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This paper presents high-order Runge–Kutta (RK) discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Euler–Poisson equations in spherical symmetry. The scheme can preserve a general polytropic equilibrium state and achieve total energy conservation up to machine precision with carefully designed spatial and temporal discretizations. To achieve the well-balanced property, the numerical solutions are decomposed into equilibrium and fluctuation components that are treated differently in the source term approximation. One non-trivial challenge encountered in the procedure is the complexity of the equilibrium state, which is governed by the Lane–Emden equation. For total energy conservation, we present second- and third-order RK time discretization, where different source term approximations are introduced in each stage of the RK method to ensure the conservation of total energy. A carefully designed slope limiter for spherical symmetry is also introduced to eliminate oscillations near discontinuities while maintaining the well-balanced and total-energy-conserving properties. Extensive numerical examples – including a toy model of stellar core collapse with a phenomenological equation of state that results in core bounce and shock formation – are provided to demonstrate the desired properties of the proposed methods, including the well-balanced property, high-order accuracy, shock-capturing capability, and total energy conservation.

Background Breast tumors consist of heterogeneous cellular subpopulations that differ in molecular properties and functional attributes. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play pivotal roles in cancer therapeutic failure and metastasis. However, it remains indeterminate how CSCs determine the progression of the bulk cancer cell population. Methods Co-culture systems in vitro and co-implantation systems in vivo were designed to characterize the interactions between breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and bulk cancer cells. RNA sequencing was performed to study the functional and mechanistic implications of the BCSC secretome on bulk cancer cells. A cytokine antibody array was employed to screen the differentially secreted cytokines in the BCSC secretome. Tail vein injection metastatic models and orthotopic xenograft models were applied to study the therapeutic potential of targeting IL8. Results We identified that the BCSC secretome potentiated estrogen receptor (ER) activity in the bulk cancer cell population. The BCSC secretome rendered the bulk cancer cell population resistant to anti-estrogen and CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy; as well as increased the metastatic burden attributable to bulk cancer cells. Screening of the BCSC secretome identified IL8 as a pivotal factor that potentiated ERα activity, endowed tamoxifen resistance and enhanced metastatic burden by regulation of bulk cancer cell behavior. Pharmacological inhibition of IL8 increased the efficacy of fulvestrant and/or palbociclib by reversing tamoxifen resistance and abrogated metastatic burden. Conclusion Taken together, this study delineates the mechanism by which BCSCs determine the therapeutic response and metastasis of bulk cancer cells; and thereby suggests potential therapeutic strategies to ameliorate breast cancer outcomes.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequences of shRNAs, and primers for cloning, ChIP assays, and qRT-PCR analysis. Table S2. List of antibodies used in western blot, immunohistochemistry and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. BCSC secretome confers tamoxifen resistance. (A) The schematic of BCSC conditioned medium and RNA-sequencing. (B) T47D cells were cultured in CM derived from ALDEFLUOR assay sorted BCSCs or differentiated cancer cells and treated with a graded concentration of tamoxifen for 5 days. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. (C-D) MCF-7 (C) or T47D (D) cells were cultured in CM derived from the respective mammosphere-enriched BCSCs or parental cells and treated with a graded concentration of doxorubicin, docetaxel or 5-FU for 5 days. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Results are shown as mean ± S.D. *P

Developing environmentally friendly methods to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has received increasing attention. Photocatalysis has been proved to be a sustainable technology for H2O2 production. Herein, the novel non-metal elements (B, P, and S) doped g-C3N4 tubes (B-CNT, P-CNT, and S-CNT) photocatalysts were obtained via a hydrothermal synthesis followed by thermal polymerization. By adjusting the precursor, the yield of g-C3N4 tubes (CNT) materials has been greatly improved. The as-prepared B-CNT, P-CNT, and S-CNT photocatalysts show an enhanced photocatalytic H2O2 production with the formation rate constants values of 42.31 μM min−1, 24.95 μM min−1, and 24.22 μM min−1, respectively, which is higher than that of bulk CN (16.40 μM min−1). The doped B, P, S elements significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity by adjusting their electronic structures and promoting the separation of electron-hole carriers. The results have shown great potential for the practical application of CNT photocatalysts.

The quality of the core-wall is the key to the normal operation of earth-rock dams. In this paper, the water repellent core materials were produced by standard sands combined with water repellent laterite modified by octadecylamine. The water-repellent degree and shear strength tests were carried out to obtain the change laws of water content, soil-rock ratio and octadecylamine content of shear strength of the specimens. It is shown that: (1) when the content of octadecylamine is 0.6%, the water drop penetration time (WDPT) of the specimens decreased gradually with the increase of soil-rock ratio in dry condition. The maximum WDPT is 2966s and the minimum WDPT is 2182s, which are severely water repellent. With the increase of water content, the change laws of WDPT increased firstly and then decreased, and the WDPT reached the peak value when the water content was from 10–15%, which are extremely water repellent. (2) With the increase of water content, the shear strength of the specimens increased continuously, in which the effect on soil cohesion is more than the effect on internal friction angle. (3) With the increase of soil-rock ratio, the shear strength of the specimens increased gradually and the maximum increasing range was 92.36% when the soil-rock ratio was less than 5%. (4) With the increase of octadecylamine content, the shear strength of specimens decreased gradually, and the maximum decreasing range was 12.44%. The soil-rock ratio and water content has a greater effect on shear strength, while the octadecylamine content has a less effect on shear strength.

