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Two new species of the genus Amaurobius are described from China: A. guangwushanensis sp. nov. (♂♀) from Sichuan and A. wulongdongensis sp. nov. (♂♀) from Shaanxi. With the addition of two new species, the number of Amaurobius species endemic to China now reaches four. Morphological descriptions, photos, and illustrations of copulatory organs, as well as a map of distribution records, are provided.

Organic carbon aerosol (OC) is a pivotal component of PM2.5 in the atmospheric environment, yet its emission sources and atmospheric behaviors remain poorly constrained in many regions. In this study, a comprehensive method based on the combination of dual‑carbon isotopes (13C and 14C) and macro tracers was employed in the PRDAIO campaign performed in the megacity of Guangzhou, China. The 14C analysis showed that 60 ± 9 % of OC during the sampling campaign was associated with non-fossil sources such as biomass burning activities and biogenic emissions. It should be noted that this non-fossil contribution in OC would significantly decrease when the air masses came from the eastern cities. Overall, we found that non-fossil secondary OC (SOCNF) was the largest contributor (39 ± 10 %) to OC, followed by fossil secondary OC (SOCFF: 26 ± 5 %), fossil primary OC (POCFF: 14 ± 6 %), biomass burning OC (OCbb: 13 ± 6 %) and cooking OC (OCck: 8 ± 5 %). Also, we established the dynamic variation of 13C as a function of aged OC and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) oxidized OC to explore the impact of aging processes on OC. Our pilot results showed that atmospheric aging was highly sensitive to the emission sources of seed OC particles, with a higher aging degree (86 ± 4 %) when more non-fossil OC particles were transferred from the northern PRD.

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer usually causes contamination of soil and groundwater. In this study, the rice yield and soil quality were investigated under different content of N fertilizer and amending organic compost (OC) or (and) crop residue (CR) in five-year wheat-rice rotated fields, and the soil microbial communities were inspected by means of Illumina sequencing. The results showed that rice yields were maintained at a high level although the N fertilizer was reduced to 80% of the normal content with amendment of OC and (or) CR. The PH was decreased and available phosphorus increased whenever the N fertilizer was normally applied or decreased when OC and (or) CR was amended, respectively. Available potassium was significantly increased when N fertilizer was reduced but OC and (or) CR was added. The abundance of bacterial and fungal communities was affected by OC or CR. Function prediction indicated that bacteria involved in DNA repair, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, amino acid degradation, caffeine metabolites were affected by OC or CR. Some plant growth promoting microbes (bacterial genus Pantoea, fungal gena Talaromyces and Scolecobasidium) were increased when OC or (and) CR was added. In addition, some nitrification or denitrification related bacteria (Candidatus nitrotoga, Nitrolancea, Noviherbaspirillum, Thioalkalispira) and fermentative metabolite bacteria (Lactobacillus) were increased when N fertilizer was reduced and OC or (and) CR was amended. These microbes may decompose the complex organic matter and improve nutrient transforming cycle to promote plant growth.

Dual-color photodetection can increase detection accuracy due to the specific information from different wavelengths. Traditional dual-color detectors are based on double optical modules or photovoltage devices, which suffer from huge system weight or low gain. In this Letter, a novel dual-color photodetector with Ge/Graphene/CdS sandwich profile is proposed. While visible and infrared light is mainly absorbed by the CdS and Ge layers, respectively, photoelectrical signals from two wavelengths both conducted by graphene are extracted on time-sequence with different sampling frequencies. Based on a tailored interface process and epitaxy InGaAs instead of bulk Ge layer, the difference in response speed more than 3 orders of magnitude (76 kHz/14 Hz) was realized. Due to the photogating effect, the high gain was obtained for both wavelengths, and a photoresponse enhancement originated from the overlapping of local photogating field is observed. The device provided a new solution for high-gain and CMOS-compatible dual-color photodetection.

Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang, Zhang, Zhisheng (2021): Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Systematics 46 (1): 16-74, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102

Genus Allotrochosina Roewer, 1960 Allotrochosina Roewer, 1960: 927. Type species: Lycosa schauinslandi Simon, 1899, from New Zealand. Remarks. This is the first record of this genus from China. Prior to this study, three species were known, all from Australia and New Zealand (WSC, 2020). Diagnostic characteristics include: lack of bristles on tip of the male palp; subtegulum elongated, situated along the prolateral margin of the cymbium; embolus and terminal apophysis reduced and crowded together at tip of bulb (Vink, 2001; Framenau, 2008)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. 1960. Araneae Lycosaeformia II (Lycosidae) (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba, Mission G. F. de Witte, 55: 519 - 1040.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2.","Vink, C. J. 2001. A revision of the genus Allotrochosina Roewer (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 15 (4): 461 - 466.","Framenau, V. W. 2008. A new species in the wolf spider genus Allotrochosina from New South Wales, Australia (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 35: 463 - 469."]}

