradiation and fully characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis technologies. The characterization results showed that the CuxO/Bi2O3 oxides were successfully loaded on nickel foam and the visible light response spectrum was expanded to 740 nm. Plackett–Burman design combined with central composite design has been used to optimize factors that affect HCHO removal performance. The results demonstrated that bismuth nitrate content, polyethylene glycol 600 content, sintering time, and lactic acid concentration were the four most important factors affecting the HCHO removal performance over CuxO/Bi2O3 sample. The optimum CuxO/Bi2O3 sample could degrade 88.796% of HCHO in 300 min at the conditions of 4.28 mol/L lactic acid, 4.86% polyethylene glycol 600, 194.03 min sintering time, and 45.83 g bismuth nitrate, and the HCHO removal rate remained 82.3% after five cycles. A plausible mechanism for the degradation of HCHO under visible light irradiation was proposed. This work provides a feasible solution for removing indoor formaldehyde in the field of photocatalysis.

In this work, the Mn-doped Fe2O3 catalyst (Mn/Fe2O3) was prepared by hydrothermal and calcination methods to remove formaldehyde. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and performance of Mn/Fe2O3 catalyst was elucidated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The result showed that the Mn/Fe2O3 catalyst calcined at 200 ℃ (MFC200) possessed the best specific surface area (176.04 m2/g, 4.96 times that of pure Fe2O3). The active oxygen content on the catalyst surface varies with the calcination temperature, and that of MFC200 sample is the highest compared with the samples calcined at other calcination temperatures. In addition, the content of Mn4+ species also varies with the calcination temperature, which plays a key role in Mn/Fe2O3 catalysts for HCHO removal. It is concluded that the high specific surface area, the abundant active oxygen species and rich Mn4+ were contributed to the excellent formaldehyde removal performance of MFC200 sample. The Mn/Fe2O3 catalyst will be a promising catalyst to degrade formaldehyde in industrial applications.

An efficient silver-catalyzed δ-regioselective C(sp3)–H heteroarylation of free alcohols has been developed. Various alcohols reacted with quinolines, isoquinoline, pyridines, pyrimidine, phthalazine, 4-hydroxyquinazoline, acridine, quinoxaline and pyrazine to give the corresponding C(sp2)–H alkylation products in 31–89% yields. Notably, all types (1°, 2°, and 3°) of δ-C(sp3)–H bonds in the alcohols could be regioselectively activated. This protocol provides a platform to access divergent functionalizations of alcohols and heteroaryls by forming the challenging δ-selective C(sp3)–C(sp2) bond.

Online mass spectrometry has proven to be a useful tool for characterizing many aspects of chemical reactions. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no reference standard (RS) quantitatio...

A continuous-flow process for the bromination of conjugated allylic compounds with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is developed. The reaction was optimized in a self-made continuous-flow photoreactor based on a commercially available household lamp. The productivity of this continuous step attains 70.5 g/h under the optimal conditions. Compared to batch-mode synthesis, the conversion rate and selectivity of this flow-mode was significantly improved. In addition, the reaction time could be significantly reduced from a few hours to a few minutes.

For single-phase current source converter (SCSC), at least one upper device and one lower device have to be gated on and maintained at any time. Otherwise, an open-circuit of the DC-link current would occur and destroy the devices. In addition, a bulky DC-link inductor is usually required to obtain a smooth DC-link current. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel SCSC with high reliability and high-power density. In the proposed circuit, even all the switches are turned on or turned off simultaneously, neither short-circuit nor open-circuit will happen. The inductance in DC-side is reduced significantly byadopting the active power decoupling technique. First, the operation principle of the proposed converter is introduced in detail. Then, a closed-loop control method is presented to regulate the DC-link current, maintain the DC component of the decoupling capacitor voltage, and achieve sinusoidal grid current. Besides, the parameter design of the circuit and controller is investigated. Moreover, the efficiency comparison between the proposed and other SCSCs is carried out. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed topology is verified by the experimental results.

