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An almost Abelian Lie group is a non-Abelian Lie group with a codimension 1 Abelian normal subgroup. The majority of 3-dimensional real Lie groups are almost Abelian, and they appear in all parts of physics that deal with anisotropic media - cosmology, crystallography etc. In theoretical physics and differential geometry, almost Abelian Lie groups and their homogeneous spaces provide some of the simplest solvmanifolds on which a variety of geometric structures such as symplectic, K\"ahler, spin etc., are currently studied in explicit terms. Recently, almost Abelian Lie algebras were classified and studied in details. However, a systematic investigation of almost Abelian Lie groups has not been carried out yet, and the present paper is devoted to an explicit description of properties of this wide and diverse class of groups. The subject of investigation are real almost Abelian Lie groups with their Lie group theoretical aspects, such as the exponential map, faithful matrix representations, discrete and connected subgroups, quotients and automorphisms. The emphasis is put on explicit description of all technical details.

The ATR kinase, which coordinates cellular responses to DNA replication stress, is also essential for the proliferation of normal unstressed cells. Although its role in the replication stress response is well defined, the mechanisms by which ATR supports normal cell proliferation remain elusive. Here, we show that ATR is dispensable for the viability of G0-arrested naïve B cells. However, upon cytokine-induced proliferation, Atr-deficient B cells initiate DNA replication efficiently in early S phase, but by mid-S phase they display dNTP depletion, fork stalling, and replication failure. Nonetheless, productive DNA replication can be restored in Atr-deficient cells by pathways that suppress origin firing, such as downregulation of CDC7 and CDK1 kinase activities. Together, these findings indicate that ATR supports the proliferation of normal unstressed cells by tempering the pace of origin firing during the early S phase to avoid exhaustion of dNTPs and other replication factors.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1 Identification of BMSCs. a Osteogenic differentiation capability of third‐generation BMSCs detected by Alizarin red staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. b Adipogenic differentiation capability of third‐generation BMSCs detected by Oil red staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. c Chondrogenic differentiation capability of third‐generation BMSCs detected by Toluidine blue staining. Scale bar: 100 μm. Fig. S2 a Cell viability of BMDMs under the influences of different strain levels examined by CCK-8 assay (n = 3). b Cell viability of BMDMs under the influences of different strain durations examined by CCK-8 assay (n = 3). Data are shown as the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons was performed. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ns, not significant. Fig. S3 Experimental design. The OTM model was generated in 2-month-old mice and exosome level was blocked by intraperitoneal injection of GW4869 every 2 days during loading. After 14 days of OTM, the maxillary was harvested. Fig. S4, S6, S10, S12 a Representative ALP staining images of the interradicular region of the first molar at day 14 after OTM treatment. The square frame represents the alveolar bone on the tension side of the first molar D: dentin. Scale bar: 200 μm. b Quantification from the square frame of a. ALP-positive surface relative to bone surface (%) on the tension side of the first molar (n = 6). Data are shown as the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons was performed. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. Fig. S5 Experimental design. The OTM model was generated in 2-month-old mice. The PBS, BMDM-EXOs, and MS-BMDM-EXOs were locally injected into the palatal gingiva of the loaded first molar every 3 days. After 14 days of OTM, the maxillary was harvested. Fig. S7 Western blotting of UCHL3 protein level in BMSCs after treatment with the PBS, BMDM-EXOs and MS-BMDM-EXOs. Fig. S8 The rule of finding the key functional protein in this study. Fig. S9 Experimental design. The OTM model was generated in 2-month-old mice and UCHL3 level was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of TCID every 2 days during loading. After 14 days of OTM, the maxillary was harvested. Fig. S11 Experimental design. The OTM model was generated in 2-month-old mice. The PBS, MS-BMDMsiCon-EXOs, and MS-BMDMsiUchl3-EXOs were locally injected into the palatal gingiva of the loaded first molar every 3 days. After 14 days of OTM, the maxillary was harvested. Fig. S13 a qRT‒PCR of the mRNA expression of Smad1 in BMSCs after treatment with the lentiviruses of Ov-NC and Ov-Smad1 (n = 3). b Western blotting of SMAD1 protein level in BMSCs after treatment with the lentiviruses of Ov-NC and Ov-Smad1. Fig. S14 a Representative immunohistochemical staining of SMAD1 in the loaded alveolar bone at 14 d after OTM treatment (n = 6). D: dentin, Scale bar: 200 μm. b Quantification from a. SMAD1-positive surface relative to bone surface (%) in the loaded alveolar bone. Data are shown as the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons was performed. ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. Fig. S15 The procedures of isolating and purifying the exosomes.