Data and scripts for the manuscript "Computational drug discovery for castration-resistant prostate cancers through in vitro drug response modeling"

To better understand water inrushes originating from shaft-freezing holes, the hydrogeological conditions and water source were analyzed for a typical inrush case in the Yingpanhao coal mine in western China. The mechanism of this new type of water inrush was identified by considering the stratum movement caused by mining, the concentric annular channels of freezing holes, and the dynamic recharge of multiple aquifers. A new risk assessment model and corresponding grouting method were developed and the problems involving the prediction of water inrush and selection of the optimum grouting position were described. Detailed guidelines for grouting, including the layout of injection boreholes, slurries, grouting pressure and stopping criteria, were proposed. A grouting case targeting this type of water inrush in the Yingpanhao coal mine was introduced. Field studies indicated that open, concentric annular freezing hole channels provide favorable conditions for groundwater migration. The proposed method may effectively inhibit groundwater migration in multiple aquifers and prevent water inrushes through shaft freezing holes and provides an appropriate framework for water inrush prevention for similar mining areas in western China.

Background: Over recent years, the security of the publicly available audio, video and text data has become a big challenge, i.e., social media communication; hence the author presents an exceedingly secure communication system to hide the data from an attentive adversary. Objective: The study aims to design and analyze a novel algorithm to be implemented for message transmission using multi-image LSB steganography and crucial variable-length cryptography. Encoder, decoder and social media as a channel are the main parts of the study. Methods: Various computer techniques like cryptography and steganography with video handling are used to perform the proposed work. The main objective of this work is to implement the raw video as the cover on the QR code image. This image is to be transmitted as information by enshrouding it in the raw footage. Additionally, encryption of QR code image using VLMKG (Variable Length Mixed key Generation) cryptography enhances the reliability of work. The variablelength Key is generated separately to implement the cryptography. Multi-image LSB steganography is imposed with one-bit replacement in the spatial domain. Wavelet Transform (Daubechies family) is applied for denoising, which enhances the accuracy of the received data. Results: The proposed work provides a secure way to transmit any information in the form of QR code image successfully. It is verified with the help of five QR Code images and three raw video groupings. Conclusion: Implementation of LSB steganography, variable-length key cryptography and MATLAB usage had superbly extracted the image features; calculations and the consequences were observed to be palatable.

Oxygen-doped g-C₃N₄ (CN) with carbon vacancies (O–CNC) was synthesized by microwave heating the mixture of melamine–cyanuric acid (MCA) supramolecular aggregates and oxalic acid for only 7 min. The as-synthesized O–CNC shows a mesoporous structure and exhibits a tunable band structure, optimized charge separation, and significantly enhanced two-electron reduction for H₂O₂ production. The photocatalytic H₂O₂ production rate reaches 2008.4 μmol h–¹ g–¹ under simulated sunlight irradiation, which is more than 4 times higher than that of pristine bulk CN. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the mesoporous structure with a large specific surface area, doped oxygen atoms, and carbon vacancies. These results have provided a facile and efficient way for realizing the practical application of CN in photocatalytic H₂O₂ production.

The solution to the problem of energy saving and improving environmental security can be provided only by a systematic approach, which should be based on the analysis of the efficiency and environmental friendliness of energy production. A methodology was developed and implemented to assess the qualitative state of operation of specific thermal power facilities by energy and environmental characteristics in real time, taking into account the set of energy, environmental, passport and normalized performance of its units, facilities and devices. The methodology in practice allows in a complex to determine simultaneously the level of energy efficiency and environmental safety with an assessment of compliance with the level of permissible values for concentrations of pollutants and hazardous substances of the working area and their hazard class. In this case, indicators and parameters of monitoring of various processes of each individual element and component of the energy production facility as a whole, which uses as a source of energy organic fuel, are used. According to this methodology of comprehensive energy-environmental assessment of operating conditions of energy facilities can be compared different in design, thermal, environmental and other scale characteristics of thermal energy cycles, facilities, installations, units and other thermal energy equipment and optimize the choice of energy source for heat and energy production under different schemes of layout of units within the cycles. Application of the methodology of assessment of energy-ecological efficiency of thermal energy processes allows to assess the energy-ecological feasibility of modernization or reconstruction of facilities in order to achieve the best performance of their operation in the heat and energy supply systems of various sectors of the country's economy. The use of the method is demonstrated by the example of calculating the coefficient of energy and environmental efficiency for energy boilers of different capacities. Авторами запропонована універсальна загальна методика здійснення комплексного енерго-екологічного аналізу із визначенням реального стану експлуатації теплоенергетичних об`єктів та обладнання енерговиробництва з використанням ємного універсального коефіцієнту енерго-екологічної ефективності, який дозволяє у комплексі визначати одночасно рівень енергетичної ефективності і екологічної безпеки виробництва теплової і електричної енергії за показниками та характеристиками роботи устаткування. Оцінка якісного стану експлуатації конкретних теплоенергетичних об`єктів визначається порівнянням даного коефіцієнту із його нормованим значенням, яке розраховується у відповідності до паспортних даних агрегатів енергоперетворення, нормованих величин емісії шкідливих викидів в атмосферу для конкретного типу теплоенергетичних агрегатів, значень гранично-допустимих концентрацій забруднюючих речовин робочої зони та класу небезпеки цих шкідливих речовин. За даною методикою проведення комплексного енерго-екологічного аналізу енергетичних об`єктів можливо порівнювати різні за конструктивними, тепловими, екологічними і іншими масштабними характеристиками теплоенергетичні цикли, об`єкти, установки, агрегати та інше теплоенергетичне обладнання. Використання методики продемонстровано на прикладі розрахунку коефіцієнту енерго-екологічної ефективності для енергетичних котлів різної потужності.