The metal-modified Co3O4 sample (metal: Zn or Cr, Zn and Cr) was prepared through hydrothermal approach, and applied in low concentration of HCHO removal under room temperature. The Cr/Zn/Co3O4 exhibited the best formaldehyde removal activity and stability. The effect of dopants on the physicochemical properties of the Co3O4 samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman, N2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, resulting that the Cr/Zn/Co3O4 sample possessed the optimal specific surface area (177.53 m2/g, 3.4 times that of pure Co3O4). Meanwhile, Cr and Zn incorporated into Co3O4 lattice simultaneously and promoted the formation of defects, which is the prerequisite for increasing the reactive oxygen species of Cr/Zn/Co3O4. In addition, Cr6+/Cr3+ ion pairs in the sample could be an important role in the removal of formaldehyde. It is concluded that the ideal HCHO removal performance and stability of Cr/Zn/Co3O4 were associated with its high vacancy oxygen content, excellent specific surface area and the promotion of Cr6+/Cr3+ ion pairs.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays a pivotal role in lipid including cholesterol metabolism. The APOE ε4 (APOE4) allele is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular diseases. Although APOE has recently been associated with increased susceptibility to infections of several viruses, whether and how APOE and its isoforms affect SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Here, we show that serum concentrations of APOE correlate inversely with levels of cytokine/chemokine in 73 COVID-19 patients. Utilizing multiple protein interaction assays, we demonstrate that APOE3 and APOE4 interact with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2; and APOE/ACE2 interactions require zinc metallopeptidase domain of ACE2, a key docking site for SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. In addition, immuno-imaging assays using confocal, super-resolution, and transmission electron microscopies reveal that both APOE3 and APOE4 reduce ACE2/Spike-mediated viral entry into cells. Interestingly, while having a comparable binding affinity to ACE2, APOE4 inhibits viral entry to a lesser extent compared to APOE3, which is likely due to APOE4’s more compact structure and smaller spatial obstacle to compete against Spike binding to ACE2. Furthermore, APOE ε4 carriers clinically correlate with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection and elevated serum inflammatory factors in 142 COVID-19 patients assessed. Our study suggests a regulatory mechanism underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection through APOE interactions with ACE2, which may explain in part increased COVID-19 infection and disease severity in APOE ε4 carriers.

World Health Organization reported that almost one in 100 children is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) worldwide. Extended Reality (XR) and Telehealth interventions are evident to be effective for ASD treatments. While there is no comprehensive systematic review to summarize and evaluate the evidence for promoting the accessibility of different technology-based treatment regiments. This paper aims to verify the efficacy and validity of XR and Telehealth interventions for children and adolescents with ASD. We reviewed 112 studies from databases of PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, published in English between January 2010 to April 1st, 2022. We found that after interventions, positive improvements for ASD participants were observed in social interaction, acceptance, and engagement, communication and speech, emotion recognition and control, daily living skill, problem behavior reduction, attention, cost reduction, anxiety symptom reduction, pretend play, contextual processing, match to sample skill, and insomnia control. Our findings provide a solid and positive evidence of XR and Telehealth interventions in improving the treatment outcomes for children and adolescents with ASD. In the future, more research with RCTs and standardized outcome measurements are required to establish the therapeutic efficiency of the two interventions independently or combined.