Genus Piratula Roewer, 1960 Piratula Roewer, 1960: 677. Type species: Pirata hygrophilus Thorell, 1872, from Europe. Remarks. Currently, 27 species are known worldwide, of which 11 species are reported from China (WSC, 2020)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. 1960. Araneae Lycosaeformia II (Lycosidae) (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba, Mission G. F. de Witte, 55: 519 - 1040.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Genus Lysania Thorell, 1890 Lysania Thorell, 1890a: 312. Type species: Lysania pygmaea Thorell, 1890, from Malaysia. Remarks. Currently, 4 species are known from Asia, of which 2 species are reported from China (WSC, 2020)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Thorell, T. 1890 a. Arachnidi di Pinang raccolti nel 1889 dai Signori L. Loria e L. Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 30: 269 - 383.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Trochosa honggiana Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2012 (Figs 61A–C, 62A–B) Trochosa honggiana Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2012: 20, figs 21A–B (♀). Material examined. 1♀ (holotype), Haiko, Honggi Village, 9.IV.2011, A. T. Barrion, J.L.A. Catindig & S.C. Villareal leg. (HANU). Diagnosis. The female of this species is similar to T. ruricoloides Schenkel, 1963 (Figs 63G–H, 65C–D) but differs by the robust septum and the large spermathecal heads of the epigyne (Figs 61B–C, 62A–B). Description. Female (Fig. 61A) total length 21.97. Carapace 8.23 long, 6.21 wide; opisthosoma 12.29 long, 7.44 wide. Carapace brown. Eye region black. Cervical groove and radial furrows indistinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.30, ALE 0.26, PME 0.75, PLE 0.61; AME–AME 0.21, AME–ALE 0.15, PME–PLE 0.69. Clypeus height 0.71. Chelicerae elongate, black-brown. Labium black-brown. Endites black-brown, longer than wide. Sternum black-brown and scutellate, with brown setae. Legs brown, with black pigmentation. Leg measurements: I 22.44 (6.58, 8.06, 4.68, 3.12); II 20.52 (5.86, 7.08, 4.31, 3.27); III 19.17 (5.15, 6.32, 4.68, 3.02); IV 27.38 (7.17, 8.94, 7.56, 3.71). Opisthosoma oval. Dorsum of opisthosoma grey-brown, cardiac mark indistinct. Ventrum black. Epigyne (Figs 61B–C, 62A–B). Septum broad, inverse T-shaped. Spermathecal heads large and round, spermathecal stalks wide, only constricted near spermathecal heads. Fertilization ducts short. Male unknown. Distribution. China (Hainan)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 61-64, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Schenkel, E. 1963. Ostasiatische Spinnen aus dem Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris (A, Zool.), 25: 1 - 481."]}

Allotrochosina huangi Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 1A–B, 3A–I, 4A–D, 5A–E) Type material. Holotype ♂, Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, Mingfeng Valley, 18°44.485′N, 108°50.812′E, elev. 960 m, 28.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Paratypes. 9♂ 13♀, same data as holotype (SWUC); 2♂ 4♀, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, Wufengqu, 18°44.415′N, 108°51.802′E, elev. 900 m, 18 May 2011, Y.Y. Zhou leg. (IZCAS). Etymology. The specific name comes from the family name of the collector, Guiqiang Huang; noun (name) in genitive case. Diagnosis. The new species resembles A. schauinslandi (Simon, 1899) (Vink, 2002: 18, figs 7, 34, 41, 68, 95; Framenau, 2008: 467, fig. 7) but differs by the crescent-shaped embolus (Figs 3C–G, 4A–D, 5A–C); the embolus is needle-shaped, and the embolic division has a small beak-shaped projection in A. schauinslandi. Females can be differentiated by the shape and orientation of the spermathecae (Figs 3H–I, 5D–E). Description. Male. Total length 2.66–2.91. Holotype (Fig. 3A) total length 2.85. Carapace 1.60 long, 1.11 wide; opisthosoma 1.24 long, 0.78 wide. Live specimens with a long stripe of white setae from the base of the median eyes to the base of the spinnerets. Carapace yellow-brown. Eye region black. Cervical groove distinct, radial furrows indistinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.05, PME 0.23, PLE 0.17; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.14, PME–PLE 0.16. Clypeus 0.08 high. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth. Labium yellowish brown. Endites yellow-brown. Sternum yellowish brown and scutellate, with sparse, yellow-brown setae. Legs yellowish brown. Leg measurements: I 4.11 (1.03, 1.36, 1.08, 0.64); II 3.70 (1.04, 1.28, 0.87, 0.51); III 3.69 (1.02, 1.15, 1.01, 0.51); IV 5.20 (1.30, 1.66, 1.50, 0.74). Dorsum yellow-brown, with black pigmentation. Ventrum yellowish brown. Palp (Figs 3C–G, 4A–D, 5A–C). Terminal apophysis small, hook-shaped, covered by conductor. Median apophysis liver-shaped, slightly sclerotized. Embolus crescent-shaped. Conductor wide, membranous, tapering distally. Female (paratype, Fig. 3B) total length 5.37. Carapace 2.52 long, 1.70 wide; opisthosoma 2.85 long, 1.71 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.06, PME 0.26, PLE 0.20; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.21. Clypeus height 0.08. Leg measurements: I 4.97 (1.43, 1.70, 1.12, 0.72); II 4.66 (1.32, 1.56, 1.11, 0.67); III 4.61 (1.30, 1.53, 1.19, 0.59); IV 6.55 (1.74, 2.07, 1.85, 0.89). Leg formula: 4123. Opisthosoma oval. Dorsum of opisthosoma yellow-brown, with black pigmentation. Ventrum yellow-brown. Epigyne (Figs 3H–I, 5D–E). Spermathecal heads round. Spermathecal stalks V-shaped, joined at the base, separated from each other by two times the length of a fertilization duct. Fertilization ducts relatively large, crescent-shaped. Distribution. China (Hainan)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 17-21, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Vink, C. J. 2002. Lycosidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Fauna of New Zealand, 44: 1 - 94.","Framenau, V. W. 2008. A new species in the wolf spider genus Allotrochosina from New South Wales, Australia (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 35: 463 - 469.","Tanaka, H. 1985. Descriptions of new species of the Lycosidae (Araneae) from Japan. Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 33: 51 - 87."]}