Peptidic and non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules have been used in the clinic for detection and treatment of tumors expressing αvβ6 integrin, because this protein is expressed in malignant epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pancreas, breast, ovary, colon and stomach carcinomas but it is not expressed in healthy adult tissue except during wound healing and inflammation. This review focuses on the landscape of αvβ6 integrinbinding molecules and their use in cancer treatment and detection, and discusses recent designs for tumor detection, treatment, and immunotherapy. In the last ten years, several reviews abamp;#945;vβ6 integrin-binding molecules and their role in cancer detection and treatment. Firstly, this review describes the role of the αvβ6 integrin in normal tissues, how the expression of this protein is correlated with cancer severity and its role in cancer development. Taking into account the potential of αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules in detection and treatment of specific tumors, special attention is given to several high-affinity αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides used for tumor imaging; particularly, the αvβ6-binding peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART [A20FMDV2], derived from the foot and mouth disease virus. This peptide labeled with either 18F, 111In or with 68Ga has been used for PET imaging of αvβ6 integrin-positive tumors. Moreover, αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides have been used for photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging and could potentially be used in clinical application in cancer diagnosis and intraoperative imaging of αvβ6-integrin positive tumors. Additionally, non-peptidic αvβ6-binding molecules have been designed and used in the clinic for the detection and treatment of αvβ6-expressing tumors. Anti-αvβ6 integrin antibodies are another useful tool for selective identification and treatment of αvβ6 (+) tumors. The utility of these αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules as a tool for tumor detection and treatment is discussed, considering specificity, sensitivity and serum stability. Another use of the αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides is to modify the Ad5 cell tropism for inducing oncolytic activity of αvβ6-integrin positive tumor cells by expressing A20FMDV2 peptide within the fiber knob protein (Ad5NULL-A20). The newly designed oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapy is promising for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers. Finally, new evidence has emerged, indicating that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing the αvβ6 integrin- binding peptide on top of CD28+CD3 endodomain displays a potent therapeutic activity in a diverse repertoire of solid tumor models.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802221122427 for Robust integrative biclustering for multi-view data by Weijie Zhang, Christine Wendt, Russel Bowler, Craig P Hersh and Sandra E Safo in Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Additional file 3: Table S3. The list of specific kinase targets screened in the human RTK phosphorylation array.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The CSFV probe was specific to CSFV epidemicstrains (parts of them obtained in NCBI). Table S2. The SARS-CoV-2 probe wasspecific to SARS-CoV-2 epidemic strains (parts of them obtained in NCBI). Table S3. Sequences of used N targets oligonucleotides in this work (in 5′ to 3′ direction). Figure S1. Stability test of thevirus-probe. Fluorescence signal of CSFV-Probe and SARS-CoV-2-Probe was recorded under different temperature conditions. (A)The fluorescence signal wasobtained by incubating the CSFV-Probe under 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 1 h. (B)The fluorescence signal was obtained by incubating the SARS-CoV-2-Probe under 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 1 h. (C)The fluorescence signal was obtained by incubating the CSFV-Probe under 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 24 h. (D)The fluorescence signal was obtained by incubating the SARS-CoV-2-Probe under 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 24 h. Figure S2. Determination of the specificity of CSFV probe. The samplesincluding different Pig-susceptible viruses were detected using CSFV probe. The fluorescence measurements indicated CSFV probe was specific to CSFV sample. No significant enhanced signals were found on the samples including PCV2, PRRSV and PRV. Figure S3. Determination of the specificity of SARS-CoV-2 probe. The different virus N targets was detected using SARS-CoV-2 probe. The fluorescence measurements indicated SARS-CoV-2 probe was specific to N gene sequences of SARS-CoV-2. No significant enhanced signals were found on the targets of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCV, H1N1 and ZEBOV. Figure S4. Homologous evolutionary tree of N genes of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCV, H1N1 and ZEBOV. N gene sequences of ZEBOV (GenBank: Y09358.1), H1N1 (GenBank: AF250364.2), HCV (GenBank: KC770638.1), MERS-CoV (GenBank: MZ558081.1) and SARS-CoV (GenBank:AY541755.1) were obtained from NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Figure S5. The qPCR assay to CSFV positive tissues, heart, liver,spleen, kidney, lymph, muscle, and intestine. CSFV positive tissues werepreviously identified using PCR method. In order to determine the relativeexpression level of CSFV E2 gene among tissues, CSFV positive tissues, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph, muscle, and intestine, were detected through qPCR method, respectively. The results showed that the relatively expression of CSFV in spleen, kidney and lymph were significantly higher than that in heart.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequences of Primers for Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-smm-10.1177_09622802221122427 for Robust integrative biclustering for multi-view data by Weijie Zhang, Christine Wendt, Russel Bowler, Craig P Hersh and Sandra E Safo in Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Additional file 2: Table S2. Sequences of siRNAs.