Petroleum hydrocarbons can serve as a carbon source for marine phytoplankton; so, marine high-acid crude oil pollution events are likely to result in algal outbreaks or harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are the primary acidic component of crude oil, and red tide is of great concern due to its high diffusivity and strong destructive properties. It is important to study the mechanism of the toxic effect of NAs on the typical red tide algae, Heterosigma akashiwo, for the balance and stability of marine algae. The mechanism of NAs’ damage effect was investigated in terms of the antioxidant enzyme activity, cell number, the chlorophyll positive fluorescence parameters, and the cell morphology of microalgae. Experiments confirmed the hormesis of low-concentration (0.5, 2, and 4 mg/L) NAs on Heterosigma akashiwo, and the indicators of high-concentration (8 and 16 mg/L) NA exposures showed inhibition. In this study, the toxic effect of NAs on the target organism showed a clear concentration–dose relationship. The 16 mg/L NAs stress caused severe damage to the morphology and structure of the target biological cells in a short time (96 h), and the population growth decreased. The target organisms showed a staged oxidative stress response to NAs. The behavior in the low-concentration treatment groups showed toxicant excitatory effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity of the target organisms. This study provides theoretical and practical data for the development of an important toxicological model of the toxicant’s excitement effects and antioxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, it provides prospective research data for the prediction and avoidance of ecological risk from NA pollution in marine environments.

An ecofriendly and efficient ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents dispersive liquid-phase microextraction by solidifying the deep eutectic solvents-rich phase was developed to determine azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, epoxiconazole, cyprodinil, and prochloraz in fruit juices and tea drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography. A varieties of environmental hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents serving as extraction agents were prepared using L-menthol and decanoic acid as hydrogen-bond acceptor and hydrogen-bond donor, respectively. The deep eutectic solvents were ultrasonically dispersed in sample solutions, solidified in a freezer and easily harvested. The main variables were optimized by one-factor-at-a-time and response surface test. The new method performs well with relative recovery of 71.75-109.40%, linear range of 2.5-5000 μg/L (r ≥ 0.9968), detection limit of 0.75-8.45 μg/L, quantification limit of 2.5-25 μg/L,, and inter- and intraday relative standard deviations below 13.53 and 14.84%, respectively. As for the extraction mechanism, deep eutectic solvents were disposed into many fine particles in the solution and captured the analytes based on the changes of particle size and quantity in deep eutectic solvents droplets after extraction. The environmental method can successfully detect fungicide residues in real fruit juices and tea drinks.

An efficient visible-light-induced para-selective C(sp2)-H difluoroalkylation of diverse electron-deficient (hetero)aromatic carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) at ambient temperature has been developed by employing Ir(ppy)3 as the catalyst and 1,10-phenanthroline as the additive. This protocol was highlighted by its wide substrate scope, high regioselectivity, low catalyst usage, and operational simplicity.

In elevating the efficiency and practicality of warehouse operations, our team proposes the concept of interconnected dangerous goods warehouses. To support the operations of this kind of warehouse...

Nowadays, embedded systems can be found everywhere in daily life. In the development of embedded systems, data security is one of the critical factors. Encryption is an effective way to protect data from threats. Among encryption algorithms, chaos-based methods have strong cryptographic properties since chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions and parameters. However, most of these algorithms cannot be applied in practice because their encryption speed is not fast enough. In this paper, a fast image encryption algorithm is proposed. Compared with traditional chaos-based image encryption algorithms, the proposed method utilizes mixed-sequence and decorrelation operation to enhance the randomness of chaotic sequence. Moreover, it used minimum length of the sequence which is determined by experiments. Therefore, the proposed scheme spends much less computation time, which is an important advantage for being applied in practice. Testing results have shown that this algorithm has good performance in resisting known attacks, such as known-plaintext attacks, chosen ciphertext attacks, statistical attacks, differential attacks, and various brute-force attacks.

