Search

Program Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) merupakan suatu pendidikan dalam bentuk pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Salah satu permasalahan yang kerap dialami oleh masyarakat yakni pemanfaatan teknologi informasi atau tidak terealisasinya penggunaan teknologi informasi secara tepat oleh masyarakat. KKN dengan tema Desa digital berlokasi di Desa Jenggala, Kecamatan Tanjung, Kabupaten Lombok Utara, yang dimana potensi unggulan atau daya tarik desa tersebut adalah tingkat kemajuan teknologinya yang sudah bagus namun perlu dikembangkan kembali. Adapun tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah membantu pembuatan website untuk arsip surat menyurat di kantor Desa Jenggala. Proses arsip tersebut nantinya akan sangat membantu karena datanya tersusun rapi sehingga dapat dikelola dengan baik pula. Metode dalam digitalisasi desa ini adalah dengan membuat E-Arsip menggunakan bahasa program PHP dan pembuatan sosial media desa yaitu Instagram (IG). Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini yaitu berupa teknologi E-Arsip dan Sosial Media Instagram.

This paper aims to explore the ideas and thoughts of Malik Bennabi on the issue of civilization, especially the Islamic world. At the same time, this article will identify ideas that can be taken as lessons from the ‘post-al-Muwahhidun’ according to Malik Bennabi. Besides that, it also discusses the situation of Muslims after the fall of the caliphate of al-Muwahhidun which he referred to as colonisabilite who have lost ‘spirit’ and ‘idea’. This situation is described by Malik Bennabi as in a state of stagnation for a long time. This paper uses the method of content analysis through inductive and deductive forms from Malik Bennabi’s books as primary sources and other related documents. In addition, historical analysis was also conducted to strengthen the arguments and findings of the article. The study divides Malik Bennabi’s analysis of the issue of ‘civilization’ into four main lessons. First, the issue raised is that Muslims need to understand the current phase of Muslims in the context of the cycle of civilization, second; reconstructing the culture, third the importance of education, science and ideas and fourth Muslims need to respond to the call of religion. The issues raised are seen as significant and relevant to the development and situation of Muslims today. Together, it needs to be understood and internalised to regenerate the glory and strength of Islam as achieved in the past.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an instrument to measure the influence of coronavirus (COVID-19) on international travellers’ behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 500 respondents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to develop and validate a multi-item scale to measure international travel behaviour post-COVID-19. The initial pool of items was validated by using exploratory factor analysis. The first-order reflective and the assessment of hierarchical factor structure were done through structural equation modelling by using SmartPLS 3. Findings Findings revealed a hierarchical three-level scale for measuring international traveller’s behaviour. The first level consists of six sub-dimensions of 19 items. These six sub-dimensions can be used as a formative measure of three dimensions of general impact, attitude and preference and cleanliness and safety. These three dimensions form the third level for the meta construct of traveller’s behaviour. Research limitations/implications The proposed scale will provide policymakers and managers with an improved understanding of the change in travellers’ behaviour due to the COVID-19 crisis or any future pandemic. Practical implications The scale can be used by the tourism and hospitality industry to access the impact of COVID-19 or any other future pandemic on traveller’s behaviour. Originality/value Since the outbreak of the novel COVID-19, almost all international travel has come to halt. A diverse measuring instrument to measure traveller’s behaviour is not available in extant literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first of its kind which has developed and validated a scale for measuring traveller’s behaviour during and post COVID-19.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is known for its higher efficiency compared to the other types of fuel cells. Even so, the application of SOFC is hindered by the operational temperature of 800 °C–1000 °C. Lowering the operational temperature below 1000 °C of SOFC becomes the major concern to allow wider applications as well as to increase the durability of the system. Improving the electrochemical performance for SOFC requires further improvement on the main components of SOFC including the air/oxygen electrode namely, the cathode. The manganite, cobaltite, ferro-cobaltite, and ferrite-based materials are known to be used as SOFC cathode, alongside new candidates such as lithiated-based material. Nonetheless, the key challenges for SOFC cathode are to find a suitable material with high electrocatalytic property at lower operational temperature of 400 °C–800 °C. This review paper provides brief information that covered as-mentioned cathode categories, taking into account the microstructural modifications performed via composite, doping, infiltration technique, and synthesis method. Finally, electrolyte-layer free fuel cell (EFFC) is introduced as a new type of SOFC that use natural resources in the fuel cells as a process to reduce its cost.