Additional file 1. Biodistribution of 44ScCl3 in healthy Swiss Webster mice. Description of data: Activity concentration per organ at time points after injection of 44ScCl3 in Naïve female mice.

This paper proposes a methodology to obtain estimates in small domains when the target is a composite indicator. These indicators are of utmost importance for studying multidimensional phenomena, but little research has been done on how to obtain estimates of these indicators under the small area context. Composite indicators are particularly complex for this purpose since their construction requires different data sources, aggregation procedures, and weighting which makes challenging not only the estimation for small domains but also obtaining uncertainty measures. As case study of our proposal, we estimate the incidence of multidimensional poverty at the municipality level in Colombia. Furthermore, we provide uncertainty measures based on a parametric bootstrap algorithm., Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures

Additional file 1: Figure S1. (a) The cholesterol concentration in liver tissue of 12-week-old offspring; (b) The cholesterol concentration in serum of 12-week-old offspring; (c) The triglyceride concentration in liver tissue of 12-week-old offspring; (d) The triglyceride concentration in serum of 12-week-old offspring. Figure S2. (a) Original Western blots of Fig. 3g. (b) Original Western blots of Fig. 3h. Figure S3. Original Western blots of Fig. 5a. Figure S4. The RBM15 protein level of LO2 cells after treated with high-glucose for 24 h and then with normal-glucose for 24 h and 48 h. Figure S5. Original Western blots of Fig. 5b. Figure S6. (a). the global m6A level with the gradient of glucose concentration; (b) Original dot blots of Fig. 5c. Figure S7. (a) Original Western blots of Fig. 5f. (b) Original Western blots of Fig. 5g. Figure S8. Insulin sensitivity of primary hepatocytes from the GDM offspring and control group. Figure S9. (a) mRNA expression of NIFD after knockdown of RRBM15; (b) mRNA expression of Arid4b after knockdown of RRBM15; (c) mRNA expression of Tbcld32after knockdown of RRBM15. Figure S10. (a) The protein level of CLDN4 in offspring liver of GDM and control; (b) immunohistochemistry of CLDN4 for the liver of GD18.5 fetus and 12-weeks offspring.

The ultra-fine SAC305 solder is widely used as the lead-free solder composition for interconnection in advanced packaging based on its advantages such as good joint strength, thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior and creep resistance. Stencil printing remains the technology of choice for system-in-package (SiP) assembly because of its benefits such as economy of usage, ease of process control, flexibility of usage and fast and wide range of process window. SiP involves the high-level integration of different components, Copper (Cu) pillar flip-chip dies and chips in one package to achieve multiple functions in one system. The need to accommodate ever increasing demand for reduced footprints requires the technology to constantly invent a range of Cu pillar 55μm diameter and smaller components. Many mobile communications SiP consist of 6 or more flip chips in a single package. Conventional flip-chip attach uses flux & Cu pillar solder cap for solder joint formation as it is challenging for solder paste to be printed on fine geometries below 70μm. Additional benefits of solder paste printing help eliminate non-wet Cu pillar defect rates and improve yield over conventional flux printing. Heraeus solder paste (AP series T7) makes use of ultra-fine spherical shape of solder powder to create strong metal coalesce for bonding during reflow process of Cu pillars mounting to substrates. For example, the smallest passive component in use today is 008004 and Cu pillar diameter of 70um, which has a stencil opening of 125μm and 70μm respectively. Further reduction in Cu pillar flip-chip diameter of 55μm will require further reduction in stencil opening to 55μm, thus testing the limits of current type 7 pastes. Current solder pastes (AP series T7) can meet the consistency of printability when the stencil opening is 70μm or more. With smaller stencil opening, down to 55μm, the printing performance is less than desired. In this paper we describe the stencil printing application on the enhanced version of type 7 paste with a reinvented flux. The application tests were carried out using 55μm stencil opening. This paper will report the results of this application test.