The changes in the composition and structure of microbial communities in Jiaozhou Bay are strongly affected by marine oil pollution, but the outcomes of the microbial responses and effects of dispersant application remain unclear. Herein, we performed an in situ microcosm study to investigate the response of the indigenous microbial community under crude oil alone and combined oil and dispersant treatment in the surface seawater of a semi-enclosed marine area of Jiaozhou Bay. The dynamics of the bacterial classification based on 16s rDNA sequencing were used to assess the changes with the crude oil concentration, dispersant use, and time. The crude oil resulted in a high abundance of the genera Pseudohongiella, Cycloclasticus, Marivita, and C1-B045 from the Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria classes, suggesting for hydrocarbon degradation. However, the dispersant treatment was more advantageous for Pacificibacter, Marivita, and Loktanella. Besides accelerating the rate of bacterial community succession, the dispersants had significantly stronger effects on the structure of the bacterial community and the degradation functions than the oil. A higher dose of oil exposure corresponded to fewer dominant species with a high relative abundance. Our study provides information for screening potential degradation bacteria and assessing the risks that oil spills pose to marine ecosystems.

Ulva prolifera green tide in the Yellow Sea of China is a typical cross-regional marine ecological disaster. We hypothesized that the complex interactions between U. prolifera and its associated bacterial communities possibly impact the formation and outbreak of green tide. To test this hypothesis, the U. prolifera-associated bacterial community changes in the entire migration area were investigated through field sampling and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that (1) with the green tide migration, the richness and diversity increased for U. prolifera epiphytic bacterial communities, while they decreased for seawater bacterial communities in the phycosphere. (2) The richness, diversity, and community composition of U. prolifera-associated bacteria changed more dramatically in the 35.00°N sea area. (3) Potential interactions between bacteria and U. prolifera existed during the entire long-distance migration of green tide, and six bacterial functional groups (BFGs) were defined. Growth-regulating BFG I and antibacterial and stress-resistance BFG II were the dominant communities in the early stage of the green tide migration, which have the role of regulating algal growth and synergistic protection. Heterotrophic BFG III and algicidal BFG IV were the dominant communities in the late stage of the green tide migration, and they were able to compete with algae for nutrients and inhibit algal growth. Nutritive BFG V and algae-derived nutritional type BFG VI symbiotically lived with algal host. Our study highlights the spatial and temporal complexity of U. prolifera-associated bacterial communities and provides valuable insights into the potential contribution of U. prolifera-associated bacterial communities to green tide outbreaks.

pH-sensitive polyelectrolytes provide enormous opportunity for siRNA delivery. Especially, their tertiary amine structures can not only bind genes but also act as pH-sensitive hydrophobic structure to control genes release. However, the influence of molecular structures on siRNA delivery still remains elusive, especially for the asymmetric alkyl substituents of the tertiary amine groups. Herein, a library of N-methyl-N-alkyl aminoethyl methacrylate monomers (MsAM) with asymmetric alkyl substituents on the tertiary amine group is synthesized and used to prepare a series of tri-block polycationic copolymers poly(aminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly (N-methyl-N-alkyl aminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) (PAMA-PMsMA-PEG). And the properties of these polycations and their self-assembled micelles are characterized, including molecular structure, proton buffering capacity, pH-sensitivity, size, and zeta potential. With the length increase of one alkyl substituent, the proton buffering capacity of both monomers and polycations is demonstrated to be narrowed down. The siRNA delivery efficiency and cytotoxicity of these micelles are also evaluated on HepG2 cells. In particular, poly(aminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(N-methyl-N-ethyl aminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) (PAMA-PMEMA-PEG) elicited the best luciferase knockdown efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Besides, PAMA-PMEMA-PEG/siRRM2 also induced significant anti-tumor activity in vitro. These results indicated PAMA-PMEMA-PEG has potential for further use in the design of gene vehicles with the improved efficiency of siRNA delivery.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all organisms. Because P fertilizers are a non-renewable resource and high fixation in soils, sustainable agriculture requires researchers to improve crop P acquisition efficiency. Here, we report a strong association signal at a locus ofCPU1(component of phosphorus uptake 1), from a genome-wide association study of P acquisition efficiency in a soybean core collection grown in the field. A SEC12-like gene,GmPHF1, is identified as the causal gene forCPU1. GmPHF1 facilitates the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) exit of the phosphate transporter, GmPT4, to the plasma membrane of root epidermal cells. A common SNP in an upstream open reading frame (uORF) ofGmPHF1, which alters the abundance of GmPHF1 in a tissue-specific manner, contributes to P acquisition diversity in soybean. A natural genetic variation conditions diversity in soybean P acquisition, which can be used to develop P-efficient soybean genotypes.