As an environmentally friendly visible-light-responsive and metal-free photocatalyst, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of graphitic carbon nitride (CN) has still been limited by its large...

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) has attracted increasing interests in the field of photocatalysis due to its high visible-light-response. However, its photocatalytic activity is still lower for degradation of refractory contaminants such as Cr(VI) and Rhodamine B (RhB) etc. Herein, we report a facile method to synthesize a novel sulfur(S)-doped CN/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) porous nanosheet (S-CN/rGO PNs) via a supramolecular self-assembling followed by a solvothermal treatment. The as-prepared porous S-CN/rGO PNs are stable with high specific surface area ∼188.5 m2g-1 and exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of ∼17-fold and 15-fold higher than that of bulk CN for the degradation of RhB and Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation, respectively. Typically, 50 mL of 15 mg/mL RhB can be degraded within 20 min by 10 mg S-CN/rGO PNs. The mechanism can be explained by the synergistic effect of S doping and porous structure which can effectively reduce the band gap of CN and increase the specific surface area to promote the separation and transfer of photo-generated charge carriers. The results have provided a new way to significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for degradation of refractory contaminants.

Improving the photo-electrochemical water oxidation performance (PEWOP) of pristine TiO2 has been seriously hampered by its poor carrier transport efficiency and sluggish surface water oxidation kinetics. In this work, we prepared a novel IV period transition metal modified carbon layer-coated TiO2 (M-C@TiO2) nanoflower via a facile hydrothermal process followed by annealing at 800 °C. The as-prepared M-C@TiO2 nanoflower is uniform and stable with the size

With the development of military and UAV technology in various countries, collaborative autonomous operations of UAV group have attracted widespread attention. Based on this background, this paper analyzes the collaborative autonomous attack process of UAV group. Based on the collaborative combat process, a UAV attack task assignment model was established. The intelligent optimization algorithm is used to solve the model. Under the multi-objective optimization framework, an intelligent optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the attack task allocation scheme. Based on the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm- II (NSGA- II), this algorithm adds the simulated annealing retention strategy, adaptive child-parent merger strategy, and Tent initialization strategy. And Tent Simulate Anneal NSGA- II algorithm (TSANSGA- II) was proposed. Based on a typical simulation scenario, an attack task allocation model is established. Through simulation and performance testing, it is proved that the algorithm can quickly and accurately solve the model.

This paper proposed an improved stepwise algorithm to simulate the grout diffusion in a single fracture considering the dynamic grouting parameter boundary condition and the spatial- and t...

The flow of cement-based slurry within concentric annular geometry is a major problem of study in the field of engineering, especially regarding the prevention of water ingress in an annulus formed during shaft construction utilizing the artificial freezing technique in China. In this study, an analytical governing equation of motion for the axial flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a long concentric annulus is derived under the condition of high groundwater pressure. A stepwise calculation method is proposed to describe the grouting process based on two injection modes, namely, flow rate control and pressure control. The injection time is divided into a series of time segments; correspondingly, the grouted zone is subdivided into infinitesimal elements. Some key parameters, such as the location, dimension, slurry viscosity, and pressure gradient of each element, can be obtained using the developed MATLAB program. On this basis, the distribution of pressure and slurry viscosity in the grouted zone and the variations in injection pressure at the grouting point and grouting flow rate are determined. Two injection mode cases are investigated to reveal the grout propagation in the concentric annulus. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted and employed to validate and calibrate the calculated results. The results obtained by the present stepwise calculation method show good agreement with the numerical results.

A novel MoS2/TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (MoS2/TiO2/rGO) hybrid photocatalyst was prepared via a two-step hydrothermal process. Where this raspberry-like TiO2 microsphere (300–400 nm) was covered by network-like MoS2 multilayer on the rGO nanosheets. The resulting MoS2/TiO2/rGO hybrid is uniform, chemically stable which can remove 100% Cr(VI) from a 10 mg/L solution within the pH range of 2–5 under simulated sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, it demonstrates excellent reproducibility and stability with a removal rate of 66.7% after seven recycling of Cr(VI) photoreduction which shows a great potential for practical application. The highly efficient photocatalytic activities of this novel hybrid is believed to be ascribed to the enhanced light absorption and photogenerated charge carriers transfer rate of TiO2 due to the hybridization of network-like multilayer MoS2 and rGO nanosheets.