Genus Hippasa Simon, 1885 Hippasa Simon, 1885: 31. Type species: Pirata agelenoides Simon, 1884, from India. Remarks. Currently 37 species are known worldwide, of which 3 species are reported from China (WSC, 2020)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Simon, E. 1885. Materiaux pour servir a la faune arachnologiques de l'Asie meridionale. I. Arachnides recueillis a Wagra-Karoor pres Gundacul, district de Bellary par M. M. Chaper. II. Arachnides recueillis a Ramnad, district de Madura par M. l'abbe Fabre. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 10: 1 - 39.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Zoica hainan Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 72A–H, 73A–D, 74A–D) Type material. Holotype ♂, Haikou City, Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve, 19°57.113′N, 110°33.983′E, elev. - 2 m, 20.VIII.2007, C.X. Wang leg. (IZCAS); Paratypes (7♂ 8♀). 4♂ 4♀, same data as holotype (IZCAS); 1♂ 3♀, Haikou City, Dongzhaigang Mangrove Nature Reserve, 19°57.113′N, 110°33.983′E, elev. - 2 m, 20.VIII.2007, S. Li leg. (IZCAS); 2♂ 1♀, Ding’an County, Tongren Village, 19°30.953′N, 110°18.904′E, elev. 58 m, 27. VI.2019, L.Y. Wang, T. Yuan, K. Yu & J.X. Zhao leg. (SWUC). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality; noun in apposition. Diagnosis. The new species resembles Z. unciformis Li, Wang & Zhang, 2013 (Li, Wang & Zhang, 2013: 30, figs 5A– E, 6A–H) but differs by the lateral apophysis with two small projections, the inner projection spinelike, the outer projection longer than wide with a sharp tip (Figs 72C–F, 73A–D, 74A–B); in Z. unciformis, the lateral apophysis is sinuous, slightly curved, with a small outgrowth. Terminal apophysis covers embolus in the new species (Figs 72C–F, 73A–D, 74A–B) but not in Z. unciformis. Spermathecae round in the new species (Figs 72G–H, 74C–D) but oval in Z. unciformis. Description. Male. Total length 0.99–1.39. Holotype (Fig. 72A) total length 1.05. Carapace 0.56 long, 0.40 wide; opisthosoma 0.50 long, 0.33 wide. Carapace uniformly yellow-brown. Eye region black. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.12, PLE 0.09; AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.04. Clypeus height 0.07. Chelicerae elongate, yellowish brown, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Labium yellowish brown. Endites yellowish brown. Sternum yellowish brown, with sparse brown setae. Legs yellowish brown. Leg measurements: I 2.57 (0.79, 0.93, 0.39, 0.46); II 2.41 (0.72, 0.82, 0.47, 0.40); III 1.69 (0.50, 0.43, 0.31, 0.45); IV 3.20 (0.91, 1.06, 0.76, 0.47). Opisthosoma brown. Venter yellowish brown. Palp (Figs 72C–F, 73A–D, 74A–B). Lateral apophysis with two small projections, inner projection spinelike, outer projection longer than wide with sharp tip. Terminal apophysis leaf-shaped with pointed tip. Conductor wide, membranous, with a pointed tip. Embolus stout, covered by terminal apophysis. Female (paratype, Fig. 72B) total length 1.40. Carapace 0.68 long, 0.49 wide; opisthosoma 0.65 long, 0.49 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.08, PME 0.13, PLE 0.09; AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.06. Clypeus height 0.05. Leg measurements: I 2.75 (0.84, 0.90, 0.55, 0.46); II 2.58 (0.78, 0.85, 0.53, 0.42); III 2.54 (0.79, 0.80, 0.54, 0.41); IV 3.16 (0.89, 1.13, 0.75, 0.39). Opisthosoma yellow-brown. Epigyne (Figs 72G–H, 74C–D). Copulatory openings located posteriorly, separated by the diameter of the opening. Spermathecal heads round. Spermathecal stalks wide. Fertilization ducts long and hooklike. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Hainan Island, China. Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672278, 31702005), the Key Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (cstc2019jcyj-zdxmX0006) and the Investigation Project of Basic Science and Technology (2018 FY100305) to Zhisheng Zhang and Luyu Wang. Acknowledgements The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by two anonymous referees. Sarah Crews checked the English. Theo Blick checked etymology. We thank Feng Zhang and Tianlang Lv for the loan of specimens and Guiqiang Huang for his assistance during field work and collection., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 70-72, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340