The dynamic behaviors of calcareous sand were investigated under undrained conditions using cyclic triaxial tests, and the results were compared with those of commercially available Fujian (Fj) sand. The test results were used to evaluate the effects of gradation, particle crushing, and other parameters on the liquefaction resistance. The results of the undrained cyclic triaxial tests indicate that the liquefaction resistance of the well-graded calcareous sand specimens is higher than that of the poorly graded and gap-graded specimens and that the excess pore pressure ratio of calcareous sand cannot reach 1.0. Furthermore, calcareous sand has a much higher liquefaction resistance than Fj sand; this difference is due to the different particle structures and compositions of the two sand types. The particle breakage of calcareous sand was clearly observed after the experiments. To explore this further, the microscopic structure of the calcareous sand was investigated by computed tomography (CT), and inner pores were observed in the calcareous sand particles. A relationship between the liquefaction resistance and particle crushing was determined, which provides direct evidence to explain the process of desaturation observed in some cases.

In the single-phase inverter, large electrolytic capacitors are usually used to restrict the low-frequency ripple, which injures power density and reliability of the system. This paper proposes a single-phase integrated power decoupling inverter to realize ripple power decoupling without using large electrolytic capacitors. The proposed converter is derived from a boost DC/DC circuit based active decoupling circuit inverter, which reduces the usage of switches. This paper firstly introduces the derivation process of the proposed inverter and then its operation principle is analyzed. Besides, the automatic power decoupling control method is adopted to simply the controller design. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed topology are verified by simulation and experiment results.

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The development model of the lightning channel is the basis for studying the distribution of ground lightning density. The existing lightning channel simulation model is based on two-dimensional model, and the electric field strength distribution in space is calculated by the simulation charge method, so as to simulate the development process of lightning channel. However, the actual lightning channel condition is a three-dimensional structure, and the two-dimensional model cannot truly reflect the impact of the three-dimensional environment on the lightning channel. For this reason, it is necessary to study the three-dimensional development simulation modeling method of the lightning channel. This paper proposes the development model of lightning channel with 17 degrees of freedom in the first place. Based on the development direction and inclination of these 17 free leaders, the calculation formulas of the electric field intensity of the three-dimensional space pilot head are deduced. In this paper, the simulated charge method is used for calculation, and it is found that the transition condition will reach at the initial stage of lightning process when the lightning channel is too high. Because the development direction of lightning has a strong probability characteristic, which is very obvious in three-dimensional space. As a result, lightning could breakdown at higher altitudes. In this paper, by studying the viaducts of different heights and the initial lightning displacement in different directions, it is proposed that the increase in the viaduct height will increase the lightning stroke rate of the catenary system; the initial lightning displacements in different directions will make the left and right space field imbalance and the effect is enhanced to increase the lightning stroke rate on the offset side. Finally, by changing the initial position of the lightning channel, this paper limits the influence of the height of the lightning channel on the electric field to a certain range, and proposes a three-dimensional development simulation modeling method of the lightning channel.

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are cycloalkyl linear carboxylic acids primarily originating from oil sand tailings water (OSTW), and the exposure to NAs affects the photosynthesis of marine microalgaes. However, the transcriptional response upon the stress of NAs remains unclear. Herein, we investigate the transcriptome alterations of marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum induced by NAs using RNA-sequencing. In total 70 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are enriched in seven biological process pathways, and 48 DEGs are enriched in four molecular functions. Differentially expressed genes of P. tricornutum are primarily concentrated in three photosynthesis-related pathways including the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway, the photosynthesis pathway, and the carbon fixation pathway in photosynthetic organisms. Five DEGs such as hemE, chlM, TPI/GapC3, FbaC5, and CHLH are validated using quantitative real-time PCR assay. NAs at low concentrations affect the material energy conversion efficiency of P. tricornutum, such as chlorophyll synthesis, electron transfer efficiency, and carbon assimilation.