Window operation is an important occupant behavior, and has significant impacts on building energy consumption. Recently, various stochastic and non-stochastic models have been proposed, aiming to describe occupant window behavior based on several influencing factors. However, most of the employed methods are logit regression and Markov chain techniques, and the application of machine learning to model occupants' window behavior is rarely investigated. In addition, most published studies referring to occupants' window behavior have been carried out within European countries, where the influence of outdoor air quality is rarely considered. This study compares different models of occupants’ window behavior, including models based on logistic regression, Markov processes, and an artificial neural network. An artificial neural network model is proposed to explore the application and optimization of an artificial neural network algorithm under a condition of having less samples. Moreover, the outdoor fine inhalable particles ( PM 2.5 ) concentration is considered as an influencing factor for building a window opening model for office buildings during the transition season in China. From this work, it is generally concluded that the PM 2.5 concentration and outdoor humidity should be considered in the modeling of occupant window behavior in Beijing, China. In addition, more true estimations can be obtained from artificial neural network models than from logistic regression models and Markov models. This result demonstrates that the proposed artificial neural network yields a prediction model of office window states with higher accuracy and better interpretability of highly correlated factors as compared to logistic regression models and Markov models. The proposed approaches provide a new and detailed way for engineers and building operators to better understand occupant window behaviors and their impacts on energy use in office buildings.

Ultraflexible, wearable, transparent, and conductive films have recently attracted increasing interest due to their applicability in various electronic devices. In this work, we report a facile, green, and inexpensive approach to preparing flexible hybrid films from graphene nanowalls (GNWs) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer based on plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). PECVD at low temperature (~700 °C) on electrochemically polished Cu foil was found to be an effective method of preparing highly conductive and highly transparent GNWs. The resulting GNWs/EVA hybrid films can be randomly folded, bent, and tailored; they also have a low sheet resistance of ~2.09 kΩ sq−1, a high optical transparency of 67.58% in the UV region, and high wear resistance and ductility, all of which imply that these are highly promising films for use in flexible electronic applications.

In this paper, a novel graphene/Ag nanowires/graphene (G/Ag NWs/G) sandwich film was directly grown on a conventional glass substrate by use of a technique of low temperature (600 °C) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) combined with solvothermal and modified Hummers methods. The as-grown G/Ag NWs/G/glass sandwich film is uniform, smooth, touchable, transparent and conductive with an optical transmission 77.6% and a low sheet resistance ∼10.8 Ω/sq. The top graphene layer exhibits an effective role for improving the touchable and antioxidant properties of Ag NWs, while the bottom graphene layer enhances the binding stability of Ag NWs with substrate. The sheets resistance of G/Ag NWs/G/glass film exposed to the air for 72 h at 95 °C increases from 10.8Ω/sq to 14.6Ω/sq. These indicate a great promising in replacing the expensive and fragile indium tin oxide (ITO) glass and ITO film for touchable transparent electrode applications.

A new method to directly grow graphene on quartz glass substrate by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) without using any catalyst was developed. The prime feature of this method is to build a vertical-glass model in the quartz tube to significantly increase the collision probability of the carbon precursors and reactive fragments between each other with the glass surface. The growth rate of high-quality graphene on glass remarkably increases compared with the conventional gas flow CVD technique. The optical transmittance and sheet resistance of the graphene glass can be readily adjusted by regulating growth time. When growth time is 35 min, the graphene glass presents an intriguing sheet resistance of about 1.48 kΩ sq−1 at a transmittance of 93.08% and exhibits an excellent hydrophobic performance. The method is simple and scalable, and might stimulate various potential applications of transparent and conductive graphene glass in practical fields.

Additional file 1. Table S1. Exclusion criteria. Table S2. Algorithm for identifying immune-related adverse events. Table S3. Summary of immune-related adverse events. Figure S1. Duration of response, assessed by the blinded independent review committee, for the population with other solid tumors. Figure S2. Kaplan-Meier curves showing progression-free survival, assessed by the blinded independent review committee, for the overall study population and the primary efficacy population (PEP).

Karstic water damage is one of the main disasters that threatens safe production in coal mines. As coal mining in China moves toward deeper strata, deep karst water disasters caused by mining are increasingly common. This paper studies the Jiyang coal mine in Shandong Province, China; conducts an in-depth analysis of the water charging conditions of the Ordovician limestone karst aquifer; determines four evaluation indices of the Ordovician limestone water inrush risk (water yield, water pressure, geological structure complexity and effective aquifuge thickness); and establishes a multifactor model to evaluate the water inrush risk of the Ordovician limestone using multisource information fusion, the water resistance coefficient and the equivalent coefficient. In addition, the floor water inrush risk of the Ordovician limestone during caving mining, strip mining and backfilling mining of the No. 13 coal seam is evaluated in the study area, which is then divided into different zones: a safe zone, a relatively safe zone and a danger zone. According to the evaluation results, the full backfilling mining method with the minimum risk range of water inrush is selected for future mining. Using this method, most of the research area is classified as a safe zone or relatively safe zone, and only a very small area in the south is classified as a danger zone. The threat of Ordovician limestone inrush caused by coal mining is low. The evaluation results of the water inrush risk and optimization of the mining method provide a reference for the prevention and control of mine water damage and can provide guidance for safe coal mining.