With its characteristics of decentralization, security, data traceability, and tamper-resistance, the blockchain has been widely used in various domains. Considering the difference in the performance of the devices, the light client is proposed so that devices without the ability to store a full blockchain copy can also participate in the blockchain transactions. However, the light client has to communicate with full nodes and verify the authenticity of a transaction which brings in some extent of communication, computation, and storage overheads to the light client. These overheads cannot be ignored for some low-performance devices, such as embedded devices or IoT chips, and therefore the current light client scheme does not work in this situation. We propose LOPE (a Low-overhead payment vErification method) for poor-capacity nodes in the blockchain system. In LOPE, a grouping protocol is designed to partition full nodes into groups to serve the verification requests of the light client. In addition, Practical byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) is used to ensure the light client to get a credible result in spite of a few dishonest nodes existing in the group. We conduct LOPE and evaluate it in a testbed. The experiment results show that LOPE reduces more than half of the communication overhead, degrades the computation overhead of the light client to a large extent, and avoids the storage overhead of the hash roots of block headers in the light client. We also conduct theoretical analysis to show the performance improvement and security issues of LOPE.

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic is spreading rapidly around the world. Globally, as of 4:44 pm (Central European Summer Time (CEST), 24 June 2020, there have been 9,129,146 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 473,797 deaths, reported to WHO, with a mortality rate of 5.19%. Among them, the morbidity and mortality of the elderly account for a large proportion. Elderly care institutions have become the most severely hit under the background of pandemic outbreaks. Elderly care institutions around the world face great challenges in protecting the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the characteristics of the elderly, this article explores the protection of elderly care institutions in the response to the pandemic and puts forward suggestions on the health management of the elderly, the closed management of elderly care institutions and the improvement of pension service mode in public health emergencies.

China has entered the aging society, how to achieve healthy and active aging is Chinas current urgent social problems to solve. Combined with Chinas national conditions, the combination of medical and health care pension mode emerged. But in practice, there are also a variety of problems. This paper reviews the combination of medical and health care, in order to provide a new solution to the existing problems.

The deterministic $k$-server conjecture states that there is a $k$-competitive deterministic algorithm for the $k$-server problem for any metric space. We show that the work function algorithm is $3$-competitive for the $3$-server problem on circle metrics, a case left open by Coester and Koutsoupias (2021). Our analysis follows the existing framework but introduces a new potential function which may be viewed as a relaxation of the counterpart by Coester and Koutsoupias (2021). We further notice that the new potential function and many existing ones can be rewritten in a canonical form. Through a computer-aided verification, however, we find that no such canonical potential function can resolve the deterministic $3$-server conjecture for general metric spaces under the current analysis framework.

Additional file 1. Table S1. Pearson correlations between clinical characteristics and right ventricular systolic function. Table S2. Logistic regression of AASI > 0.55 predicting mean E/e′ > 14. Figure S1. ROC curve for AASI to predict mean E/e′ > 14.

Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is a common complication of stroke that has a negative impact on prognosis and recovery. We aimed to investigate the relationship between PSF and demographics, mood disorders, sleep disorders, and other clinical characteristics of patients with stroke. In this exploratory cross-sectional study, we collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, biological indicators, and imaging features and evaluated patients using neuropsychological scales. Patients were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were primarily used to evaluate infarctions and white matter lesions. The correlation between the PSF of patients with stroke and clinical indicators was obtained by logistic regression analysis and power analysis. We observed an independent association between fatigue severity and female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–3.94), depressive state (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01–1.73), and sleep disorders (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01–1.98). High levels of blood glucose, serum uric acid, and homocysteine and low levels of serum triiodothyronine were strongly associated with poor functional outcomes in patients with stroke. Further studies are needed to elucidate how specific structural lesions and anxiety symptoms are related to early PSF.

Background and aimsLiver ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) remains an unresolved clinical problem. This study dissected roles of liver-resident macrophage Kupffer cells (KCs), with a functional focus on efferocytosis receptor T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein-4 (TIM-4), in both the activation and resolution of IRI in a murine liver partial warm ischemia model.Approach and resultsFluorescence-activated cell sorting results showed that TIM-4 was expressed exclusively by KCs, but not infiltrating macrophages (iMФs), in IR livers. Anti-TIM-4 antibody depleted TIM-4+ macrophages in vivo, resulting in either alleviation or deterioration of liver IRI, which was determined by the repopulation kinetics of the KC niche with CD11b+ macrophages. To determine the KC-specific function of TIM-4, we reconstituted clodronate-liposome-treated mice with exogenous wild-type or TIM-4-deficient KCs at either 0hour or 24hours postreperfusion. TIM-4 deficiency in KCs resulted in not only increases in the severity of liver IRI (at 6hours postreperfusion), but also impairment of the inflammation resolution (at 7days postreperfusion). In vitro analysis revealed that TIM-4 promoted KC efferocytosis to regulate their Toll-like receptor response by up-regulating IL-10 and down-regulating TNF-α productions.ConclusionsTIM-4 is critical for KC homeostatic function in both the activation and resolution of liver IRI by efferocytosis.

Targeted alpha therapy is an emerging strategy for the treatment of disseminated cancer. [223Ra]RaCl2 is the only clinically approved alpha particle-emitting drug, and it is used to treat castrate-resistant prostate cancer bone metastases, to which [223Ra]Ra2+ localizes. To specifically direct [223Ra]Ra2+ to non-osseous disease sites, chelation and conjugation to a cancer-targeting moiety is necessary. Although previous efforts to stably chelate [223Ra]Ra2+ for this purpose have had limited success, here we report a biologically stable radiocomplex with the 18-membered macrocyclic chelator macropa. Quantitative labeling of macropa with [223Ra]Ra2+ was accomplished within 5 min at room temperature with a radiolabeling efficiency of >95%, representing a significant advancement over conventional chelators such as DOTA and EDTA, which were unable to completely complex [223Ra]Ra2+ under these conditions. [223Ra][Ra(macropa)] was highly stable in human serum and exhibited dramatically reduced bone and spleen uptake in mice in comparison to bone-targeted [223Ra]RaCl2, signifying that [223Ra][Ra(macropa)] remains intact in vivo. Upon conjugation of macropa to a single amino acid β-alanine as well as to the prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeting peptide DUPA, both constructs retained high affinity for 223Ra, complexing >95% of Ra2+ in solution. Furthermore, [223Ra][Ra(macropa-β-alanine)] was rapidly cleared from mice and showed low 223Ra bone absorption, indicating that this conjugate is stable under biological conditions. Unexpectedly, this stability was lost upon conjugation of macropa to DUPA, which suggests a role of targeting vectors in complex stability in vivo for this system. Nonetheless, our successful demonstration of efficient radiolabeling of the β-alanine conjugate with 223Ra and its subsequent stability in vivo establishes for the first time the possibility of delivering [223Ra]Ra2+ to metastases outside of the bone using functionalized chelators, marking a significant expansion of the therapeutic utility of this radiometal in the clinic.

Motivated by the lack of systematic tools to obtain safe control laws for hybrid systems, we propose an optimization-based framework for learning certifiably safe control laws from data. In particular, we assume a setting in which the system dynamics are known and in which data exhibiting safe system behavior is available. We propose hybrid control barrier functions for hybrid systems as a means to synthesize safe control inputs. Based on this notion, we present an optimization-based framework to learn such hybrid control barrier functions from data. Importantly, we identify sufficient conditions on the data such that feasibility of the optimization problem ensures correctness of the learned hybrid control barrier functions, and hence the safety of the system. We illustrate our findings in two simulations studies, including a compass gait walker., Comment: 27 pages, Conference on Robot Learning 2020

The subject of investigation are real almost Abelian Lie groups with their Lie group theoretical aspects, such as the exponential map, faithful matrix representations, discrete and connected subgroups, quotients and automorphisms. The emphasis is put on explicit description of all technical details.

Disturbances presented in aeronautical imaging equipment can cause visual axis jitter, which directly leads to a reduction in closed-loop bandwidth and a decrease in tracking accuracy. The disturbance frequency affecting the stable control platform is mainly concentrated in the low- and middle-frequency bands, but the commonly used three closed-loop feedback control methods do not perform well in the disturbance rejection of those frequency bands. Moreover, the only disturbance observer in the acceleration loop cannot improve the low-band disturbance rejection capability due to the drift of the micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) accelerometers in the low-frequency range. To solve these problems, this paper proposed dual disturbance observers (dual DOB) based on the disturbance information in the acceleration loop and the position loop. This design used two compensators to observe and compensate for the disturbances, which did not require additional sensors, and therefore did not increase system cost. Theoretical demonstrations and physical experiments showed that the designed method of the dual DOB not only improved the disturbance rejection capability of the low- and middle-frequency band of the optoelectronic stable control platform, but also improved the robustness of the system.