Wadicosa fidelis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Figs 66A–H, 67A–D, 68A–D) Lycosa fidelis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 319 (♂). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Description. See Kronestedt & Zyuzin (2009) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp and epigyne as in Figs 66A–H, 67A– D, 68A–D. Material examined. 4♂ 7♀, Dongfang City, Datian Town, Jubian Bridge, 19°08.451′N, 108°50.641′E, elev. 59 m, 28.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Distribution. South China, Mediterranean, West, Central, South, Southeast and East Asia., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 66-68, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell, 1890) (Figs 47A–I, 48A–F) Lycosa sumatrana Thorell, 1890b: 136 (♂ ♀). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Pardosa tieshinglii Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2012: 16, figs 17A–G (♂ ♀). syn. nov. Pardosa villarealae Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2012: 17, figs 18A–E (♂). syn. nov. Description. See Yin et al. (1997) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp and epigyne as in Figs 47A–I, 48A–F. Material examined. 1♂ (holotype of P. tieshinglii), Panja Town, Songtao Reservoir area, 9.IV.2011, A.T. Barrion, J.L. A Catindig & S.C. Villareal leg. (HANU); 1♂ (holotype of P. villarealae), Dapo Town, Dapo Village, 25.III.–9.IV.2011, A. T. Barrion, J.L. A Catindig & S.C. Villareal leg. (HANU); 1♂, Baisha County, Hongxin Village, 13. V.2011, C. Zhang leg. (SWUC); 1♂ 2♀, Baisha County, Yacha Farm, Ten Team, 19°16.481'N, 109°27.727'E, elev. 146 m, 24.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Distribution. South China, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka. Remarks. The palp structure and epigyne morphology leave no doubt that P. tieshinglii and P. villarealae are junior synonyms of P. sumatrana., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Thorell, T. 1890 b. Diagnoses aranearum aliquot novarum in Indo-Malesia inventarum. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 30: 132 - 172.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2.","Thorell, T. 1891. Spindlar fran Nikobarerna och andra delar af sodra Asien. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 24 (2): 1 - 149."]}

Piratula piratoides (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Figs 55A–H, 56A–D, 57A–D) Tarentula piratoides Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 318, pl. 13, fig. 336 (♀). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Description. See Yin et al. (2012) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp and epigyne as in Figs 55A–H, 56A–D, 57A–D. Material examined. 1♂ 5♀, Dongfang City, Datian Town, Jubian Bridge, 19°08.451′N, 108°50.641′E, elev. 59 m, 28.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Distribution. China (north to Heilongjiang, south to Yunnan), Russia, Korea, Japan., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2.","Yin, C. M., Peng, X. J., Yan, H. M., Bao, Y. H., Xu, X., Tang, G., Zhou, Q. S., Liu, P. 2012. Fauna Hunan: Araneae in Hunan, China. Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha, 1590 pp."]}

Allotrochosina huangi Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 1A–B, 3A–I, 4A–D, 5A–E) Type material. Holotype ♂, Ledong County, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, Mingfeng Valley, 18°44.485′N, 108°50.812′E, elev. 960 m, 28.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Paratypes. 9♂ 13♀, same data as holotype (SWUC); 2♂ 4♀, Jianfengling Nature Reserve, Wufengqu, 18°44.415′N, 108°51.802′E, elev. 900 m, 18 May 2011, Y.Y. Zhou leg. (IZCAS). Etymology. The specific name comes from the family name of the collector, Guiqiang Huang; noun (name) in genitive case. Diagnosis. The new species resembles A. schauinslandi (Simon, 1899) (Vink, 2002: 18, figs 7, 34, 41, 68, 95; Framenau, 2008: 467, fig. 7) but differs by the crescent-shaped embolus (Figs 3C–G, 4A–D, 5A–C); the embolus is needle-shaped, and the embolic division has a small beak-shaped projection in A. schauinslandi. Females can be differentiated by the shape and orientation of the spermathecae (Figs 3H–I, 5D–E). Description. Male. Total length 2.66–2.91. Holotype (Fig. 3A) total length 2.85. Carapace 1.60 long, 1.11 wide; opisthosoma 1.24 long, 0.78 wide. Live specimens with a long stripe of white setae from the base of the median eyes to the base of the spinnerets. Carapace yellow-brown. Eye region black. Cervical groove distinct, radial furrows indistinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.05, PME 0.23, PLE 0.17; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.14, PME–PLE 0.16. Clypeus 0.08 high. Chelicerae yellow-brown, with 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth. Labium yellowish brown. Endites yellow-brown. Sternum yellowish brown and scutellate, with sparse, yellow-brown setae. Legs yellowish brown. Leg measurements: I 4.11 (1.03, 1.36, 1.08, 0.64); II 3.70 (1.04, 1.28, 0.87, 0.51); III 3.69 (1.02, 1.15, 1.01, 0.51); IV 5.20 (1.30, 1.66, 1.50, 0.74). Dorsum yellow-brown, with black pigmentation. Ventrum yellowish brown. Palp (Figs 3C–G, 4A–D, 5A–C). Terminal apophysis small, hook-shaped, covered by conductor. Median apophysis liver-shaped, slightly sclerotized. Embolus crescent-shaped. Conductor wide, membranous, tapering distally. Female (paratype, Fig. 3B) total length 5.37. Carapace 2.52 long, 1.70 wide; opisthosoma 2.85 long, 1.71 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.06, PME 0.26, PLE 0.20; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.21. Clypeus height 0.08. Leg measurements: I 4.97 (1.43, 1.70, 1.12, 0.72); II 4.66 (1.32, 1.56, 1.11, 0.67); III 4.61 (1.30, 1.53, 1.19, 0.59); IV 6.55 (1.74, 2.07, 1.85, 0.89). Leg formula: 4123. Opisthosoma oval. Dorsum of opisthosoma yellow-brown, with black pigmentation. Ventrum yellow-brown. Epigyne (Figs 3H–I, 5D–E). Spermathecal heads round. Spermathecal stalks V-shaped, joined at the base, separated from each other by two times the length of a fertilization duct. Fertilization ducts relatively large, crescent-shaped. Distribution. China (Hainan).