PurposeThis empirical paper aims to examine the impact of interest rate (IR) and political instability (POLINS) on Palestine's domestic private investment.Design/methodology/approachA set of econometric techniques of time series data are adopted to meet the study objectives. They include regression analysis, unit root tests, cointegration test, ARDL & Bound tests, VAR test and Granger causality test.FindingsThe study's primary results complement the neoclassical approach, which states that the IR is negatively associated with domestic private investment. The empirical results reveal that there is no long-run relationship. Also, there is no causality between domestic investment and lending rates. Accordingly, these findings alert policymakers to draw a series of steps to minimize the IR at a minimum to stimulate investment for improved economic growth and development.Practical implicationsThere is still no national currency in Palestine. The Palestinian Monetary Authority (PMA) is advised to set an appropriate ratio of the IR for the currencies-in-circulation in Palestine for boosting investment and economic development.Originality/valueThis paper provides new background information to both policymakers and researchers on the main determinants of investment in Palestine using econometric analysis. Accordingly, this critical issue is required to be examined in Palestine for stimulating investment.

Saudia Dairy and Foodstuff Company as popularly known the SADAFCO [1], is one of the leading companies in the Gulf region and professionally managed supply chain management to ensure food for all. In terms of quality assurance, it obtained International Standard Organisation’s (ISO22000:2005) certificate and enjoyed a competitive advantage in diary industry and milk based products in serving approximately 32000 customers across the GCC region. It also enjoyed a network of distributors without any forward or backward integration strategy to cater the need of the vast markets it serves in UAE, Kuwait, and Bahrain in GCC including Jordon. SADAFCO has about 45 years of rich experience in the industry and started all commercial activities ranging from manufacturing, storage, distribution to other logistics management after being established in 1976. SADAFCO is a Saudi brand name to be reckoned with that offered kitchen and dining table items and a wider range of products across several product lines including Milk, Tomato Paste, Ketchup, Snacks, Ice Cream, Cheese, Instant Milk Powder, Creamy Products, Fruit Nectars, Butter and French Fries to mention a few. Henceforth SADAFCO is a leading and world-class company in the GCC region. The company has good financial position over the given period of time. The challenges brought forward by the Covid-19 is not an exception to this global economic challenge has yet to be seen depending upon the financial performance of year 2020. Historically this Saudi dairy and Foodstuff Company expanded its capacity of manufacturing and distribution after being merged with two other dairy companies and ownership was transferred to make it as holding company to be listed in home and GCC in 2005. Eventually it was listed on the Saudi Arabian stock exchange TADAWUL [2] while majority shareholding with the new entity goes to Qurain Petrochemicals Industries (QPIC). Today’s SADAFCO is a brand power and well sought after share in the securities market of the Kingdom.

The inequality of gender is a severe problem that exists in our professionalism and also has a negative impact in leadership. Gender-based biasness also has negative outcomes from both genders. The present study investigates gender differences��� impact on leadership and evaluate outcomes while using gender-based biasness as moderator. Because according to previous studies bias level of leadership keeps changing with the passage of time. Another motive of present research is to enhance knowledge about gender-based biasness according to both genders. While using survey research method we gather data from 370 employees of different sectors. The unit of analysis of this study is individual and data was collected only for once and probability sampling technique was used in the present study. In present research we have used non-contrived setting and likert scale is used to measure to variables. The gender difference does not affect the leadership behavior without moderation, but when we used gender-based biasness then it changes. Same as gender differences also does not affect leadership outcomes without moderation. Leadership behavior and outcome both were insignificant without moderation but after using gender-based biasness they are significant. The present study has limitation to do not collect data from students, all the data will be gather from the employees of different sectors. The conclusion contains that gender difference does not affect the leadership but gender-based biasness moderates their relationship. The current study suggests to investigate impact of transgender on leadership for future study. Another suggestion is that this study is conducted in Pakistan, the researchers can do this in other country or region.