In order to avoid problems caused by data synchronization of distributed bus bar protection and current transformer (CT) transient saturation, a novel fast bus bar protection was proposed based on fault superimposed current polarity comparison. The bus protection takes the pre-fault voltage and pre-fault current as the new reference for polarity comparison, and it utilizes the relationship between the pre-fault current and superimposed current to identify the fault direction. For internal faults to bas bur, the polarities of the branches connected to the faulted bus bar are identical, for external faults, the polarities are not exactly same. The time window length of fast bus bar protection is very short, and the relay is also immune to the CT transient saturation. The theoretical analysis and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tests show that the bus protection operates reliably and rapidly, and that its performance is immune to the influences of various fault types, fault path resistance and fault inception angle.

Because of the huge number of policy documents in the field of social security, there is a need to manage these information. In this paper, ontology is used to represent and store information in files. In order to ensure the accuracy of ontology structure, this paper first constructs ontology framework manually, and then extends ontology framework by the inclusion relationship between attribute set and object set. At the same time, this paper adopts the idea of statistics and rules in the field of natural language processing, extracts hierarchical and non-hierarchical concepts from the lexicon of social security field to construct ontology, and then puts forward the statistical models of concept phrase vector and high-frequency phrase vector. The experimental results show that the semi-automatic ontology construction process in the field of social security can effectively propose social security ontology from a large number of policy documents. The experimental results play a reference role for ontology construction in other fields.

Buildings around the world account for a significant portion of energy consumption. Therefore, energy efficiency in buildings is of high importance. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) accounts for the highest amount of energy consumption in the buildings. In this paper, FloVENT® is used for simulation of room models in the different scenarios. The first experiment is done to find the effect of the ambient temperature changes. Another experiment is done to find the relationship between the airflow rate and the room temperature. This is useful for energy efficient HVAC operation, in particular for controlling the associated variable speed drive (VSD).

Among all the 119 counties (cities, districts) in Shanxi province, China, there are 94 counties with coal resources, and 80% are resource-based mining cities. Since 2008, a number of small coal mines have been shut down due to the integration of coal resources in Shanxi Province, as well as merger and reorganization of large state-owned coal mining enterprises are under efficient operations. This series of integrations highlights the issue of channels of employment in industrial mining cities in Shanxi province, followed by issues such as urban labor triage, underdeveloped urban functions, and function transformation lagging behind industrial transformation, shortage of follow-up sustainable development driving force and so on. This paper takes small industrial mining cities in Shanxi province as the research subject, taking their function transformation and various problems during the sustainable development as the main content, to propose relevant strategies for the sustainable development; therefore, this study is with great significance to all-leveled resource-based industrial mining cities, which are in transition period, in Shanxi province.

Este artículo presenta una colección de funciones computacionales que son utilizadas en la implementación de un análisis bayesiano exhaustivo para la diferencia de dos proporciones. Con este fin, se discute la estimación puntual, la estimación mediante intervalos de credibilidad y la inferencia predictiva desde dos escenarios: el primero basado en las densidades exactas a priori y a posteriori (construidas mediante la primera función hipergeométrica de Appell) y el segundo basado en densidades simuladas (mediante un algoritmo de cadenas de Markov con métodos de Monte Carlo). La implementación de estas funciones se realiza en el programa estadístico R, porque es un software libre, funciona bien en múltiples plataformas y permite enmarcar estas funciones bajo un objeto computacional denominado “paquete”. In this paper we present a collection of functions that can be used to implement a comprehensive Bayesian analysis of a difference of two proportions. For instance, point estimation, credibility intervals and predictive inference are discussed in both scenarios, the priori and posteriori exact densities (based in the first Appell hypergeometric function) and the simulated densities (based in a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm). We have chosen to implement the suite of functions using the R statistical software because it is freely available, runs on multiple platforms and allows to compress the functions into a single computational object named “package”.