Pirata subpiraticus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Figs 49A–D, 50A–H, 51A–D) Tarentula subpiratica Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 317, pl. 13, fig. 339 (♀). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Pirata catindigae Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2012: 18, figs 19A–D (♀). syn. nov. Description. See Omelko, Marusik & Koponen (2011) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp and epigyne as in Figs 49A– D, 50A–H, 51A–D. Material examined. 1♀ (holotype of P. catindigae), Danzhou, 9–13.VIII.2010, A. T. Barrion & S.C. Villareal leg. (HANU); 1♀, Danzhou City, near Tropical Plants Garden, 19°30.597′N, 109°30.217′E, elev. 131 m, 23.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC); 1♂, Baisha County, Da’an Town, 19°17.112′N, 109°21.205′E, elev. 124 m, 24.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Distribution. China (north to Beijing, south to Yunnan), Russia, Korea, Japan, Java, Philippines. Remarks. This is a widely distributed species, occurring from Southeast Asia to Far East Russia, collected from farmlands along the Pacific Ocean., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 53-55, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Arctosa tangguoi Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 16A–E, 17A–D, 18A–B) Type material. Holotype ♂, Lingshui County, Diaoluo Mountain Nature Reserve, 18°41.445′N, 109°52.410′E, elev. 620 m, 16.IV.2009, G. Tang leg. (IZCAS). Etymology. The specific epithet is taken from the name of Mr. Guo Tang in honour of his great contribution to Chinese arachnology; noun (name) in genitive case. Diagnosis. The new species resembles A. hainan Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 10C–F, 11A–F, 12A–B) but differs by the sword-shaped median apophysis (Figs 16B–E, 17A–B, D, 18A–B), which is slightly curved with a hook-shaped tip in the latter (Figs 10C–F, 11A–D, F, 12A–B). Terminal apophysis axe-shaped in the new species (Figs 16B–E, 17A–C, 18A– B), knife-shaped in A. hainan Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 10C–F, 11A–E, 12A–B). Embolus crescent-shaped in the new species (Figs 16B–E, 17A–C, 18A–B), longer than wide with broad tip in the latter (Figs 10C–F, 11A–E, 12A–B). Description. Male holotype (Fig. 16A) total length 4.40. Carapace 2.55 long, 1.81 wide; opisthosoma 1.91 long, 1.39 wide. Carapace black-brown. Eye region black-brown. Fovea longitudinal. Cervical groove and radial furrows indistinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PME 0.21, PLE 0.16; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.16. Clypeus height 0.06. Chelicerae brown. Labium yellow-brown. Endites yellow-brown, longer than wide. Sternum yellow-brown, with sparse brown setae. Legs yellow-brown, with brown pigmentation. Leg measurements: I 5.23 (1.65, 1.92, 1.01, 0.65); II 5.14 (1.46, 1.76, 1.13, 0.79); III 4.97 (1.39, 1.55, 1.32, 0.71); IV 7.25 (1.87, 2.27, 2.06, 1.05). Dorsum of opisthosoma black-brown, with 5 pairs of white spots, cardiac mark distinct. Ventrum yellow-brown. Palp (Figs 16B–E, 17A–D, 18A–B). Median apophysis sword-shaped, with an anterior furrow. Terminal apophysis longer than wide, distally axe-shaped. Conductor small, membranous. Embolus crescent-shaped with an outgrowth medially. Female unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Hainan Island, China., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340

Arctosa depectinata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Figs 1C–D, 8A–H, 9A–D) Tarentula depectinata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 314, pl. 7, fig. 332 (♂ ♀). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Description. See Wang, Marusik & Zhang (2012) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp and epigyne as in Figs 1C–D, 8A– H, 9A–D. Material examined. 3♂ 4♀, Dongfang City, Datian Town, Jubian Bridge, 19°08.451′N, 108°50.641′E, elev. 59 m, 28.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC- 2♂ 3♀, HANU- 1♂ 1♀). Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Yunnan), Japan., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Genus Ocyale Audouin, 1826 Ocyale Audouin, 1826: 149. Type species: Ocyale atalanta Audouin, 1826, from North Africa. Remarks. Currently, 3 species are known in Asia, and 1 species is reported from China (WSC, 2020)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Audouin, V. 1826. Explication sommaire des planches d'arachnides de l'Egypte et de la Syrie. In: Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'expedition de l'armee fran ҫaise, Vol. 1 (4). C. L. F. Panckoucke, Paris. pp. 99 - 186.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Allotrochosina limu Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 6A–C, 7A–B) Type material. Holotype ♂, Qiongzhong County, Limu Mountain Nature Reserve, Zhufeng, 19°10.874′N, 109°45.322′E, elev. 940 m, 4.V.2011, Y.Y. Zhou leg. (IZCAS). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality; noun in apposition. Diagnosis. The new species resembles A. huangi Wang, Li & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 3C–G, 4A–D, 5A–C) but differs by the heart-shaped median apophysis (Figs 6B–C, 7A–B,); the median apophysis is liver-shaped in A. huangi (Figs 3C–F, 4A–B, D, 5A–C,). Embolus rodlike, pointed at the end in the new species (Figs 6B–C, 7A–B), crescent-shaped in A. huangi (Figs 3C–G, 4A–C, 5A–B). In retrolateral view, the terminal apophysis is horn-shaped in the new species (Figs 6B–C, 7A– B) but hook-shaped in A. huangi (Figs 3C–G, 4A–C, 5A–C). Description. Male holotype (Fig. 6A) total length 3.25. Carapace 1.78 long, 1.34 wide; opisthosoma 1.40 long, 1.00 wide. Carapace yellow-brown. Eye region black. Cervical groove and radial furrows indistinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.18, PLE 0.15; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.11, PME–PLE 0.12. Clypeus height 0.06. Chelicerae yellow-brown. Labium yellowish brown. Endites yellowish brown. Sternum yellowish brown with sparse brown setae. Legs yellow-brown. Leg measurements: I 4.88 (1.33, 1.66, 1.17, 0.72); II 4.81 (1.39, 1.57, 1.14, 0.71); III 4.55 (1.32, 1.39, 1.18, 0.66); IV 6.07 (1.66, 1.84, 1.70, 0.87). Dorsum of opisthosoma yellow-brown, cardiac mark indistinct. Ventrum yellowish brown. Palp (Figs 6B–C, 7A–B). Terminal apophysis sclerotized, horn-shaped, with pointed end. Embolus long, rodlike, with pointed end. Conductor membranous, wider than long, tongue-shaped, with blunt end. Median apophysis sclerotized, heartshaped. Female unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Hainan Island, China.