Many technical problems are being encountered in roadway tunneling processes, especially at fault bundles and fault-dense zones and in vicinity of the Ordovician carbonate confined aquifers. These complicated tectonic conditions increase the difficulty of water inrush prediction and prevention. This paper takes the roadways tunneling at Jiangzhuang Coal Mine of Shandong Province, China, as a case study. The presence of fault bundles and fault-dense zones reduces the distance between roadway tunneling and the Ordovician carbonate confined aquifer and thus increases the potential risk of water inrush. Based on characteristics of the structure and water bearing formation and hydraulic conductivity in the fault zones, a trinity technique consisting of exploration, grouting, and supporting was proposed to ensure roadway safety tunneling. Underground mine seismic prediction (MSP), underground transient electromagnetic (TEM), underground drilling, numerical simulation evaluations and roadway grouting and supporting were used to understand, reduce, and mitigate the risk of poor stability and water inrush in the roadway tunneling process. Site construction has verified that the fault position was basically consistent with the results from MSP and TEM and drilling. Conclusions from risk evaluation and numerical simulation contributed to the grouting reinforcement and road supporting. Grouting reinforcement of the fracture zone reduced hydraulic conductivity, whereas the reasonable supporting was implemented for the weak part of the surrounding rock, which effectively controlled the roadway deformations. The comprehensive application of the trinity technique provided accurate and defensible geological data for roadway tunneling in this mining area, created favorable conditions for safe and efficient construction, and provided an important reference for research on similar type of roadway construction.

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic efficiency of truncal-type occlusion and branching-site occlusion in determining the etiology of intracranial large artery occlusion related acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: Patients with intracranial large artery occlusion related AIS who received stent retriever (SR) thrombectomy from November 2014 to June 2019 were included in the study. All patients underwent angiography before SR thrombectomy, which was used to evaluate the occlusion type. Differences in the distribution of occlusion types in intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) and embolism were assessed, and the diagnostic indicators, including the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results: Of the 115 AIS patients with intracranial large artery occlusion, 42 were classified as having ICAS, and 73 having an embolism. In the ICAS group, branching-site occlusion was responsible for 3 (7%) cases and truncal-type occlusion for 39 (93%) cases, while in the embolism group, branching-site occlusion was responsible for 66 (90%) cases and truncal-type occlusion for 7 (10%) cases; the difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The AUC for ICAS predicted by truncal-type occlusion was 0.916, with a sensitivity of 92.86%, and specificity of 90.41%. Conclusion: Truncal-type occlusion showed a high predictability of ICAS. Determine the etiology of intracranial large artery occlusion related AIS before SR thrombectomy may be most helpful in setting up optimal endovascular treatment strategies.

Mine water damage is one of the main disasters threatening mine safety during production. The key to mine water hazard prevention and control is determining the main aquifer characteristics that threaten the mine and the hydraulic connections between aquifers and water diversion channels and proposing appropriate preventive measures. This paper focuses on the 16104 working face of the lower coal group in the Luxi coal mine of Shandong Province. The main water-filled aquifer that threatens the no. 16 coal mine is the Carboniferous no. 14 limestone thin-karst aquifer. Before adopting hydrophobic pressure-lowering measures, it is necessary to determine the water yield characteristics of the no. 14 limestone aquifer, the strength of recharging, and the hydraulic connection with the Ordovician limestone aquifer and to analyze and evaluate the feasibility of dredging. First, various geophysical exploration methods were utilized to comprehensively identify the anomalous water yield areas of the aquifer, which were verified by drilling methods. By combining these results with drilling and geophysical results, appropriate drainage and observation holes were selected. Second, a special water discharge stage and sequence were designed to carry out water discharge testing. By analyzing the change of water discharge and water pressure in dewatering test and the change of conventional ion concentration in water samples, the hydrogeological parameters were obtained, the hydrogeological situation was ascertained and the hydraulic connection with the Ordovician limestone aquifer was determined. The drainage time required for the aquifer to attain a safe water pressure and the amount of hydrophobicity were calculated. Through combination with the obtained hydrogeological parameters, the feasibility of depressurization was analyzed. The results show that the water yield property of the no. 14 limestone aquifer is not high, but the connectivity is good. There is a hydraulic connection between the no. 14 and the Ordovician limestone aquifers, but the connection is weak. The no. 14 limestone aquifer of the entire working surface was drained at a rate of 240 m3/h, indicating that the aquifer has good depressurization properties.

The mining of stratigraphically low coal seams in North China-type coalfields is subject to water inrush from the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifer. The water-inrush coefficient method that is currently used for the evaluation of the water-inrush risk has inherent shortcomings, because it takes into account only the aquifer head pressure and the aquiclude thickness. Therefore, an improved water-inrush coefficient (IWIC) model is proposed. Based on the normalized water-inrush parameter, water-resisting parameter and structural parameter, the IWIC model is established using a linear weighting method. The first-order weights of each parameter are determined by the analytic hierarchy process, and the second-order weights are determined by the trapezoidal fuzzy number technique. Contour maps of the water-inrush risk calculated with the IWIC model are then obtained. The water-inrush risk grades are classified by thresholds derived via the Jenks natural breaks technique. The IWIC model is applied to the Longgu coal mine, as a typical coal mine in China, to evaluate the water-inrush risk of the lower four coal seams (L4CS). The evaluation results show that the risk of water inrush in the L4CS can be divided into five grades: safe, slightly safe, slightly dangerous, dangerous, and extremely dangerous. Overall, the L4CS mining in the Longgu coal mine is seriously threatened by the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifer. As the depth increases, the risk of water inrush increases from the No. 151 to No. 182 coal seams. Among the L4CS, No. 17 and No. 182 have the highest grade of water-inrush risk, and it is proposed that these two coal seams should not be mined to prevent water-inrush accidents.