Background Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world and the third most common cause of death from cancer. The diagnosis and treatment are often complex and require a multifaceted approach. Hence, appropriate and timely management is essential for better patient outcomes. Our aim was to determine if rural inhabitation affects the mortality of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. If such an association exists, we propose to ascertain whether this is related to delayed diagnosis, differing tumor characteristics, or treatment inequalities. Methods The Cox model was applied to gastric adenocarcinoma cases diagnosed during 2004-2011 in American residents aged 20+ years in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to determine the impact of rurality on mortality. Binary logistic regression was used to compare the odds of not receiving surgical treatment for localized tumors between rural and urban areas. It was also used to measure the association of rurality with stage at diagnosis (non-metastatic vs. metastatic). Results There was a significant association of rurality on 5-year mortality [HR 1.14 (1.09-1.20), p < 0.01]. No significant association was observed between rural-urban residency and stage at diagnosis, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.95 (0.87-1.03), p = 0.21. The median time from diagnosis to any first-course treatment was one month for both rural and urban counties. Rural residents were far more likely not to receive surgical treatment for localized tumors than their urban counterparts [OR 1.70 (1.41-2.05), p < 0.01]. A greater percentage of rural inhabitants had cardia tumors as compared to urban ones, 39.8% vs. 33.8% respectively. Non-cardia tumors were far less likely not to receive surgical treatment (i.e., more likely to receive surgical treatment) than cardia tumors [OR 0.35 (0.30-0.41), p < 0.01]. Conclusions Rurality is associated with worse gastric adenocarcinoma mortality. This may be due to a lesser probability of receiving surgical treatment for early-stage disease and differences in the primary site of the tumor between rural and urban counties, but not due to differences in stage at presentation. Future research should focus on improving health care access in rural communities.

Background Literatures revealed syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) as the most common mechanism of hyponatremia in COVID-19. However, it is important to rule out other etiologies of hyponatremia. Methods This is a case series, retrospective study. Four patients were reviewed from the Mesaieed Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. The patients were admitted during the second wave of pandemic because of mild to moderate COVID pneumonia. The patients received medications according to the protocol; after few days of treatment, their blood laboratory results showed hyponatremia; as compared to the initial readings, hyponatremia workup excluded SIADH. History revealed that the patients were drinking large amounts of water, around 4–5 L/day, due of certain reasons: one patient had dysgeusia, and the other three patients thought that excessive drinking of water is beneficial for COVID-19 infection. Results The hyponatremia level was less than 135 mmol/L, other laboratory tests excluded SIADH, and the provisional diagnosis was dilutional hyponatremia. Male/female ratio was 3/1, age from 29- to 45-year-old patients with no associated comorbidities. Fluid restriction up to 1.5 L/day showed dramatic improvement of their sodium blood level. The patients are discharged in a stable condition. Conclusions In COVID-19 patients, hyponatremia not only is secondary to SIADH but can also be due to other etiologies. Hyponatremia can be induced by excessive water drinking and considered an extremely rare reported cases.

Background Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious, airborne infection that destroys when M. tuberculosis primarily attacks the lungs. PTB is curable with an early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Stigmatization and negative emotions resulting from the illness could result in long term impairment of patients psychological well being which may result in work absenteeism resulting in loss of productivity and reduced monthly income. Methods This was a prospective study which was conducted over a period of one and half year. A total of 198 patients were recruited for the study. Quality Of Life (QOL) was assessed at baseline and at the end of intensive phase. For QOL WHO based QOLBREF was used. Results In the present study patients scored lowest in the baseline physical (8.36 ± 1.60) followed by the psychological domain (10.40 ± 1.72) however at the end of intensive phase both physical (11.98 ± 1.70) and psychological (12.75 ± 1.) domains improved very much and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion We conclude that HRQOL is significantly reduced in patients with PTB, and that it improves rapidly and significantly with DOTS-based intensive phase of treatment. Special focus on reduction of stigmatization should be given in the management of TB to reduce the psychological distress.

Vaccine hesitancy is seen, globally, as a major factor that will determine future coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) spread and its effective management. This study aimed to identify COVID-19 vaccine perception, acceptance, confidence, hesitancy, and barriers among the general population.This was an online survey which was developed and shared through social media platforms among the general population of Kashmir. The survey captured demographic data and used a validated hesitancy measurement tool. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression using Stata 15 (Stata Corp. 2017. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX, USA: Stata Corp LLC).A total of 835 responses were received. Most participants were males, with females compromising of 19.5% participants. 65.1% of participants were in the age group of 30-50, whereas 19.2% were below 30 years of age. 52.70% of respondents were willing to take the vaccine when available, while 32.5% of respondents were unsure about their decision of inoculation. The most cited reason for willingness to get vaccinated was an understanding of the disease and vaccination. 41.70% felt that the vaccines developed against COVID-19 have not been fully tested; therefore, concerns around the safety and its longer-term side effects were the reasons cited. Public health messaging should be tailored to address these concerns.Vaccine hesitancy is a global threat undermining the control of preventable infections. The government should take proactive steps to address the factors that may potentially impact the benefits expected from the introduction of a COVID-19 vaccine in the union territory.