Ocean acidification in coastal seawaters is a complex process, with coastal pH being affected by numerous factors including watershed and biological processes that also support metabolically diverse bacterial communities. The world's largest macroalgal blooms have occurred consecutively in the Yellow Sea over the last 13 years. In particular, algal mats formed by Yellow Sea green tides (YSGT) significantly influence coastal environments. Herein, we hypothesized that 1) inorganic carbonate chemistry in coastal areas is altered by diel metabolism of these giant algal mats and that 2) bacterial community composition in diffusive boundary layers might be altered along diel cycles due to algal mat metabolism. In situ studies indicated that algal mat metabolism led to changes in diel pH and CO2 in affected seawaters. Such metabolic activities could intensify diel pH fluctuations in algal mat diffusive boundary layers, as noted by pH fluctuations of 0.22 ± 0.01 units, and pCO2 fluctuations of 214.62 ± 29.37 μatm per day. In contrast, pH fluctuations of 0.11 ± 0.02 units and pCO2 fluctuations of 79.02 ± 42.70 μatm were noted in unaffected areas. Furthermore, the bacterial community composition associated with diffusive algal boundary layers, including those of ambient bacteria and epiphytic bacteria, exhibited diel changes, while endophytic bacterial communities were relatively stable. Flavobacteriaceae were particularly highly abundant taxa in the ambient and epiphytic bacterial communities and exhibited increased abundances at night but sharp decreases in abundances during daytime. Flavobacteriaceae are heterotrophic taxa that could contribute to coastal area acidification at night due to the transformation of organic carbon to inorganic carbon. These results provide new insights to understand the variability in coastal ocean acidification via harmful algal blooms while providing a framework for evaluating the effects of YSGT on costal carbon cycling.

An eco-benign effective in-situ decomposed nanofluid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction was developed to determine myclobutanil, flusilazole, hexaconazole, penconazole, epoxiconazole, paclobutrazol and diniconazole in tea drinks and fruit juices by HPLC. Various new nanofluids were prepared using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs), with acetic acid/ DL-lactic acid/glycerol/propylene glycol/ethylene glycol/urea and choline chloride used as hydrogen-bond provider and receiver respectively. The nanofluids was decomposed in-situ in sample solutions, while MWCNTs and DESs served as adsorbent and carrier/stabilizer/dispersing agent, respectively. The optimal parameters influencing the extracting performance were identified by one-factor-at-a-time. The new approach was excellent with relative recovery, linear range, detection limit, quantification limit, and inter- and intra-day RSDs of 70.03-107.14%, 10-10000 μg/L, 3.34-8.30 μg/L, 10-25 μg/L

Symbiotic nitrogen (N2 ) fixation plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture. Efficient N2 fixation requires various materials, including phosphate (Pi); however, the molecular mechanism underlying the transport of Pi into nodules and bacteroids remains largely unknown. A nodule-localized Pi transporter, GmPT7, was functionally characterized in soybean (Glycine max) and its role in N2 fixation and yield was investigated via composite and whole transgenic plants. GmPT7 protein was localized to the plasma membrane and showed transport activity for Pi in yeast. Altered expression of GmPT7 changed 33 Pi uptake from rhizosphere and translocation to bacteroids. GmPT7 was mainly localized to the outer cortex and fixation zones of the nodules. Overexpression of GmPT7 promoted nodulation, and increased plant biomass, shoot nitrogen and phosphorus content, resulting in improved soybean yield by up to 36%. Double suppression of GmPT5 and GmPT7 led to nearly complete elimination of nodulation and over 50% reduction in plant biomass, shoot nitrogen and phosphorus content, indicating that both GmPT7 and GmPT5 contribute to Pi transport for N2 fixation. Taken together, our results indicate that GmPT7 is a transporter responsible for direct Pi entry to nodules and further to fixation zones, which is required for enhancing symbiotic N2 fixation and grain yield of soybean.

