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Background: Cis-palmitoleic acid (cPOA) and trans-palmitoleic acid (tPOA) are isomers of palmitoleic acid, which are monounsaturated fatty acids, affecting glucose and lipid metabolism, and reducing insulin resistance. tPOA was better than cPOA in regulating lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia mice, but the metabolic transformation and structure-activity relationship haven’t been reported. Method: A precise and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS) method was developed to determine cPOA and tPOA simultaneously. cPOA and tPOA were administered i.g. (intragastric gavage) to rats at 75 mg/kg respectively, serum samples were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS on a reverse-phase BDS C18 column equilibrated and eluted with acetonitrile (A) and water (B) (A:B = 80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and the injection volume was 1 μL. Results: The calibration curves for cPOA and tPOA were linear over the range 0.1~12 μg/mL. Analytes were monitored by selected-reaction monitoring in negative electrospray ionization mode. The Tmax of cPOA was 0.94±0.44 h and the Cmax 8.17±1.97 μg/L, and the Tmax of tPOA was 1.50±0.98 h and the Cmax 14.77±11.91 μg/L. AUC0-24h of cPOA and tPOA were 59.45±29.83 and 113.88±72.25 mg/L*h.Conclusions: The method was applied in pharmacokinetic study of cPOA and tPOA successfully. Besides, it’s found the concentration of cPOA and tPOA fluctuated in serum of rats with the consistent trend, which may be reciprocal bio-convert in biological activity in the body.

Globally, one-third of the terrestrial carbon (C) is stored in tropical soils. The warming predicted for this century is expected to increase microbial decomposition in soil and escalate climate change potential by releasing more carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Understanding the response of soils to warming is a key challenge in predicting future climate change trajectories. Here we examined the combined effect of soil temperature (Ts) and soil water content (VWC) on soil heterotrophic respiration (Rsh) and its temperature sensitivity across different altitudes (2400, 1900, and 1450 m ASL) in the Ailaoshan subtropical forest ecosystem, Southwest China. Along the elevation gradient, soil C stocks in the top 50 cm soil layer increased significantly from 10.7 g/ kg at 1480 m ASL to 283.1 g/ kg at 2480 m ASL. Soil cores from various elevations were translocated to the same, and lower elevations and Rsh from those cores were measured every month from February 2010 to January 2014. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of Rsh for the period was highest at the highest (H) elevation (Q10 = 5.3), decreased significantly towards the middle (M, Q10 = 3.1) and low (L, Q10 = 1.2) elevation. Q10 at M and L elevation did not differ between the place of origin and translocated cores. For the cores within each elevation, Q10 did not vary across the years. Our models suggest that Rsh increased significantly in response to an increase in Ts at each elevation under an intermediate VWC. Hence, the rate of emission was higher in lower elevations due to a higher Ts range. Our findings highlight that the predicted warming over the 21st century will have the greatest impact of Ts on Rsh, especially on the soils at the highest elevations, and will lead towards positive feedback to the climate system.

The salinity distribution in the water and sediment of the Xuanmen estuarine reservoir was investigated by a field survey. Additionally, a sediment flux model was built to predict the solute release from the sediment. The results indicate that the water in the reservoir is currently not suitable for drinking because of its high chloride concentration. The long water retention time is found to be responsible for the high electrical conductivity values in zone II of the reservoir. Our simulations show that the chloride release from the sediment will decrease slowly, nearly stabilizing, in the next 40 years, and the chloride released per stored water volume will be reduced from 5.0 to 2.9 mg/L. The high chloride concentration in the reservoir is probably caused by the extremely uneven distribution of water retention time in the reservoir, whereby the accumulated chloride cannot be effectively diluted by freshwater from the tributaries.

A sensitive analytical method was developed to determine tetrodotoxin(TTX) in human plasma samples using protein precipitation, followed by ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) analysis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry(MS/MS) using 11-deoxytetrodotoxin(11-deoxyTTX) as an internal standard. The plasma samples were prepared using protein precipitation prior to being analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS to identify TTX over a zwitterionic-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column. The retention time values of TTX and 11-deoxyTTX were 4.12 and 3.67 min, respectively. TTX and 11-deoxyTTX were monitored and quantitated on the basis of their ion transitions for their respective precursor ions to their product ions(i.e., m/z 320.0→162.1 for TTX and m/z 304.0→176.0 for 11-deoxyTTX) in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode. The lower limit of quantification of this method was determined to be 0.0199 ng/mL. This method showed good linearity for plasma samples that contained TTX concentrations in the range of 0.0199—1.99 ng/mL. The specificity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, and stability characteristics of this method were also examined. The intra-assay precision and accuracy ranged from 1.89% to 6.00% and from 92.21% to 100.00%, whereas the inter-assay precision and accuracy ranged from 0.64% to 7.75% and from 99.38% to 101.26%, respectively. This new method therefore represents a rapid, accurate, reliable, and highly sensitive method for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of a trace amount of TTX in human plasma samples.

A series of novel compounds phosphoryl-containing polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives n-(diisopropoxy-phosphonamide)-alkyl ester (2a–2o) have been synthesized and evaluated for lowering hypolipidemia activities. Amongst all the synthesized compounds, compound 2d, 2h, and 2m showed significant lowering of triglyceride (TG) by 47.37%, 45.88%, and 45.69%, respectively, in triton induced hyperlipidemic in mice. Furthermore, compound 2d showed potent antihyperlipidemic activity and was found to decrease the plasma total cholesterol levels (TC) by 53.3%, TG by 29.3%, in high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemic in mice.

a b s t r a c t Novel D--A system organic dyes (ID1, ID2 and ID3) based on isoindigo (ID), which contain tripheny- lamine (ID1) or isoindigo (ID2 and ID3) as electron donors, isoindigo and thiophene as a -conjugated system and a cyanoacrylic acid moiety as an electron acceptor and anchoring group, have been then syn- thesized and characterized by 1H NMR, UV-vis, CV. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on these dyes were also fabricated and tested. As the photovoltaic performance tests demonstrated, the ID1 exhibits broader absorption spectra, higher maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and maximum photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (� ) of 3.33% under 100 mW/cm 2 simulated AM 1.5G solar irradiation.

Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with unresectable Stage IIIB/IV nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to chemotherapy regimen. (DOCX 16Â kb)

Tertiary hospitals participating in the study. (DOCX 15Â kb)

Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with unresectable Stage IIIB/IV nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation test status and results. (DOCX 18Â kb)

Due to the relative movement between space debris and background stars, the blending of objects and stars is ineluctable through observation. It brings down position accuracy of objects and even makes the tracking break down in worse conditions. In view of the difference of geometry between stars and objects in space debris observation, a technique for separating blended objects based on mathematical morphology is presented. It's sufficiently flexible to be applied in image processing, and the blending images can be separated effectively with a high degree of centroid precision.

Two kinds of immobilized Ru catalysts were synthesized by anchoring different ruthenium complexes on the functionalized mesoporous MCM-41 and then characterized with elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, UV-Vis and FT-IR. Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formate was investigated over these catalysts in CO2-expanded solvent. High formate yield was obtained but no by-product was detected. The effects of solvents and bases on the catalyst activity were also examined. These two catalysts are different in their activities and stabilities, especially at lower temperature and hydrogen partial pressure. They are promising in industry because of the easiness of catalyst separation and reuse.

C25H19N5O3S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 16.715(2) Å, b = 11.2677(15) Å, c = 12.6490(17) Å, β = 110.818(2)°, V = 2226.7(5) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0424, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1037, T = 296 K.

C18H15FN2O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.8272(8) Å, b = 9.6662(10) Å, c = 10.9834(12) Å, α = 107.859(2)°, β = 92.559(2)°, γ = 99.415(2)°, V = 776.31(14) Å3, Z = 2, R gt(F) = 0.0407, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1187, T = 296 K.

A simple, low-cost, and efficient airlift photobioreactor for microalgal mass culture was designed and developed. The reactor was made of Plexiglas, and composed of three major parts: outer tube, draft tube and air duct. The fluid-dynamic characteristics of the airlift reactor were studied. The system proved to be well suited to the mass cultivation of a marine microalga, Chlorella sp. In batch culture, the biomass volumetric output rate of 0.21 g l(-1) d(-1) was obtained at the superficial gas velocity of 4 mm s(-1) in the draft tube.

Based on a vast of field investigation on stamps inTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain, age structure of some major species were studied in this paper. The results showed that Korean pine population was composed of grouped patches with different ages. There were not strict intervals among the dominated generations, and the curve of age structure often had two or more peaks. The distribution of broad-leaved species in natural Korean pine forest was grouped or scattered, and age distribution was also uneven-aged. There existed close relation between quality of broad-leaved species and Korean pine. So, it shaped multi-storied and uneven-aged mixed forest. The model of age structure and growth demonstrated their passive correlation, but growth became slow when woods had reached old age.

The structure and species composition as well as their changes in a climax forest, dominated byPinus koraiensis-Tilia amurensis andFraxinus koraiensis, were observed with an interval of 10 years. The number of tree species was 16 in 1981, which was kept unchanged. Density was increased from 510 to 535 stems/hm2, and basal area from 35.19 to 38.17 m2/hm2. Average stand DBH remained nearly unchanged. The total mortality of the stand was very low, 0.61% per year.Fraxinus andPinus were declining in population size, the highest mortality rate for the former, and the largest death number for the latter.Tilia showed a rapid increasing of 14.9%, and the density of saplings (DBH 3-8 cm) was 71 stems/hm2, led the top among canopy-layer species.Acer mono, similar toTilia, showed a type of continuous regeneration which was represented by the reverse J-shape of DBH distribution and compensation ability to mortality. Sub-canopy species such asAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Maackia amurensis etc. presented a stable status by self-maintenance. Based on the fact of the decreasing of dominant populations, it is predicted that the composition of the community was changing gradually, the rising of broad-leaved components versus the declining of coniferous species.

As a new type of industry, the basis of statistical evaluation of R&D industry is relatively weak. Shanghai's R&D industry is facing important opportunities because Shanghai Future Long-term Science and Technology Planning clearly set the goals of enhancing the knowledge competitiveness in the world. Therefore, the Evaluation Index System of R&D Industry in Shanghai was established, which includes input evaluation index class, output evaluation index class, support evaluation index class and a total of 15 indexes. Nine representative indexes were selected to evaluate the specialization and globalization of R&D Industry in Shanghai. The Pudong New Area 247 R&D enterprises were surveyed. Based on these data, the indexes' values of the specialization and globalization of Pudong New Area R&D industry were calculated. Percentage of Pudong New Area R&D industry expenditures to its total sales revenue reaches 4.02%, higher than the R&D input intensity of major developed countries. The results show that the degree of R&D Industry specialization of Pudong New Area is high.

As the MOSFET's channel length is scaling down, SRAM stability becomes the major concern for future technology. The cell becomes more susceptible to both process induced variation in device geometry and threshold voltage variability due to doping fluctuation in the channel region. In this paper, a novel highly stable 10T SRAM cell is proposed which eliminates read SNM during read and write operation The cell suppresses active power owing to avoid the half select cell bit line fighting power. It also can work at ultra-low-voltage sub-threshold operation due to transistor stacking in the Read path to reduce leakage.

As an entry point for illicit drug trafficking, Yunnan was hit hard by the twin epidemics of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. There are no empirical studies regarding the reasons for initiation of drug use in Yunnan.The study investigated the reasons for initiating drug use in drug-dependent adolescents and youths in five regions in Yunnan.The data were collected in 2004-2005 from a stratified random sample of 467 registered drug addicts under age 25. Pearson chi-square tests were used to analyze the association of reasons for drug use with sociodemographic factors, knowledge of drug related harm, and access to illicit drugs.Curiosity was the most commonly reported reason for initiating drug use and the majority of the respondents reported having little or no knowledge of drug-related harm. The majority of the drug abusers initiated drug use at the age of 13-14 years or younger.There is a potential for sustained educational programs to reduce the high prevalence of adolescent drug use in Yunnan.This is the first empirical study that has investigated reasons for initiating drug use based on a random sample of registered drug users in a high risk province of China.