The present research aimed at evaluating the teaching performance of Mathematics teachers in Thamar city schools in Yemen during the war in light of the effective teacher evaluation model for (Marzano). To achieve this aim, the descriptive approach was employed, and a note-card was developed based on the criteria and indicators of the special strategies and behavior originating from the effective evaluation model for teacher developed by (Marzano). This card consisted of (41) indicators distributed on three sections, and it was applied to a cluster-random sampling on (64) Mathematics teachers in Thamar primary and secondary schools. The study results revealed that the overall performance of participants was on average. Similarly, the results revealed that the level of performance of the participants in both routine skills and immediate skills was on average. However, the results showed that there was a low level of performance in skills pertinent to the content. The study results showed statistically significant differences in the level of teaching performance of Mathematics teachers for the variable (type the school) and in favor of private school teachers. The study results also showed that there were statistically significant differences in the level of teaching performance of Mathematics teachers for the variable (gender), in favor of the female teachers. In addition, the study results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the level of teaching performance of Mathematics teachers for the variable (years of experience) and in favor of teachers whose experience is less than (5) years, and those whose experiences ranged between (5-10) years, compared to teachers whose experiences were more than (10) years of experience, Conducting professional development courses for mathematics teachers in accordance with the criteria of effective teacher evaluation, neutralizing educational institutions from war and disbursing teachers’ salaries.

Egypt has experienced drastic changes in government recently. Studying these changes can lead to more understanding of the revolutions caused by the Arab Spring in other countries and can also explain the hegemonic conduct of the United States. This qualitative study was conducted through 1) reviewing scholarly published documents and other relevant official news resources that were published on the relationship between Egypt and the United States after the 2011 revolution, and 2) interviewing 12 key informants (ethnic, academic, and administrative elites). Qualitative content analysis was the main approach to data analysis. The results with a focus on both Obama’s administration and Trumps’ administration revealed that Egypt and the United States relations were affected due to Egypt’s anti-western agenda. Later, the United States’ main strategies in maintaining its hegemony in Egypt were discussed. Among these factors, 1) the United States’ aid policy, 2) the United States’ tolerance policy, 3) aborting FJP, 4) imposing the western culture, and 4) the United States’ support of street protests can be mentioned. Areas for further research are discussed at the end of the study.

As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread across the globe and significantly impacts health-care systems and strains resources, identifying prognostic factors to predict clinical outcome remains essential. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to further explore the prognostic value of serum hypoalbuminemia and other factors in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The primary endpoint was defined as the risk of in-hospital mortality. 300 patients were included in the analysis, with 56% being male and a mean (±SD) age of 61.5 ± 15.3 years. The mean (±SD) albumin was 2.86 ± 0.5 g/dL. Our analysis showed that patients with in-hospital mortality had lower albumin levels than patients without in-hospital mortality (2.6 ± 0.49 vs. 2.9 ± 0.48 g/dL, respectively, with P value =

Background In Palestine, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing health concern. This study evaluated knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients with T2DM with regard to their disease. The study also investigated association and correlation between knowledge, attitude, and practice with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Predictors of higher knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice were also identified. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in primary healthcare facilities frequently visited by patients with T2DM across the West Bank of Palestine in the period of October 2018 to January 2019. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of patients with T2DM with regard to their disease. Results Out of 300 patients invited, 220 (73.3%) patients responded. In this study, the median age was 57.0 years (51.0, 65.0), the median time elapsed since diagnosis with T2DM was 7.0 years (4.0, 14.0), the median fasting blood glucose was 150.0 mg/dL (128.8, 180.0), the median postprandial glucose was 230.0 mg/dL (200.0, 270.0), the median HbA1c was 7.8% (7.0, 8.53), and the median BMI was 28.8 kg/m2 (25.5, 33.1). The median knowledge score was 6.0/13.0 (4.5/13.0, 7.5/13.0), the median attitude score was 3.0/4.0 (2.0/4.0, 4.0/4.0), and the median practice score was 3.0 (1.0/5.0, 4.0/5.0). Having university education was strongly associated with having higher knowledge scores (p-value = 0.001). Additionally, having attended an educational program on diabetes was moderately associated with higher practice scores (p-value = 0.026). Conclusions Findings of this study highlighted the need for appropriately designed interventions to increase knowledge about T2DM among patients with low educational level. Well-designed educational programs might promote healthy practice among patients with T2DM. Future studies are still needed to assess if such interventions could be effective in improving health outcomes and quality of life of patients with T2DM in Palestine.