Lycosa grahami Fox, 1935 (Figs 26A–F, 27A–D) Lycosa grahami Fox, 1935: 455, fig. 3 (♀). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Description. See Yin et al. (1997) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp and epigyne as in Figs 26A–F, 27A–D. Material examined. 1♂ 1♀, Haikou City, Xiuying District, near Overseas Chinese Middle School, 25.XI.2015, T. L. Lv leg. (SWUC). Distribution. China (Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Fox, I. 1935. Chinese spiders of the family Lycosidae. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 25: 451 - 456.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Wadicosa okinawensis (Tanaka, 1985) (Figs 2D–F, 69A–H, 70A–E, 71A–D) Pardosa okinawensis Tanaka, 1985: 78, figs 41–44 (♂ ♀). For full list of publications and synonyms concerning this species, see WSC (2020). Description. See Tanaka (1985) for both sexes. Habitus, male palp, and epigyne as in Figs 69A–H, 70A–E, 71A–D. Material examined. 4♂ 10♀, Haikou City, Qiongshan District, Shangdao Village, Nandu River, 19°58.208′N, 110°25.116′E, elev. - 6 m, 20.III.2015, L.Y. Wang & G.Q. Huang leg. (SWUC). Distribution. China (Hainan), Japan. Remarks.ThisisthefirstrecordofthisspeciesinChina., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Tanaka, H. 1985. Descriptions of new species of the Lycosidae (Araneae) from Japan. Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo, 33: 51 - 87.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Genus Trochosa C.L. Koch, 1847 Trochosa C.L. Koch, 1847: 95. Type species: Aranea lupus ruricola De Geer, 1778, from Europe. Remarks. Currently, 92 species are known worldwide, of which 15 species are reported from China (WSC, 2020)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Koch, C. L. 1847. Die Arachniden. Nurnberg, Vierzehnter Band, pp. 89 - 210, Funfzehnter Band, pp. 1 - 136, Sechszehnter Band, pp. 1 - 80.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Genus Pirata Sundevall, 1833 Pirata Sundevall, 1833: 24. Type species: Araneus piraticus Clerck, 1757, from Sweden. Remarks. Currently, 52 species are known worldwide, of which 7 species are reported from China (WSC, 2020)., Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Lu, Tian, Cai, Ducheng, Barrion, Alberto Tomas, Heong, Kong-Luen, Li, Shuqiang & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2021, Review of the wolf spiders from Hainan Island, China (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 16-74 in Zoological Systematics 46 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11865/zs.2021102, http://zenodo.org/record/5366340, {"references":["Sundevall, C. J. 1833. Conspectus Arachnidum. Londini Gothorum. pp. 1 - 39.","WSC. 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed on 9 November 2020). doi: 10.24436 / 2."]}

Polygon fitting is widely used in the field of image measurement. This paper proposes a polygon fitting method based on clustering algorithm. Image preprocessing is the first step, including bilateral filtering and binarization to extract a complete set of contour points. Secondly, the sliding window method is used to fit the point set in the window to a straight line to obtain the cyclic parameter set. We propose a variant of K-means algorithm. The algorithm only considers the transformation between adjacent clusters in each iteration, which ensures the order of the collection. In order to adapt to the cyclic point set, the boundary of the cluster will be sequentially changed after each iteration. Experimental results show that the algorithm can detect and fit polygons from contours with satisfactory accuracy and efficiency.