This article demonstrates 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine-2-amine based organic salts formation of crystalline solids 1 – 9 , in which the acidic units have been integrated via a variety of non-covalent bonds. Addition of equivalents of the acidic units to the solution of 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine-2-amine generates the single protonated species which direct the anions. The nine compounds crystallize as their salts with the acidic H transferred to the aromatic N of the 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine-2-amine. In 2 , 3 , 4 , and 7 the methyl substituted N-rings were protonated, while others were protonated at the NH 2 substituted N-ring. All salts have been characterized via IR, mp, EA and XRD technique. The major driving force for the salt formation is attributed to the classical H-bonds from 5,7-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine-2-amine and the acids. Other extensive intermolecular interactions also play great functions in space association of the molecular assemblies in the relevant crystals. The common R 2 2 (8) graph set has been observed in all salts due to the H-bonds and other intermolecular interactions, except 2 , 4 , and 6 . For the synergistic interactions of the various non-covalent bonds, all salts displayed 3D structures.

The present report pertains to the synthesis and characterization of nine novel mixed-ligand complexes, Zn(Hdmpz)2(L1)2 (1) (Hdmpz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, L1 = 2-furoate), Cd(Hdmpz)4(L2)2 (2) (L2 = 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate), Zn(Hdmpz)2(L3)2 (3) (L3 = 5-bromosalicylate), Cd(Hdmpz)2(L4) (4) (L4 = 4-nitro-phthalate), Zn(Hdmpz)2(L5)2 (5) (L5 = 3-(2-chloro-phenylcarbamoyl)-acrylate), Zn(Hdmpz)2(L6)2 (6) (L6 = 3-m-tolylcarbamoyl-acrylate), Cd(Hdmpz)2(L6)2 (7), Zn(Hdmpz)2(L7)2 (8) (L7 = 3-p-tolylcarbamoyl-acrylate) and [Cd(Hdmpz)2(L7)2]2·2H2O (9). The resulting complexes were formulated from elemental analysis, IR spectra and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The TGA of all the complexes was also evaluated. The X-ray studies revealed that these complexes display mononuclear to binuclear structures with a tetrahedral geometry around each Zn atom and an octahedral geometry around each Cd atom. The Hdmpz ligands in all the compounds are coordinated only in a monodentate fashion through its neutral N atom. The carboxylate ligands in 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8 act only as unidentate coordination ligands, while the carboxylate ligands in 4 and 7 have a chelating bidentate coordination mode. Compound 9 contains both unidentate bridging and chelating bidentate coordinated carboxylate groups. The uncoordinated O atom of the COO− group in 1, 2 and 3 forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the N–H group of the Hdmpz, compound, 4 bears an intramolecular N–H⋯O hydrogen bond between the pyrazole ligand and the coordinated O atom. In 5, 6, 7 and 8, there are intramolecular N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds from the N–H unit of the Hdmpz ligand and the O atom of the CONH group. In 9, the N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds from the –H unit of the Hdmpz ligand, the O atom of the CONH group and the coordinated O atom of the COO− group were found. In addition, in the compound 9 there exists an intra-anion N–H⋯O hydrogen bond between the coordinated O atom and the CONH unit, displaying a S11(7) ring. The intricate intra- and intermolecular classical hydrogen bonds, Br–Br, CH3–Br, CH–N, C–H⋯O, CH3⋯O, O⋯π(C), Cl–π, C–H⋯Cπ, C–H⋯π, CH3–π and π–π associations are elucidated from the X-ray crystallographic studies, which turn the discrete complexes into high-dimensional ordered supramolecular structures.