Рhytосhemiсаls аs biоасtive соmроnents of plants shows promising results in curing many diseases. Therefore, the demand for these natural medicines increases day by day. Phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids seem to act in various ways to protect health. Protection of cells can be done through different types of means such as change of reactive oxygen species to non-radicle type by breaking sequencing of auto oxidative reactions commenced by reactive oxygen species and by lowering the oxygen saturation of diseased area. Many phytochemicals balance antioxidants and free radicals in our bodies. Some recent studies have shown that intake of synthetic antioxidants for a long duration may cause many health problems, like allergies, digestive problems, and according to few studies may also increase the chances of cancer.

The study aimed mainly to describe the role of COVID-19 pandemic in the shift of the customer’s purchasing decision from the traditional purchase to e-purchase through social media. To achieve the objectives of the study, the analytical descriptive approach methodology and simple random sample technique were adopted, the researchers designed a questionnaire depend on previous studies, which consisting of (24) items to gather the information from the study sample which reached (740) respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to analyze and examine the data and the hypotheses. The main results were: Customer's experience e-purchase experiment through social media was satisfying from the point of view during the COVID-19 pandemic and there is a statistically significant impact of that experiment on customer satisfaction. Also, that experiment has increased the level of customer trust toward e-purchasing through social media during the pandemic and there is a statistically significant impact of that experiment on customer trust. On the other hand, the research found a positive relation between customer satisfaction and customer trust of that experiment during the pandemic and the intention to continue e-purchase after the pandemic. Also, the research proves that experiment in COVID-19 pandemic affected the customers buying decision to shift to e-purchase through social media by strongest customers satisfaction and increased the level of customers trust and this shifting will continue to the future after the pandemic. The research recommends the stakeholders to exploit the social media platforms in their marketing strategies due to their great advantages in such crises and pandemics.

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride(CH)- and dexamethasone-induced obsessive-compulsive symptomatology with suicide is extremely rare. We describe the case of a 20-year-old lean male who developed obsessive-compulsive symptoms and suicidality within a week of the use of CH and dexamethasone. There was complete resolution of symptoms after stopping the offending agent. Ashort trial of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor was given for the rapid improvement of symptoms.

This paper presents a new multilevel converter topology based on cascaded h-bridges with ultra-capacitor sub-DC voltage step generator. This is achieved by using a controlled latching switch array (LSA). Cascading multiple h-bridge units yields higher level counts with reduced dV/dt rating on individual switches while also making the system modular. Each module has a separate DC source (SDCS), which gets smaller as the number of h-bridge modules increases. The system is operated at low switching frequencies as multiple levels reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output waveforms, while also reducing radio frequency interference (RFI). The increased h-bridge count helps in reducing the size of individual DC sources, and also the dV/dt rating of individual switches required is low. The proposed topology can be used in renewable energy integration with grid such as solar photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles etc.

Background: In Palestine, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing health concern. This study was conducted to evaluate current knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Palestinian patients with T2DM in the West Bank and to assess association between knowledge, attitudes, and practices with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in primary healthcare facilities frequently visited by patients with T2DM across the West Bank of Palestine. A pre-validated interviewer administered questionnaire was used to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices of patients with T2DM with regard to their disease.Results: Data were collected from 220 patients with T2DM. Patients who were younger than 55 years old (p-value = 0.002), male (p-value = 0.038), never married (p-value = 0.001), employed (p-value = 0.003), had university degree (p-value p-value p-value = 0.009), and had usual fasting plasma glucose of less than 140 mg/dL (p-value = 0.027) tended to score more than 50% in the knowledge items. Patients who had higher income tended to have higher positive attitudes (p-value = 0.041) toward their disease. Patients who were younger than 55 years old (p-value = 0.002), employed (p-value = 0.003), had university degree (p-value p-value = 0.009), had usual fasting plasma glucose of less than 140 mg/dL (p-value = 0.027), had usual postprandial plasma glucose of less than 200 mg/dL (p-value = 0.027), had usual HbA1c of less than 7% (p-value = 0.027) tended to score more than 80% in the practice items.Conclusions: The study established correlation between knowledge, attitude, and practice scores with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with T2DM in Palestine. Findings of this study highlighted the need for appropriately designed interventions to increase knowledge of T2DM and its complications, address the negative attitudes toward the disease, and promote healthy practices with regard to the disease. Future studies are still needed to assess if such interventions could be effective in improve health outcomes and quality of life of patients with T2DM in Palestine.

Industry 4.0 has inspired the emergence of reliable machine-to-machine systems. Rotating Polarization Wave offers highly reliable communication that employs BPSK modulation. This paper proposes Rotating Polarization QPSK (RP-QPSK) using two orthogonal baseband QPSK modulators to increase data rate. Simulation shows RP-QPSK outperforms uni-, dual-and circular polarization in terms of bit error rate (BER). RP-QPSK also outperforms SigFox and LoRa modulations when the sampling rate is three times and ten times the symbol rate, respectively. The BER improves with higher sampling rates.

The present study demonstrated a sustainable and cost-effective approach to depolymerize/oxidize softwood (SW) and hardwood (HW) kraft lignins using concentrated hydrogen peroxide at temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 &deg, C, in the absence of catalysts or organic solvents. The degree of lignin depolymerization could be simply controlled by reaction time, and no further separation process was needed at the completion of the treatment. The obtained depolymerized lignin products were comprehensively characterized by GPC&ndash, UV, FTIR, 31P-NMR, TGA, Py-GC/MS and elemental analysis. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the depolymerized lignins obtained from SW or HW lignin at a lignin/H2O2 mass ratio of 1:1 after treatment for 120 h at room temperature (&asymp, 25 &deg, C) were approximately 1420 Da. The contents of carboxylic acid groups in the obtained depolymerized lignins were found to significantly increase compared with those of the untreated raw lignins. Moreover, the depolymerized lignin products had lower thermal decomposition temperatures than those of the raw lignins, as expected, owing to the greatly reduced Mw. These findings represent a novel solution to lignin depolymerization for the production of chemicals that can be utilized as a bio-substitute for petroleum-based polyols in polyurethane production.

Gallbladder disease is one of the most mutual procedures done worldwide. Earlier, an open technique was the regular procedure for cholecystectomy. This typically encompassed performing an intraoperative cholangiogram, and individuals regularly had a two to six-day post-operative hospital stay. With the introduction of laparoscopic surgery and the laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the early 1990s, the standards for cholecystectomy have changed to a laparoscopic technique. This technique presented a 30% increase in the overall performance of elective cholecystectomies. Nowadays, 92% of all cholecystectomies are performed laparoscopically. There are numerous signs in performing open cholecystectomies, and this procedure residues a significant part of training for the general surgery resident. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is indicated for the treatment of cholecystitis (acute/chronic), gallstone pancreatitis, acalculous cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, symptomatic cholelithiasis, and gallbladder masses/polyps. These indications are the same for an open cholecystectomy. Cases of gallbladder cancers are usually best treated with open cholecystectomy.

In this work, we demonstrated an innovative and cost-effective strategy to produce high- value depolymerized kraft lignin (DKL) from softwood kraft lignin (SKL) and hardwood kraft lignin (HKL). The depolymerization of kraft lignin was successfully achieved by an oxidative approach using nitric acid under ambient conditions (room temperature and pressure). This novel approach has the following features: ambient process conditions, no heat required, absence of catalysts or organic solvents, and no further purification process being required. The obtained DKL products were characterized extensively by gel permeation chromatography with ultraviolet detector (GPC-UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), potentiometric titration and elemental analysis. Treatment of SKL or HKL at a KL/nitric acid (HNO3) mass ratio of 1:4 (w/w) at room temperature for 84 h resulted in DKL products with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 1350 Da, much lower than that of the original lignins. In addition, the DKL products displayed a significant increase in carboxylic acid group content, a high solubility in water at low pH and, significantly lower decomposition temperatures compared to the original lignins. It was confirmed that nitration of the lignin structure occurred during nitric acid-oxidative depolymerization, as evidenced by the presence of 5% nitrogen (N) content in the DKL products.

Lymphomas are primarily tumours of lymph nodes. They are further classified as Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is primarily present in Lymph nodes.

The main objective of this study was to find out how “Premium Friday” and “Shining Monday” can be helpful in minimizing the employee related issues such Employee Motivation, Turnover, Stress, Absenteeism, Conflict, Awful Performance, and Work Life Balance. Paper is theoretical in nature and concepts have been described by relevant literature. The main outcome of the paper showed that if “Premium Friday” and “Shining Monday” programmes are implemented by management of various concerns in appropriate way, it may produce positive results with regard to employee related issues and it could be effective in eliminating employee problems, which in turn would increase the employee efficiency and productivity.