Grouting techniques have been extensively and effectively implemented to prevent water bursts originating from limestone aquifers in underground mining. Using widely employed grout with time-varying viscosity, promoting the effective propagation of slurry in fractures, especially fractures with narrow apertures, and improving the grouting efficiency (GE) are critical issues that remain unsolved. In this study, an experimental investigation of the fracture GE was conducted considering the dynamically changing injection pressure for viscosity--time-dependent grout using a fracture model constructed from acrylic glass. Three grouting pressure adjustment schemes (periodic-increasing pressure, constant pressure and periodic-reducing pressure) and two narrow hydraulic apertures (200 and 250 μm) were selected for testing. Each trial utilizing the fracture replica was filmed, allowing the advancing slurry to be analyzed versus the propagation distance over time. The measured penetration lengths and fracture GE were then compared with the simulation data. The measured penetration length versus time curves agreed well with the theoretical data. Moreover, the pressure adjustment mode and grout rheology significantly impacted the GE. In general, the periodic increases in pressure reduced the GE, which decreased by 4.16% and 10.19% for the slow- and rapid-growth viscosity grouts (G1 and G2), respectively. However, phase reduction of the pressure considerably enhanced the GE. Relative grouting efficiency (RGE) was increased by 3.18% and 10.08% for G1 and G2, respectively, indicating that a step-by-step reduction in the injection pressure can effectively improve the GE for the remarkable rheological grout during the grouting process. Additionally, the tests suggested that the hydraulic aperture width has an unclear effect on the GE of microfissures.

The energy internet has been proposed and utilized to alleviate existing environment, sustainability, efficiency and security problems and satisfy increasing energy demand in energy applications, by coupling the energy flows of various energy types with information flow. The energy internet mainly involves the energy flow systems of various energy types and is an energy-coupling system composed of a physical energy system and corresponding controllers. Then, using an in-depth study of dynamic processes and the interaction among energy production, transmission and consumption, this chapter concludes that the design, planning, operation and control of the energy internet rely heavily on analytical tools. Next, the major components, the architecture, and the technical characteristics of the energy internet are described from the perspective of simulation. Finally, application scenarios for dynamic simulation of the energy internet and the existing simulation technical foundation for various energy types are introduced.

High-performance hybrid supercapacitor is still hampered by lacking of proper electrode materials of desired nanostructures. However, the hybridization of polyaniline (PANI) on functionalized reduced graphene oxide (FrGO) could form such desired nanostructure with uniform graphene distribution, high carriers density and significantly improved cycling stability and rate capability of PANI. Here we report a facile process for the hybridization of polyaniline nanofibers (PANI NFs) on functionalized reduced graphene oxide (FrGO) films by filtering the hybrid suspension of graphene oxide (GO) and in-situ polymerized PANI NFs followed by hydrothermal treatment to reduce GO and sulfur functionalization of rGO. The as-prepared PANI NFs/FrGO composite films were uniform, flexible and stable with a high specific capacitance of 692.0 F/g at 1 A g−1 and an excellent capacitance retention of 53.5% at 40 A g−1. Furthermore, the assembled all-solid-state supercapacitor using the as-prepared composite films as electrodes exhibited a high capacitance of 324.4 F/g at 1 A g−1 and an energy density ∼16.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 300 W kg−1, showing a great promising in the applications for portable power and flexible supercapacitor.

The electric vehicle has the potential to realize environmental protection transportation. The adoption of dynamic wireless charging technology is more in line with the development trend of the future society. Based on the structure of dynamic wireless charging system of electric vehicle with magnetic coupling resonance, the equivalent circuit theory is used to model and analyze the system. To ensure the stable charging of the load, a step-down converter circuit is added before the load of the receiver, and a sliding mode controller of leakage loop modulation is designed to control the high-frequency power switch, the output current is smoothly controlled, and the output power is smoothly controlled. The simulation results show that the designed sliding mode controller has the characteristics of small charging current error and small charge fluctuation, as well as good load adaptability and offset adaptability.

In this paper, ANSYS Workbench software is used to perform steady-state thermal analysis of a magnetic holding relay. The solid model of the magnetic holding relay is established and the contact surface part is simplified. At the same time, the internal heat source and boundary conditions are established and the corresponding load is applied. The distribution of Joule heat generated between the contact surfaces when the contact surface changes with the current level after repeated short-time work. At the same time, the idea of equivalent point contact is used to obtain the contact resistance between the contact surface of the contact and its relationship with the current level, which provides design and optimization basis for subsequent research on the magnetically held relay contact portion.

This paper focuses on the research of a piecewise structure of electric vehicle road dynamic wireless charging method, which uses multiple transmitting coils at the transmitter to realize the wireless power supply for the running electric vehicle. Based on the structure of dynamic wireless charging system of electric vehicle with magnetically coupled resonance, the equivalent circuit theory is used to model and analyze the system. A method of receiving end location based on photoelectric detection is proposed. The receiving end position is determined by photoelectric diffuse reflectance sensor, and then the transmitting coil of corresponding position is opened to realize receiving. Real-time charging. Maxwell and Simulink software are used to verify and analyze the system. The magnetic field distribution law of the system using positioning control is determined, and the feasibility of the positioning control method is proved.