Muscle synergies have been largely used in many application fields, including motor control studies, prosthesis control, movement classification, rehabilitation, and clinical studies. Due to the complexity of the motor control system, the full repertoire of the underlying synergies has been identified only for some classes of movements and scenarios. Several extraction methods have been used to extract muscle synergies. However, some of these methods may not effectively capture the nonlinear relationship between muscles and impose constraints on input signals or extracted synergies. Moreover, other approaches such as autoencoders (AEs), an unsupervised neural network, were recently introduced to study bioinspired control and movement classification. In this study, we evaluated the performance of five methods for the extraction of spatial muscle synergy, namely, principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), factor analysis (FA), nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), and AEs using simulated data and a publicly available database. To analyze the performance of the considered extraction methods with respect to several factors, we generated a comprehensive set of simulated data (ground truth), including spatial synergies and temporal coefficients. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the number of channels (NoC) varied when generating simulated data to evaluate their effects on ground truth reconstruction. This study also tested the efficacy of each synergy extraction method when coupled with standard classification methods, including K-nearest neighbors (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The results showed that both SNR and NoC affected the outputs of the muscle synergy analysis. Although AEs showed better performance than FA in variance accounted for and PCA in synergy vector similarity and activation coefficient similarity, NMF and ICA outperformed the other three methods. Classification tasks showed that classification algorithms were sensitive to synergy extraction methods, while KNN and RF outperformed the other two methods for all extraction methods; in general, the classification accuracy of NMF and PCA was higher. Overall, the results suggest selecting suitable methods when performing muscle synergy-related analysis.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is a famous traditional Chinese medicinal plant. It produces various phytochemicals, particularly polysaccharides, which have nutraceutical and pharmaceutical values. To increase its biomass production and polysaccharide content, our breeding program has generated a series of polyploid cultivars through colchicine treatment of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). The present study compared two tetraploid cultivars, 201-1-T1 and 201-1-T2, with their diploid parental cultivar, 201-1, in an established in vitro culture system. Tetraploid ‘201-1-T1’ and ‘201-1-T2’ had shorter leaves and shorter and thicker stems and roots, and they produced higher biomass compared with the diploid cultivar. The length and width of stomata significantly increased, but stomatal density decreased in tetraploid cultivars. The PLB induction rates from the stem node explants of the tetraploid cultivars were significantly higher than those of diploid. However, the PLB proliferation of tetraploids was lower than that of the diploid. The mean number of plantlets regenerated from tetraploid PLBs was also lower than that of the diploid after 4 months of culture. Polysaccharide contents in stems, leaves, and roots of 6-month-old tetraploid plantlets were significantly higher than those of diploids. The polysaccharide content in the stem of ‘201-1-T1’ was 12.70%, which was a 2-fold increase compared with the diploid cultivar. Our results showed that chromosome doubling could be a viable way of improving D. officinale in biomass and polysaccharide production.

The short-term load forecasting model based on RBF neural network optimized by the artificial bee colony algorithm is constructed in this paper. RBF-NN is a multi-layer feedforward neural network based on the principle of multivariable interpolation. It can map any complex nonlinear relationship and has the ability of global approximation. The convergence speed of RBF-NN is fast. The artificial bee colony algorithm is used to train the RBF neural network in the paper. The artificial bee colony algorithm has the advantages of simple implementation, good global search ability and strong robustness. It can quick jump out of the local optimum. Through the forecasting test for the load system of actual distribution network, the results verified that the model based on RBF neural network optimized by the artificial bee colony algorithm can obtain the satisfactory prediction result.

Ghost imaging (GI) is a technology of nonlocal optical imaging, which is widely used in the field of information encryption. However, there are some inherent shortcomings in the encryption process, such as imperfect security and low imaging precision. To solve these problems, we propose a camouflaged encryption mechanism based on sparse decomposition of principal component orthogonal basis and ghost imaging (CSP-GI). Unlike the traditional encryption method, there are two-level keys and ciphertexts. The information of the secret image is hidden in the camouflaged image to improve the security of the system. The use of the sparse decomposition of principal component orthogonal basis expands the information content of encrypted transmission, improves the accuracy of reconstructed image, and reduces the reconstruction time. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method not only has good security and robustness but also reduces reconstruction time.

Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm is suitable for solving path planning problems under high-dimensional space and complex constraints. To solve the problem of the RRT algorithm such as strong randomness, path redundancy, an improved-RRT algorithm with target probability offset and variable step size control is proposed in this paper. The improved-RRT algorithm can improve the operation efficiency and optimize the path. The average planning time of the improved RRT algorithm is reduced by 70.05%. At the same time, the end effector of the manipulator can reach the target position and orientation and each joint will not collide with obstacles in space. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated and validated via a MATLAB simulation.

In the fault isolation of multivariable features, it is very important to select effective features from hundreds of features for feature classification. Fault isolation based on intelligent model has received considerable attention in academic research, most of which optimize the classification model, but little research worked on feature selection. This paper focuses on the study of the feature selection method to reduce the selected feature. The generic information entropy is usually applied to measure the dispersion of each feature and to construct the Entropy-weight of the feature. To emphasize the discriminability of feature and modify the entropy weight, this paper proposes a method, constructing the feature weight by partial F value based on multivariate hypothesis testing to measure the effect of each feature on the difference between different feature sets. Then the modified weight is utilized as criteria for selecting the most effective feature for fault isolation, reducing the number of selected features to achieve same effect of fault isolation and relieving the computational pressure of the classifier. The performance of hydraulic equipment fault isolation illustrates the effectiveness of the presented method.

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Additional file 2: Supplemental material. Full-length blots of Western blot.

Additional file 4.

Additional file 2.

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Additional file 10.

There is a method that presents for securing much information at the same time, which need not be restricted to a single image data. Based on ghost imaging, this paper proposes a new encryption algorithm: multi-image holographic encryption based on phase recovery algorithm and ghost imaging (PRA-GI). In the encryption process, first, multiple images are combined into one phase hologram image by phase holographic recovery algorithm. Second, the combined image is encrypted by ghost imaging to obtain ciphertext. During the decryption, each receiver can get the same phase hologram image reconstructed by the public key. Finally, each receiver uses the unique assisted private key to get corresponding information. By numerical simulation, it is found that this algorithm can effectively improve the encryption capacity. Experimental results and objective indicators verify the feasibility of this algorithm. At the same time, PRA-GI is suitable for enterprises and governments. For example, the leader license different assisted private keys and the primary public key to different employees according to different permissions. This algorithm implements double encryption, which ensures the security of information and solves crosstalk problems among images.

This paper propose a new approach that combine Hough Transform (HT) and corner detection to detect polygons, which consider integrated characteristics not the individual characteristics. We establish a Polygon Parameter Space (PPS) to fit and characterize polygons, which consist of angles, coordinates, USAN values and every two lines of intersections. Firstly, canny operator is used to extract edges map, applied HT to detect line along edges of polygon shape and compute PPS. Secondly, corner detection among intersections is realized by comparing USAN value with angle of intersections, an adaptive threshold and adjusted brightness of nucleus of USAN is introduced to obtain accurate vertices from corners. Finally, we propose an algorithm based on Deep First Search (DFS) to fit the set of vertices regardless convex polygons (CVPs) or concave polygons (CCPs) according to parameters in PPS. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively detect polygons with a less running time and higher accuracy, and shows the advantage of detecting the CVP and CCP shapes of broken vertices.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has been suggested to be present in various malignant tumors and associated with tumor nutrition supply and metastasis, leading to poor prognosis of patients. Notch1 has been demonstrated to contribute to VM formation in hepathocellular carcinoma (HCC). Celastrus orbiculatus extract (COE), a mixture of 11 terpenoids isolated from the Chinese Herb Celastrus orbiculatus Vine, has been suggested to be effective in cancer treatment. Aim of the study In the current study, experiments were carried out to examine the effect of COE on VM formation and HCC tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo . Materials and methods CCK-8 assay and Nikon live-work station were used to observe the viability of malignant cells treated with COE. Cell invasion was examined using Transwell. Matrigel was used to establish a 3-D culture condition for VM formation. Changes of mRNA and protein expression were examined by RT-PCR and Western Blot respectively. Tumor growth in vivo was monitored using in vivo fluorescence imaging device. PAS-CD34 dual staining and electron microscopy were used to observe VM formation. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to examine Notch1 and Hes1 expression in tumor tissues. Results Results showed that COE can inhibit HCC cells proliferation and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. VM formation induced by TGF-β1 was blocked by COE. In mouse xenograft model, COE inhibited tumor growth and VM formation. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that COE can downregulate expression of Notch1 and Hes1. Conclusion The current results indicate that COE can inhibit VM formation and HCC tumor growth by downregulating Notch1 signaling. This study demonstrates that COE is superior to other anti-angiogenesis agents and can be considered as a promising candidate in HCC treatment.

Display Omitted The PIN was comprised of 8388 interactions and 1189 nodes.Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins was the seed pathway.A total of 15 dysregulated pathways were obtained for SA infected samples. ObjectiveThis work aimed to identify dysregulated pathways for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) exposed macrophages based on pathway interaction network (PIN). MethodsThe inference of dysregulated pathways was comprised of four steps: preparing gene expression data, protein-protein interaction (PPI) data and pathway data; constructing a PIN dependent on the data and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC); selecting seed pathway from PIN by computing activity score for each pathway according to principal component analysis (PCA) method; and investigating dysregulated pathways in a minimum set of pathways (MSP) utilizing seed pathway and the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) index implemented in support vector machines (SVM) model. ResultsA total of 20,545 genes, 449,833 interactions and 1189 pathways were obtained in the gene expression data, PPI data and pathway data, respectively. The PIN was consisted of 8388 interactions and 1189 nodes, and Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins was identified as the seed pathway. Finally, 15 dysregulated pathways in MSP (AUC=0.999) were obtained for SA infected samples, such as Respiratory electron transport and DNA Replication. ConclusionsWe have identified 15 dysregulated pathways for SA infected macrophages based on PIN. The findings might provide potential biomarkers for early detection and therapy of SA infection, and give insights to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying SA infections. However, how these dysregulated pathways worked together still needs to be studied.

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) can spoil food. Acetobacter aceti as a core subgroup of AAB is usually isolated from yogurt. A. aceti should be timely and effectively detected to prevent yogurt contamination. The present study focused on A. aceti to establish an assay that can be performed to detect AAB in yogurt. LAMP, PCR, and real-time PCR were applied and compared for detecting A. aceti from pure culture and artificially contaminated yogurt samples. In pure culture, LAMP showed the highest detection sensitivity with 10−1 CFU/mL. For yogurt samples, the sensitivity limit of LAMP was 102 CFU/mL, which was lower than that of real-time PCR (101 CFU/mL). The results indicated that these methods could be quickly and efficiently applied to detect A. aceti. As LAMP technology has low cost and high detection efficiency, it can potentially be applied for detecting A. aceti in production and quality control programs of yogurt.