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The Orbital Hall effect, which originates from materials with weak spin-orbit coupling, has attracted considerable interest for spin-orbitronic applications. Here, we demonstrate the inverse effect of the orbital Hall effect and observe orbitronic terahertz emission in the Ti and Mn materials. Through spin-orbit transition in the ferromagnetic layer, the generated orbital current can be converted to charge current in the Ti and Mn layers via the inverse orbital Hall effect. Furthermore, the inserted W layer provides an additional conversion of the orbital-charge current in the Ti and Mn layers, significantly enhancing the orbitronic terahertz emission. Moreover, the orbitronic terahertz emission can be manipulated by cooperating with the inverse orbital Hall effect and the inverse spin Hall effect in the different sample configurations. Our results not only discover the physical mechanism of condensed matter physics but also pave the way for designing promising spin-orbitronic devices and terahertz emitters., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in npj Quantum Materials

Background: The role of immune profiling and tumor budding in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. This study evaluated the association between tumor budding and lymphocytic infiltration in HCC. Meanwhile, HCC patients were stratified based on tumor budding grade and immune score. Patients and methods: A total of 423 HCC patients were divided into training (n = 212) and validation (n = 211) cohort. Tumor slides from resected HCC samples were used for tumor budding assessment. A prognosis-relevant immune score was developed based on five types of immune cells out of eleven immune markers. A classification based on tumor budding grade and immune type was established (IS-TB type). To explore the association of IS-TB type and molecular alterations of HCC, 100 HCC samples and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 100 patients were investigated by whole-exome sequencing. Results: Tumor budding was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS and DFS in both of the training and validation cohorts (all P values

The interaction between strain and spin has received intensive attention in the scientific community due to its abundant physical phenomena and huge technological impact. Until now, there is no experimental report on ultra-high frequency magnetic resonance through the strain-spin coupling for any technologically relevant perpendicular magnetic material. Here we report the experimental detection of the acoustic strain waves that have a response time on the order of 10 picoseconds in perpendicular magnetic [Co/Pd]n multilayers via a femtosecond laser pulse excitation. Through direct measurements of acoustic strain waves, we observe an ultra-high frequency magnetic resonance up to 60 GHz in [Co/Pd]n multilayers. We further report a theoretical model of the strain-spin interaction. Our model reveals that the energy could be transferred efficiently from the strain to the spins and well explains the existence of a steady resonance state through exciting the spin system. The physical origins of the resonance between strain waves and magnetic precession and the requested conditions for obtaining magnetic resonance within thin magnetic films have also been discussed after thorough analysis. These combined results point out a potential pathway to enable an extremely high frequency (EHF) magnetic resonance through the strain-spin coupling., Comment: 48 pages, 13 figures, conference

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) switched utilizing bipolar electric fields have extensive applications in energy-efficient memory and logic devices. Voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy linearly lowers the energy barrier of ferromagnetic layer via electric field effect and efficiently switches p-MTJs only with a unipolar behavior. Here we demonstrate a bipolar electric field effect switching of 100-nm p-MTJs with a synthetic antiferromagnetic free layer through voltage-controlled exchange coupling (VCEC). The switching current density, ~1.1x10^5 A/cm^2, is one order of magnitude lower than that of the best-reported spin-transfer torque devices. Theoretical results suggest that electric field induces a ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic exchange coupling transition of the synthetic antiferromagnetic free layer and generates a field-like interlayer exchange coupling torque, which cause the bidirectional magnetization switching of p-MTJs. A preliminary benchmarking simulation estimates that VCEC dissipates an order of magnitude lower writing energy compared to spin-transfer torque at the 15-nm technology node. These results could eliminate the major obstacle in the development of spin memory devices beyond their embedded applications., Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures

Recently magnetic storage and magnetic memory have shifted towards the use of magnetic thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Understanding the magnetic damping in these materials is crucial, but normal Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) measurements face some limitations. The desire to quantify the damping in materials with PMA has resulted in the adoption of Time-Resolved Magneto-optical Kerr Effect (TR-MOKE) measurements. In this paper, we discuss the angle and field dependent signals in TR-MOKE, and utilize a numerical algorithm based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation to provide information on the optimal conditions to run TR-MOKE measurements.

The spin-orbit torque (SOT) arising from materials with large spin-orbit coupling promises a path for ultra-low power and fast magnetic-based storage and computational devices. We investigated the SOT from magnetron-sputtered BixSe(1-x) thin films in BixSe(1-x)/CoFeB heterostructures by using a dc planar Hall method. Remarkably, the spin Hall angle (SHA) was found to be as large as 18.83, which is the largest ever reported at room temperature (RT). Moreover, switching of a perpendicular CoFeB multilayer using SOT from the BixSe(1-x) has been observed with the lowest-ever switching current density reported in a bilayer system: 2.3 * 105 A/cm2 at RT. The giant SHA, smooth surface, ease of growth of the films on silicon substrate, successful growth and switching of a perpendicular CoFeB multilayer on BixSe(1-x) film opens a path for use of BixSe(1-x) topological insulator (TI) material as a spin-current generator in SOT-based memory and logic devices., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures

Perpendicular magnetic materials with low damping constant and high thermal stability have great potential for realizing high-density, non-volatile, and low-power consumption spintronic devices, which can sustain operation reliability for high processing temperatures. In this work, we study the Gilbert damping constant ({\alpha}) of perpendicularly magnetized W/CoFeB/MgO films with a high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and superb thermal stability. The {\alpha} of these PMA films annealed at different temperatures is determined via an all-optical Time-Resolved Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect method. We find that {\alpha} of these W/CoFeB/MgO PMA films decreases with increasing annealing temperature, reaches a minimum of {\alpha} = 0.016 at an annealing temperature of 350 {\deg}C, and then increases to 0.024 after post-annealing at 400 {\deg}C. The minimum {\alpha} observed at 350 {\deg}C is rationalized by two competing effects as the annealing temperature becomes higher: the enhanced crystallization of CoFeB and dead-layer growth occurring at the two interfaces of the CoFeB layer. We further demonstrate that {\alpha} of the 400 {\deg}C-annealed W/CoFeB/MgO film is comparable to that of a reference Ta/CoFeB/MgO PMA film annealed at 300 {\deg}C, justifying the enhanced thermal stability of the W-seeded CoFeB films., Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures

We investigate the structural stability and magnetic properties of cubic, tetragonal and hexagonal phases of Mn3Z (Z=Ga, Sn and Ge) Heusler compounds using first-principles density-functional theory. We propose that the cubic phase plays an important role as an intermediate state in the phase transition from the hexagonal to the tetragonal phases. Consequently, Mn3Ga and Mn3Ge behave differently from Mn3Sn, because the relative energies of the cubic and hexagonal phases are different. This result agrees with experimental observations from these three compounds. The weak ferromagnetism of the hexagonal phase and the perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the tetragonal phase obtained in our calculations are also consistent with experiment., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures and 2 tables

Although topological surface states are known to be robust against non-magnetic surface perturbations, their band dispersions and spatial distributions are still sensitive to the surface defects. Take Bi2Se3 as an example, we demonstrated that Se vacancies modifies the surface band structures considerably. When large numbers of Se vacancies exist on the surface, topological surface states may sink down from the first to second quintuple layer and get separated from the vacancies. We simulated STM images to distinguish the surfaces with Se- and Bi-terminations., Comment: submitted to the Phys. Status Solidi RRL, Focus Issue on Topological Insulator Materials