The authentication and classification of visual arts used to be depended on the judgment of the critic according to his experiences and knowledge about the artwork and artist. Recently, with the development of computer and image processing technology, the processing of digital visual artworks has become possible. More and more museums and libraries have their collections to be digitalized, which makes the study of problems haunted the art historians based on these digital images available. In this paper, the research of visual arts based on the computer and information of paintings, which can be called scientific understanding of visual arts, has been brought out. Some features, including multi-scale amplitude, non-stationarity of artworks, anisotropy of artworks and correlation of coefficients of the Curve let transform among scales are extracted based on the Curve let transform to evaluate the styles of different artists and some other respects of artworks. The relations between the styles of visual arts and these features are also stated, and the similarities of these styles are also qualified by comparing these features. It is apparent that each feature reflects different characteristics of the painting technique.

A power quality data compression method combining compressive sampling with adaptive matching pursuit reconstruction based on compressed sampling theorem is presented to solve the massive power quality data collection, compression and storage problems. First, the original power quality data was sampled and compressed simultaneously by random matrix projection method based on compressed sampling theorem. Then the proposed adaptive matching pursuit reconstruction algorithm was used to achieve accurate power quality data reconstruction. The proposed method breaks through the traditional framework of data compression by merging compression into sampling process and could reconstruct original power quality data from the small amount of sampling points from the compressed data. Simulation shows the proposed CS-based power quality data compression method can not only reduce hardware requirements, but also increase the efficiency of data compression.

The decomposition process for the extraction of harmonics components from compressed power quality data was required under the frame of Shannon sample theory, but it increased the complexity of data procedure. A compressed sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP) method was presented to detect harmonics from compressive sensing (CS)-based compressed power data sequence avoiding decompression pretreatment. First, the compressed power data sequence was obtained from original power signal under the manipulation of a measurement matrix based on CS theory. A vector served as a proxy for the original power signal was formed because of energy approximation between them. The largest harmonics component of the proxy was located and extracted using a least-square algorithm. Then, the proxy was updated to reflect the current residual and was used to estimate the next largest harmonics component. This process was repeated until all of the harmonics components were recovered. The CoSaMP harmonic detection method can detect harmonics components from compressed power quality data directly. It has great potential to reduce the burden of sampling devices and save intermediate storage space. Simulation results show the proposed method is effective for both harmonic and inter-harmonic detection in power system.

Identification of power quality events is one of key tasks in power system protection. This paper presents a new approach based on compressive sensing (CS) for classifying multiple power quality disturbances (PQD). First, every test event sample of PQD is represented as a sparse linear combination of training event samples using sparse representation. A lower-dimensional random matrix is then applied to both test sample of PQD and a CS-guided sensing matrix derived from training samples to reduce dimensionality of the linear combination expression. A L1-minimization solution method is used to solve the sparse representation of every test sample of PQD. Finally, the object class of the PQD event is determined by the minimum of the residual error between test sample and its sparse representation. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed CS-based method can effectively extract features of PQD and has a high classification accuracy rate with an average value larger than 95% under noise circumstance for 10 types of PQD.

Through a series of exploration based on PSR framework model, for the purpose of building a suitable Chongqing agricultural non-point source pollution evaluation index system model framework, combined with the presence of Chongqing specific agro-environmental issues, we build a agricultural non-point source pollution assessment index system, and then study the agricultural system pressure, agro-environmental status and human response in total 3 major categories, develope an agricultural non-point source pollution evaluation index consisting of 3 criteria indicators and 19 indicators. As can be seen from the analysis, pressures and responses tend to increase and decrease linearly, state and complex have large fluctuations, and their fluctuations are similar mainly due to the elimination of pressures and impact, increasing the impact for agricultural non-point source pollution.

En este trabajo de grado se identifican los órdenes autorregresivos del modelo TAR (threshold autoregressive) asumiendo los demás parámetros estructurales conocidos tomando como referencia paquete TAR de Zhang and Nieto (2017), adecuándolo a modelos TAR con ruido GED (distribución generalizada del error). Se realiza la continuación del trabajo realizado en Castro (2016) empleando simulaciones de Monte Carlo con el fin de garantizar los resultados teóricos realizados. This paper considers the identification of autoregressive orders of the TAR (Threshold AutoRegressive) model assuming the other structural parameters known based in the TAR package of Zhang and Nieto (2017), adapting it to TAR models with GED noise (generalized error distribution). Additionally, is continued the work in Castro 2016, using Monte Carlo simulations with the purpose of improving the theoretical results performed. Magíster en estadística aplicada http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Maestría