Doping and high specific area are essential to the performance of supercapacitor electrode materials. However, the conventional single doping in two dimensional electrode materials is still unable to get high supercapacitive performance. Here we report a facile hydrothermal process using ammonia as a source of nitrogen (N) and thiourea as a sulfur (S) source to prepare N/S co-doped three dimensional (3D) graphene hydrogel (N/S-3DGH) for supercapacitor electrode application. The as-prepared N/S-3DGH is uniform and stable. The N/S co-doped 3DGH electrode material exhibits a high specific capacity of 1063 Cg-1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1. Even at a density of 20 Ag-1, it can still hold an excellent charge and discharge cycling stability, and with 76% of initial capacity retained after 6000 charge and discharge cycles at a density of 10 Ag-1. Moreover, the all-symmetric solid-state supercapacitor fabricated by N/S-3DGH without any binders owned an energy density of 6.25 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1 showing very promising applications for portable power and flexible energy storage devices.

Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) materials attract increasing interest for their energy storage application by converting MOF into MOF derivatives. Herein, a graphene and carbon nanotube wrapped Cobalt derivatives (Gr-CNT@Co) electrode material is prepared by annealing the complex of ZIF-67 and graphene oxide. The as-prepared Gr-CNT@ Co shows an interconnected porous structure, a high specific surface (253.9 m2g−1), and a high specific capacitance of 1108F g−1 with high cycling stability. Furthermore, the constructed all-solid-state asymmetric Gr-CNT@Co// N-doped rGO device exhibits a high energy density of 36.55 Wh kg−1 at 685.3 W kg−1, as well as an excellent cycle capacitance retention (78%) after 6000 cycles at 1.5Ag−1, which shows that Gr-CNT@Co is very promising electrode material for portable energy storage devices applications.

A morphology-controllable 0D/1D graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) homojunction (MUCN) was constructed by a facile in-situ thermal polymerization process using the melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular (MCS) and urea as co-precursor. The as-prepare MUCN is stable with controllable and uniform morphology and exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities for RhB degradation and H2O2 production. The RhB degradation rate and the H2O2 production are ~37 times and 17 times higher than that of pure CN, respectively. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergetic effect of energy band controlling and structural coupling in MUCN, which can form the internal driving force to improve the separation efficiency of charge carriers. The results have provided a new effective way for promoting the practical photocatalytic application of CN.

Transition metal layered double hydroxides (TM LDHs) nanosheets have stimulated tremendous research enthusiasm, which is gifted with their tunable chemical compositions, large layer distances and superior electrochemical performance. However, the small number of electroactive sites and the low electrical conductivity have restricted their applications in electrode materials. Herein, we construct a hierarchical Ni3S2/CoFe LDH/Ni foam (Ni3S2/CoFe LDH/NF) hybrid by a facile hydrothermal synthesis followed by an electrodeposition without using any chemical binder. The as-constructed Ni3S2/CoFe LDH/NF exhibits an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 5.08 F cm−2 and an excellent rate capability with a capacitance retention of 73.8% at the high current density of 20 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the constructed asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on the Ni3S2/CoFe LDH/NF anode and the activated carbon (AC) cathode shows both a high power density of 986 W kg−1 and a high energy density of 47.31 Wh kg−1 with high cycling stability of 93.4% initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, demonstrating an enormous potential for the practical application in energy storage devices.

Nickel Cobalt Hydroxide (NCH) has attracted increasing interests due to its pseudo-capacitive performance. However, its low conductivity and poor cycling performance have still restricted its practical application. Herein, we report a NCH nanosheets (NSs)/graphene/nickel foam (NCH NSs/G/NF) composite electrode prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) followed by a facile hydrothermal process. No alkali, organic solvent and chemical binders were used in the preparation process. The as-prepared NCH NSs/G/NF composite electrode exhibits a significantly enhanced specific capacitance of 2854.9 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a rate performance of 2023.5F g−1 at 10 A g−1 with a retained ~81.3% initial capacitance after 3000 charging/discharging cycles at 30 A g−1. The high capacitive performance is mainly attributed to the high specific area and the significantly improved electrical conductive property by the well conductive three-dimensional network and the NCH NSs structure. The results have provided a new way for improving the capacitive performance of NCH electrode and promoting its supercapacitor applications.

Graphene paper shows a great promise for the electrical energy storage. However, the high stability, purity and specific surface area have become stringent requirements for supercapacitor applications. Finding methods to tackle these problems is rather challenging. Here, we develop a facile method to prepare porous graphene papers with a thickness 0.5 mm by a thermal shock to the layer-structure graphene paper self-assembled on Cu foil under nitrogen flowing. The as-prepared porous graphene paper exhibits a large specific capacitance of 100 F g −1 at the scan rate of 100 mV s −1 with high stability and purity without any residual chemical reagents, showing a promising potential for supercapacitor applications. The high electrochemical properties are mainly attributed to the high-specific area and the improved conductivity of the porous graphene paper performed by the multieffect of reducing, cleaving and expanding to the layer-structure graphene paper by high-energy thermal heating during the thermal shock process. This work paves a pathway to the facile preparation of porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications.